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Learn more.
Later this year,
the worldâs largest all-electric container ship is expected to take its maiden voyage, setting sail from a port in Norway and traveling down the Scandanavian coast. Known as the
Yara Birkeland
, the ship was commissioned by Yara, a Norwegian fertilizer company, to move its product around the country. The company expects the ship to reduce carbon emissions by eliminating about 40,000 trips each year that would otherwise be made by diesel-powered trucks.
There are about 50,000 cargo ships operating around the world, and each year their engines spew about 900 million metric tons of CO
2
and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Indeed, the 15 largest container ships alone emit more nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide pollutants than all the worldâs cars combined. Electrifying cars and other modes of transport promises to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the same is true of the shipping sector.
An illustration of the
Yara Birkeland
, which will transport cargo in Norway using battery power.
Courtesy of Yara International ASA
But conventional lithium-ion batteries can only pack enough power to move small ships like the
Yara Birkeland
over short distances. If we want to electrify the worldâs largest cargo ships, weâre going to need some better batteries.
Building battery-powered ships comes with two big problems. The first is that conventional lithium-ion batteries pose safety risks, because they use liquid electrolytes to carry lithium ions between the electrodes. If the components in a battery degrade, this can cause the cell to rapidly heat up and fail, a process known as thermal runaway. The batteryâs heat can lead to a cascade of failures in nearby batteries. If these batteries release their chemicals as they fail, all it takes is one battery to catch on fire and cause a large explosion. That would be bad anywhere, but itâs particularly bad at sea where there are millions of dollars of cargo on the line and limited escape routes for crew.
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Your weekly roundup of the best stories on health care, the climate crisis, new scientific discoveries, and more.
Last year, a small fire in the battery room of a hybrid-electric ferry in Norway resulted in an explosion. The ferry operator was able to evacuate passengers and crew to land before the explosion, but a similar event on a cargo ship in the middle of the ocean could be catastrophic.
SPBES, a Canadian energy-technology company, is working to reduce the risk of electric vessels by designing marine energy systems that are resistant to thermal runaway. The companyâs energy system, which is currently installed on roughly 20 ferries and tugboats around the world, uses lithium nickel manganese cobalt, or NMC, batteries. This is the same conventional lithium-ion chemistry youâll find in most consumer electronics or electric vehicles, which have had their fair share of thermal runaway problems.
Most Popular
Courtesy of ForSea
To lower the risk of explosions on boats, SPBES built a battery container with a liquid cooling system that wicks away thermal energy faster than a battery in meltdown can produce it. While this wonât prevent a battery from failing, it does prevent the kinds of cascading failures that lead to explosions, says Grant Brown, cofounder and vice president of marketing at SPBES. âOur technology is basically bomb-proof,â says Brown. âItâs really tough stuff.â
SPBES also designed its energy system to make it easy to swap out individual cells if they fail or reach the end of their lifetime. This helps address what may become a bane of the electric shipping industry: handling battery waste. Cargo ships will require hundreds of thousands of batteries, so the ability to selectively remove individual cells rather than scrapping the entire energy system will be critical to reducing waste. âWhy throw away so much perfectly good material when you can simply reuse most of it?â asks Brown. âIn terms of environmental impact, this is the future.â
A second major challenge facing electric ships is that conventional lithium-ion battery chemistries simply donât pack enough power to move cargo around the world. Today, batteries based on NMC chemistries can only be used to electrify ferries and small container ships like the
Yara Birkeland
. Yaraâs ship is powered by enough batteries to provide up to 9 megawatt-hours of energy. Itâs the equivalent of 90
Tesla Model S battery packs
, and enough for short trips of up to 30 nautical miles while carrying 3,200 tons of cargo.
But to meet the energy demands of massive international cargo ships, which carry tens of thousands of tons of cargo and use
dozens of gigawatt-hours of energy
, weâre going to need more advanced batteries. âCargo ship engines can be as tall as a four-story house and as wide as three buses,â says Natasha Brown, a spokesperson for the UN International Maritime Organization. âAt present, the size of the battery needed would likely limit the amount of cargo that could be carried, making it commercially nonviable.â
Most Popular
To meet the energy needs of the next generation of electrified boats, Washington-based energy-technology company Lavle is developing an advanced energy-storage system based on solid electrolyte batteries. Lavleâs cells are made by 3DOM, a Japanese battery manufacturer that created a new type of separator made from a porous resin that is stacked between the layers of solid electrolyte material that carry ions between the batteryâs electrodes. Swapping out liquid electrolytes for solid electrolytes reduces the risk of thermal runaway. Adding in the new separator increases the batteryâs performance by efficiently transporting lithium ions.
Courtesy of SPBES
âFrom an energy density standpoint, weâre approaching three times what standard lithium-ion batteries on the market can do,â says Lavle CEO Jason Nye. But Nye sees Lavleâs solid electrolyte batteries as just a step on the road to an even better type of power pouch known as a lithium metal battery, which uses an anode made from solid lithium metal rather than a more typical carbon anode. Nye says its lithium metal anode can push the cellâs energy density even higher and would be easier to mass produce than a solid electrolyte battery.
Ben Gully, Lavleâs chief technical officer, describes this kind of cell as a âholy grailâ in energy storage development. Lithium metal batteries can boost a cellâs energy density and charging rates because the lithium metal anode easily gives up its ions. But the lithium anode swells a lot while a battery is charging, which can cause it to decouple from the electrolyte. Furthermore, lithium metal is highly reactive with most available electrolytes, and this causes them to degrade.
Gully says Lavle and 3DOM were able to overcome these issues by using its new separator technology and making other tweaks to the lithium metal battery chemistry. Gully wouldnât go into the details of the companyâs âsecret sauceâ for making lithium metal batteries, but he says the companyâs experimental lithium metal cells have already demonstrated a threefold improvement in energy density compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries.
Most Popular
Courtesy of ForSea
Considering that the efficiency of rechargeable lithium-ion cells has only tripled since they were commercialized 30 years ago, Lavleâs batteries are showing the sort of large performance increase that is needed to electrify the worldâs shipping fleet. For now, these batteries remain experimental, and the company still needs to demonstrate that they can be used in a commercial vessel. Lavle expects to begin deploying prototypes of its advanced energy systems in smaller vessels like ferries by the middle of next year, but Nye says that in the future their system could scale to meet the needs of large cargo ships.
Even with these new advancements in marine energy-storage systems, cargo ships may never be able to rely on battery systems alone. Agis Koumentakos, a Greek energy trader and coauthor of a recent
paper
on electric ships, cites several environmental and geopolitical challenges that come with the electrification of the maritime sector.
On the environmental side, each cargo ship will require dozens of tons of batteries that have limited shelf lives. The recycling industry
isnât ready
to handle the surge in depleted lithium-ion cells, which come with several storage and handling challenges. Electrifying cargo ships could significantly accelerate the problem. On the geopolitical side, batteries require a lot of mined material, some of which is
sourced from mines that employ child labor
. Even if these materials can be sourced ethically, China controls a lot of the supply chain for lithium-ion batteries, and Koumentakos says policymakers may be wary of becoming totally dependent on China for maritime cargo transport.
But using batteries for cargo ships isnât an all-or-nothing proposition. Instead, they may be combined with other clean forms of energy generation, such as hydrogen fuel cells, solar, or even wind. âBatteries probably wonât be a monopoly in ship propulsion,â says Koumentakos. âItâs going to be a mixture of technologies.â
Most Popular
Solar energy has been used on cargo ships for years to partially meet their electricity needs, but photovoltaic tech will never be energy-dense enough to power a ship on its own, Koumentakos says. Another option is to return to the original source of ship propulsionâthe windâusing technologies like large metal sails or rotor sails to propel large cargo ships and reduce energy costs. And if the
fabled hydrogen economy
emerges in the coming decades, ships could implement hydrogen fuel cells as a primary source of propulsion and use batteries as backups.
The development of high-performance energy-storage systems for ships may also see wide application beyond the maritime sector. Nye says Lavleâs technology could also be a good fit for electric aircraft like the vertical-takeoff-and-landing vehicles
currently under development
as air taxis, and Brown says SPBES is exploring large-scale applications for its energy system on land.
The maiden voyage of the
Yara Birkeland
later this year will be a small but important milestone toward electrifying the worldâs ships. As one of the only fully electric cargo ships in the world, it will show whatâs possible with todayâs technology and serve as a blueprint for the electrified ships of the future.
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Mar 19, 2020 8:00 AM
# Want Electric Ships? Build a Better Battery
Large container ships are a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, but electrifying the worldâs fleet faces steep technological hurdles.
.jpg)
SPBES built two lithium-ion battery packs totaling 1 MWh of energy for Elektra, Finland's first hybrid-electric ferry.Courtesy of Siemens
Save this story
Save this story
All products featured on WIRED are independently selected by our editors. However, we may receive compensation from retailers and/or from purchases of products through these links. [Learn more.](https://www.wired.com/about/affiliate-link-policy/)
Later this year, the worldâs largest all-electric container ship is expected to take its maiden voyage, setting sail from a port in Norway and traveling down the Scandanavian coast. Known as the *Yara Birkeland*, the ship was commissioned by Yara, a Norwegian fertilizer company, to move its product around the country. The company expects the ship to reduce carbon emissions by eliminating about 40,000 trips each year that would otherwise be made by diesel-powered trucks.
There are about 50,000 cargo ships operating around the world, and each year their engines spew about 900 million metric tons of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Indeed, the 15 largest container ships alone emit more nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide pollutants than all the worldâs cars combined. Electrifying cars and other modes of transport promises to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the same is true of the shipping sector.

An illustration of the *Yara Birkeland*, which will transport cargo in Norway using battery power.
Courtesy of Yara International ASA
But conventional lithium-ion batteries can only pack enough power to move small ships like the *Yara Birkeland* over short distances. If we want to electrify the worldâs largest cargo ships, weâre going to need some better batteries.
Trending Now
[How This Woman Started Diving in DIY Subs](https://www.wired.com/video/watch/how-this-woman-started-diving-in-diy-subs)
Building battery-powered ships comes with two big problems. The first is that conventional lithium-ion batteries pose safety risks, because they use liquid electrolytes to carry lithium ions between the electrodes. If the components in a battery degrade, this can cause the cell to rapidly heat up and fail, a process known as thermal runaway. The batteryâs heat can lead to a cascade of failures in nearby batteries. If these batteries release their chemicals as they fail, all it takes is one battery to catch on fire and cause a large explosion. That would be bad anywhere, but itâs particularly bad at sea where there are millions of dollars of cargo on the line and limited escape routes for crew.
### WIRED's Guide to How the Universe Works
Your weekly roundup of the best stories on health care, the climate crisis, new scientific discoveries, and more.
Last year, a small fire in the battery room of a hybrid-electric ferry in Norway resulted in an explosion. The ferry operator was able to evacuate passengers and crew to land before the explosion, but a similar event on a cargo ship in the middle of the ocean could be catastrophic.
SPBES, a Canadian energy-technology company, is working to reduce the risk of electric vessels by designing marine energy systems that are resistant to thermal runaway. The companyâs energy system, which is currently installed on roughly 20 ferries and tugboats around the world, uses lithium nickel manganese cobalt, or NMC, batteries. This is the same conventional lithium-ion chemistry youâll find in most consumer electronics or electric vehicles, which have had their fair share of thermal runaway problems.
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By Molly Taft
.jpg)
Courtesy of ForSea
To lower the risk of explosions on boats, SPBES built a battery container with a liquid cooling system that wicks away thermal energy faster than a battery in meltdown can produce it. While this wonât prevent a battery from failing, it does prevent the kinds of cascading failures that lead to explosions, says Grant Brown, cofounder and vice president of marketing at SPBES. âOur technology is basically bomb-proof,â says Brown. âItâs really tough stuff.â
SPBES also designed its energy system to make it easy to swap out individual cells if they fail or reach the end of their lifetime. This helps address what may become a bane of the electric shipping industry: handling battery waste. Cargo ships will require hundreds of thousands of batteries, so the ability to selectively remove individual cells rather than scrapping the entire energy system will be critical to reducing waste. âWhy throw away so much perfectly good material when you can simply reuse most of it?â asks Brown. âIn terms of environmental impact, this is the future.â
A second major challenge facing electric ships is that conventional lithium-ion battery chemistries simply donât pack enough power to move cargo around the world. Today, batteries based on NMC chemistries can only be used to electrify ferries and small container ships like the *Yara Birkeland*. Yaraâs ship is powered by enough batteries to provide up to 9 megawatt-hours of energy. Itâs the equivalent of 90 [Tesla Model S battery packs](https://www.wired.com/story/tesla-may-soon-have-a-battery-that-can-last-a-million-miles/), and enough for short trips of up to 30 nautical miles while carrying 3,200 tons of cargo.
But to meet the energy demands of massive international cargo ships, which carry tens of thousands of tons of cargo and use [dozens of gigawatt-hours of energy](https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/marine/electric-container-ships-are-stuck-on-the-horizon), weâre going to need more advanced batteries. âCargo ship engines can be as tall as a four-story house and as wide as three buses,â says Natasha Brown, a spokesperson for the UN International Maritime Organization. âAt present, the size of the battery needed would likely limit the amount of cargo that could be carried, making it commercially nonviable.â
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To meet the energy needs of the next generation of electrified boats, Washington-based energy-technology company Lavle is developing an advanced energy-storage system based on solid electrolyte batteries. Lavleâs cells are made by 3DOM, a Japanese battery manufacturer that created a new type of separator made from a porous resin that is stacked between the layers of solid electrolyte material that carry ions between the batteryâs electrodes. Swapping out liquid electrolytes for solid electrolytes reduces the risk of thermal runaway. Adding in the new separator increases the batteryâs performance by efficiently transporting lithium ions.

Courtesy of SPBES
âFrom an energy density standpoint, weâre approaching three times what standard lithium-ion batteries on the market can do,â says Lavle CEO Jason Nye. But Nye sees Lavleâs solid electrolyte batteries as just a step on the road to an even better type of power pouch known as a lithium metal battery, which uses an anode made from solid lithium metal rather than a more typical carbon anode. Nye says its lithium metal anode can push the cellâs energy density even higher and would be easier to mass produce than a solid electrolyte battery.
Ben Gully, Lavleâs chief technical officer, describes this kind of cell as a âholy grailâ in energy storage development. Lithium metal batteries can boost a cellâs energy density and charging rates because the lithium metal anode easily gives up its ions. But the lithium anode swells a lot while a battery is charging, which can cause it to decouple from the electrolyte. Furthermore, lithium metal is highly reactive with most available electrolytes, and this causes them to degrade.
Gully says Lavle and 3DOM were able to overcome these issues by using its new separator technology and making other tweaks to the lithium metal battery chemistry. Gully wouldnât go into the details of the companyâs âsecret sauceâ for making lithium metal batteries, but he says the companyâs experimental lithium metal cells have already demonstrated a threefold improvement in energy density compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries.
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.jpg)
Courtesy of ForSea
Considering that the efficiency of rechargeable lithium-ion cells has only tripled since they were commercialized 30 years ago, Lavleâs batteries are showing the sort of large performance increase that is needed to electrify the worldâs shipping fleet. For now, these batteries remain experimental, and the company still needs to demonstrate that they can be used in a commercial vessel. Lavle expects to begin deploying prototypes of its advanced energy systems in smaller vessels like ferries by the middle of next year, but Nye says that in the future their system could scale to meet the needs of large cargo ships.
Even with these new advancements in marine energy-storage systems, cargo ships may never be able to rely on battery systems alone. Agis Koumentakos, a Greek energy trader and coauthor of a recent [paper](https://www.mdpi.com/2571-5577/2/4/34/htm) on electric ships, cites several environmental and geopolitical challenges that come with the electrification of the maritime sector.
On the environmental side, each cargo ship will require dozens of tons of batteries that have limited shelf lives. The recycling industry [isnât ready](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1682-5) to handle the surge in depleted lithium-ion cells, which come with several storage and handling challenges. Electrifying cargo ships could significantly accelerate the problem. On the geopolitical side, batteries require a lot of mined material, some of which is [sourced from mines that employ child labor](https://www.wired.com/story/alternatives-to-cobalt-the-blood-diamond-of-batteries/). Even if these materials can be sourced ethically, China controls a lot of the supply chain for lithium-ion batteries, and Koumentakos says policymakers may be wary of becoming totally dependent on China for maritime cargo transport.
But using batteries for cargo ships isnât an all-or-nothing proposition. Instead, they may be combined with other clean forms of energy generation, such as hydrogen fuel cells, solar, or even wind. âBatteries probably wonât be a monopoly in ship propulsion,â says Koumentakos. âItâs going to be a mixture of technologies.â
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Solar energy has been used on cargo ships for years to partially meet their electricity needs, but photovoltaic tech will never be energy-dense enough to power a ship on its own, Koumentakos says. Another option is to return to the original source of ship propulsionâthe windâusing technologies like large metal sails or rotor sails to propel large cargo ships and reduce energy costs. And if the [fabled hydrogen economy](https://www.wired.com/1997/10/hydrogen-3/) emerges in the coming decades, ships could implement hydrogen fuel cells as a primary source of propulsion and use batteries as backups.
The development of high-performance energy-storage systems for ships may also see wide application beyond the maritime sector. Nye says Lavleâs technology could also be a good fit for electric aircraft like the vertical-takeoff-and-landing vehicles [currently under development](https://www.wired.com/story/beta-ava-flying-car-aviation/) as air taxis, and Brown says SPBES is exploring large-scale applications for its energy system on land.
The maiden voyage of the *Yara Birkeland* later this year will be a small but important milestone toward electrifying the worldâs ships. As one of the only fully electric cargo ships in the world, it will show whatâs possible with todayâs technology and serve as a blueprint for the electrified ships of the future.
***
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Contributor
Topics[shipping](https://www.wired.com/tag/shipping/)[ships](https://www.wired.com/tag/ships/)[Batteries](https://www.wired.com/tag/batteries/)[climate change](https://www.wired.com/tag/climate-change/)[Energy](https://www.wired.com/tag/energy/)
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Later this year, the worldâs largest all-electric container ship is expected to take its maiden voyage, setting sail from a port in Norway and traveling down the Scandanavian coast. Known as the *Yara Birkeland*, the ship was commissioned by Yara, a Norwegian fertilizer company, to move its product around the country. The company expects the ship to reduce carbon emissions by eliminating about 40,000 trips each year that would otherwise be made by diesel-powered trucks.
There are about 50,000 cargo ships operating around the world, and each year their engines spew about 900 million metric tons of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Indeed, the 15 largest container ships alone emit more nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide pollutants than all the worldâs cars combined. Electrifying cars and other modes of transport promises to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the same is true of the shipping sector.

An illustration of the *Yara Birkeland*, which will transport cargo in Norway using battery power.Courtesy of Yara International ASA
But conventional lithium-ion batteries can only pack enough power to move small ships like the *Yara Birkeland* over short distances. If we want to electrify the worldâs largest cargo ships, weâre going to need some better batteries.
Building battery-powered ships comes with two big problems. The first is that conventional lithium-ion batteries pose safety risks, because they use liquid electrolytes to carry lithium ions between the electrodes. If the components in a battery degrade, this can cause the cell to rapidly heat up and fail, a process known as thermal runaway. The batteryâs heat can lead to a cascade of failures in nearby batteries. If these batteries release their chemicals as they fail, all it takes is one battery to catch on fire and cause a large explosion. That would be bad anywhere, but itâs particularly bad at sea where there are millions of dollars of cargo on the line and limited escape routes for crew.
### WIRED's Guide to How the Universe Works
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Last year, a small fire in the battery room of a hybrid-electric ferry in Norway resulted in an explosion. The ferry operator was able to evacuate passengers and crew to land before the explosion, but a similar event on a cargo ship in the middle of the ocean could be catastrophic.
SPBES, a Canadian energy-technology company, is working to reduce the risk of electric vessels by designing marine energy systems that are resistant to thermal runaway. The companyâs energy system, which is currently installed on roughly 20 ferries and tugboats around the world, uses lithium nickel manganese cobalt, or NMC, batteries. This is the same conventional lithium-ion chemistry youâll find in most consumer electronics or electric vehicles, which have had their fair share of thermal runaway problems.
Most Popular
.jpg)
Courtesy of ForSea
To lower the risk of explosions on boats, SPBES built a battery container with a liquid cooling system that wicks away thermal energy faster than a battery in meltdown can produce it. While this wonât prevent a battery from failing, it does prevent the kinds of cascading failures that lead to explosions, says Grant Brown, cofounder and vice president of marketing at SPBES. âOur technology is basically bomb-proof,â says Brown. âItâs really tough stuff.â
SPBES also designed its energy system to make it easy to swap out individual cells if they fail or reach the end of their lifetime. This helps address what may become a bane of the electric shipping industry: handling battery waste. Cargo ships will require hundreds of thousands of batteries, so the ability to selectively remove individual cells rather than scrapping the entire energy system will be critical to reducing waste. âWhy throw away so much perfectly good material when you can simply reuse most of it?â asks Brown. âIn terms of environmental impact, this is the future.â
A second major challenge facing electric ships is that conventional lithium-ion battery chemistries simply donât pack enough power to move cargo around the world. Today, batteries based on NMC chemistries can only be used to electrify ferries and small container ships like the *Yara Birkeland*. Yaraâs ship is powered by enough batteries to provide up to 9 megawatt-hours of energy. Itâs the equivalent of 90 [Tesla Model S battery packs](https://www.wired.com/story/tesla-may-soon-have-a-battery-that-can-last-a-million-miles/), and enough for short trips of up to 30 nautical miles while carrying 3,200 tons of cargo.
But to meet the energy demands of massive international cargo ships, which carry tens of thousands of tons of cargo and use [dozens of gigawatt-hours of energy](https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/marine/electric-container-ships-are-stuck-on-the-horizon), weâre going to need more advanced batteries. âCargo ship engines can be as tall as a four-story house and as wide as three buses,â says Natasha Brown, a spokesperson for the UN International Maritime Organization. âAt present, the size of the battery needed would likely limit the amount of cargo that could be carried, making it commercially nonviable.â
Most Popular
To meet the energy needs of the next generation of electrified boats, Washington-based energy-technology company Lavle is developing an advanced energy-storage system based on solid electrolyte batteries. Lavleâs cells are made by 3DOM, a Japanese battery manufacturer that created a new type of separator made from a porous resin that is stacked between the layers of solid electrolyte material that carry ions between the batteryâs electrodes. Swapping out liquid electrolytes for solid electrolytes reduces the risk of thermal runaway. Adding in the new separator increases the batteryâs performance by efficiently transporting lithium ions.

Courtesy of SPBES
âFrom an energy density standpoint, weâre approaching three times what standard lithium-ion batteries on the market can do,â says Lavle CEO Jason Nye. But Nye sees Lavleâs solid electrolyte batteries as just a step on the road to an even better type of power pouch known as a lithium metal battery, which uses an anode made from solid lithium metal rather than a more typical carbon anode. Nye says its lithium metal anode can push the cellâs energy density even higher and would be easier to mass produce than a solid electrolyte battery.
Ben Gully, Lavleâs chief technical officer, describes this kind of cell as a âholy grailâ in energy storage development. Lithium metal batteries can boost a cellâs energy density and charging rates because the lithium metal anode easily gives up its ions. But the lithium anode swells a lot while a battery is charging, which can cause it to decouple from the electrolyte. Furthermore, lithium metal is highly reactive with most available electrolytes, and this causes them to degrade.
Gully says Lavle and 3DOM were able to overcome these issues by using its new separator technology and making other tweaks to the lithium metal battery chemistry. Gully wouldnât go into the details of the companyâs âsecret sauceâ for making lithium metal batteries, but he says the companyâs experimental lithium metal cells have already demonstrated a threefold improvement in energy density compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries.
Most Popular
.jpg)
Courtesy of ForSea
Considering that the efficiency of rechargeable lithium-ion cells has only tripled since they were commercialized 30 years ago, Lavleâs batteries are showing the sort of large performance increase that is needed to electrify the worldâs shipping fleet. For now, these batteries remain experimental, and the company still needs to demonstrate that they can be used in a commercial vessel. Lavle expects to begin deploying prototypes of its advanced energy systems in smaller vessels like ferries by the middle of next year, but Nye says that in the future their system could scale to meet the needs of large cargo ships.
Even with these new advancements in marine energy-storage systems, cargo ships may never be able to rely on battery systems alone. Agis Koumentakos, a Greek energy trader and coauthor of a recent [paper](https://www.mdpi.com/2571-5577/2/4/34/htm) on electric ships, cites several environmental and geopolitical challenges that come with the electrification of the maritime sector.
On the environmental side, each cargo ship will require dozens of tons of batteries that have limited shelf lives. The recycling industry [isnât ready](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1682-5) to handle the surge in depleted lithium-ion cells, which come with several storage and handling challenges. Electrifying cargo ships could significantly accelerate the problem. On the geopolitical side, batteries require a lot of mined material, some of which is [sourced from mines that employ child labor](https://www.wired.com/story/alternatives-to-cobalt-the-blood-diamond-of-batteries/). Even if these materials can be sourced ethically, China controls a lot of the supply chain for lithium-ion batteries, and Koumentakos says policymakers may be wary of becoming totally dependent on China for maritime cargo transport.
But using batteries for cargo ships isnât an all-or-nothing proposition. Instead, they may be combined with other clean forms of energy generation, such as hydrogen fuel cells, solar, or even wind. âBatteries probably wonât be a monopoly in ship propulsion,â says Koumentakos. âItâs going to be a mixture of technologies.â
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Solar energy has been used on cargo ships for years to partially meet their electricity needs, but photovoltaic tech will never be energy-dense enough to power a ship on its own, Koumentakos says. Another option is to return to the original source of ship propulsionâthe windâusing technologies like large metal sails or rotor sails to propel large cargo ships and reduce energy costs. And if the [fabled hydrogen economy](https://www.wired.com/1997/10/hydrogen-3/) emerges in the coming decades, ships could implement hydrogen fuel cells as a primary source of propulsion and use batteries as backups.
The development of high-performance energy-storage systems for ships may also see wide application beyond the maritime sector. Nye says Lavleâs technology could also be a good fit for electric aircraft like the vertical-takeoff-and-landing vehicles [currently under development](https://www.wired.com/story/beta-ava-flying-car-aviation/) as air taxis, and Brown says SPBES is exploring large-scale applications for its energy system on land.
The maiden voyage of the *Yara Birkeland* later this year will be a small but important milestone toward electrifying the worldâs ships. As one of the only fully electric cargo ships in the world, it will show whatâs possible with todayâs technology and serve as a blueprint for the electrified ships of the future.
***
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