🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 47 (from laksa043)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa047.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.whistleblowers.org/news/the-case-of-edward-snowden/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.whistleblowers.org/news/the-case-of-edward-snowden/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/","crawl_time":1776158624,"first_indexed_time":1605773203,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,whistleblowers!www,\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/ s443","src_root_hash":"7489041098412564047","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"The case of Edward Snowden - National Whistleblower Center","meta_descriptions":["After Deep Throat and Daniel Ellsberg, one of the whistleblowers at the top of American minds is Edward Snowden."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"The case of Edward Snowden\nAfter Deep Throat and Daniel Ellsberg, one of the whistleblowers at the top of American minds is Edward Snowden. In 2013, Snowden revealed the existence of previously classified mass intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and the U.K.’s intelligence organization, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). For this, Snowden was charged with espionage by the U.S. government and, subsequently, fled the country.\n\nSnowden’s exposure of NSA surveillance is a controversial subject; supporters claim he is a hero, while detractors say he is un-American. Snowden himself though is confident about the positive impact of his disclosures. In\na 2019 interview with The Guardian\n, Snowden said, “we live in a better, freer and safe world because of the revelations of mass surveillance.”\n\nHowever, Snowden still faces U.S. criminal charges for violating the Espionage Act, despite the fact that such a prosecution is unconstitutional. The law is vague and over-broad with a long and sordid history of suppressing legitimate dissent. NWC co-founder and leading whistleblower attorney, Stephen M. Kohn,\nsaid of the Espionage Act\nin a 2010 Guardian article that “[t]here are responsible mechanisms policing truly abusive leaks. The Espionage Act is not such a tool.” With its broad language, the Espionage Act prohibits the publication of information by anyone to be used “to the injury of the United States.” As Kohn asks in that same article: what are the determinants of national security risk and an injury to the United States? Originally designed to prosecute spies bringing military secrets back home, this Act has been used against whistleblowers, not spies, who release information that they believe is in the American interest.\n\nWithout clear guidance on the matter, wielding the Espionage Act against Snowden seems to clash with the free speech protections in the First Amendment that Snowden is and was entitled to. However, this protection is not absolute – the benefit to the public from a disclosure must outweigh the government’s need for secrecy.\n\nAdditionally, at the time Snowden blew the whistle, U.S. law provided little to no whistleblower protection for employees and contractors of national security agencies, who are not covered by standard federal employee whistleblower protection laws.\n\nIn late 2012, President Obama signed the executive order,\nPresidential Policy Directive 19\nor PPD-19, which created administrative procedures to protect whistleblowers who work for U.S. intelligence agencies, including the NSA, CIA, DNI and the Defense Intelligence Agency. President Obama leaned on this order in defense of his handling of Snowden saying, “I signed an executive order well before Mr. Snowden leaked this information that provided whistleblower protection to the intelligence community – for the first time. So, there were other avenues available for somebody whose conscience was stirred and thought that they needed to question government actions.”\n\nHowever, this Directive fails to provide adequate protection for whistleblowers. Originally, it did not include national security contractors, like Snowden, despite the high number of contractors who work in the intelligence community. Additionally, it explicitly neglects to create any real legal protections: language in the PPD-19 states that, “This directive is not intended to and does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law.” In other words, an agency can violate any of the procedural or substantive rights laid out by the PPD-19, and the whistleblower is unable to oppose it. Finally, as\nJoe Davidson of the Washington Post noted\n, procedures for the directive were not implemented until July 2013 – after Snowden had made his disclosures.\n\nThese tenuous protections may have precipitated Snowden’s disclosure to the press. If whistleblowers must rely on an empty law with limited unassailable protections afforded by it, they may seek alternative avenues like the media. To stop leaks of sensitive information, strong legal avenues must be provided to these whistleblowers.\n\nWith intelligence whistleblowers still facing retaliation from superiors and even\nfrom sitting presidents\n, their protection is paramount. Whistleblowers in the intelligence community must be afforded real protections and clear avenues of reporting in order to bring forth evidence of misconduct to appropriate authorities. Antiquated laws like the Espionage Act and ineffective protections like PPD-19 only serve to push whistleblowers with legitimate concerns for American safety away from proper channels.\n\nThe case of Edward Snowden exemplifies the many hurdles whistleblowers can face when stepping forward. The National Whistleblower Center is working tirelessly to make sure future whistleblowers who do report can do so safely and without fear of retaliation, because as Snowden said in a 2019 interview: “You have to be ready to stand for something if you want it to change.”\n07\nApr, 2026\nSunday Read\n31\nMar, 2026\nPress Releases\n23\nMar, 2026\nSunday Read","attrs_markdown":"[![logo](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/)\n\n- [Who We Are](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/mission-history\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/)\n  - [About Us](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/about-us\/)\n  - [Mission & History](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/mission-history\/)\n  - [Our Team](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/nwc-team\/)\n  - [Careers](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/careers\/)\n  - [Transparency](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/transparency-accountability\/)\n  - [Annual Reports](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/nwc-annual-reports\/)\n- [Act Now](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/current-action-alerts\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/)\n  - [Donate](https:\/\/nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org\/donate\/index.html)\n  - [Join Our Email List](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/take-action\/)\n  - [Seven Major Campaigns of 2025](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n  - [Attorney Referral Program](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/information-for-attorneys-considering-joining-the-arp\/ \"Information for Attorneys Considering Joining the ARP\")\n- [Know Your Rights](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/know-your-rights\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/)\n  - [Find An Attorney](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/find-a-whisteblower-attorney\/)\n  - [Who is a Whistleblower?](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/what-is-a-whistleblower\/)\n  - [What to Know](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblower-101\/)\n  - [Protections and Rewards](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblower-protections-and-rewards\/)\n  - [Stop Retaliation](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/how-to-stop-retaliation\/)\n  - [Major Laws](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/key-whistleblower-laws\/)\n- [Campaigns](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/take-action\/current-campaigns\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/)\n  - [United Nations Anti-Corruption Conference](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/united-nations-anti-corruption-conference\/)\n  - [Seven Major Campaigns of 2025](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n  - [Immediate Action Items](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/seven-campaigns\/)\n    - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/)\n    - [Save the IRS Whistleblower Program](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/revitalize-the-irs-whistleblower-program\/)\n    - [Enact AML Whistleblower Rules](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/enact-aml-whistleblower-rules\/)\n    - [Fund the CFTC Whistleblower Program](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/save-the-cftc-whistleblower-program\/)\n    - [Protect the False Claims Act](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/protect-the-fca\/)\n    - [Stop Crippling Delays in SEC Dodd-Frank Program](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/campaigns\/reform-sec-regulations\/)\n  - [Strengthen U.S. Whistleblower Laws](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/strengthen-existing-u-s-whistleblower-laws\/)\n  - [All](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/take-action\/current-campaigns\/)\n- [Stories](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/members_categories\/meet-whistleblowers\/)\n- [Resources](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/whistleblower-resources\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/)\n  - [Rules for Whistleblowers](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/book\/)\n  - [FAQs](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/faq\/)\n  - [Reports](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/reports\/)\n- [Press](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/)\n  - [back](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-case-of-edward-snowden\/)\n  - [Contact Form](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/press-contact-form\/)\n  - [Press Releases](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news_categories\/press-releases\/)\n  - [Whistleblower Network News](https:\/\/whistleblowersblog.org\/)\n\n[Take Action](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n\n[Take Action](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n\n[Take Action](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/seven-major-campaigns-of-2025\/)\n\n[Donate](https:\/\/nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org\/donate\/index.html)   [Get Help](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/find-a-whisteblower-attorney\/)\n\n# The case of Edward Snowden\n### by Nick Younger, Communications Associate\n### **Published on November 19, 2020**\nPlease, share this page\n\n**The case of Edward Snowden**\n\nAfter Deep Throat and Daniel Ellsberg, one of the whistleblowers at the top of American minds is Edward Snowden. In 2013, Snowden revealed the existence of previously classified mass intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and the U.K.’s intelligence organization, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). For this, Snowden was charged with espionage by the U.S. government and, subsequently, fled the country. Snowden’s exposure of NSA surveillance is a controversial subject; supporters claim he is a hero, while detractors say he is un-American. Snowden himself though is confident about the positive impact of his disclosures. In [a 2019 interview with The Guardian](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/ng-interactive\/2019\/sep\/13\/edward-snowden-interview-whistleblowing-russia-ai-permanent-record), Snowden said, “we live in a better, freer and safe world because of the revelations of mass surveillance.” However, Snowden still faces U.S. criminal charges for violating the Espionage Act, despite the fact that such a prosecution is unconstitutional. The law is vague and over-broad with a long and sordid history of suppressing legitimate dissent. NWC co-founder and leading whistleblower attorney, Stephen M. Kohn, [said of the Espionage Act](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/libertycentral\/2010\/dec\/15\/wikileaks-us-espionage-act) in a 2010 Guardian article that “\\[t\\]here are responsible mechanisms policing truly abusive leaks. The Espionage Act is not such a tool.” With its broad language, the Espionage Act prohibits the publication of information by anyone to be used “to the injury of the United States.” As Kohn asks in that same article: what are the determinants of national security risk and an injury to the United States? Originally designed to prosecute spies bringing military secrets back home, this Act has been used against whistleblowers, not spies, who release information that they believe is in the American interest. Without clear guidance on the matter, wielding the Espionage Act against Snowden seems to clash with the free speech protections in the First Amendment that Snowden is and was entitled to. However, this protection is not absolute – the benefit to the public from a disclosure must outweigh the government’s need for secrecy. Additionally, at the time Snowden blew the whistle, U.S. law provided little to no whistleblower protection for employees and contractors of national security agencies, who are not covered by standard federal employee whistleblower protection laws. In late 2012, President Obama signed the executive order, [Presidential Policy Directive 19](https:\/\/www.dni.gov\/files\/documents\/icotr\/Whistleblower.PDF) or PPD-19, which created administrative procedures to protect whistleblowers who work for U.S. intelligence agencies, including the NSA, CIA, DNI and the Defense Intelligence Agency. President Obama leaned on this order in defense of his handling of Snowden saying, “I signed an executive order well before Mr. Snowden leaked this information that provided whistleblower protection to the intelligence community – for the first time. So, there were other avenues available for somebody whose conscience was stirred and thought that they needed to question government actions.” However, this Directive fails to provide adequate protection for whistleblowers. Originally, it did not include national security contractors, like Snowden, despite the high number of contractors who work in the intelligence community. Additionally, it explicitly neglects to create any real legal protections: language in the PPD-19 states that, “This directive is not intended to and does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law.” In other words, an agency can violate any of the procedural or substantive rights laid out by the PPD-19, and the whistleblower is unable to oppose it. Finally, as [Joe Davidson of the Washington Post noted](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/federal_government\/obamas-misleading-comment-on-whistleblower-protections\/2013\/08\/12\/eb567e3c-037f-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html), procedures for the directive were not implemented until July 2013 – after Snowden had made his disclosures. These tenuous protections may have precipitated Snowden’s disclosure to the press. If whistleblowers must rely on an empty law with limited unassailable protections afforded by it, they may seek alternative avenues like the media. To stop leaks of sensitive information, strong legal avenues must be provided to these whistleblowers. With intelligence whistleblowers still facing retaliation from superiors and even [from sitting presidents](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/the-intelligence-community-whistleblower-what-you-need-to-know\/), their protection is paramount. Whistleblowers in the intelligence community must be afforded real protections and clear avenues of reporting in order to bring forth evidence of misconduct to appropriate authorities. Antiquated laws like the Espionage Act and ineffective protections like PPD-19 only serve to push whistleblowers with legitimate concerns for American safety away from proper channels. The case of Edward Snowden exemplifies the many hurdles whistleblowers can face when stepping forward. The National Whistleblower Center is working tirelessly to make sure future whistleblowers who do report can do so safely and without fear of retaliation, because as Snowden said in a 2019 interview: “You have to be ready to stand for something if you want it to change.”\n\n## News & Press Releases\n[Press Room](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/)\n\n**07** Apr, 2026\n\nSunday Read\n\n[Getting To Know Whistleblower Attorneys: Eric L. Siegel Read More](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/getting-to-know-whistleblower-attorneys-eric-l-siegel\/)\n\n**31** Mar, 2026\n\nPress Releases\n\n[FinCEN Proposes Rules for Whistleblowers who Report Money Laundering Advocates. Raise Alarm over Lack of Effective Confidentiality Protections Read More](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/fincen-proposes-rules-for-whistleblowers-who-report-money-laundering-advocates-raise-alarm-over-lack-of-effective-confidentiality-protections\/)\n\n**23** Mar, 2026\n\nSunday Read\n\n[The Importance of NWC’s Amicus Brief in Doe v. SEC Read More](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news\/the-importance-of-nwcs-amicus-brief-in-doe-v-sec\/)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/)\n- [In the News](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news_categories\/in-the-news\/)\n- [Press Releases](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/news_categories\/press-releases\/)\n- [Whistleblower Network News](https:\/\/whistleblowersblog.org\/)\n- [Join Our Email List](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/take-action\/)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/press-contact-form\/)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Rules-for-Whistleblowers-RGB-200x300.jpg)\n\n## **Latest Book Release\\!**\nKohn’s thirty-seven rules for whistleblowers highlight the “traps” facing whistleblowers today and address how to file anonymous cases and qualify for multi-million-dollar rewards.\n\n**Ways to Obtain the Book & Save:**\n\n■ Purchase the book at the list price  \n ■ Subscribe to Whistleblower Network News and Save 35%  \n ■ Donate \\$50 or more to NWC and get the book free\n\n[ORDER YOUR COPY](https:\/\/whistleblowersblog.org\/store\/product\/rules-for-whistleblowers\/)\n\n- [MISSION & HISTORY](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/mission-history\/)\n- [LEGAL ASSISTANCE](https:\/\/www.report-fraud-now.info\/)\n- [RULES FOR WHISTLEBLOWERS](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/book\/)\n- [WHISTLEBLOWER NETWORK NEWS](https:\/\/whistleblowersblog.org\/)\n- [DONATE](https:\/\/nationalwhistleblowercenter.salsalabs.org\/donate\/index.html)\n\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/youtube.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/youtube-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC_Tc0oREYLS2G-V2myhd3cw)\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/facebook.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/facebook-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/NationalWhistleblowerCenter\/)\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/x-logo-1.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/x-logo.svg)](https:\/\/twitter.com\/stopfraud?lang=en)\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/linkedin.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/linkedin-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/national-whistleblowers-center)\n- [![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/instagram.svg) ![youtube](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/instagram-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/protectwhistleblowers\/)\n\n- [Disclaimer](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/disclaimer\/)\n- [Fair Use Notice](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/fair-use-notice\/)\n\nThe information contained in this Web site is provided for informational and\/or educational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice on any matter.\n\n1800 M Street, NW \\#33888  \n Washington, District of Columbia 20033\n\n[Contact us by clicking here.](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/contact-us\/)\n\n© 1997-2026 National Whistleblower Center Registered 501(c)(3).\n\n[![](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/faq.svg) Report Fraud Now](https:\/\/www.report-fraud-now.info\/)","attrs_readable_markdown":"**The case of Edward Snowden**\n\nAfter Deep Throat and Daniel Ellsberg, one of the whistleblowers at the top of American minds is Edward Snowden. In 2013, Snowden revealed the existence of previously classified mass intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and the U.K.’s intelligence organization, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). For this, Snowden was charged with espionage by the U.S. government and, subsequently, fled the country. Snowden’s exposure of NSA surveillance is a controversial subject; supporters claim he is a hero, while detractors say he is un-American. Snowden himself though is confident about the positive impact of his disclosures. In [a 2019 interview with The Guardian](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/ng-interactive\/2019\/sep\/13\/edward-snowden-interview-whistleblowing-russia-ai-permanent-record), Snowden said, “we live in a better, freer and safe world because of the revelations of mass surveillance.” However, Snowden still faces U.S. criminal charges for violating the Espionage Act, despite the fact that such a prosecution is unconstitutional. The law is vague and over-broad with a long and sordid history of suppressing legitimate dissent. NWC co-founder and leading whistleblower attorney, Stephen M. Kohn, [said of the Espionage Act](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/libertycentral\/2010\/dec\/15\/wikileaks-us-espionage-act) in a 2010 Guardian article that “\\[t\\]here are responsible mechanisms policing truly abusive leaks. The Espionage Act is not such a tool.” With its broad language, the Espionage Act prohibits the publication of information by anyone to be used “to the injury of the United States.” As Kohn asks in that same article: what are the determinants of national security risk and an injury to the United States? Originally designed to prosecute spies bringing military secrets back home, this Act has been used against whistleblowers, not spies, who release information that they believe is in the American interest. Without clear guidance on the matter, wielding the Espionage Act against Snowden seems to clash with the free speech protections in the First Amendment that Snowden is and was entitled to. However, this protection is not absolute – the benefit to the public from a disclosure must outweigh the government’s need for secrecy. Additionally, at the time Snowden blew the whistle, U.S. law provided little to no whistleblower protection for employees and contractors of national security agencies, who are not covered by standard federal employee whistleblower protection laws. In late 2012, President Obama signed the executive order, [Presidential Policy Directive 19](https:\/\/www.dni.gov\/files\/documents\/icotr\/Whistleblower.PDF) or PPD-19, which created administrative procedures to protect whistleblowers who work for U.S. intelligence agencies, including the NSA, CIA, DNI and the Defense Intelligence Agency. President Obama leaned on this order in defense of his handling of Snowden saying, “I signed an executive order well before Mr. Snowden leaked this information that provided whistleblower protection to the intelligence community – for the first time. So, there were other avenues available for somebody whose conscience was stirred and thought that they needed to question government actions.” However, this Directive fails to provide adequate protection for whistleblowers. Originally, it did not include national security contractors, like Snowden, despite the high number of contractors who work in the intelligence community. Additionally, it explicitly neglects to create any real legal protections: language in the PPD-19 states that, “This directive is not intended to and does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law.” In other words, an agency can violate any of the procedural or substantive rights laid out by the PPD-19, and the whistleblower is unable to oppose it. Finally, as [Joe Davidson of the Washington Post noted](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/federal_government\/obamas-misleading-comment-on-whistleblower-protections\/2013\/08\/12\/eb567e3c-037f-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html), procedures for the directive were not implemented until July 2013 – after Snowden had made his disclosures. These tenuous protections may have precipitated Snowden’s disclosure to the press. If whistleblowers must rely on an empty law with limited unassailable protections afforded by it, they may seek alternative avenues like the media. To stop leaks of sensitive information, strong legal avenues must be provided to these whistleblowers. With intelligence whistleblowers still facing retaliation from superiors and even [from sitting presidents](https:\/\/www.whistleblowers.org\/the-intelligence-community-whistleblower-what-you-need-to-know\/), their protection is paramount. Whistleblowers in the intelligence community must be afforded real protections and clear avenues of reporting in order to bring forth evidence of misconduct to appropriate authorities. Antiquated laws like the Espionage Act and ineffective protections like PPD-19 only serve to push whistleblowers with legitimate concerns for American safety away from proper channels. The case of Edward Snowden exemplifies the many hurdles whistleblowers can face when stepping forward. The National Whistleblower Center is working tirelessly to make sure future whistleblowers who do report can do so safely and without fear of retaliation, because as Snowden said in a 2019 interview: “You have to be ready to stand for something if you want it to change.”\n\n**07** Apr, 2026\n\nSunday Read\n\n**31** Mar, 2026\n\nPress Releases\n\n**23** Mar, 2026\n\nSunday Read","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

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📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

1 hour ago

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Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.whistleblowers.org/news/the-case-of-edward-snowden/
Last Crawled	2026-04-14 09:23:44 (1 hour ago)
First Indexed	2020-11-19 08:06:43 (5 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	The case of Edward Snowden - National Whistleblower Center
Meta Description	After Deep Throat and Daniel Ellsberg, one of the whistleblowers at the top of American minds is Edward Snowden.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	The case of Edward Snowden After Deep Throat and Daniel Ellsberg, one of the whistleblowers at the top of American minds is Edward Snowden. In 2013, Snowden revealed the existence of previously classified mass intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and the U.K.’s intelligence organization, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). For this, Snowden was charged with espionage by the U.S. government and, subsequently, fled the country. Snowden’s exposure of NSA surveillance is a controversial subject; supporters claim he is a hero, while detractors say he is un-American. Snowden himself though is confident about the positive impact of his disclosures. In a 2019 interview with The Guardian , Snowden said, “we live in a better, freer and safe world because of the revelations of mass surveillance.” However, Snowden still faces U.S. criminal charges for violating the Espionage Act, despite the fact that such a prosecution is unconstitutional. The law is vague and over-broad with a long and sordid history of suppressing legitimate dissent. NWC co-founder and leading whistleblower attorney, Stephen M. Kohn, said of the Espionage Act in a 2010 Guardian article that “[t]here are responsible mechanisms policing truly abusive leaks. The Espionage Act is not such a tool.” With its broad language, the Espionage Act prohibits the publication of information by anyone to be used “to the injury of the United States.” As Kohn asks in that same article: what are the determinants of national security risk and an injury to the United States? Originally designed to prosecute spies bringing military secrets back home, this Act has been used against whistleblowers, not spies, who release information that they believe is in the American interest. Without clear guidance on the matter, wielding the Espionage Act against Snowden seems to clash with the free speech protections in the First Amendment that Snowden is and was entitled to. However, this protection is not absolute – the benefit to the public from a disclosure must outweigh the government’s need for secrecy. Additionally, at the time Snowden blew the whistle, U.S. law provided little to no whistleblower protection for employees and contractors of national security agencies, who are not covered by standard federal employee whistleblower protection laws. In late 2012, President Obama signed the executive order, Presidential Policy Directive 19 or PPD-19, which created administrative procedures to protect whistleblowers who work for U.S. intelligence agencies, including the NSA, CIA, DNI and the Defense Intelligence Agency. President Obama leaned on this order in defense of his handling of Snowden saying, “I signed an executive order well before Mr. Snowden leaked this information that provided whistleblower protection to the intelligence community – for the first time. So, there were other avenues available for somebody whose conscience was stirred and thought that they needed to question government actions.” However, this Directive fails to provide adequate protection for whistleblowers. Originally, it did not include national security contractors, like Snowden, despite the high number of contractors who work in the intelligence community. Additionally, it explicitly neglects to create any real legal protections: language in the PPD-19 states that, “This directive is not intended to and does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law.” In other words, an agency can violate any of the procedural or substantive rights laid out by the PPD-19, and the whistleblower is unable to oppose it. Finally, as Joe Davidson of the Washington Post noted , procedures for the directive were not implemented until July 2013 – after Snowden had made his disclosures. These tenuous protections may have precipitated Snowden’s disclosure to the press. If whistleblowers must rely on an empty law with limited unassailable protections afforded by it, they may seek alternative avenues like the media. To stop leaks of sensitive information, strong legal avenues must be provided to these whistleblowers. With intelligence whistleblowers still facing retaliation from superiors and even from sitting presidents , their protection is paramount. Whistleblowers in the intelligence community must be afforded real protections and clear avenues of reporting in order to bring forth evidence of misconduct to appropriate authorities. Antiquated laws like the Espionage Act and ineffective protections like PPD-19 only serve to push whistleblowers with legitimate concerns for American safety away from proper channels. The case of Edward Snowden exemplifies the many hurdles whistleblowers can face when stepping forward. The National Whistleblower Center is working tirelessly to make sure future whistleblowers who do report can do so safely and without fear of retaliation, because as Snowden said in a 2019 interview: “You have to be ready to stand for something if you want it to change.” 07 Apr, 2026 Sunday Read 31 Mar, 2026 Press Releases 23 Mar, 2026 Sunday Read
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In 2013, Snowden revealed the existence of previously classified mass intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and the U.K.’s intelligence organization, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). For this, Snowden was charged with espionage by the U.S. government and, subsequently, fled the country. Snowden’s exposure of NSA surveillance is a controversial subject; supporters claim he is a hero, while detractors say he is un-American. Snowden himself though is confident about the positive impact of his disclosures. In [a 2019 interview with The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2019/sep/13/edward-snowden-interview-whistleblowing-russia-ai-permanent-record), Snowden said, “we live in a better, freer and safe world because of the revelations of mass surveillance.” However, Snowden still faces U.S. criminal charges for violating the Espionage Act, despite the fact that such a prosecution is unconstitutional. The law is vague and over-broad with a long and sordid history of suppressing legitimate dissent. NWC co-founder and leading whistleblower attorney, Stephen M. Kohn, [said of the Espionage Act](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/dec/15/wikileaks-us-espionage-act) in a 2010 Guardian article that “\[t\]here are responsible mechanisms policing truly abusive leaks. The Espionage Act is not such a tool.” With its broad language, the Espionage Act prohibits the publication of information by anyone to be used “to the injury of the United States.” As Kohn asks in that same article: what are the determinants of national security risk and an injury to the United States? Originally designed to prosecute spies bringing military secrets back home, this Act has been used against whistleblowers, not spies, who release information that they believe is in the American interest. Without clear guidance on the matter, wielding the Espionage Act against Snowden seems to clash with the free speech protections in the First Amendment that Snowden is and was entitled to. However, this protection is not absolute – the benefit to the public from a disclosure must outweigh the government’s need for secrecy. Additionally, at the time Snowden blew the whistle, U.S. law provided little to no whistleblower protection for employees and contractors of national security agencies, who are not covered by standard federal employee whistleblower protection laws. In late 2012, President Obama signed the executive order, [Presidential Policy Directive 19](https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/icotr/Whistleblower.PDF) or PPD-19, which created administrative procedures to protect whistleblowers who work for U.S. intelligence agencies, including the NSA, CIA, DNI and the Defense Intelligence Agency. President Obama leaned on this order in defense of his handling of Snowden saying, “I signed an executive order well before Mr. Snowden leaked this information that provided whistleblower protection to the intelligence community – for the first time. So, there were other avenues available for somebody whose conscience was stirred and thought that they needed to question government actions.” However, this Directive fails to provide adequate protection for whistleblowers. Originally, it did not include national security contractors, like Snowden, despite the high number of contractors who work in the intelligence community. Additionally, it explicitly neglects to create any real legal protections: language in the PPD-19 states that, “This directive is not intended to and does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law.” In other words, an agency can violate any of the procedural or substantive rights laid out by the PPD-19, and the whistleblower is unable to oppose it. Finally, as [Joe Davidson of the Washington Post noted](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/federal_government/obamas-misleading-comment-on-whistleblower-protections/2013/08/12/eb567e3c-037f-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html), procedures for the directive were not implemented until July 2013 – after Snowden had made his disclosures. These tenuous protections may have precipitated Snowden’s disclosure to the press. If whistleblowers must rely on an empty law with limited unassailable protections afforded by it, they may seek alternative avenues like the media. To stop leaks of sensitive information, strong legal avenues must be provided to these whistleblowers. With intelligence whistleblowers still facing retaliation from superiors and even [from sitting presidents](https://www.whistleblowers.org/the-intelligence-community-whistleblower-what-you-need-to-know/), their protection is paramount. Whistleblowers in the intelligence community must be afforded real protections and clear avenues of reporting in order to bring forth evidence of misconduct to appropriate authorities. Antiquated laws like the Espionage Act and ineffective protections like PPD-19 only serve to push whistleblowers with legitimate concerns for American safety away from proper channels. The case of Edward Snowden exemplifies the many hurdles whistleblowers can face when stepping forward. The National Whistleblower Center is working tirelessly to make sure future whistleblowers who do report can do so safely and without fear of retaliation, because as Snowden said in a 2019 interview: “You have to be ready to stand for something if you want it to change.” ## News & Press Releases [Press Room](https://www.whistleblowers.org/news/) 07 Apr, 2026 Sunday Read [Getting To Know Whistleblower Attorneys: Eric L. 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Readable Markdown	The case of Edward Snowden After Deep Throat and Daniel Ellsberg, one of the whistleblowers at the top of American minds is Edward Snowden. In 2013, Snowden revealed the existence of previously classified mass intelligence-gathering surveillance programs run by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and the U.K.’s intelligence organization, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). For this, Snowden was charged with espionage by the U.S. government and, subsequently, fled the country. Snowden’s exposure of NSA surveillance is a controversial subject; supporters claim he is a hero, while detractors say he is un-American. Snowden himself though is confident about the positive impact of his disclosures. In [a 2019 interview with The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2019/sep/13/edward-snowden-interview-whistleblowing-russia-ai-permanent-record), Snowden said, “we live in a better, freer and safe world because of the revelations of mass surveillance.” However, Snowden still faces U.S. criminal charges for violating the Espionage Act, despite the fact that such a prosecution is unconstitutional. The law is vague and over-broad with a long and sordid history of suppressing legitimate dissent. NWC co-founder and leading whistleblower attorney, Stephen M. Kohn, [said of the Espionage Act](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/dec/15/wikileaks-us-espionage-act) in a 2010 Guardian article that “\[t\]here are responsible mechanisms policing truly abusive leaks. The Espionage Act is not such a tool.” With its broad language, the Espionage Act prohibits the publication of information by anyone to be used “to the injury of the United States.” As Kohn asks in that same article: what are the determinants of national security risk and an injury to the United States? Originally designed to prosecute spies bringing military secrets back home, this Act has been used against whistleblowers, not spies, who release information that they believe is in the American interest. Without clear guidance on the matter, wielding the Espionage Act against Snowden seems to clash with the free speech protections in the First Amendment that Snowden is and was entitled to. However, this protection is not absolute – the benefit to the public from a disclosure must outweigh the government’s need for secrecy. Additionally, at the time Snowden blew the whistle, U.S. law provided little to no whistleblower protection for employees and contractors of national security agencies, who are not covered by standard federal employee whistleblower protection laws. In late 2012, President Obama signed the executive order, [Presidential Policy Directive 19](https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/icotr/Whistleblower.PDF) or PPD-19, which created administrative procedures to protect whistleblowers who work for U.S. intelligence agencies, including the NSA, CIA, DNI and the Defense Intelligence Agency. President Obama leaned on this order in defense of his handling of Snowden saying, “I signed an executive order well before Mr. Snowden leaked this information that provided whistleblower protection to the intelligence community – for the first time. So, there were other avenues available for somebody whose conscience was stirred and thought that they needed to question government actions.” However, this Directive fails to provide adequate protection for whistleblowers. Originally, it did not include national security contractors, like Snowden, despite the high number of contractors who work in the intelligence community. Additionally, it explicitly neglects to create any real legal protections: language in the PPD-19 states that, “This directive is not intended to and does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law.” In other words, an agency can violate any of the procedural or substantive rights laid out by the PPD-19, and the whistleblower is unable to oppose it. Finally, as [Joe Davidson of the Washington Post noted](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/federal_government/obamas-misleading-comment-on-whistleblower-protections/2013/08/12/eb567e3c-037f-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html), procedures for the directive were not implemented until July 2013 – after Snowden had made his disclosures. These tenuous protections may have precipitated Snowden’s disclosure to the press. If whistleblowers must rely on an empty law with limited unassailable protections afforded by it, they may seek alternative avenues like the media. To stop leaks of sensitive information, strong legal avenues must be provided to these whistleblowers. With intelligence whistleblowers still facing retaliation from superiors and even [from sitting presidents](https://www.whistleblowers.org/the-intelligence-community-whistleblower-what-you-need-to-know/), their protection is paramount. Whistleblowers in the intelligence community must be afforded real protections and clear avenues of reporting in order to bring forth evidence of misconduct to appropriate authorities. Antiquated laws like the Espionage Act and ineffective protections like PPD-19 only serve to push whistleblowers with legitimate concerns for American safety away from proper channels. The case of Edward Snowden exemplifies the many hurdles whistleblowers can face when stepping forward. The National Whistleblower Center is working tirelessly to make sure future whistleblowers who do report can do so safely and without fear of retaliation, because as Snowden said in a 2019 interview: “You have to be ready to stand for something if you want it to change.” 07 Apr, 2026 Sunday Read 31 Mar, 2026 Press Releases 23 Mar, 2026 Sunday Read
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