🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 47 (from laksa051)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa047.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/","crawl_time":1776093185,"first_indexed_time":1611087992,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,whistleblowers!www,\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/ s443","src_root_hash":"7489041098412564047","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Edward Snowden - National Whistleblower Center","meta_descriptions":["Edward Snowden - . In 2013, Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), revealed the existence of previously highly"],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Edward Snowden\nIn 2013, Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), revealed the existence of previously highly classified intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the NSA and the U.K.’s equivalent, the GCHQ. While working at the NSA, Snowden began accumulating information on NSA surveillance programs and activities while contracted there from 2009 to 2013.\nIn May 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong where he brought NSA documents to reporters at\nThe Guardian\n, who conducted interviews of Snowden about his discoveries. With\nThe Guardian\nand\nThe Washington Post\npublishing reports on NSA surveillance and data-collecting activities, Snowden revealed his identity shortly thereafter. In June 2013, the U.S. government charged Snowden with espionage under the Espionage Act and attempted to extradite him. However, with the Hong Kong government not taking any action with regard to his extradition, Snowden fled to Russia where he has since remained.\nSnowden’s discoveries drew open the curtain on many classified NSA programs including PRISM, an undercover data-mining operation that collected private data of users from companies such as Apple, Facebook, Google and AOL. Additionally, included in Snowden’s exposures was an NSA court order compelling internet service provider, Verizon, to turn over metadata for millions of its users.\nIn August 2013\n, President Obama announced proposed reforms to increase transparency of NSA and other agency programs, including updating sections of the Patriot Act and reforming the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Additionally, President Obama convened an independent panel of outside experts to examine the U.S. government’s surveillance technologies and practices. In\nDecember 2013\n, the panel found that the NSA should not be permitted to collect personal data and information from Internet service providers and phone carriers, among other recommendations.\nIn 2019, Snowden released his memoir,\nPermanent Record\n.","attrs_markdown":"[![logo](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/)\n\n- [Who We Are](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/mission-history\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/)\n  - [About Us](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/about-us\/)\n  - [Mission & History](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/mission-history\/)\n  - [Our Team](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/nwc-team\/)\n  - [Careers](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/careers\/)\n  - [Transparency](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/transparency-accountability\/)\n  - [Annual Reports](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/nwc-annual-reports\/)\n- [Act Now](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/current-action-alerts\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/)\n  - [Donate](https:\/\/nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org\/donate\/index.html)\n  - [Join Our Email List](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/take-action\/)\n  - [Seven Major Campaigns of 2025](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n  - [Attorney Referral Program](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/information-for-attorneys-considering-joining-the-arp\/ \"Information for Attorneys Considering Joining the ARP\")\n- [Know Your Rights](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/know-your-rights\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/)\n  - [Find An Attorney](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/find-a-whisteblower-attorney\/)\n  - [Who is a Whistleblower?](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/what-is-a-whistleblower\/)\n  - [What to Know](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblower-101\/)\n  - [Protections and Rewards](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblower-protections-and-rewards\/)\n  - [Stop Retaliation](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/how-to-stop-retaliation\/)\n  - [Major Laws](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/key-whistleblower-laws\/)\n- [Campaigns](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/take-action\/current-campaigns\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/)\n  - [United Nations Anti-Corruption Conference](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/united-nations-anti-corruption-conference\/)\n  - [Seven Major Campaigns of 2025](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n  - [Immediate Action Items](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/seven-campaigns\/)\n    - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/)\n    - [Save the IRS Whistleblower Program](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/revitalize-the-irs-whistleblower-program\/)\n    - [Enact AML Whistleblower Rules](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/enact-aml-whistleblower-rules\/)\n    - [Fund the CFTC Whistleblower Program](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/save-the-cftc-whistleblower-program\/)\n    - [Protect the False Claims Act](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/protect-the-fca\/)\n    - [Stop Crippling Delays in SEC Dodd-Frank Program](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/reform-sec-regulations\/)\n  - [Strengthen U.S. Whistleblower Laws](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/strengthen-existing-u-s-whistleblower-laws\/)\n  - [All](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/take-action\/current-campaigns\/)\n- [Stories](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/members_categories\/meet-whistleblowers\/)\n- [Resources](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblower-resources\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/)\n  - [Rules for Whistleblowers](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/book\/)\n  - [FAQs](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/faq\/)\n  - [Reports](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/reports\/)\n- [Press](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblowers\/edward-snowden\/)\n  - [Contact Form](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/press-contact-form\/)\n  - [Press Releases](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news_categories\/press-releases\/)\n  - [Whistleblower Network News](https:\/\/whistleblowersblog.org\/)\n\n[Take Action](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n\n[Take Action](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n\n[Take Action](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n\n[Donate](https:\/\/nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org\/donate\/index.html)   [Get Help](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/find-a-whisteblower-attorney\/)\n\n# Edward Snowden\n### National Security Whistleblower\n### **Published on April 08, 2018**\n\n![Edward Snowden](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Edward_Snowden-2-e1606260710155.jpg)\n\n## Edward Snowden\nIn 2013, Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), revealed the existence of previously highly classified intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the NSA and the U.K.’s equivalent, the GCHQ. While working at the NSA, Snowden began accumulating information on NSA surveillance programs and activities while contracted there from 2009 to 2013.\n\nIn May 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong where he brought NSA documents to reporters at *The Guardian*, who conducted interviews of Snowden about his discoveries. With *[The Guardian](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jun\/09\/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance)* and *The Washington Post* publishing reports on NSA surveillance and data-collecting activities, Snowden revealed his identity shortly thereafter. In June 2013, the U.S. government charged Snowden with espionage under the Espionage Act and attempted to extradite him. However, with the Hong Kong government not taking any action with regard to his extradition, Snowden fled to Russia where he has since remained.\n\nSnowden’s discoveries drew open the curtain on many classified NSA programs including PRISM, an undercover data-mining operation that collected private data of users from companies such as Apple, Facebook, Google and AOL. Additionally, included in Snowden’s exposures was an NSA court order compelling internet service provider, Verizon, to turn over metadata for millions of its users.\n\n[In August 2013](https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/the-press-office\/2013\/08\/09\/remarks-president-press-conference), President Obama announced proposed reforms to increase transparency of NSA and other agency programs, including updating sections of the Patriot Act and reforming the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Additionally, President Obama convened an independent panel of outside experts to examine the U.S. government’s surveillance technologies and practices. In [December 2013](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/dec\/18\/nsa-bulk-collection-phone-date-obama-review-panel), the panel found that the NSA should not be permitted to collect personal data and information from Internet service providers and phone carriers, among other recommendations.\n\nIn 2019, Snowden released his memoir, *Permanent Record*.\n\n- [The Impact of Whistleblowers](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/the-impact-of-whistleblowers\/)\n- [How Whistleblowers Changed the World](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/how-whistleblowers-changed-the-world\/)\n- [Whistleblower Stories](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/members_categories\/meet-whistleblowers\/)\n- [Whistleblower Resources](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblower-resources\/)\n- [Whistleblower’s Handbook](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/book\/)\n- [Join Our Email List](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/take-action\/)\n- [Make an Impact](https:\/\/nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org\/donate\/index.html)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Rules-for-Whistleblowers-RGB-200x300.jpg)\n\n## **Latest Book Release\\!**\nKohn’s thirty-seven rules for whistleblowers highlight the “traps” facing whistleblowers today and address how to file anonymous cases and qualify for multi-million-dollar rewards.\n\n**Ways to Obtain the Book & Save:**\n\n■ Purchase the book at the list price  \n ■ Subscribe to Whistleblower Network News and Save 35%  \n ■ Donate \\$50 or more to NWC and get the book free\n\n[ORDER YOUR COPY](https:\/\/whistleblowersblog.org\/store\/product\/rules-for-whistleblowers\/)\n\n- [MISSION & HISTORY](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/mission-history\/)\n- [LEGAL ASSISTANCE](https:\/\/www.report-fraud-now.info\/)\n- [RULES FOR WHISTLEBLOWERS](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/book\/)\n- [WHISTLEBLOWER NETWORK NEWS](https:\/\/whistleblowersblog.org\/)\n- [DONATE](https:\/\/nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org\/donate\/index.html)\n\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/youtube.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/youtube-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC_Tc0oREYLS2G-V2myhd3cw)\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/facebook.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/facebook-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/NationalWhistleblowerCenter\/)\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/x-logo-1.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/x-logo.svg)](https:\/\/twitter.com\/stopfraud?lang=en)\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/linkedin.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/linkedin-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/national-whistleblowers-center)\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/instagram.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/instagram-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/protectwhistleblowers\/)\n\n- [Disclaimer](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/disclaimer\/)\n- [Fair Use Notice](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/fair-use-notice\/)\n\nThe information contained in this Web site is provided for informational and\/or educational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice on any matter.\n\n1800 M Street, NW \\#33888  \n Washington, District of Columbia 20033\n\n[Contact us by clicking here.](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/contact-us\/)\n\n© 1997-2026 National Whistleblower Center Registered 501(c)(3).\n\n[![](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/faq.svg) Report Fraud Now](https:\/\/www.report-fraud-now.info\/)","attrs_readable_markdown":"![Edward Snowden](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Edward_Snowden-2-e1606260710155.jpg)\n\n## Edward Snowden\nIn 2013, Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), revealed the existence of previously highly classified intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the NSA and the U.K.’s equivalent, the GCHQ. While working at the NSA, Snowden began accumulating information on NSA surveillance programs and activities while contracted there from 2009 to 2013.\n\nIn May 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong where he brought NSA documents to reporters at *The Guardian*, who conducted interviews of Snowden about his discoveries. With *[The Guardian](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jun\/09\/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance)* and *The Washington Post* publishing reports on NSA surveillance and data-collecting activities, Snowden revealed his identity shortly thereafter. In June 2013, the U.S. government charged Snowden with espionage under the Espionage Act and attempted to extradite him. However, with the Hong Kong government not taking any action with regard to his extradition, Snowden fled to Russia where he has since remained.\n\nSnowden’s discoveries drew open the curtain on many classified NSA programs including PRISM, an undercover data-mining operation that collected private data of users from companies such as Apple, Facebook, Google and AOL. Additionally, included in Snowden’s exposures was an NSA court order compelling internet service provider, Verizon, to turn over metadata for millions of its users.\n\n[In August 2013](https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/the-press-office\/2013\/08\/09\/remarks-president-press-conference), President Obama announced proposed reforms to increase transparency of NSA and other agency programs, including updating sections of the Patriot Act and reforming the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Additionally, President Obama convened an independent panel of outside experts to examine the U.S. government’s surveillance technologies and practices. In [December 2013](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/dec\/18\/nsa-bulk-collection-phone-date-obama-review-panel), the panel found that the NSA should not be permitted to collect personal data and information from Internet service providers and phone carriers, among other recommendations.\n\nIn 2019, Snowden released his memoir, *Permanent Record*.","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

15 hours ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/
Last Crawled	2026-04-13 15:13:05 (15 hours ago)
First Indexed	2021-01-19 20:26:32 (5 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Edward Snowden - National Whistleblower Center
Meta Description	Edward Snowden - . In 2013, Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), revealed the existence of previously highly
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Edward Snowden In 2013, Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), revealed the existence of previously highly classified intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the NSA and the U.K.’s equivalent, the GCHQ. While working at the NSA, Snowden began accumulating information on NSA surveillance programs and activities while contracted there from 2009 to 2013. In May 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong where he brought NSA documents to reporters at The Guardian , who conducted interviews of Snowden about his discoveries. With The Guardian and The Washington Post publishing reports on NSA surveillance and data-collecting activities, Snowden revealed his identity shortly thereafter. In June 2013, the U.S. government charged Snowden with espionage under the Espionage Act and attempted to extradite him. However, with the Hong Kong government not taking any action with regard to his extradition, Snowden fled to Russia where he has since remained. Snowden’s discoveries drew open the curtain on many classified NSA programs including PRISM, an undercover data-mining operation that collected private data of users from companies such as Apple, Facebook, Google and AOL. Additionally, included in Snowden’s exposures was an NSA court order compelling internet service provider, Verizon, to turn over metadata for millions of its users. In August 2013 , President Obama announced proposed reforms to increase transparency of NSA and other agency programs, including updating sections of the Patriot Act and reforming the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Additionally, President Obama convened an independent panel of outside experts to examine the U.S. government’s surveillance technologies and practices. In December 2013 , the panel found that the NSA should not be permitted to collect personal data and information from Internet service providers and phone carriers, among other recommendations. In 2019, Snowden released his memoir, Permanent Record .
Markdown	[![logo](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/logo.svg)](https://www.whistleblowers.org/) - [Who We Are](https://www.whistleblowers.org/mission-history/) - [back](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/) - [About Us](https://www.whistleblowers.org/about-us/) - [Mission & History](https://www.whistleblowers.org/mission-history/) - [Our Team](https://www.whistleblowers.org/nwc-team/) - [Careers](https://www.whistleblowers.org/careers/) - [Transparency](https://www.whistleblowers.org/transparency-accountability/) - [Annual Reports](https://www.whistleblowers.org/nwc-annual-reports/) - [Act Now](https://www.whistleblowers.org/current-action-alerts/) - [back](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/) - [Donate](https://nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org/donate/index.html) - [Join Our Email List](https://www.whistleblowers.org/take-action/) - [Seven Major Campaigns of 2025](https://www.whistleblowers.org/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025/) - [Attorney Referral Program](https://www.whistleblowers.org/information-for-attorneys-considering-joining-the-arp/ "Information for Attorneys Considering Joining the ARP") - [Know Your Rights](https://www.whistleblowers.org/know-your-rights/) - [back](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/) - [Find An Attorney](https://www.whistleblowers.org/find-a-whisteblower-attorney/) - [Who is a Whistleblower?](https://www.whistleblowers.org/what-is-a-whistleblower/) - [What to Know](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblower-101/) - [Protections and Rewards](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblower-protections-and-rewards/) - [Stop Retaliation](https://www.whistleblowers.org/how-to-stop-retaliation/) - [Major Laws](https://www.whistleblowers.org/key-whistleblower-laws/) - [Campaigns](https://www.whistleblowers.org/take-action/current-campaigns/) - [back](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/) - [United Nations Anti-Corruption Conference](https://www.whistleblowers.org/campaigns/united-nations-anti-corruption-conference/) - [Seven Major Campaigns of 2025](https://www.whistleblowers.org/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025/) - [Immediate Action Items](https://www.whistleblowers.org/campaigns/seven-campaigns/) - [back](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/) - [Save the IRS Whistleblower Program](https://www.whistleblowers.org/campaigns/revitalize-the-irs-whistleblower-program/) - [Enact AML Whistleblower Rules](https://www.whistleblowers.org/enact-aml-whistleblower-rules/) - [Fund the CFTC Whistleblower Program](https://www.whistleblowers.org/campaigns/save-the-cftc-whistleblower-program/) - [Protect the False Claims Act](https://www.whistleblowers.org/campaigns/protect-the-fca/) - [Stop Crippling Delays in SEC Dodd-Frank Program](https://www.whistleblowers.org/campaigns/reform-sec-regulations/) - [Strengthen U.S. Whistleblower Laws](https://www.whistleblowers.org/strengthen-existing-u-s-whistleblower-laws/) - [All](https://www.whistleblowers.org/take-action/current-campaigns/) - [Stories](https://www.whistleblowers.org/members_categories/meet-whistleblowers/) - [Resources](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblower-resources/) - [back](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/) - [Rules for Whistleblowers](https://www.whistleblowers.org/book/) - [FAQs](https://www.whistleblowers.org/faq/) - [Reports](https://www.whistleblowers.org/reports/) - [Press](https://www.whistleblowers.org/news/) - [back](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/) - [Contact Form](https://www.whistleblowers.org/press-contact-form/) - [Press Releases](https://www.whistleblowers.org/news_categories/press-releases/) - [Whistleblower Network News](https://whistleblowersblog.org/) [Take Action](https://www.whistleblowers.org/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025/) [Take Action](https://www.whistleblowers.org/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025/) [Take Action](https://www.whistleblowers.org/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025/) [Donate](https://nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org/donate/index.html) [Get Help](https://www.whistleblowers.org/find-a-whisteblower-attorney/) # Edward Snowden ### National Security Whistleblower ### Published on April 08, 2018 ![Edward Snowden](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Edward_Snowden-2-e1606260710155.jpg) ## Edward Snowden In 2013, Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), revealed the existence of previously highly classified intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the NSA and the U.K.’s equivalent, the GCHQ. While working at the NSA, Snowden began accumulating information on NSA surveillance programs and activities while contracted there from 2009 to 2013. In May 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong where he brought NSA documents to reporters at The Guardian, who conducted interviews of Snowden about his discoveries. With [The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance) and The Washington Post publishing reports on NSA surveillance and data-collecting activities, Snowden revealed his identity shortly thereafter. In June 2013, the U.S. government charged Snowden with espionage under the Espionage Act and attempted to extradite him. However, with the Hong Kong government not taking any action with regard to his extradition, Snowden fled to Russia where he has since remained. Snowden’s discoveries drew open the curtain on many classified NSA programs including PRISM, an undercover data-mining operation that collected private data of users from companies such as Apple, Facebook, Google and AOL. Additionally, included in Snowden’s exposures was an NSA court order compelling internet service provider, Verizon, to turn over metadata for millions of its users. [In August 2013](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/09/remarks-president-press-conference), President Obama announced proposed reforms to increase transparency of NSA and other agency programs, including updating sections of the Patriot Act and reforming the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Additionally, President Obama convened an independent panel of outside experts to examine the U.S. government’s surveillance technologies and practices. In [December 2013](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/18/nsa-bulk-collection-phone-date-obama-review-panel), the panel found that the NSA should not be permitted to collect personal data and information from Internet service providers and phone carriers, among other recommendations. In 2019, Snowden released his memoir, Permanent Record. - [The Impact of Whistleblowers](https://www.whistleblowers.org/the-impact-of-whistleblowers/) - [How Whistleblowers Changed the World](https://www.whistleblowers.org/how-whistleblowers-changed-the-world/) - [Whistleblower Stories](https://www.whistleblowers.org/members_categories/meet-whistleblowers/) - [Whistleblower Resources](https://www.whistleblowers.org/whistleblower-resources/) - [Whistleblower’s Handbook](https://www.whistleblowers.org/book/) - [Join Our Email List](https://www.whistleblowers.org/take-action/) - [Make an Impact](https://nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org/donate/index.html) ![](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rules-for-Whistleblowers-RGB-200x300.jpg) ## Latest Book Release\! Kohn’s thirty-seven rules for whistleblowers highlight the “traps” facing whistleblowers today and address how to file anonymous cases and qualify for multi-million-dollar rewards. Ways to Obtain the Book & Save: ■ Purchase the book at the list price ■ Subscribe to Whistleblower Network News and Save 35% ■ Donate \$50 or more to NWC and get the book free [ORDER YOUR COPY](https://whistleblowersblog.org/store/product/rules-for-whistleblowers/) - [MISSION & HISTORY](https://www.whistleblowers.org/mission-history/) - [LEGAL ASSISTANCE](https://www.report-fraud-now.info/) - [RULES FOR WHISTLEBLOWERS](https://www.whistleblowers.org/book/) - [WHISTLEBLOWER NETWORK NEWS](https://whistleblowersblog.org/) - [DONATE](https://nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org/donate/index.html) - [![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/youtube.svg) ![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/youtube-white.svg)](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_Tc0oREYLS2G-V2myhd3cw) - [![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/facebook.svg) ![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/facebook-white.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/NationalWhistleblowerCenter/) - [![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/x-logo-1.svg) ![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/x-logo.svg)](https://twitter.com/stopfraud?lang=en) - [![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/linkedin.svg) ![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/linkedin-white.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-whistleblowers-center) - [![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/instagram.svg) ![youtube](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/instagram-white.svg)](https://www.instagram.com/protectwhistleblowers/) - [Disclaimer](https://www.whistleblowers.org/disclaimer/) - [Fair Use Notice](https://www.whistleblowers.org/fair-use-notice/) The information contained in this Web site is provided for informational and/or educational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice on any matter. 1800 M Street, NW \#33888 Washington, District of Columbia 20033 [Contact us by clicking here.](https://www.whistleblowers.org/contact-us/) © 1997-2026 National Whistleblower Center Registered 501(c)(3). [![](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/faq.svg) Report Fraud Now](https://www.report-fraud-now.info/)
Readable Markdown	![Edward Snowden](https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Edward_Snowden-2-e1606260710155.jpg) ## Edward Snowden In 2013, Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), revealed the existence of previously highly classified intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the NSA and the U.K.’s equivalent, the GCHQ. While working at the NSA, Snowden began accumulating information on NSA surveillance programs and activities while contracted there from 2009 to 2013. In May 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong where he brought NSA documents to reporters at The Guardian, who conducted interviews of Snowden about his discoveries. With [The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance) and The Washington Post publishing reports on NSA surveillance and data-collecting activities, Snowden revealed his identity shortly thereafter. In June 2013, the U.S. government charged Snowden with espionage under the Espionage Act and attempted to extradite him. However, with the Hong Kong government not taking any action with regard to his extradition, Snowden fled to Russia where he has since remained. Snowden’s discoveries drew open the curtain on many classified NSA programs including PRISM, an undercover data-mining operation that collected private data of users from companies such as Apple, Facebook, Google and AOL. Additionally, included in Snowden’s exposures was an NSA court order compelling internet service provider, Verizon, to turn over metadata for millions of its users. [In August 2013](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/09/remarks-president-press-conference), President Obama announced proposed reforms to increase transparency of NSA and other agency programs, including updating sections of the Patriot Act and reforming the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Additionally, President Obama convened an independent panel of outside experts to examine the U.S. government’s surveillance technologies and practices. In [December 2013](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/18/nsa-bulk-collection-phone-date-obama-review-panel), the panel found that the NSA should not be permitted to collect personal data and information from Internet service providers and phone carriers, among other recommendations. In 2019, Snowden released his memoir, Permanent Record.
Shard	47 (laksa)
Root Hash	7489041098412564047
Unparsed URL	org,whistleblowers!www,/whistleblowers/edward-snowden/ s443