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| Boilerpipe Text | Wize University Linear Algebra Textbook > Systems of Linear Equations (SLEs) (Linear Systems)
Geometric Interpretation of Solutions to SLEs
Example
Practice
Extra Practice
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Geometric Interpretation of Solutions to SLEs
Linear systems are made up of equations of
hyperplanes
(e.g. lines in
R
2
\reals^2
; planes in
R
3
\reals^3
).
A
solution
is the
intersection
of all the hyperplanes.
R
2
\colorOne{\reals^2}
:
Intersection of Lines
No intersection
Unique
point of intersection (2 lines cross)
Infinitely
many points of intersection
Line
β
\rightarrow
1-parameter family
of solutions (same line)
Example
{
β
x
+
y
=
2
y
=
1
β
β
βΉ
β
β
[
β
1
1
2
0
1
1
]
β
β
βΉ
β
β
x
β
=
[
β
1
1
]
P
O
I
\begin{cases}
-x&+&y&=&2\\
&&y&=&1
\end{cases}
\quad
\implies
\quad
\left[
\begin{array}{rr|r}
-1 & 1 & 2\\
0 & 1 & 1\\
\end{array}
\right]
\quad
\implies
\quad
\overset{\normalsize POI}{
\boxed{
\vec x
=
\left[
\begin{array}{r}
-1\\
1
\end{array}
\right]
}}
PAGE BREAK
R
3
\colorOne{\reals^3}
:
Intersection of Planes
No intersection
Unique
point of intersection (requires 3 planes)
Infinitely
many points of intersection
Line
β
\rightarrow
1-parameter family
of solutions (2 planes intersect)
Plane
β
\rightarrow
2-parameter family
of solutions (2 of the same plane)
Example
{
β
x
+
y
=
2
y
=
1
β
β
βΉ
β
β
[
β
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
]
β
β
βΉ
β
β
x
β
=
[
β
1
1
0
]
+
t
[
0
0
1
]
lineΒ ofΒ intersection
\begin{cases}
-x&+&y&=&2\\
&&y&=&1
\end{cases}
\quad
\implies
\quad
\left[
\begin{array}{rrr|r}
-1 & 1 & 0 & 2\\
0 & 1 & 0 & 1\\
\end{array}
\right]
\quad
\implies
\quad
\overset{\text{\normalsize line of intersection}}{
\boxed{
\vec x
=
\left[
\begin{array}{r}
-1\\
1\\
0
\end{array}
\right]
+t
\left[
\begin{array}{r}
0\\
0\\
1
\end{array}
\right]
}}
0:00 / 0:00
Example: Geometric Interpretation of a Linear System
Solve the system of linear equations and interpret the solution geometrically:
2
x
+
2
y
=
6
β
x
β
y
=
β
3
\begin{array}{rl}
2x+2y&=6\\
-x-y&=-3\\
\end{array}
Steps
Let's first write this in augmented matrix form:
2
x
+
2
y
=
6
β
x
β
y
=
β
3
β
[
2
2
6
β
1
β
1
β
3
]
\begin{array}{rcr}
2x+2y&=&6\\[0.2em]
-x-y&=&-3\\[0.2em]
\end{array}
\quad
\rightarrow
\quad
\left[\begin{array}{rr|r}
2&2&6\\
-1&-1&-3\\
\end{array}\right]
Turn the matrix into RREF using EROs:
[
2
2
6
β
1
β
1
β
3
]
1
2
R
1
βΆ
[
1
1
3
β
1
β
1
β
3
]
R
2
+
R
1
βΆ
[
1
1
3
0
0
0
]
\begin{aligned}
&\left[\begin{array}{rr|r}
2&2&6\\
-1&-1&-3\\
\end{array}\right]
\begin{array}{l}
\dfrac{1}{2}R_1\\
\\
\\
\end{array}\\[2.5em]
\longrightarrow
&\left[\begin{array}{rr|r}
1&1&3\\
-1&-1&-3\\
\end{array}\right]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
R_2 + R_1\\
\end{array}\\[2.5em]
\longrightarrow
&\left[\begin{array}{rr|r}
1&1&3\\
0&0&0\\
\end{array}\right]
\end{aligned}
Find all solutions to the SLE:
The coefficient matrix has just one leading 1, but 2 columns/variables:
r
a
n
k
(
A
)
=
1
Β Β
<
Β Β Β
n
=
2
{\rm rank}(A)=1 \ \ \bm< \ \ \ n=2
Thus, there is
2
β
1
=
1
2-1 = 1
free variable
(
y
y
). Let
y
=
t
y=t
.
Rewrite the augmented matrix back into a system of linear equations:
{
x
+
t
=
3
y
=
t
β
β
βΉ
β
β
{
x
=
3
β
t
y
=
t
\begin{cases}
x+t=3\\
y=t
\end{cases}
\quad\implies\quad
\begin{cases}
x=3-t\\
y=t
\end{cases}
Therefore, the solution is
x
β
=
[
3
0
]
+
t
[
β
1
1
]
\vec x =
\begin{bmatrix}
3\\
0\\
\end{bmatrix}
+t
\begin{bmatrix}
-1\\
1\\
\end{bmatrix}
.
Interpret the solution geometrically:
We were given a system of linear equations in 2 variables
β
β
βΉ
β
β
R
2
\implies \reals^2
.
Each equation is a hyperplane: in
R
2
\reals^2
, hyperplanes are simply lines (in general, a hyperplane in
R
n
\reals^n
is
n
β
1
n-1
dimensional).
So we have 2 lines, but both lines are identical (hence reducing to a row of 0s).
This means the lines intersect everywhere on the line defined by
x
β
=
[
3
0
]
+
t
[
β
1
1
]
\vec x =
\begin{bmatrix}
3\\
0\\
\end{bmatrix}
+t
\begin{bmatrix}
-1\\
1\\
\end{bmatrix}
.
Consider the following augmented matrix in RREF:
[
1
β
1
0
0
β
5
4
0
0
1
0
β
2
2
0
0
0
1
4
β
3
]
\left[\begin{array}{rrrrr|r}
1&-1&0&0&-5&4\\[0.5em]
0&0&1&0&-2&2\\[0.5em]
0&0&0&1&4&-3
\end{array}\right]
If the unknowns in this system are
x
1
,
Β
x
2
,
Β
x
3
,
Β
x
4
,
Β
x
5
x_1,\ x_2,\ x_3,\ x_4,\ x_5
,
find the solution(s)
to the linear system.
Then, determine which of the following is the correct
geometrical interpretation
of the solution.
A) The five hyperplanes intersect at a
single point
in
R
5
\reals^5
B) The three hyperplanes are
non-intersecting
C) The three hyperplanes intersect in a
line
in
R
5
\reals^5
D) The three hyperplanes intersect in a
plane
in
R
5
\reals^5
E) None of the above
I don't know |
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[Wize University Linear Algebra Textbook \> Systems of Linear Equations (SLEs) (Linear Systems)](https://www.wizeprep.com/textbooks/undergrad/mathematics)
# Geometric Interpretation of Linear Systems
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## Geometric Interpretation of Solutions to SLEs
Linear systems are made up of equations of hyperplanes (e.g. lines in
R
2
\\reals^2
R2
; planes in
R
3
\\reals^3
R3
).
A solution is the intersection of all the hyperplanes.
#### R 2 \\colorOne{\\reals^2} R2 : Intersection of Lines
- No intersection
- Unique point of intersection (2 lines cross)
- Infinitely many points of intersection
- Line
β
\\rightarrow
β
1-parameter family of solutions (same line)
Example
{
β
x
\+
y
\=
2
y
\=
1
βΉ
\[
β
1
1
2
0
1
1
\]
βΉ
x
β
\=
\[
β
1
1
\]
P
O
I
\\begin{cases} -x&+\&y&=&2\\\\ &\&y&=&1 \\end{cases} \\quad \\implies \\quad \\left\[ \\begin{array}{rr\|r} -1 & 1 & 2\\\\ 0 & 1 & 1\\\\ \\end{array} \\right\] \\quad \\implies \\quad \\overset{\\normalsize POI}{ \\boxed{ \\vec x = \\left\[ \\begin{array}{r} -1\\\\ 1 \\end{array} \\right\] }}
{βxβ\+βyyβ\=\=β21ββΉ\[β10β11β21β\]βΉ
x
\=\[β11β\]
β
POI
β

PAGE BREAK
#### R 3 \\colorOne{\\reals^3} R3 : Intersection of Planes
- No intersection
- Unique point of intersection (requires 3 planes)
- Infinitely many points of intersection
- Line
β
\\rightarrow
β
1-parameter family of solutions (2 planes intersect)
- Plane
β
\\rightarrow
β
2-parameter family of solutions (2 of the same plane)
Example
{
β
x
\+
y
\=
2
y
\=
1
βΉ
\[
β
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
\]
βΉ
x
β
\=
\[
β
1
1
0
\]
\+
t
\[
0
0
1
\]
line of intersection
\\begin{cases} -x&+\&y&=&2\\\\ &\&y&=&1 \\end{cases} \\quad \\implies \\quad \\left\[ \\begin{array}{rrr\|r} -1 & 1 & 0 & 2\\\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\\\\ \\end{array} \\right\] \\quad \\implies \\quad \\overset{\\text{\\normalsize line of intersection}}{ \\boxed{ \\vec x = \\left\[ \\begin{array}{r} -1\\\\ 1\\\\ 0 \\end{array} \\right\] +t \\left\[ \\begin{array}{r} 0\\\\ 0\\\\ 1 \\end{array} \\right\] }}
{βxβ\+βyyβ\=\=β21ββΉ\[β10β11β00β21β\]βΉ
x
\=
β
β110β
β
\+t
β
001β
β
β
line of intersection
β


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Show Solutions
## Example: Geometric Interpretation of a Linear System
Solve the system of linear equations and interpret the solution geometrically:
2
x
\+
2
y
\=
6
β
x
β
y
\=
β
3
\\begin{array}{rl} 2x+2y&=6\\\\ -x-y&=-3\\\\ \\end{array}
2x\+2yβxβyβ\=6\=β3β
Steps
1. Let's first write this in augmented matrix form:
2
x
\+
2
y
\=
6
β
x
β
y
\=
β
3
β
\[
2
2
6
β
1
β
1
β
3
\]
\\begin{array}{rcr} 2x+2y&=&6\\\\\[0.2em\] -x-y&=&-3\\\\\[0.2em\] \\end{array} \\quad \\rightarrow \\quad \\left\[\\begin{array}{rr\|r} 2&2&6\\\\ -1&-1&-3\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\]
2x\+2yβxβyβ\=\=β6β3ββ\[2β1β2β1β6β3β\]
1. Turn the matrix into RREF using EROs:
\[
2
2
6
β
1
β
1
β
3
\]
1
2
R
1
βΆ
\[
1
1
3
β
1
β
1
β
3
\]
R
2
\+
R
1
βΆ
\[
1
1
3
0
0
0
\]
\\begin{aligned} &\\left\[\\begin{array}{rr\|r} 2&2&6\\\\ -1&-1&-3\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\] \\begin{array}{l} \\dfrac{1}{2}R\_1\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\end{array}\\\\\[2.5em\] \\longrightarrow &\\left\[\\begin{array}{rr\|r} 1&1&3\\\\ -1&-1&-3\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\] \\begin{array}{l} \\\\ R\_2 + R\_1\\\\ \\end{array}\\\\\[2.5em\] \\longrightarrow &\\left\[\\begin{array}{rr\|r} 1&1&3\\\\ 0&0&0\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\] \\end{aligned}
βΆβΆβ\[2β1β2β1β6β3β\]21βR1ββ\[1β1β1β1β3β3β\]R2β\+R1ββ\[10β10β30β\]β
1. Find all solutions to the SLE:
The coefficient matrix has just one leading 1, but 2 columns/variables:
r
a
n
k
(
A
)
\=
1
\<
n
\=
2
{\\rm rank}(A)=1 \\ \\ \\bm\< \\ \\ \\ n=2
rank(A)\=1 \< n\=2
Thus, there is
2
β
1
\=
1
2-1 = 1
2β1\=1
free variable (
y
y
y
). Let
y
\=
t
y=t
y\=t
.
Rewrite the augmented matrix back into a system of linear equations:
{
x
\+
t
\=
3
y
\=
t
βΉ
{
x
\=
3
β
t
y
\=
t
\\begin{cases} x+t=3\\\\ y=t \\end{cases} \\quad\\implies\\quad \\begin{cases} x=3-t\\\\ y=t \\end{cases}
{x\+t\=3y\=tββΉ{x\=3βty\=tβ
Therefore, the solution is
x
β
\=
\[
3
0
\]
\+
t
\[
β
1
1
\]
\\vec x = \\begin{bmatrix} 3\\\\ 0\\\\ \\end{bmatrix} +t \\begin{bmatrix} -1\\\\ 1\\\\ \\end{bmatrix}
x
\=
\[30β\]\+t\[β11β\]
.
1. Interpret the solution geometrically:
We were given a system of linear equations in 2 variables
βΉ
R
2
\\implies \\reals^2
βΉR2
.
Each equation is a hyperplane: in
R
2
\\reals^2
R2
, hyperplanes are simply lines (in general, a hyperplane in
R
n
\\reals^n
Rn
is
n
β
1
n-1
nβ1
dimensional).
So we have 2 lines, but both lines are identical (hence reducing to a row of 0s).
This means the lines intersect everywhere on the line defined by
x
β
\=
\[
3
0
\]
\+
t
\[
β
1
1
\]
\\vec x = \\begin{bmatrix} 3\\\\ 0\\\\ \\end{bmatrix} +t \\begin{bmatrix} -1\\\\ 1\\\\ \\end{bmatrix}
x
\=
\[30β\]\+t\[β11β\]
.
Consider the following augmented matrix in RREF:
\[
1
β
1
0
0
β
5
4
0
0
1
0
β
2
2
0
0
0
1
4
β
3
\]
\\left\[\\begin{array}{rrrrr\|r} 1&-1&0&0&-5&4\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&1&0&-2&2\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&0&1&4&-3 \\end{array}\\right\]
β
100ββ100β010β001ββ5β24β42β3β
β
If the unknowns in this system are
x
1
,
x
2
,
x
3
,
x
4
,
x
5
x\_1,\\ x\_2,\\ x\_3,\\ x\_4,\\ x\_5
x1β, x2β, x3β, x4β, x5β
, find the solution(s) to the linear system.
Then, determine which of the following is the correct geometrical interpretation of the solution.
A) The five hyperplanes intersect at a single point in
R
5
\\reals^5
R5
B) The three hyperplanes are non-intersecting
C) The three hyperplanes intersect in a line in
R
5
\\reals^5
R5
D) The three hyperplanes intersect in a plane in
R
5
\\reals^5
R5
E) None of the above
I don't know
Check Submission
##### Extra Practice
[What is the reduced row echelon form of an augmented matrix with three equations and three unknowns, a) If all solutions lie on the line \[ x y z \] = ( 3 , 1 , 0 ) + s ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) \[x\\ y\\ z\] =(3,1,0)+s(1,2,3) \[x y z\]=(3,1,0)+s(1,2,3) b) If all solutions lie on the plane x + y + 2 z = 1 x+y+2z=1 x+y+2z=1](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/125521)
[For what value of p does the following system of equations have no solution? What is the geometric interpretation of these equations? x + 3 y = 1 x+3y=1 x+3y=1 p x β 6 y = β 4 px-6y=-4 pxβ6y=β4](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/125513)
[Practice Question 6: Solving Systems of Linear EquationsPractice Question: Solving Systems of Linear Equations The following equations represent three planes in β3. Describe the regions of intersection. a) x 1 β x 2 + 2 x 3 = 0 x\_1-x\_2+2x\_3=0 x1ββx2β+2x3β=0](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/68880)
[Solving Linear SystemsPractice: Geometric Interpretation of a Linear System Consider the following augmented matrix in RREF: \[ 1 β 1 0 0 β 5 4 0 0 1 0 β 2 2 0 0 0 1 4 β 3 \] \\left\[\\begin{array}{rrrrr\|r} 1&-1&0&0&-5&4\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&1&0&-2&2\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&0&1&4&-3 \\end{array}\\right\] β 100ββ100β010β001ββ5β24β42β3β β](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/115516)
[Geometric Interpretation of Linear SystemsExample: Geometric Interpretation of a Linear System Solve the system of linear equations and interpret the solution geometrically: 2 x + 2 y = 6 β x β y = β 3 \\begin{array}{rl} 2x+2y&=6\\\\ -x-y&=-3\\\\ \\end{array} 2x+2yβxβyβ=6=β3β](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/122521)
[Homogeneous equationsFind the solution(s) of Ax=0, if the solution of Ax=b is given as follows: x p = \[ 1 0 3 0 \] + s \[ β 1 1 0 0 \] + t \[ 0 0 β 2 3 \] x\_p=\\begin{bmatrix} 1\\\\ 0\\\\ 3\\\\ 0 \\end{bmatrix}+s\\begin{bmatrix} -1\\\\ 1\\\\ 0\\\\ 0 \\end{bmatrix}+t\\begin{bmatrix} 0\\\\ 0\\\\ -2\\\\ 3 \\end{bmatrix} xpβ= β 1030β β + s β β1100β β + t β 00β23β β](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/125514)
[Interpretation of Linear SystemsWhich of the following describes the intersection between the following 3 hyperplanes in R 4 \\reals^4 R4 ? 2 x 1 + 3 x 3 + x 4 = 1 x 2 β x 4 = 0 x 2 = β 3 \\begin{array}{rcl} 2x\_1+3x\_3+x\_4&=&1\\\\ x\_2-x\_4&=&0\\\\ x\_2&=&-3 \\end{array} 2x1β+3x3β+x4βx2ββx4βx2ββ===β10β3β](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/125504)
[The following linear equations represent planes in R 3 R^3 R3 . Describe the intersection of these planes (if any). 2 x + y β z = 3 x β y β z = 3 3 x + z = 6 \\begin{array}{c} 2x+y-z=3\\\\ x-y-z=3\\\\ 3x+z=6 \\end{array} 2x+yβz=3xβyβz=33x+z=6β](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/19846)
[Homogeneous equationsFind the solution(s) of Ax=0, if the solution of Ax=b is given as follows: x p = \[ 1 0 3 0 \] + s \[ β 1 1 0 0 \] + t \[ 0 0 β 2 3 \] x\_p=\\begin{bmatrix} 1\\\\ 0\\\\ 3\\\\ 0 \\end{bmatrix}+s\\begin{bmatrix} -1\\\\ 1\\\\ 0\\\\ 0 \\end{bmatrix}+t\\begin{bmatrix} 0\\\\ 0\\\\ -2\\\\ 3 \\end{bmatrix} xpβ= β 1030β β + s β β1100β β + t β 00β23β β](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/42057)
[Practice: Solutions to a System of Equations (Step 3)Practice: Solutions to a System of Equations (Step 3) Find the solution(s) to the systems of linear equations whose augmented matrices are given: a.) \[ 1 β 1 0 3 0 0 1 2 \] \\left\[ \\begin{array}{ccc\|c} 1&-1&0&3\\\\ 0&0&1&2\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\] \[10ββ10β01β32β\]](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/102016)
[System of Equationse.g. True or False: if a linear system has more unknowns than equations, then it must have infinitely many solutions. Justify your answer with a proof or counter-example.](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/52126)
[System of EquationsTrue or False: if a linear system has more unknowns than equations, then it must have infinitely many solutions. Justify your answer with a proof or counter-example.](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/55869)
[Linear combinationsIf u β = \[ 5 β 2 3 \] \\vec{u}=\\begin{bmatrix}5\\\\-2\\\\3\\end{bmatrix} u = β 5β23β β is a linear combination of v β = \[ β 2 k 3 \] \\vec{v}=\\begin{bmatrix}-2\\\\k\\\\3\\end{bmatrix} v = β β2k3β β and w β = \[ 3 2 β 1 \] \\vec{w}=\\begin{bmatrix}3\\\\2\\\\-1\\end{bmatrix} w = β 32β1β β , what is the value of k k k ?](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/167)
[Solving Linear SystemsConsider the following augmented matrix in RREF: \[ 1 β 1 0 0 β 5 4 0 0 1 0 β 2 2 0 0 0 1 4 β 3 \] \\left\[\\begin{array}{rrrrr\|r} 1&-1&0&0&-5&4\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&1&0&-2&2\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&0&1&4&-3 \\end{array}\\right\] β 100ββ100β010β001ββ5β24β42β3β β If the unknowns in this system are x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 x\_1,\\ x\_2,\\ x\_3,\\ x\_4,\\ x\_5 x1β, x2β, x3β, x4β, x5β , find the solution(s) to the linear system.](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/125415)
[Solving Linear SystemsConsider the following augmented matrix in RREF: \[ 1 β 1 0 0 β 5 4 0 0 1 0 β 2 2 0 0 0 1 4 β 3 \] \\left\[\\begin{array}{rrrrr\|r} 1&-1&0&0&-5&4\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&1&0&-2&2\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&0&1&4&-3 \\end{array}\\right\] β 100ββ100β010β001ββ5β24β42β3β β If the unknowns in this system are x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 x\_1,\\ x\_2,\\ x\_3,\\ x\_4,\\ x\_5 x1β, x2β, x3β, x4β, x5β , find the solution(s) to the linear system.](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/106324)
[Basics of Systems of Linear EquationsDetermine which vectors are solutions to the following SLE \[select all that apply\]: x 1 β 5 x 2 + x 3 = 2 β x 1 + 5 x 2 β 3 x 3 = β 6 \\begin{alignedat}{8} x\_1\\ &-&\\ 5x\_2\\ &+& x\_3 &=& 2\\\\ -x\_1\\ &+& 5x\_2\\ &-& 3x\_3 &=&\\ -6 \\end{alignedat} x1β βx1β ββ+β 5x2β 5x2β β+ββx3β3x3ββ==β2 β6β](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/106132)
[Interpretation of Linear SystemsWhich of the following describes the intersection between the following 3 hyperplanes in R 4 \\reals^4 R4 ? 2 x 1 + 3 x 3 + x 4 = 1 x 2 β x 4 = 0 x 2 = β 3 \\begin{array}{rcl} 2x\_1+3x\_3+x\_4&=&1\\\\ x\_2-x\_4&=&0\\\\ x\_2&=&-3 \\end{array} 2x1β+3x3β+x4βx2ββx4βx2ββ===β10β3β](https://www.wizeprep.com/practice-questions/114614)
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## Geometric Interpretation of Solutions to SLEs
Linear systems are made up of equations of hyperplanes (e.g. lines in R 2 \\reals^2; planes in R 3 \\reals^3).
A solution is the intersection of all the hyperplanes.
#### R 2 \\colorOne{\\reals^2}: Intersection of Lines
- No intersection
- Unique point of intersection (2 lines cross)
- Infinitely many points of intersection
- Line β \\rightarrow 1-parameter family of solutions (same line)
Example
{ β x \+ y \= 2 y \= 1 βΉ \[ β 1 1 2 0 1 1 \] βΉ x β \= \[ β 1 1 \] P O I \\begin{cases} -x&+\&y&=&2\\\\ &\&y&=&1 \\end{cases} \\quad \\implies \\quad \\left\[ \\begin{array}{rr\|r} -1 & 1 & 2\\\\ 0 & 1 & 1\\\\ \\end{array} \\right\] \\quad \\implies \\quad \\overset{\\normalsize POI}{ \\boxed{ \\vec x = \\left\[ \\begin{array}{r} -1\\\\ 1 \\end{array} \\right\] }}

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#### R 3 \\colorOne{\\reals^3}: Intersection of Planes
- No intersection
- Unique point of intersection (requires 3 planes)
- Infinitely many points of intersection
- Line β \\rightarrow 1-parameter family of solutions (2 planes intersect)
- Plane β \\rightarrow 2-parameter family of solutions (2 of the same plane)
Example
{ β x \+ y \= 2 y \= 1 βΉ \[ β 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 \] βΉ x β \= \[ β 1 1 0 \] \+ t \[ 0 0 1 \] line of intersection \\begin{cases} -x&+\&y&=&2\\\\ &\&y&=&1 \\end{cases} \\quad \\implies \\quad \\left\[ \\begin{array}{rrr\|r} -1 & 1 & 0 & 2\\\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\\\\ \\end{array} \\right\] \\quad \\implies \\quad \\overset{\\text{\\normalsize line of intersection}}{ \\boxed{ \\vec x = \\left\[ \\begin{array}{r} -1\\\\ 1\\\\ 0 \\end{array} \\right\] +t \\left\[ \\begin{array}{r} 0\\\\ 0\\\\ 1 \\end{array} \\right\] }}


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## Example: Geometric Interpretation of a Linear System
Solve the system of linear equations and interpret the solution geometrically:
2 x \+ 2 y \= 6 β x β y \= β 3 \\begin{array}{rl} 2x+2y&=6\\\\ -x-y&=-3\\\\ \\end{array}
Steps
1. Let's first write this in augmented matrix form:
2 x \+ 2 y \= 6 β x β y \= β 3 β \[ 2 2 6 β 1 β 1 β 3 \] \\begin{array}{rcr} 2x+2y&=&6\\\\\[0.2em\] -x-y&=&-3\\\\\[0.2em\] \\end{array} \\quad \\rightarrow \\quad \\left\[\\begin{array}{rr\|r} 2&2&6\\\\ -1&-1&-3\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\]
1. Turn the matrix into RREF using EROs:
\[ 2 2 6 β 1 β 1 β 3 \] 1 2 R 1 βΆ \[ 1 1 3 β 1 β 1 β 3 \] R 2 \+ R 1 βΆ \[ 1 1 3 0 0 0 \] \\begin{aligned} &\\left\[\\begin{array}{rr\|r} 2&2&6\\\\ -1&-1&-3\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\] \\begin{array}{l} \\dfrac{1}{2}R\_1\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\end{array}\\\\\[2.5em\] \\longrightarrow &\\left\[\\begin{array}{rr\|r} 1&1&3\\\\ -1&-1&-3\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\] \\begin{array}{l} \\\\ R\_2 + R\_1\\\\ \\end{array}\\\\\[2.5em\] \\longrightarrow &\\left\[\\begin{array}{rr\|r} 1&1&3\\\\ 0&0&0\\\\ \\end{array}\\right\] \\end{aligned}
1. Find all solutions to the SLE:
The coefficient matrix has just one leading 1, but 2 columns/variables: r a n k ( A ) \= 1 \< n \= 2 {\\rm rank}(A)=1 \\ \\ \\bm\< \\ \\ \\ n=2
Thus, there is 2 β 1 \= 1 2-1 = 1 free variable (y y). Let y \= t y=t.
Rewrite the augmented matrix back into a system of linear equations:
{ x \+ t \= 3 y \= t βΉ { x \= 3 β t y \= t \\begin{cases} x+t=3\\\\ y=t \\end{cases} \\quad\\implies\\quad \\begin{cases} x=3-t\\\\ y=t \\end{cases}
Therefore, the solution is x β \= \[ 3 0 \] \+ t \[ β 1 1 \] \\vec x = \\begin{bmatrix} 3\\\\ 0\\\\ \\end{bmatrix} +t \\begin{bmatrix} -1\\\\ 1\\\\ \\end{bmatrix}.
1. Interpret the solution geometrically:
We were given a system of linear equations in 2 variables βΉ R 2 \\implies \\reals^2.
Each equation is a hyperplane: in R 2 \\reals^2, hyperplanes are simply lines (in general, a hyperplane in R n \\reals^n is n β 1 n-1 dimensional).
So we have 2 lines, but both lines are identical (hence reducing to a row of 0s).
This means the lines intersect everywhere on the line defined by x β \= \[ 3 0 \] \+ t \[ β 1 1 \] \\vec x = \\begin{bmatrix} 3\\\\ 0\\\\ \\end{bmatrix} +t \\begin{bmatrix} -1\\\\ 1\\\\ \\end{bmatrix}.
Consider the following augmented matrix in RREF:
\[ 1 β 1 0 0 β 5 4 0 0 1 0 β 2 2 0 0 0 1 4 β 3 \] \\left\[\\begin{array}{rrrrr\|r} 1&-1&0&0&-5&4\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&1&0&-2&2\\\\\[0.5em\] 0&0&0&1&4&-3 \\end{array}\\right\]
If the unknowns in this system are x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 x\_1,\\ x\_2,\\ x\_3,\\ x\_4,\\ x\_5, find the solution(s) to the linear system.
Then, determine which of the following is the correct geometrical interpretation of the solution.
A) The five hyperplanes intersect at a single point in R 5 \\reals^5
B) The three hyperplanes are non-intersecting
C) The three hyperplanes intersect in a line in R 5 \\reals^5
D) The three hyperplanes intersect in a plane in R 5 \\reals^5
E) None of the above
I don't know |
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