🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 157 (from laksa198)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa157.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939","crawl_time":1777012224,"first_indexed_time":1517875907,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,verywellmind!www,\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939 s443","src_root_hash":"10064058272378209957","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Common Antidepressants: Types, Side Effects, Efficacy","meta_descriptions":["Learn about common antidepressant medications, their effectiveness, and what you should know before taking depression medications, including potential side effects."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Key Takeaways\nSSRIs are the most popular antidepressants, with nearly 70% of people treated in the U.S. using them. \nSome people experience side effects when taking antidepressants, particularly when first starting them or after increasing the dosage.\nStopping antidepressants abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms, so it's important to taper off slowly with a doctor's help.\nIn the U.S., antidepressants are among the most frequently prescribed medications. From 2015 through 2018, more than 14% of Americans 12 and older said they took an antidepressant in the last month.\nPerhaps the most recognizable among them is Prozac (fluoxetine). It's still the best option for many people, but since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987,\nProzac has been joined by a variety of other antidepressant medications.\nIf you're considering taking an antidepressant, understanding how the most popular ones work can help you and your healthcare provider decide\nwhich might work best for you\nand\nwhen you should take it\n.\nWhat Is Depression Medication?\nDepression medications, or antidepressants, are prescribed to help manage symptoms of depression. These symptoms can include feeling \"empty,\" irritability, low energy, and losing interest in activities you once enjoyed.\nIn people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low.\nAntidepressants work by preventing the reuptake of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability.\nHow Do Antidepressants Work?\nThere are\nfive major classes of antidepressants\n:\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSerotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nAtypical antidepressants\nEach of these work in different ways. But the one thing all of these antidepressant medications have in common is that they increase the availability of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.\nIn people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by\npreventing the reuptake\nof one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability.\nA 2022 review of the research concluded that depression is likely not caused by chemical imbalances in the brain.\nHowever, antidepressant medication can still play a role in alleviating symptoms of depression. For some people, antidepressant medication may be most effective when it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy and lifestyle modifications.\nCommon Antidepressant Medications\nExploring common antidepressant medications can help you understand how depression is treated with prescription drugs. These include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants.\nSSRIs\nProzac belongs to a class of antidepressants called\nselective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\n. SSRIs do exactly what the name describes: They prevent the reuptake of serotonin, making more of the chemical available. In other words, SSRIs relieve depression by boosting low levels of serotonin in the brain.\nOne study looking at people treated with antidepressants in the United States between 1996 and 2015 found that nearly 70% of respondents were treated with SSRIs.\n That makes SSRIs the most popular drugs for depression.\nSome of the most commonly prescribed SSRIs include:\nProzac (fluoxetine)\n: Prozac is still one of the most popular SSRIs in the United States. It's one of the only that the FDA has approved for children and teenagers and is approved to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes bipolar disorder in children eight and older.\nThe 2017 antidepressant use study found that a little over 11% of respondents reported\ntaking Prozac for depression\n.\nCelexa (citalopram)\n: Celexa works as well as other SSRIs and has\nsimilar side effects\n. One important thing to know about this antidepressant is that taking high doses has been associated with a rare heart rhythm problem.\nAn estimated 14% of antidepressant use study respondents reported that they were taking this medication.\nZoloft (sertraline)\n: Zoloft is highly effective, although some people find that it is more likely than other SSRIs to cause diarrhea. Zoloft is the most common depression medication; nearly 17% of those surveyed in the 2017 antidepressant use study reported that they had taken this medication.\nPaxil (paroxetine)\n: You might be more likely to have\nsexual side effects\nif you choose Paxil over other antidepressants. It's also linked to increased sweating. While paroxetine did not make the list of the 10 most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs, it remains a good choice for some people.\nLexapro (escitalopram)\n: Lexapro is one of the only SSRIs approved by the FDA for children. It is indicated for use in children and teens between the ages of 12 and 17 for the treatment of major depressive disorder.\nAround 8% of those surveyed reported that they had taken Lexapro.\nMost SSRIs are similar in regard to how well they work, although there may be subtle differences that can make one a better choice for you. It takes a while for SSRIs to build up in the body enough to have an effect on symptoms. Because of this, it can take several weeks or even months of trial and error to find the drug and dosage that will do you the most good.\nSNRIs\nOther common antidepressants belong to a class of drugs called serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These depression medications inhibit the reuptake of two neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine.\nThe SNRIs that are available are:\nCymbalta (duloxetine)\nEffexor (venlafaxine)\nFetzima (levomilnacipran)\nPristiq (desvenlafaxine)\nSavella (milnacipran)\nStrattera (atomoxetine)\nUltram (tramadol)\nOne of the most commonly prescribed SNRIs is Effexor (venlafaxine). It is as effective as other antidepressants in treating depression but does have a higher rate of causing nausea and vomiting, and may increase blood pressure and heart rate.\nThe SNRI Cymbalta (duloxetine) can increase blood pressure, and it has also been associated with an elevated risk of liver injury or failure.\nSo, if you have any sort of liver disease, it could be a dangerous choice for you. The same is true if you drink a lot of alcohol.\nIn the 2017 study on psychiatric drugs, Cymbalta was the most commonly prescribed SNRI drug, with 7% of respondents reporting that they had taken it.\nTCAs\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\nwere among the first antidepressants. While they have been largely replaced by SSRIs, SNRIs, and other antidepressants, TCAs can still be a good option in cases where people have not responded to other types of antidepressant drugs.\nTypes of tricyclics that are available include:\nAsendin (amoxapine)\nElavil (amitriptyline)\nNorpramin (desipramine)\nPamelor (nortriptyline)\nSilenor (doxepin)\nSurmontil (trimipramine)\nTofranil (imipramine)\nVivactil (protriptyline)\nTricyclics work by blocking the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. By preventing the reuptake of those neurotransmitters, it increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which can help to improve mood and relieve depression. \nNo TCA medication made the top 10 list of the most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs.\nMAOIs\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nwere the first type of medication developed to treat depression. They have been largely replaced by newer antidepressants that are safer and have fewer side effects, but there are still several MAOIs available.\nSome of the most commonly prescribed MAOIs include:\nEmsam (selegiline)\nMarplan (isocarboxazid)\nNardil (phenelzine)\nParnate (tranylcypromine)\nMAOIs work by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are all neurotransmitters that control mood. This results in higher levels of these chemicals in the brain which helps\nimprove mood\nand\nreduce anxiety\n.\nMAOIs are rarely prescribed given the significant risk associated with\neating certain foods\ncontaining tyramine, which can cause a hypertensive crisis.\nAtypical Antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don't fit into any of the other classes. Physicians often prescribe them if other antidepressants either don't work or cause unbearable side effects.\nCommon atypical antidepressants include:\nDesyrel (trazodone)\nWellbutrin (bupropion)\nRemeron (mirtazapine)\nTrintellix (vortioxetine)\nEach of these atypical antidepressants influences different neurotransmitters in different ways. Some target dopamine, for example, while others serotonin or norepinephrine. Still others target a combination of the three.\nAs a result, they have different side effects compared to other antidepressants. For example, Desyrel is less likely to cause symptoms such as sexual dysfunction, insomnia, or anxiety.\nOf the atypical antidepressants, Wellbutrin is one of the most commonly prescribed. It works by acting on the neurotransmitter dopamine affecting energy levels, motivation, and attention.\nWellbutrin has a lower risk of sexual and gastrointestinal side effects\n. In fact, some doctors prescribe it along with another SSRI to help counter low libido.\nEffectiveness of Depression Medication\nIn a study involving 180 people\nusing antidepressants long-term\n, 89.4% indicated that medication improved their depression.\nAdditionally, 53.9% of the subjects said that their quality of life had \"greatly improved\" while taking antidepressants. The medications taken in this study included citalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, loxamine, and nortriptyline.\nAnother piece of research looked at 522 different trials and found that \"all antidepressants were more effective than placebo\" for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD).\nAlso known as\nclinical depression\n, MDD involves having at least five depressive symptoms every day for at least two weeks, among other diagnostic criteria.\nSome researchers question the validity of studies involving antidepressants, indicating that they may work but also citing concerns over the size of the effects and bias due to the methods used.\nUses for Depression Medication\nDepression medications are used to help reduce\ndepression symptoms\n. While these symptoms can vary from one person to another, they may include:\nChange in appetite\nFeeling low or \"empty\"\nIrritability or anxiousness\nLack of energy\nPhysical aches and pain\nReduced interest in activities\nSleep issues\nThoughts of suicide\nTrouble concentrating\nTaking Depression Medication\nThere is no one-size-fits-all depression medication. Your healthcare provider can help find the best medication for you, along with finding the proper dosage. Finding the best antidepressant for you depends on a variety of factors, such as:\nHow well you tolerate the antidepressant (your side effects)\nPotential drug interactions\n(if you're taking other medicines or supplements)\nThe medication's effectiveness (whether it works for you)\nYour depression type and symptoms (how depression appears for you)\nIt generally takes four to eight weeks for these medicines to work, though you may notice positive changes related to sleeping and eating, for instance, before seeing improvements in your mood. While many people take antidepressants for six to 12 months, your length of use may be longer.\nWhen taking antidepressants, avoiding drugs and alcohol is important. Your provider may also suggest that you\nengage in psychotherapy\nalong with taking medications to provide a greater treatment effect.\nNever stop the use of antidepressant medications without consulting with your healthcare provider as this can cause a relapse in your symptoms. Also, talk with your provider if you're having trouble with your medicine's side effects. Lowering the dosage or switching medicines may help ease these effects.\nCommon Side Effects of Antidepressants\nAntidepressants can improve the symptoms of depression, but, like all medications, they can also cause side effects. The frequency and severity of these side effects vary depending on the class of medication you're taking.\nCommon\nside effects of antidepressants\ninclude:\nConstipation\nDrowsiness\nNausea\nSexual dysfunction\nSleep disturbances\nWeight gain\nAntidepressants may also increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality), especially during the first few months of treatment, or when your dose is increased or decreased. Teens and young adults are especially at risk and should be monitored closely.\nSide effects tend to be mild and go away as your body adjusts to the medication. If your side effects are severe or last for longer than a few weeks, your prescribing doctor may adjust your dosage or recommend a different antidepressant.\nIf and when you and a doctor decide to stop your medication, it's important to\nwean off most antidepressants slowly\n. If you suddenly stop taking an antidepressant medication, you can experience\nwithdrawal symptoms\n, such as mood swings, dizziness, flu-like symptoms, and headaches.\nNatural Depression Treatment Options\nPrescription medications aren't the only options for treating depression. Some research also suggests that there are a few natural products that may be helpful for reducing depressive symptoms.\nAccording to a 2022 article published in\nEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine\n,\nnatural depression treatment options\nmay include:\nTetragonia tetragonioides\n, also known as New Zealand spinach\nSupplemental mixtures that include various Chinese or Korean herbs and plants, such as Xiao Yao San, Chaihu-Shugan-San, and So-Ochim-Tang-Gamibang\nTraditional Chinese medicines\n, like acupuncture\nOther studies report that, for some people,\nSt. John's wort\nis as effective as SSRIs for treating depression.\nPositive results have also been found for omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D,\nS\n-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), and methylfolate.\nDo not take herbs, supplements, or other substances for depression without talking to your primary care provider first. Some substances may lead to dangerous drug interactions when combined with antidepressants.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nIt is a personal choice whether to take medication for your depression. Speak to a healthcare provider first. For mild to moderate cases of depression, they may recommend therapy and lifestyle changes before prescribing antidepressants.\nYes. If you have suicidal thoughts, contact a medical professional right away. They may prescribe another medication, such as a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic to reduce suicidal thoughts, as well as recommend further psychological support.\nAntidepressants aren't addictive, but you can become physiologically dependent on them and experience withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking them. As a result, a provider may recommend tapering your dose when discontinuing use rather than stopping cold turkey.\nIt depends on how effective the medication is. A health practitioner will usually prescribe an antidepressant for a period of at least six months, and then re-evaluate your symptoms.\nTalk to your provider before you stop taking antidepressants. Your depression symptoms may return if you stop taking them too quickly. Your prescribing physician will want to make sure you are in a stable place and that you'll be able to cope with life stressors once you're off your medication.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#skip-to-content)\n\nMenu\n\n- [Conditions A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/conditions-a-z-4797402)\n  - [Addiction](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/addiction-overview-4581803)\n  - [Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-4157261)\n  - [ADHD](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/adhd-overview-4581801)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/anxiety-7508391)\n  - [Bipolar Disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/bipolar-disorder-4157274)\n  - [PTSD](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/ptsd-4157229)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/conditions-a-z-4797402)\n- [Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/therapy-4581775)\n  - [Therapy Center](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/therapy-7092217)\n  - [When To See a Therapist](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-know-when-it-s-time-to-see-a-therapist-5077040)\n  - [Types of Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-choose-the-best-type-of-therapy-for-you-6500320)\n  - [Best Online Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/best-online-therapy-4691206)\n  - [Best Couples Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/best-online-marriage-counseling-4691952)\n- [Living Well](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/living-well-7510832)\n  - [Managing Stress](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/stress-management-overview-4581770)\n  - [Meditation](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/meditation-and-mindfulness-4581783)\n  - [Sleep and Dreaming](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/sleep-and-dreaming-4157166)\n  - [Understanding Emotions](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/emotions-4157165)\n  - [Self-Improvement](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/self-improvement-4157212)\n- [Relationships](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/relationships-4157190)\n  - [Healthy Relationships](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/strengthening-relationships-4162997)\n  - [Dating](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/dating-tips-and-strategies-7511571)\n  - [Intimacy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/sex-and-relationships-7511610)\n- [Psychology](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/psychology-4157187)\n  - [Theories](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/theories-of-psychology-4157184)\n  - [Student Resources](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/student-resources-overview-4581768)\n  - [Personality Types](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/the-myers-briggs-type-indicator-2795583)\n- [Trending](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/news-latest-research-and-trending-topics-4846421)\n  - [Quizzes](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/quizzes-8609222)\n  - [Guided Meditations](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/guided-meditations-8609227)\n  - [Verywell Mind Insights](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/mental-health-data-insights-5185693)\n  - [2024 Verywell Mind 25](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/the-verywell-mind-25-2024-7484480)\n  - [Mental Health in the Classroom](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/mental-health-in-the-classroom-survey-7569880)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/about-us-5184564)\n  - [Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/our-editorial-process-4778006)\n  - [Meet Our Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/review-board-4796494)\n  - [Crisis Support](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/crisis-support-6666353)\n\nSearch\n\n- [Conditions A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/conditions-a-z-4797402)\n  - [Addiction](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/addiction-overview-4581803)\n  - [Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-4157261)\n  - [ADHD](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/adhd-overview-4581801)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/anxiety-7508391)\n  - [Bipolar Disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/bipolar-disorder-4157274)\n  - [PTSD](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/ptsd-4157229)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/conditions-a-z-4797402)\n- [Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/therapy-4581775)\n  - [Therapy Center](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/therapy-7092217)\n  - [When To See a Therapist](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-know-when-it-s-time-to-see-a-therapist-5077040)\n  - [Types of Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-choose-the-best-type-of-therapy-for-you-6500320)\n  - [Best Online Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/best-online-therapy-4691206)\n  - [Best Couples Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/best-online-marriage-counseling-4691952)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/therapy-4581775)\n- [Living Well](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/living-well-7510832)\n  - [Managing Stress](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/stress-management-overview-4581770)\n  - [Meditation](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/meditation-and-mindfulness-4581783)\n  - [Sleep and Dreaming](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/sleep-and-dreaming-4157166)\n  - [Understanding Emotions](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/emotions-4157165)\n  - [Self-Improvement](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/self-improvement-4157212)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/living-well-7510832)\n- [Relationships](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/relationships-4157190)\n  - [Healthy Relationships](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/strengthening-relationships-4162997)\n  - [Dating](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/dating-tips-and-strategies-7511571)\n  - [Intimacy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/sex-and-relationships-7511610)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/relationships-4157190)\n- [Psychology](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/psychology-4157187)\n  - [Theories](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/theories-of-psychology-4157184)\n  - [Student Resources](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/student-resources-overview-4581768)\n  - [Personality Types](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/the-myers-briggs-type-indicator-2795583)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/psychology-4157187)\n- [Trending](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/news-latest-research-and-trending-topics-4846421)\n  - [Quizzes](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/quizzes-8609222)\n  - [Guided Meditations](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/guided-meditations-8609227)\n  - [Verywell Mind Insights](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/mental-health-data-insights-5185693)\n  - [2024 Verywell Mind 25](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/the-verywell-mind-25-2024-7484480)\n  - [Mental Health in the Classroom](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/mental-health-in-the-classroom-survey-7569880)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/news-latest-research-and-trending-topics-4846421)\n\n[More in Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-4157261)\n\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-treatment-4157258)\n- [Living With](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/living-with-depression-7508413)\n- [Causes](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-causes-4157256)\n- [Symptoms and Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-symptoms-and-diagnosis-4157260)\n- [Types](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-types-4157254)\n- [Childhood Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/childhood-depression-4157255)\n- [Suicide](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/suicide-4157253)\n\n[View More](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-4157261)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/about-us-5184564)\n- [Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/our-editorial-process-4778006)\n- [Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/review-board-4796494)\n- [Crisis Support](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/crisis-support-6666353)\n\nVerywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.\n\nⒸ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved\n\n# Common Antidepressant Medications\nWhat You Should Know About SSRIs and Other Common Antidepressants\n\nBy\n\n[Nancy Schimelpfening](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/nancy-schimelpfening-ms-4781235)\n\n[Nancy Schimelpfening](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/nancy-schimelpfening-ms-4781235)\n\nNancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be.\n\nLearn about our  [editorial process](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/our-editorial-process-4778006)\n\nUpdated on March 29, 2026\n\nMedically reviewed\n\nVerywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/review-board-4796494).\n\nby\n\n[Carly Snyder, MD](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/carly-snyder-md-4779180)\n\n![Carly]()\n\n![Carly](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/fAj0X5DtD4F-F4lAvzUg_fKzdY0=\/200x200\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/carly-935717a415724b9b9c849c26fd0450ea.jpg)\n\nMedically reviewed by [Carly Snyder, MD](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/carly-snyder-md-4779180)\n\nCarly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.\n\nLearn about our  [Medical Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/review-board-4796494)\n\n![Person holding a handful of antidepressants](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/Z-vmLp_ApKu-MT2A0zmn6BzyiPE=\/1500x0\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-951246244-aafb86a3556145b8b2ad04415d62b09b.jpg)\n\n![Person holding a handful of antidepressants](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/Z-vmLp_ApKu-MT2A0zmn6BzyiPE=\/1500x0\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-951246244-aafb86a3556145b8b2ad04415d62b09b.jpg)\n\nTowfiqu Photography \/ Getty Images\n\nTable of Contents\n\nView All\n\nTable of Contents\n\n- [Definition](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-what-is-depression-medication)\n- [How They Work](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-how-do-antidepressants-work)\n- [Types](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-common-antidepressant-medications)\n- [Effectiveness](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-effectiveness-of-depression-medication)\n- [Uses](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-uses-for-depression-medication)\n- [How to Take](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-taking-depression-medication)\n- [Side Effects](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-common-side-effects-of-antidepressants)\n- [Natural Options](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-natural-depression-treatment-options)\n- [FAQs](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-faqs-ffac75cf-fbcd-4130-8fa6-b2a4f909dd76)\n\nClose\n\n### Key Takeaways\n- SSRIs are the most popular antidepressants, with nearly 70% of people treated in the U.S. using them.\n- Some people experience side effects when taking antidepressants, particularly when first starting them or after increasing the dosage.\n- Stopping antidepressants abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms, so it's important to taper off slowly with a doctor's help.\n\nIn the U.S., antidepressants are among the most frequently prescribed medications. From 2015 through 2018, more than 14% of Americans 12 and older said they took an antidepressant in the last month.\n\nPerhaps the most recognizable among them is Prozac (fluoxetine). It's still the best option for many people, but since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987, Prozac has been joined by a variety of other antidepressant medications.\n\nIf you're considering taking an antidepressant, understanding how the most popular ones work can help you and your healthcare provider decide [which might work best for you](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-doctors-choose-the-best-antidepressant-for-you-1065501) and [when you should take it](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/antidepressant-night-morning-1066863).\n\n## What Is Depression Medication?\nDepression medications, or antidepressants, are prescribed to help manage symptoms of depression. These symptoms can include feeling \"empty,\" irritability, low energy, and losing interest in activities you once enjoyed.\n\nIn people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by preventing the reuptake of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability.\n\n## How Do Antidepressants Work?\nThere are [five major classes of antidepressants](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-are-the-major-classes-of-antidepressants-1065086):\n\n- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\n- Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\n- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\n- Atypical antidepressants\n\nEach of these work in different ways. But the one thing all of these antidepressant medications have in common is that they increase the availability of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.\n\n[Monoamine neurotransmitters](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-a-neurotransmitter-2795394) such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine help regulate mood, emotions, and behavior.\n\nIn people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by [preventing the reuptake](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/reuptake-definition-of-reuptake-425323) of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability.\n\nA 2022 review of the research concluded that depression is likely not caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. However, antidepressant medication can still play a role in alleviating symptoms of depression. For some people, antidepressant medication may be most effective when it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy and lifestyle modifications.\n\n## Common Antidepressant Medications\nExploring common antidepressant medications can help you understand how depression is treated with prescription drugs. These include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants.\n\n### SSRIs\nProzac belongs to a class of antidepressants called [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/list-of-ssris-380594). SSRIs do exactly what the name describes: They prevent the reuptake of serotonin, making more of the chemical available. In other words, SSRIs relieve depression by boosting low levels of serotonin in the brain.\n\nOne study looking at people treated with antidepressants in the United States between 1996 and 2015 found that nearly 70% of respondents were treated with SSRIs. That makes SSRIs the most popular drugs for depression.\n\nSome of the most commonly prescribed SSRIs include:\n\n- **Prozac (fluoxetine)**: Prozac is still one of the most popular SSRIs in the United States. It's one of the only that the FDA has approved for children and teenagers and is approved to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes bipolar disorder in children eight and older. The 2017 antidepressant use study found that a little over 11% of respondents reported [taking Prozac for depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-to-know-about-prozac-fluoxetine-5101215).\n- **Celexa (citalopram)**: Celexa works as well as other SSRIs and has [similar side effects](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/faqs-about-celexa-for-panic-disorder-2584294). One important thing to know about this antidepressant is that taking high doses has been associated with a rare heart rhythm problem. An estimated 14% of antidepressant use study respondents reported that they were taking this medication.\n- **Zoloft (sertraline)**: Zoloft is highly effective, although some people find that it is more likely than other SSRIs to cause diarrhea. Zoloft is the most common depression medication; nearly 17% of those surveyed in the 2017 antidepressant use study reported that they had taken this medication.\n- **Paxil (paroxetine)**: You might be more likely to have [sexual side effects](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-reduce-sexual-side-effects-1067490) if you choose Paxil over other antidepressants. It's also linked to increased sweating. While paroxetine did not make the list of the 10 most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs, it remains a good choice for some people.\n- **Lexapro (escitalopram)**: Lexapro is one of the only SSRIs approved by the FDA for children. It is indicated for use in children and teens between the ages of 12 and 17 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Around 8% of those surveyed reported that they had taken Lexapro.\n\nMost SSRIs are similar in regard to how well they work, although there may be subtle differences that can make one a better choice for you. It takes a while for SSRIs to build up in the body enough to have an effect on symptoms. Because of this, it can take several weeks or even months of trial and error to find the drug and dosage that will do you the most good.\n\n[How Long Does It Take for Antidepressants to Work?](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-long-does-it-take-for-antidepressants-to-work-2584277)\n\n### SNRIs\nOther common antidepressants belong to a class of drugs called serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These depression medications inhibit the reuptake of two neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine.\n\nThe SNRIs that are available are:\n\n- Cymbalta (duloxetine)\n- Effexor (venlafaxine)\n- Fetzima (levomilnacipran)\n- Pristiq (desvenlafaxine)\n- Savella (milnacipran)\n- Strattera (atomoxetine)\n- Ultram (tramadol)\n\nWhile Strattera is an SNRI, it is used as a [non-stimulant medication to treat ADHD](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/non-stimulant-adhd-medication-20884), not depression or anxiety.\n\nOne of the most commonly prescribed SNRIs is Effexor (venlafaxine). It is as effective as other antidepressants in treating depression but does have a higher rate of causing nausea and vomiting, and may increase blood pressure and heart rate.\n\nThe SNRI Cymbalta (duloxetine) can increase blood pressure, and it has also been associated with an elevated risk of liver injury or failure. So, if you have any sort of liver disease, it could be a dangerous choice for you. The same is true if you drink a lot of alcohol.\n\nIn the 2017 study on psychiatric drugs, Cymbalta was the most commonly prescribed SNRI drug, with 7% of respondents reporting that they had taken it.\n\n[How Reuptake Inhibitor Drugs Work](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/snris-and-ssnris-380183)\n\n### TCAs\n[Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/tricyclic-antidepressants-379652) were among the first antidepressants. While they have been largely replaced by SSRIs, SNRIs, and other antidepressants, TCAs can still be a good option in cases where people have not responded to other types of antidepressant drugs.\n\nTypes of tricyclics that are available include:\n\n- Asendin (amoxapine)\n- Elavil (amitriptyline)\n- Norpramin (desipramine)\n- Pamelor (nortriptyline)\n- Silenor (doxepin)\n- Surmontil (trimipramine)\n- Tofranil (imipramine)\n- Vivactil (protriptyline)\n\nTricyclics work by blocking the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. By preventing the reuptake of those neurotransmitters, it increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which can help to improve mood and relieve depression.\n\nNo TCA medication made the top 10 list of the most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs.\n\n### MAOIs\n[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois-2584303) were the first type of medication developed to treat depression. They have been largely replaced by newer antidepressants that are safer and have fewer side effects, but there are still several MAOIs available.\n\nSome of the most commonly prescribed MAOIs include:\n\n- Emsam (selegiline)\n- Marplan (isocarboxazid)\n- Nardil (phenelzine)\n- Parnate (tranylcypromine)\n\nMAOIs work by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are all neurotransmitters that control mood. This results in higher levels of these chemicals in the brain which helps [improve mood](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/happiness-shortcuts-3145188) and [reduce anxiety](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/breaking-the-anxiety-cycle-1392987).\n\nMAOIs are rarely prescribed given the significant risk associated with [eating certain foods](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/foods-to-avoid-when-taking-maois-4136871) containing tyramine, which can cause a hypertensive crisis.\n\n[How SSRIs Compare to MAOIs](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-do-ssris-compare-to-maois-1066856)\n\n### Atypical Antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don't fit into any of the other classes. Physicians often prescribe them if other antidepressants either don't work or cause unbearable side effects.\n\nCommon atypical antidepressants include:\n\n- Desyrel (trazodone)\n- Wellbutrin (bupropion)\n- Remeron (mirtazapine)\n- Trintellix (vortioxetine)\n\nEach of these atypical antidepressants influences different neurotransmitters in different ways. Some target dopamine, for example, while others serotonin or norepinephrine. Still others target a combination of the three.\n\nAs a result, they have different side effects compared to other antidepressants. For example, Desyrel is less likely to cause symptoms such as sexual dysfunction, insomnia, or anxiety.\n\nOf the atypical antidepressants, Wellbutrin is one of the most commonly prescribed. It works by acting on the neurotransmitter dopamine affecting energy levels, motivation, and attention. [Wellbutrin has a lower risk of sexual and gastrointestinal side effects](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/wellbutrin-bupropion-side-effects-1066745). In fact, some doctors prescribe it along with another SSRI to help counter low libido.\n\n## Effectiveness of Depression Medication\nIn a study involving 180 people [using antidepressants long-term](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/long-term-effects-of-antidepressants-4158064), 89.4% indicated that medication improved their depression. Additionally, 53.9% of the subjects said that their quality of life had \"greatly improved\" while taking antidepressants. The medications taken in this study included citalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, loxamine, and nortriptyline.\n\nAnother piece of research looked at 522 different trials and found that \"all antidepressants were more effective than placebo\" for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Also known as [clinical depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-clinical-depression-1067309), MDD involves having at least five depressive symptoms every day for at least two weeks, among other diagnostic criteria.\n\nSome researchers question the validity of studies involving antidepressants, indicating that they may work but also citing concerns over the size of the effects and bias due to the methods used.\n\n## Uses for Depression Medication\nDepression medications are used to help reduce [depression symptoms](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/major-depressive-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-5270926). While these symptoms can vary from one person to another, they may include:\n\n- Change in appetite\n- Feeling low or \"empty\"\n- Irritability or anxiousness\n- Lack of energy\n- Physical aches and pain\n- Reduced interest in activities\n- Sleep issues\n- [Thoughts of suicide](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/suicidal-ideation-380609)\n- Trouble concentrating\n\nIf you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the [National Suicide Prevention Lifeline](https:\/\/suicidepreventionlifeline.org\/) at **988** for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.\n\nFor more mental health resources, see our [National Helpline Database](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/national-helpline-database-4799696).\n## Taking Depression Medication\nThere is no one-size-fits-all depression medication. Your healthcare provider can help find the best medication for you, along with finding the proper dosage. Finding the best antidepressant for you depends on a variety of factors, such as:\n\n- How well you tolerate the antidepressant (your side effects)\n- [Potential drug interactions](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/cold-medicine-interactions-with-bipolar-medication-380344) (if you're taking other medicines or supplements)\n- The medication's effectiveness (whether it works for you)\n- Your depression type and symptoms (how depression appears for you)\n\nIt generally takes four to eight weeks for these medicines to work, though you may notice positive changes related to sleeping and eating, for instance, before seeing improvements in your mood. While many people take antidepressants for six to 12 months, your length of use may be longer.\n\nWhen taking antidepressants, avoiding drugs and alcohol is important. Your provider may also suggest that you [engage in psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/psychotherapy-4157172) along with taking medications to provide a greater treatment effect.\n\nNever stop the use of antidepressant medications without consulting with your healthcare provider as this can cause a relapse in your symptoms. Also, talk with your provider if you're having trouble with your medicine's side effects. Lowering the dosage or switching medicines may help ease these effects.\n\n## Common Side Effects of Antidepressants\nAntidepressants can improve the symptoms of depression, but, like all medications, they can also cause side effects. The frequency and severity of these side effects vary depending on the class of medication you're taking.\n\nCommon [side effects of antidepressants](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/negative-effects-of-antidepressants-1067351) include:\n\n- Constipation\n- Drowsiness\n- Nausea\n- Sexual dysfunction\n- Sleep disturbances\n- Weight gain\n\nAntidepressants may also increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality), especially during the first few months of treatment, or when your dose is increased or decreased. Teens and young adults are especially at risk and should be monitored closely.\n\nSide effects tend to be mild and go away as your body adjusts to the medication. If your side effects are severe or last for longer than a few weeks, your prescribing doctor may adjust your dosage or recommend a different antidepressant.\n\nIf and when you and a doctor decide to stop your medication, it's important to [wean off most antidepressants slowly](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-taper-off-your-antidepressant-1067626). If you suddenly stop taking an antidepressant medication, you can experience [withdrawal symptoms](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/antidepressant-withdrawal-4172110), such as mood swings, dizziness, flu-like symptoms, and headaches.\n\n## Natural Depression Treatment Options\nPrescription medications aren't the only options for treating depression. Some research also suggests that there are a few natural products that may be helpful for reducing depressive symptoms.\n\nAccording to a 2022 article published in *Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine*, [natural depression treatment options](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/beat-depression-without-prescription-drugs-1065079) may include:\n\n- *Tetragonia tetragonioides*, also known as New Zealand spinach\n- Supplemental mixtures that include various Chinese or Korean herbs and plants, such as Xiao Yao San, Chaihu-Shugan-San, and So-Ochim-Tang-Gamibang\n- [Traditional Chinese medicines](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/alternative-therapies-types-and-uses-5207962), like acupuncture\n\nOther studies report that, for some people, [St. John's wort](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/st-johns-wort-a2-89959) is as effective as SSRIs for treating depression. Positive results have also been found for omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, *S*\\-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), and methylfolate.\n\nDo not take herbs, supplements, or other substances for depression without talking to your primary care provider first. Some substances may lead to dangerous drug interactions when combined with antidepressants.\n\n### Frequently Asked Questions\n- Should you treat your depression with medications?\n  It is a personal choice whether to take medication for your depression. Speak to a healthcare provider first. For mild to moderate cases of depression, they may recommend therapy and lifestyle changes before prescribing antidepressants.\n- Can antidepressants give you suicidal thoughts?\n  Yes. If you have suicidal thoughts, contact a medical professional right away. They may prescribe another medication, such as a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic to reduce suicidal thoughts, as well as recommend further psychological support.\n- Will you become addicted if you take antidepressants?\n  Antidepressants aren't addictive, but you can become physiologically dependent on them and experience withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking them. As a result, a provider may recommend tapering your dose when discontinuing use rather than stopping cold turkey.\n- How long will you have to take antidepressants?\n  It depends on how effective the medication is. A health practitioner will usually prescribe an antidepressant for a period of at least six months, and then re-evaluate your symptoms.\n- If you feel better, can you stop taking antidepressants?\n  Talk to your provider before you stop taking antidepressants. Your depression symptoms may return if you stop taking them too quickly. Your prescribing physician will want to make sure you are in a stable place and that you'll be able to cope with life stressors once you're off your medication.\n\n[Signs Your Antidepressant Isn't Working](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/signs-your-antidepressant-isnt-working-5223801)\n\nRead more:\n\n- [Conditions A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/conditions-a-z-4797402)\n- [Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-4157261)\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-treatment-4157258)\n\n26 Sources\n\nVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our [editorial process](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/our-editorial-process-4778006) to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.\n\n1. Brody DJ, Gu Q. 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[Long-term antidepressant use: patient perspectives of benefits and adverse effects](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S110632). *Patient Prefer Adherence*. 2016;10:1401-1407. doi:10.2147\/PPA.S110632\n15. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.16407). *Focus*. 2018;16(4):420-9. doi:10.1176\/appi.focus.16407\n16. Hengartner MP, Plöderl M. [Statistically significant antidepressant-placebo differences on subjective symptom-rating scales do not prove that the drugs work: Effect size and method bias matter\\!](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00517) *Front Psychiatry*. 2018;9:517. doi:10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00517\n17. Boyce P, Ma C. [Choosing an antidepressant](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18773\/austprescr.2020.064). *Aust Prescr*. 2021;44(1):12-15. doi:10.18773\/austprescr.2020.064\n18. MedlinePlus. [Antidepressants](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/antidepressants.html). National Library of Medicine.\n19. Ramic E, Prasko S, Gavran L, Spahic E. [Assessment of the antidepressant side effects occurrence in patients treated in primary care](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/msm.2020.32.131-134). *Mater Sociomed*. 2020;32(2):131-134. doi:10.5455\/msm.2020.32.131-134\n20. Li K, Zhou G, Xiao Y, et al. [Risk of suicidal behaviors and antidepressant exposure among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of observational studies](https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.880496). *Front Psychiatry*. 2022;13:880496. doi:10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.880496\n21. Ma K, Baloch Z, Mao F. [Natural products as a source for new leads in depression treatment](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9791434). *Evid-Based Comp Altern Med*. 2022:9791434. doi:10.1155\/2022\/9791434\n22. Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CYX. [Clinical use of *Hypericum perforatum* (St John's wort) in depression: A meta-analysis](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.048). *J Affect Disord*. 2017;210:211-21. doi:10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.048\n23. Sarris J, Murphy J, Mischoulon D, et al. [Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: A systematic review and mata-analyses](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15091228). *Am J Psychiatry*. 2016;173(6):575-87. doi:10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15091228\n24. Nischal A, Tripathi A, Nischal A, Trivedi JK. [Suicide and antidepressants: What current evidence indicates](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22654381\/). *Mens Sana Monogr*. 2012;10(1):33-44. doi:10.4103\/0973-1229.87287\n25. American Psychological Association. [How hard is it to stop antidepressants?](https:\/\/www.apa.org\/monitor\/2020\/04\/stop-antidepressants)\n26. Harvard Health Publishing. [Going off antidepressants](https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/diseases-and-conditions\/going-off-antidepressants).\n\nBy [Nancy Schimelpfening](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/nancy-schimelpfening-ms-4781235)   \n Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be.\n\n[See Our Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/our-editorial-process-4778006)\n\n[Meet Our Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/review-board-4796494)\n\nShare Feedback\n\nWas this page helpful?\n\nThanks for your feedback\\!\n\nWhat is your feedback?\n\nHelpful\n\nReport an Error\n\nOther\n\nRelated Articles\n\n[![What Are antidepressants?]() ![What Are antidepressants?](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/AtHWilyMM1k-lRFKTvml1vSEj7o=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/what-are-the-major-classes-of-antidepressants-1065086_no_text-85790b1ac6384f69a7031ca58a50b809.png) The 5 Types of Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-are-the-major-classes-of-antidepressants-1065086)\n\n[What to Know About Cipralex (Escitalopram)](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-cipralex-treats-depression-5093926)\n\n[![weight gain tight pants]() ![weight gain tight pants](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/mbloGm08B85izJDaa14rk3naK4Q=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/weight-gain-56af365e3df78cf772c19cd0.jpg) Does Celexa Cause Weight Gain?](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/citalopram-and-weight-gain-1066818)\n\n[![Hypericum perforatum]() ![Hypericum perforatum](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/lyfN_OyAW4yr3B8eXO22ykdxlZc=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-184362812-583097195f9b58d5b118e2e7.jpg) The Mental Health Benefits of St. John's Wort](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/st-johns-wort-a2-89959)\n\n[![One young man sits, sad, while his friends take a picture]() ![One young man sits, sad, while his friends take a picture](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/YFXfuchrI3VvU265PNpf8qcXB3M=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-698202208-5beb4503c9e77c0026fc076f.jpg) Emotional Blunting: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/can-antidepressants-make-you-feel-emotionally-numb-1067348)\n\n[Joining a Chat Room to Help With Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/depression-chat-rooms-1067331)\n\n[![doctor's prescription for citalopram]() ![doctor's prescription for citalopram](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/ASojRH9B9bYpjUTo80WyK_uaPdc=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-870295882-184f88cf459c48ab88971c1dc4542187.jpg) Celexa Withdrawal: Symptoms, Timeline & Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/celexa-withdrawal-symptoms-timeline-and-treatment-4771846)\n\n[![Dizzy woman by side of road]() ![Dizzy woman by side of road](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/5iH_Iq0Fi1iv2edYo3sqLQgcT-g=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1000229966-d6098f4824a94ae590e196f0de7e40d6.jpg) Symptoms of a Zoloft Overdose](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/zoloft-overdose-1067483)\n\n[![A sad white man with beard looks at phone]() ![A sad white man with beard looks at phone](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/44tDyHo1Nqhm6DWS0kPbWyLg7P4=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-981113982-8bf1a5f4abab4ba5b8161c3e3521a865.jpg) What to Expect from Cymbalta Withdrawal](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/cymbalta-withdrawal-symptoms-timeline-and-treatment-4707711)\n\n[![Paxil withdrawal]() ![Paxil withdrawal](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/4JQvw_Y7cz6JIZeD8U_h5D2v5-Y=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/paxil-withdrawal-symptoms-timeline-and-treatment-4769771_final_no-text-ee8973e5fa504997a3807561a1e50062.png) How Long Does Withdrawal From Paxil Last?](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/paxil-withdrawal-symptoms-timeline-and-treatment-4769771)\n\n[![Prozac overdose]() ![Prozac overdose](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/thmb\/8WR79jYLEGYA6IwKK_aB9JNtSV0=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/prozac-overdose-1067020-color01-e288bf80afcd4cd0bdc548b17b72399d.png) Can You Overdose on Prozac? 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Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.\n\nⒸ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved\n\nVerywell Mind is part of the [People Inc.](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/) publishing family.","attrs_readable_markdown":"### Key Takeaways\n- SSRIs are the most popular antidepressants, with nearly 70% of people treated in the U.S. using them.\n- Some people experience side effects when taking antidepressants, particularly when first starting them or after increasing the dosage.\n- Stopping antidepressants abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms, so it's important to taper off slowly with a doctor's help.\n\nIn the U.S., antidepressants are among the most frequently prescribed medications. From 2015 through 2018, more than 14% of Americans 12 and older said they took an antidepressant in the last month.\n\nPerhaps the most recognizable among them is Prozac (fluoxetine). It's still the best option for many people, but since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987, Prozac has been joined by a variety of other antidepressant medications.\n\nIf you're considering taking an antidepressant, understanding how the most popular ones work can help you and your healthcare provider decide [which might work best for you](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-doctors-choose-the-best-antidepressant-for-you-1065501) and [when you should take it](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/antidepressant-night-morning-1066863).\n\n## What Is Depression Medication?\nDepression medications, or antidepressants, are prescribed to help manage symptoms of depression. These symptoms can include feeling \"empty,\" irritability, low energy, and losing interest in activities you once enjoyed.\n\nIn people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by preventing the reuptake of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability.\n\n## How Do Antidepressants Work?\nThere are [five major classes of antidepressants](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-are-the-major-classes-of-antidepressants-1065086):\n\n- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\n- Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\n- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\n- Atypical antidepressants\n\nEach of these work in different ways. But the one thing all of these antidepressant medications have in common is that they increase the availability of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.\n\nIn people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by [preventing the reuptake](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/reuptake-definition-of-reuptake-425323) of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability.\n\nA 2022 review of the research concluded that depression is likely not caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. However, antidepressant medication can still play a role in alleviating symptoms of depression. For some people, antidepressant medication may be most effective when it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy and lifestyle modifications.\n\n## Common Antidepressant Medications\nExploring common antidepressant medications can help you understand how depression is treated with prescription drugs. These include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants.\n\n### SSRIs\nProzac belongs to a class of antidepressants called [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/list-of-ssris-380594). SSRIs do exactly what the name describes: They prevent the reuptake of serotonin, making more of the chemical available. In other words, SSRIs relieve depression by boosting low levels of serotonin in the brain.\n\nOne study looking at people treated with antidepressants in the United States between 1996 and 2015 found that nearly 70% of respondents were treated with SSRIs. That makes SSRIs the most popular drugs for depression.\n\nSome of the most commonly prescribed SSRIs include:\n\n- **Prozac (fluoxetine)**: Prozac is still one of the most popular SSRIs in the United States. It's one of the only that the FDA has approved for children and teenagers and is approved to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes bipolar disorder in children eight and older. The 2017 antidepressant use study found that a little over 11% of respondents reported [taking Prozac for depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-to-know-about-prozac-fluoxetine-5101215).\n- **Celexa (citalopram)**: Celexa works as well as other SSRIs and has [similar side effects](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/faqs-about-celexa-for-panic-disorder-2584294). One important thing to know about this antidepressant is that taking high doses has been associated with a rare heart rhythm problem. An estimated 14% of antidepressant use study respondents reported that they were taking this medication.\n- **Zoloft (sertraline)**: Zoloft is highly effective, although some people find that it is more likely than other SSRIs to cause diarrhea. Zoloft is the most common depression medication; nearly 17% of those surveyed in the 2017 antidepressant use study reported that they had taken this medication.\n- **Paxil (paroxetine)**: You might be more likely to have [sexual side effects](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-reduce-sexual-side-effects-1067490) if you choose Paxil over other antidepressants. It's also linked to increased sweating. While paroxetine did not make the list of the 10 most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs, it remains a good choice for some people.\n- **Lexapro (escitalopram)**: Lexapro is one of the only SSRIs approved by the FDA for children. It is indicated for use in children and teens between the ages of 12 and 17 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Around 8% of those surveyed reported that they had taken Lexapro.\n\nMost SSRIs are similar in regard to how well they work, although there may be subtle differences that can make one a better choice for you. It takes a while for SSRIs to build up in the body enough to have an effect on symptoms. Because of this, it can take several weeks or even months of trial and error to find the drug and dosage that will do you the most good.\n\n### SNRIs\nOther common antidepressants belong to a class of drugs called serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These depression medications inhibit the reuptake of two neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine.\n\nThe SNRIs that are available are:\n\n- Cymbalta (duloxetine)\n- Effexor (venlafaxine)\n- Fetzima (levomilnacipran)\n- Pristiq (desvenlafaxine)\n- Savella (milnacipran)\n- Strattera (atomoxetine)\n- Ultram (tramadol)\n\nOne of the most commonly prescribed SNRIs is Effexor (venlafaxine). It is as effective as other antidepressants in treating depression but does have a higher rate of causing nausea and vomiting, and may increase blood pressure and heart rate.\n\nThe SNRI Cymbalta (duloxetine) can increase blood pressure, and it has also been associated with an elevated risk of liver injury or failure. So, if you have any sort of liver disease, it could be a dangerous choice for you. The same is true if you drink a lot of alcohol.\n\nIn the 2017 study on psychiatric drugs, Cymbalta was the most commonly prescribed SNRI drug, with 7% of respondents reporting that they had taken it.\n\n### TCAs\n[Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/tricyclic-antidepressants-379652) were among the first antidepressants. While they have been largely replaced by SSRIs, SNRIs, and other antidepressants, TCAs can still be a good option in cases where people have not responded to other types of antidepressant drugs.\n\nTypes of tricyclics that are available include:\n\n- Asendin (amoxapine)\n- Elavil (amitriptyline)\n- Norpramin (desipramine)\n- Pamelor (nortriptyline)\n- Silenor (doxepin)\n- Surmontil (trimipramine)\n- Tofranil (imipramine)\n- Vivactil (protriptyline)\n\nTricyclics work by blocking the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. By preventing the reuptake of those neurotransmitters, it increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which can help to improve mood and relieve depression.\n\nNo TCA medication made the top 10 list of the most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs.\n\n### MAOIs\n[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois-2584303) were the first type of medication developed to treat depression. They have been largely replaced by newer antidepressants that are safer and have fewer side effects, but there are still several MAOIs available.\n\nSome of the most commonly prescribed MAOIs include:\n\n- Emsam (selegiline)\n- Marplan (isocarboxazid)\n- Nardil (phenelzine)\n- Parnate (tranylcypromine)\n\nMAOIs work by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are all neurotransmitters that control mood. This results in higher levels of these chemicals in the brain which helps [improve mood](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/happiness-shortcuts-3145188) and [reduce anxiety](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/breaking-the-anxiety-cycle-1392987).\n\nMAOIs are rarely prescribed given the significant risk associated with [eating certain foods](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/foods-to-avoid-when-taking-maois-4136871) containing tyramine, which can cause a hypertensive crisis.\n\n### Atypical Antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don't fit into any of the other classes. Physicians often prescribe them if other antidepressants either don't work or cause unbearable side effects.\n\nCommon atypical antidepressants include:\n\n- Desyrel (trazodone)\n- Wellbutrin (bupropion)\n- Remeron (mirtazapine)\n- Trintellix (vortioxetine)\n\nEach of these atypical antidepressants influences different neurotransmitters in different ways. Some target dopamine, for example, while others serotonin or norepinephrine. Still others target a combination of the three.\n\nAs a result, they have different side effects compared to other antidepressants. For example, Desyrel is less likely to cause symptoms such as sexual dysfunction, insomnia, or anxiety.\n\nOf the atypical antidepressants, Wellbutrin is one of the most commonly prescribed. It works by acting on the neurotransmitter dopamine affecting energy levels, motivation, and attention. [Wellbutrin has a lower risk of sexual and gastrointestinal side effects](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/wellbutrin-bupropion-side-effects-1066745). In fact, some doctors prescribe it along with another SSRI to help counter low libido.\n\n## Effectiveness of Depression Medication\nIn a study involving 180 people [using antidepressants long-term](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/long-term-effects-of-antidepressants-4158064), 89.4% indicated that medication improved their depression. Additionally, 53.9% of the subjects said that their quality of life had \"greatly improved\" while taking antidepressants. The medications taken in this study included citalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, loxamine, and nortriptyline.\n\nAnother piece of research looked at 522 different trials and found that \"all antidepressants were more effective than placebo\" for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Also known as [clinical depression](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-clinical-depression-1067309), MDD involves having at least five depressive symptoms every day for at least two weeks, among other diagnostic criteria.\n\nSome researchers question the validity of studies involving antidepressants, indicating that they may work but also citing concerns over the size of the effects and bias due to the methods used.\n\n## Uses for Depression Medication\nDepression medications are used to help reduce [depression symptoms](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/major-depressive-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-5270926). While these symptoms can vary from one person to another, they may include:\n\n- Change in appetite\n- Feeling low or \"empty\"\n- Irritability or anxiousness\n- Lack of energy\n- Physical aches and pain\n- Reduced interest in activities\n- Sleep issues\n- [Thoughts of suicide](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/suicidal-ideation-380609)\n- Trouble concentrating\n## Taking Depression Medication\nThere is no one-size-fits-all depression medication. Your healthcare provider can help find the best medication for you, along with finding the proper dosage. Finding the best antidepressant for you depends on a variety of factors, such as:\n\n- How well you tolerate the antidepressant (your side effects)\n- [Potential drug interactions](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/cold-medicine-interactions-with-bipolar-medication-380344) (if you're taking other medicines or supplements)\n- The medication's effectiveness (whether it works for you)\n- Your depression type and symptoms (how depression appears for you)\n\nIt generally takes four to eight weeks for these medicines to work, though you may notice positive changes related to sleeping and eating, for instance, before seeing improvements in your mood. While many people take antidepressants for six to 12 months, your length of use may be longer.\n\nWhen taking antidepressants, avoiding drugs and alcohol is important. Your provider may also suggest that you [engage in psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/psychotherapy-4157172) along with taking medications to provide a greater treatment effect.\n\nNever stop the use of antidepressant medications without consulting with your healthcare provider as this can cause a relapse in your symptoms. Also, talk with your provider if you're having trouble with your medicine's side effects. Lowering the dosage or switching medicines may help ease these effects.\n\n## Common Side Effects of Antidepressants\nAntidepressants can improve the symptoms of depression, but, like all medications, they can also cause side effects. The frequency and severity of these side effects vary depending on the class of medication you're taking.\n\nCommon [side effects of antidepressants](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/negative-effects-of-antidepressants-1067351) include:\n\n- Constipation\n- Drowsiness\n- Nausea\n- Sexual dysfunction\n- Sleep disturbances\n- Weight gain\n\nAntidepressants may also increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality), especially during the first few months of treatment, or when your dose is increased or decreased. Teens and young adults are especially at risk and should be monitored closely.\n\nSide effects tend to be mild and go away as your body adjusts to the medication. If your side effects are severe or last for longer than a few weeks, your prescribing doctor may adjust your dosage or recommend a different antidepressant.\n\nIf and when you and a doctor decide to stop your medication, it's important to [wean off most antidepressants slowly](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-taper-off-your-antidepressant-1067626). If you suddenly stop taking an antidepressant medication, you can experience [withdrawal symptoms](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/antidepressant-withdrawal-4172110), such as mood swings, dizziness, flu-like symptoms, and headaches.\n\n## Natural Depression Treatment Options\nPrescription medications aren't the only options for treating depression. Some research also suggests that there are a few natural products that may be helpful for reducing depressive symptoms.\n\nAccording to a 2022 article published in *Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine*, [natural depression treatment options](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/beat-depression-without-prescription-drugs-1065079) may include:\n\n- *Tetragonia tetragonioides*, also known as New Zealand spinach\n- Supplemental mixtures that include various Chinese or Korean herbs and plants, such as Xiao Yao San, Chaihu-Shugan-San, and So-Ochim-Tang-Gamibang\n- [Traditional Chinese medicines](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/alternative-therapies-types-and-uses-5207962), like acupuncture\n\nOther studies report that, for some people, [St. John's wort](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/st-johns-wort-a2-89959) is as effective as SSRIs for treating depression. Positive results have also been found for omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, *S*\\-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), and methylfolate.\n\nDo not take herbs, supplements, or other substances for depression without talking to your primary care provider first. Some substances may lead to dangerous drug interactions when combined with antidepressants.\n\n### Frequently Asked Questions\n- It is a personal choice whether to take medication for your depression. Speak to a healthcare provider first. For mild to moderate cases of depression, they may recommend therapy and lifestyle changes before prescribing antidepressants.\n- Yes. If you have suicidal thoughts, contact a medical professional right away. They may prescribe another medication, such as a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic to reduce suicidal thoughts, as well as recommend further psychological support.\n- Antidepressants aren't addictive, but you can become physiologically dependent on them and experience withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking them. As a result, a provider may recommend tapering your dose when discontinuing use rather than stopping cold turkey.\n- It depends on how effective the medication is. A health practitioner will usually prescribe an antidepressant for a period of at least six months, and then re-evaluate your symptoms.\n- Talk to your provider before you stop taking antidepressants. Your depression symptoms may return if you stop taking them too quickly. Your prescribing physician will want to make sure you are in a stable place and that you'll be able to cope with life stressors once you're off your medication.","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"{\"\/Health\":998,\"\/Health\/Mental_Health\":892,\"\/Health\/Mental_Health\/Depression\":891}","ml_types_json":"{\"\/Article\":999,\"\/Article\/Tutorial_or_Guide\":683}","ml_intent_types_json":"{\"Informational\":999}","meta_language":"en","attrs_author":null,"attrs_publish_time":0,"attrs_original_publish_time":1517875907,"attrs_is_republished":0,"attrs_nr_words":"3696","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"2293","body_ext_links_number":67,"body_int_links_number":97,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":1,"props_was_rendered":0,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":253,"download_ttfb_msec":244,"download_size":66077}

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Common Antidepressants: Types, Side Effects, Efficacy

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Learn about common antidepressant medications, their effectiveness, and what you should know before taking depression medications, including potential side effects.

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Key Takeaways SSRIs are the most popular antidepressants, with nearly 70% of people treated in the U.S. using them. Some people experience side effects when taking antidepressants, particularly when first starting them or after increasing the dosage. Stopping antidepressants abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms, so it's important to taper off slowly with a doctor's help. In the U.S., antidepressants are among the most frequently prescribed medications. From 2015 through 2018, more than 14% of Americans 12 and older said they took an antidepressant in the last month. Perhaps the most recognizable among them is Prozac (fluoxetine). It's still the best option for many people, but since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987, Prozac has been joined by a variety of other antidepressant medications. If you're considering taking an antidepressant, understanding how the most popular ones work can help you and your healthcare provider decide which might work best for you and when you should take it . What Is Depression Medication? Depression medications, or antidepressants, are prescribed to help manage symptoms of depression. These symptoms can include feeling "empty," irritability, low energy, and losing interest in activities you once enjoyed. In people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by preventing the reuptake of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability. How Do Antidepressants Work? There are five major classes of antidepressants : Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Atypical antidepressants Each of these work in different ways. But the one thing all of these antidepressant medications have in common is that they increase the availability of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. In people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by preventing the reuptake of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability. A 2022 review of the research concluded that depression is likely not caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. However, antidepressant medication can still play a role in alleviating symptoms of depression. For some people, antidepressant medication may be most effective when it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy and lifestyle modifications. Common Antidepressant Medications Exploring common antidepressant medications can help you understand how depression is treated with prescription drugs. These include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. SSRIs Prozac belongs to a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) . SSRIs do exactly what the name describes: They prevent the reuptake of serotonin, making more of the chemical available. In other words, SSRIs relieve depression by boosting low levels of serotonin in the brain. One study looking at people treated with antidepressants in the United States between 1996 and 2015 found that nearly 70% of respondents were treated with SSRIs. That makes SSRIs the most popular drugs for depression. Some of the most commonly prescribed SSRIs include: Prozac (fluoxetine) : Prozac is still one of the most popular SSRIs in the United States. It's one of the only that the FDA has approved for children and teenagers and is approved to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes bipolar disorder in children eight and older. The 2017 antidepressant use study found that a little over 11% of respondents reported taking Prozac for depression . Celexa (citalopram) : Celexa works as well as other SSRIs and has similar side effects . One important thing to know about this antidepressant is that taking high doses has been associated with a rare heart rhythm problem. An estimated 14% of antidepressant use study respondents reported that they were taking this medication. Zoloft (sertraline) : Zoloft is highly effective, although some people find that it is more likely than other SSRIs to cause diarrhea. Zoloft is the most common depression medication; nearly 17% of those surveyed in the 2017 antidepressant use study reported that they had taken this medication. Paxil (paroxetine) : You might be more likely to have sexual side effects if you choose Paxil over other antidepressants. It's also linked to increased sweating. While paroxetine did not make the list of the 10 most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs, it remains a good choice for some people. Lexapro (escitalopram) : Lexapro is one of the only SSRIs approved by the FDA for children. It is indicated for use in children and teens between the ages of 12 and 17 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Around 8% of those surveyed reported that they had taken Lexapro. Most SSRIs are similar in regard to how well they work, although there may be subtle differences that can make one a better choice for you. It takes a while for SSRIs to build up in the body enough to have an effect on symptoms. Because of this, it can take several weeks or even months of trial and error to find the drug and dosage that will do you the most good. SNRIs Other common antidepressants belong to a class of drugs called serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These depression medications inhibit the reuptake of two neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine. The SNRIs that are available are: Cymbalta (duloxetine) Effexor (venlafaxine) Fetzima (levomilnacipran) Pristiq (desvenlafaxine) Savella (milnacipran) Strattera (atomoxetine) Ultram (tramadol) One of the most commonly prescribed SNRIs is Effexor (venlafaxine). It is as effective as other antidepressants in treating depression but does have a higher rate of causing nausea and vomiting, and may increase blood pressure and heart rate. The SNRI Cymbalta (duloxetine) can increase blood pressure, and it has also been associated with an elevated risk of liver injury or failure. So, if you have any sort of liver disease, it could be a dangerous choice for you. The same is true if you drink a lot of alcohol. In the 2017 study on psychiatric drugs, Cymbalta was the most commonly prescribed SNRI drug, with 7% of respondents reporting that they had taken it. TCAs Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were among the first antidepressants. While they have been largely replaced by SSRIs, SNRIs, and other antidepressants, TCAs can still be a good option in cases where people have not responded to other types of antidepressant drugs. Types of tricyclics that are available include: Asendin (amoxapine) Elavil (amitriptyline) Norpramin (desipramine) Pamelor (nortriptyline) Silenor (doxepin) Surmontil (trimipramine) Tofranil (imipramine) Vivactil (protriptyline) Tricyclics work by blocking the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. By preventing the reuptake of those neurotransmitters, it increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which can help to improve mood and relieve depression. No TCA medication made the top 10 list of the most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs. MAOIs Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) were the first type of medication developed to treat depression. They have been largely replaced by newer antidepressants that are safer and have fewer side effects, but there are still several MAOIs available. Some of the most commonly prescribed MAOIs include: Emsam (selegiline) Marplan (isocarboxazid) Nardil (phenelzine) Parnate (tranylcypromine) MAOIs work by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are all neurotransmitters that control mood. This results in higher levels of these chemicals in the brain which helps improve mood and reduce anxiety . MAOIs are rarely prescribed given the significant risk associated with eating certain foods containing tyramine, which can cause a hypertensive crisis. Atypical Antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don't fit into any of the other classes. Physicians often prescribe them if other antidepressants either don't work or cause unbearable side effects. Common atypical antidepressants include: Desyrel (trazodone) Wellbutrin (bupropion) Remeron (mirtazapine) Trintellix (vortioxetine) Each of these atypical antidepressants influences different neurotransmitters in different ways. Some target dopamine, for example, while others serotonin or norepinephrine. Still others target a combination of the three. As a result, they have different side effects compared to other antidepressants. For example, Desyrel is less likely to cause symptoms such as sexual dysfunction, insomnia, or anxiety. Of the atypical antidepressants, Wellbutrin is one of the most commonly prescribed. It works by acting on the neurotransmitter dopamine affecting energy levels, motivation, and attention. Wellbutrin has a lower risk of sexual and gastrointestinal side effects . In fact, some doctors prescribe it along with another SSRI to help counter low libido. Effectiveness of Depression Medication In a study involving 180 people using antidepressants long-term , 89.4% indicated that medication improved their depression. Additionally, 53.9% of the subjects said that their quality of life had "greatly improved" while taking antidepressants. The medications taken in this study included citalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, loxamine, and nortriptyline. Another piece of research looked at 522 different trials and found that "all antidepressants were more effective than placebo" for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Also known as clinical depression , MDD involves having at least five depressive symptoms every day for at least two weeks, among other diagnostic criteria. Some researchers question the validity of studies involving antidepressants, indicating that they may work but also citing concerns over the size of the effects and bias due to the methods used. Uses for Depression Medication Depression medications are used to help reduce depression symptoms . While these symptoms can vary from one person to another, they may include: Change in appetite Feeling low or "empty" Irritability or anxiousness Lack of energy Physical aches and pain Reduced interest in activities Sleep issues Thoughts of suicide Trouble concentrating Taking Depression Medication There is no one-size-fits-all depression medication. Your healthcare provider can help find the best medication for you, along with finding the proper dosage. Finding the best antidepressant for you depends on a variety of factors, such as: How well you tolerate the antidepressant (your side effects) Potential drug interactions (if you're taking other medicines or supplements) The medication's effectiveness (whether it works for you) Your depression type and symptoms (how depression appears for you) It generally takes four to eight weeks for these medicines to work, though you may notice positive changes related to sleeping and eating, for instance, before seeing improvements in your mood. While many people take antidepressants for six to 12 months, your length of use may be longer. When taking antidepressants, avoiding drugs and alcohol is important. Your provider may also suggest that you engage in psychotherapy along with taking medications to provide a greater treatment effect. Never stop the use of antidepressant medications without consulting with your healthcare provider as this can cause a relapse in your symptoms. Also, talk with your provider if you're having trouble with your medicine's side effects. Lowering the dosage or switching medicines may help ease these effects. Common Side Effects of Antidepressants Antidepressants can improve the symptoms of depression, but, like all medications, they can also cause side effects. The frequency and severity of these side effects vary depending on the class of medication you're taking. Common side effects of antidepressants include: Constipation Drowsiness Nausea Sexual dysfunction Sleep disturbances Weight gain Antidepressants may also increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality), especially during the first few months of treatment, or when your dose is increased or decreased. Teens and young adults are especially at risk and should be monitored closely. Side effects tend to be mild and go away as your body adjusts to the medication. If your side effects are severe or last for longer than a few weeks, your prescribing doctor may adjust your dosage or recommend a different antidepressant. If and when you and a doctor decide to stop your medication, it's important to wean off most antidepressants slowly . If you suddenly stop taking an antidepressant medication, you can experience withdrawal symptoms , such as mood swings, dizziness, flu-like symptoms, and headaches. Natural Depression Treatment Options Prescription medications aren't the only options for treating depression. Some research also suggests that there are a few natural products that may be helpful for reducing depressive symptoms. According to a 2022 article published in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , natural depression treatment options may include: Tetragonia tetragonioides , also known as New Zealand spinach Supplemental mixtures that include various Chinese or Korean herbs and plants, such as Xiao Yao San, Chaihu-Shugan-San, and So-Ochim-Tang-Gamibang Traditional Chinese medicines , like acupuncture Other studies report that, for some people, St. John's wort is as effective as SSRIs for treating depression. Positive results have also been found for omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, S -adenosylmethionine (SAMe), and methylfolate. Do not take herbs, supplements, or other substances for depression without talking to your primary care provider first. Some substances may lead to dangerous drug interactions when combined with antidepressants. Frequently Asked Questions It is a personal choice whether to take medication for your depression. Speak to a healthcare provider first. For mild to moderate cases of depression, they may recommend therapy and lifestyle changes before prescribing antidepressants. Yes. If you have suicidal thoughts, contact a medical professional right away. They may prescribe another medication, such as a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic to reduce suicidal thoughts, as well as recommend further psychological support. Antidepressants aren't addictive, but you can become physiologically dependent on them and experience withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking them. As a result, a provider may recommend tapering your dose when discontinuing use rather than stopping cold turkey. It depends on how effective the medication is. A health practitioner will usually prescribe an antidepressant for a period of at least six months, and then re-evaluate your symptoms. Talk to your provider before you stop taking antidepressants. Your depression symptoms may return if you stop taking them too quickly. Your prescribing physician will want to make sure you are in a stable place and that you'll be able to cope with life stressors once you're off your medication.

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[Theories](https://www.verywellmind.com/theories-of-psychology-4157184) - [Student Resources](https://www.verywellmind.com/student-resources-overview-4581768) - [Personality Types](https://www.verywellmind.com/the-myers-briggs-type-indicator-2795583) - [View All](https://www.verywellmind.com/psychology-4157187) - [Trending](https://www.verywellmind.com/news-latest-research-and-trending-topics-4846421) - [Quizzes](https://www.verywellmind.com/quizzes-8609222) - [Guided Meditations](https://www.verywellmind.com/guided-meditations-8609227) - [Verywell Mind Insights](https://www.verywellmind.com/mental-health-data-insights-5185693) - [2024 Verywell Mind 25](https://www.verywellmind.com/the-verywell-mind-25-2024-7484480) - [Mental Health in the Classroom](https://www.verywellmind.com/mental-health-in-the-classroom-survey-7569880) - [View All](https://www.verywellmind.com/news-latest-research-and-trending-topics-4846421) [More in Depression](https://www.verywellmind.com/depression-4157261) - [Treatment](https://www.verywellmind.com/depression-treatment-4157258) - [Living With](https://www.verywellmind.com/living-with-depression-7508413) - [Causes](https://www.verywellmind.com/depression-causes-4157256) - [Symptoms and Diagnosis](https://www.verywellmind.com/depression-symptoms-and-diagnosis-4157260) - [Types](https://www.verywellmind.com/depression-types-4157254) - [Childhood Depression](https://www.verywellmind.com/childhood-depression-4157255) - [Suicide](https://www.verywellmind.com/suicide-4157253) [View More](https://www.verywellmind.com/depression-4157261) - [About Us](https://www.verywellmind.com/about-us-5184564) - [Editorial Process](https://www.verywellmind.com/our-editorial-process-4778006) - [Review Board](https://www.verywellmind.com/review-board-4796494) - [Crisis Support](https://www.verywellmind.com/crisis-support-6666353) Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Ⓒ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved # Common Antidepressant Medications What You Should Know About SSRIs and Other Common Antidepressants By [Nancy Schimelpfening](https://www.verywellmind.com/nancy-schimelpfening-ms-4781235) [Nancy Schimelpfening](https://www.verywellmind.com/nancy-schimelpfening-ms-4781235) Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our [editorial process](https://www.verywellmind.com/our-editorial-process-4778006) Updated on March 29, 2026 Medically reviewed Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. [Learn more](https://www.verywellmind.com/review-board-4796494). by [Carly Snyder, MD](https://www.verywellmind.com/carly-snyder-md-4779180) ![Carly]() ![Carly](https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/fAj0X5DtD4F-F4lAvzUg_fKzdY0=/200x200/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/carly-935717a415724b9b9c849c26fd0450ea.jpg) Medically reviewed by [Carly Snyder, MD](https://www.verywellmind.com/carly-snyder-md-4779180) Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments. Learn about our [Medical Review Board](https://www.verywellmind.com/review-board-4796494) ![Person holding a handful of antidepressants](https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/Z-vmLp_ApKu-MT2A0zmn6BzyiPE=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/GettyImages-951246244-aafb86a3556145b8b2ad04415d62b09b.jpg) ![Person holding a handful of antidepressants](https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/Z-vmLp_ApKu-MT2A0zmn6BzyiPE=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/GettyImages-951246244-aafb86a3556145b8b2ad04415d62b09b.jpg) Towfiqu Photography / Getty Images Table of Contents View All Table of Contents - [Definition](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-what-is-depression-medication) - [How They Work](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-how-do-antidepressants-work) - [Types](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-common-antidepressant-medications) - [Effectiveness](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-effectiveness-of-depression-medication) - [Uses](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-uses-for-depression-medication) - [How to Take](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-taking-depression-medication) - [Side Effects](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-common-side-effects-of-antidepressants) - [Natural Options](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-natural-depression-treatment-options) - [FAQs](https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-antidepressants-1066939#toc-faqs-ffac75cf-fbcd-4130-8fa6-b2a4f909dd76) Close ### Key Takeaways - SSRIs are the most popular antidepressants, with nearly 70% of people treated in the U.S. using them. - Some people experience side effects when taking antidepressants, particularly when first starting them or after increasing the dosage. - Stopping antidepressants abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms, so it's important to taper off slowly with a doctor's help. In the U.S., antidepressants are among the most frequently prescribed medications. From 2015 through 2018, more than 14% of Americans 12 and older said they took an antidepressant in the last month. Perhaps the most recognizable among them is Prozac (fluoxetine). It's still the best option for many people, but since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987, Prozac has been joined by a variety of other antidepressant medications. If you're considering taking an antidepressant, understanding how the most popular ones work can help you and your healthcare provider decide [which might work best for you](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-doctors-choose-the-best-antidepressant-for-you-1065501) and [when you should take it](https://www.verywellmind.com/antidepressant-night-morning-1066863). ## What Is Depression Medication? Depression medications, or antidepressants, are prescribed to help manage symptoms of depression. These symptoms can include feeling "empty," irritability, low energy, and losing interest in activities you once enjoyed. In people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by preventing the reuptake of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability. ## How Do Antidepressants Work? There are [five major classes of antidepressants](https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-the-major-classes-of-antidepressants-1065086): - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) - Atypical antidepressants Each of these work in different ways. But the one thing all of these antidepressant medications have in common is that they increase the availability of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. [Monoamine neurotransmitters](https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-neurotransmitter-2795394) such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine help regulate mood, emotions, and behavior. In people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by [preventing the reuptake](https://www.verywellmind.com/reuptake-definition-of-reuptake-425323) of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability. A 2022 review of the research concluded that depression is likely not caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. However, antidepressant medication can still play a role in alleviating symptoms of depression. For some people, antidepressant medication may be most effective when it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy and lifestyle modifications. ## Common Antidepressant Medications Exploring common antidepressant medications can help you understand how depression is treated with prescription drugs. These include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. ### SSRIs Prozac belongs to a class of antidepressants called [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://www.verywellmind.com/list-of-ssris-380594). SSRIs do exactly what the name describes: They prevent the reuptake of serotonin, making more of the chemical available. In other words, SSRIs relieve depression by boosting low levels of serotonin in the brain. One study looking at people treated with antidepressants in the United States between 1996 and 2015 found that nearly 70% of respondents were treated with SSRIs. That makes SSRIs the most popular drugs for depression. Some of the most commonly prescribed SSRIs include: - **Prozac (fluoxetine)**: Prozac is still one of the most popular SSRIs in the United States. It's one of the only that the FDA has approved for children and teenagers and is approved to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes bipolar disorder in children eight and older. The 2017 antidepressant use study found that a little over 11% of respondents reported [taking Prozac for depression](https://www.verywellmind.com/what-to-know-about-prozac-fluoxetine-5101215). - **Celexa (citalopram)**: Celexa works as well as other SSRIs and has [similar side effects](https://www.verywellmind.com/faqs-about-celexa-for-panic-disorder-2584294). One important thing to know about this antidepressant is that taking high doses has been associated with a rare heart rhythm problem. An estimated 14% of antidepressant use study respondents reported that they were taking this medication. - **Zoloft (sertraline)**: Zoloft is highly effective, although some people find that it is more likely than other SSRIs to cause diarrhea. Zoloft is the most common depression medication; nearly 17% of those surveyed in the 2017 antidepressant use study reported that they had taken this medication. - **Paxil (paroxetine)**: You might be more likely to have [sexual side effects](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-reduce-sexual-side-effects-1067490) if you choose Paxil over other antidepressants. It's also linked to increased sweating. While paroxetine did not make the list of the 10 most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs, it remains a good choice for some people. - **Lexapro (escitalopram)**: Lexapro is one of the only SSRIs approved by the FDA for children. It is indicated for use in children and teens between the ages of 12 and 17 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Around 8% of those surveyed reported that they had taken Lexapro. Most SSRIs are similar in regard to how well they work, although there may be subtle differences that can make one a better choice for you. It takes a while for SSRIs to build up in the body enough to have an effect on symptoms. Because of this, it can take several weeks or even months of trial and error to find the drug and dosage that will do you the most good. [How Long Does It Take for Antidepressants to Work?](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-long-does-it-take-for-antidepressants-to-work-2584277) ### SNRIs Other common antidepressants belong to a class of drugs called serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These depression medications inhibit the reuptake of two neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine. The SNRIs that are available are: - Cymbalta (duloxetine) - Effexor (venlafaxine) - Fetzima (levomilnacipran) - Pristiq (desvenlafaxine) - Savella (milnacipran) - Strattera (atomoxetine) - Ultram (tramadol) While Strattera is an SNRI, it is used as a [non-stimulant medication to treat ADHD](https://www.verywellmind.com/non-stimulant-adhd-medication-20884), not depression or anxiety. One of the most commonly prescribed SNRIs is Effexor (venlafaxine). It is as effective as other antidepressants in treating depression but does have a higher rate of causing nausea and vomiting, and may increase blood pressure and heart rate. The SNRI Cymbalta (duloxetine) can increase blood pressure, and it has also been associated with an elevated risk of liver injury or failure. So, if you have any sort of liver disease, it could be a dangerous choice for you. The same is true if you drink a lot of alcohol. In the 2017 study on psychiatric drugs, Cymbalta was the most commonly prescribed SNRI drug, with 7% of respondents reporting that they had taken it. [How Reuptake Inhibitor Drugs Work](https://www.verywellmind.com/snris-and-ssnris-380183) ### TCAs [Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)](https://www.verywellmind.com/tricyclic-antidepressants-379652) were among the first antidepressants. While they have been largely replaced by SSRIs, SNRIs, and other antidepressants, TCAs can still be a good option in cases where people have not responded to other types of antidepressant drugs. Types of tricyclics that are available include: - Asendin (amoxapine) - Elavil (amitriptyline) - Norpramin (desipramine) - Pamelor (nortriptyline) - Silenor (doxepin) - Surmontil (trimipramine) - Tofranil (imipramine) - Vivactil (protriptyline) Tricyclics work by blocking the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. By preventing the reuptake of those neurotransmitters, it increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which can help to improve mood and relieve depression. No TCA medication made the top 10 list of the most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs. ### MAOIs [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://www.verywellmind.com/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois-2584303) were the first type of medication developed to treat depression. They have been largely replaced by newer antidepressants that are safer and have fewer side effects, but there are still several MAOIs available. Some of the most commonly prescribed MAOIs include: - Emsam (selegiline) - Marplan (isocarboxazid) - Nardil (phenelzine) - Parnate (tranylcypromine) MAOIs work by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are all neurotransmitters that control mood. This results in higher levels of these chemicals in the brain which helps [improve mood](https://www.verywellmind.com/happiness-shortcuts-3145188) and [reduce anxiety](https://www.verywellmind.com/breaking-the-anxiety-cycle-1392987). MAOIs are rarely prescribed given the significant risk associated with [eating certain foods](https://www.verywellmind.com/foods-to-avoid-when-taking-maois-4136871) containing tyramine, which can cause a hypertensive crisis. [How SSRIs Compare to MAOIs](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-do-ssris-compare-to-maois-1066856) ### Atypical Antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don't fit into any of the other classes. Physicians often prescribe them if other antidepressants either don't work or cause unbearable side effects. Common atypical antidepressants include: - Desyrel (trazodone) - Wellbutrin (bupropion) - Remeron (mirtazapine) - Trintellix (vortioxetine) Each of these atypical antidepressants influences different neurotransmitters in different ways. Some target dopamine, for example, while others serotonin or norepinephrine. Still others target a combination of the three. As a result, they have different side effects compared to other antidepressants. For example, Desyrel is less likely to cause symptoms such as sexual dysfunction, insomnia, or anxiety. Of the atypical antidepressants, Wellbutrin is one of the most commonly prescribed. It works by acting on the neurotransmitter dopamine affecting energy levels, motivation, and attention. [Wellbutrin has a lower risk of sexual and gastrointestinal side effects](https://www.verywellmind.com/wellbutrin-bupropion-side-effects-1066745). In fact, some doctors prescribe it along with another SSRI to help counter low libido. ## Effectiveness of Depression Medication In a study involving 180 people [using antidepressants long-term](https://www.verywellmind.com/long-term-effects-of-antidepressants-4158064), 89.4% indicated that medication improved their depression. Additionally, 53.9% of the subjects said that their quality of life had "greatly improved" while taking antidepressants. The medications taken in this study included citalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, loxamine, and nortriptyline. Another piece of research looked at 522 different trials and found that "all antidepressants were more effective than placebo" for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Also known as [clinical depression](https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-clinical-depression-1067309), MDD involves having at least five depressive symptoms every day for at least two weeks, among other diagnostic criteria. Some researchers question the validity of studies involving antidepressants, indicating that they may work but also citing concerns over the size of the effects and bias due to the methods used. ## Uses for Depression Medication Depression medications are used to help reduce [depression symptoms](https://www.verywellmind.com/major-depressive-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-5270926). While these symptoms can vary from one person to another, they may include: - Change in appetite - Feeling low or "empty" - Irritability or anxiousness - Lack of energy - Physical aches and pain - Reduced interest in activities - Sleep issues - [Thoughts of suicide](https://www.verywellmind.com/suicidal-ideation-380609) - Trouble concentrating If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the [National Suicide Prevention Lifeline](https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/) at **988** for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. For more mental health resources, see our [National Helpline Database](https://www.verywellmind.com/national-helpline-database-4799696). ## Taking Depression Medication There is no one-size-fits-all depression medication. Your healthcare provider can help find the best medication for you, along with finding the proper dosage. Finding the best antidepressant for you depends on a variety of factors, such as: - How well you tolerate the antidepressant (your side effects) - [Potential drug interactions](https://www.verywellmind.com/cold-medicine-interactions-with-bipolar-medication-380344) (if you're taking other medicines or supplements) - The medication's effectiveness (whether it works for you) - Your depression type and symptoms (how depression appears for you) It generally takes four to eight weeks for these medicines to work, though you may notice positive changes related to sleeping and eating, for instance, before seeing improvements in your mood. While many people take antidepressants for six to 12 months, your length of use may be longer. When taking antidepressants, avoiding drugs and alcohol is important. Your provider may also suggest that you [engage in psychotherapy](https://www.verywellmind.com/psychotherapy-4157172) along with taking medications to provide a greater treatment effect. Never stop the use of antidepressant medications without consulting with your healthcare provider as this can cause a relapse in your symptoms. Also, talk with your provider if you're having trouble with your medicine's side effects. Lowering the dosage or switching medicines may help ease these effects. ## Common Side Effects of Antidepressants Antidepressants can improve the symptoms of depression, but, like all medications, they can also cause side effects. The frequency and severity of these side effects vary depending on the class of medication you're taking. Common [side effects of antidepressants](https://www.verywellmind.com/negative-effects-of-antidepressants-1067351) include: - Constipation - Drowsiness - Nausea - Sexual dysfunction - Sleep disturbances - Weight gain Antidepressants may also increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality), especially during the first few months of treatment, or when your dose is increased or decreased. Teens and young adults are especially at risk and should be monitored closely. Side effects tend to be mild and go away as your body adjusts to the medication. If your side effects are severe or last for longer than a few weeks, your prescribing doctor may adjust your dosage or recommend a different antidepressant. If and when you and a doctor decide to stop your medication, it's important to [wean off most antidepressants slowly](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-taper-off-your-antidepressant-1067626). If you suddenly stop taking an antidepressant medication, you can experience [withdrawal symptoms](https://www.verywellmind.com/antidepressant-withdrawal-4172110), such as mood swings, dizziness, flu-like symptoms, and headaches. ## Natural Depression Treatment Options Prescription medications aren't the only options for treating depression. Some research also suggests that there are a few natural products that may be helpful for reducing depressive symptoms. According to a 2022 article published in *Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine*, [natural depression treatment options](https://www.verywellmind.com/beat-depression-without-prescription-drugs-1065079) may include: - *Tetragonia tetragonioides*, also known as New Zealand spinach - Supplemental mixtures that include various Chinese or Korean herbs and plants, such as Xiao Yao San, Chaihu-Shugan-San, and So-Ochim-Tang-Gamibang - [Traditional Chinese medicines](https://www.verywellmind.com/alternative-therapies-types-and-uses-5207962), like acupuncture Other studies report that, for some people, [St. John's wort](https://www.verywellmind.com/st-johns-wort-a2-89959) is as effective as SSRIs for treating depression. Positive results have also been found for omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, *S*\-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), and methylfolate. Do not take herbs, supplements, or other substances for depression without talking to your primary care provider first. Some substances may lead to dangerous drug interactions when combined with antidepressants. ### Frequently Asked Questions - Should you treat your depression with medications? It is a personal choice whether to take medication for your depression. Speak to a healthcare provider first. For mild to moderate cases of depression, they may recommend therapy and lifestyle changes before prescribing antidepressants. - Can antidepressants give you suicidal thoughts? Yes. If you have suicidal thoughts, contact a medical professional right away. They may prescribe another medication, such as a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic to reduce suicidal thoughts, as well as recommend further psychological support. - Will you become addicted if you take antidepressants? Antidepressants aren't addictive, but you can become physiologically dependent on them and experience withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking them. As a result, a provider may recommend tapering your dose when discontinuing use rather than stopping cold turkey. - How long will you have to take antidepressants? It depends on how effective the medication is. A health practitioner will usually prescribe an antidepressant for a period of at least six months, and then re-evaluate your symptoms. - If you feel better, can you stop taking antidepressants? Talk to your provider before you stop taking antidepressants. Your depression symptoms may return if you stop taking them too quickly. Your prescribing physician will want to make sure you are in a stable place and that you'll be able to cope with life stressors once you're off your medication. 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[Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: A systematic review and mata-analyses](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091228). *Am J Psychiatry*. 2016;173(6):575-87. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091228 24. Nischal A, Tripathi A, Nischal A, Trivedi JK. [Suicide and antidepressants: What current evidence indicates](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22654381/). *Mens Sana Monogr*. 2012;10(1):33-44. doi:10.4103/0973-1229.87287 25. American Psychological Association. [How hard is it to stop antidepressants?](https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/stop-antidepressants) 26. Harvard Health Publishing. [Going off antidepressants](https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/going-off-antidepressants). By [Nancy Schimelpfening](https://www.verywellmind.com/nancy-schimelpfening-ms-4781235) Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. [See Our Editorial Process](https://www.verywellmind.com/our-editorial-process-4778006) [Meet Our Review Board](https://www.verywellmind.com/review-board-4796494) Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback\! What is your feedback? 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### Key Takeaways - SSRIs are the most popular antidepressants, with nearly 70% of people treated in the U.S. using them. - Some people experience side effects when taking antidepressants, particularly when first starting them or after increasing the dosage. - Stopping antidepressants abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms, so it's important to taper off slowly with a doctor's help. In the U.S., antidepressants are among the most frequently prescribed medications. From 2015 through 2018, more than 14% of Americans 12 and older said they took an antidepressant in the last month. Perhaps the most recognizable among them is Prozac (fluoxetine). It's still the best option for many people, but since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987, Prozac has been joined by a variety of other antidepressant medications. If you're considering taking an antidepressant, understanding how the most popular ones work can help you and your healthcare provider decide [which might work best for you](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-doctors-choose-the-best-antidepressant-for-you-1065501) and [when you should take it](https://www.verywellmind.com/antidepressant-night-morning-1066863). ## What Is Depression Medication? Depression medications, or antidepressants, are prescribed to help manage symptoms of depression. These symptoms can include feeling "empty," irritability, low energy, and losing interest in activities you once enjoyed. In people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by preventing the reuptake of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability. ## How Do Antidepressants Work? There are [five major classes of antidepressants](https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-the-major-classes-of-antidepressants-1065086): - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) - Atypical antidepressants Each of these work in different ways. But the one thing all of these antidepressant medications have in common is that they increase the availability of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. In people with depression, the availability of these monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by [preventing the reuptake](https://www.verywellmind.com/reuptake-definition-of-reuptake-425323) of one or more of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their availability. A 2022 review of the research concluded that depression is likely not caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. However, antidepressant medication can still play a role in alleviating symptoms of depression. For some people, antidepressant medication may be most effective when it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy and lifestyle modifications. ## Common Antidepressant Medications Exploring common antidepressant medications can help you understand how depression is treated with prescription drugs. These include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. ### SSRIs Prozac belongs to a class of antidepressants called [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://www.verywellmind.com/list-of-ssris-380594). SSRIs do exactly what the name describes: They prevent the reuptake of serotonin, making more of the chemical available. In other words, SSRIs relieve depression by boosting low levels of serotonin in the brain. One study looking at people treated with antidepressants in the United States between 1996 and 2015 found that nearly 70% of respondents were treated with SSRIs. That makes SSRIs the most popular drugs for depression. Some of the most commonly prescribed SSRIs include: - **Prozac (fluoxetine)**: Prozac is still one of the most popular SSRIs in the United States. It's one of the only that the FDA has approved for children and teenagers and is approved to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes bipolar disorder in children eight and older. The 2017 antidepressant use study found that a little over 11% of respondents reported [taking Prozac for depression](https://www.verywellmind.com/what-to-know-about-prozac-fluoxetine-5101215). - **Celexa (citalopram)**: Celexa works as well as other SSRIs and has [similar side effects](https://www.verywellmind.com/faqs-about-celexa-for-panic-disorder-2584294). One important thing to know about this antidepressant is that taking high doses has been associated with a rare heart rhythm problem. An estimated 14% of antidepressant use study respondents reported that they were taking this medication. - **Zoloft (sertraline)**: Zoloft is highly effective, although some people find that it is more likely than other SSRIs to cause diarrhea. Zoloft is the most common depression medication; nearly 17% of those surveyed in the 2017 antidepressant use study reported that they had taken this medication. - **Paxil (paroxetine)**: You might be more likely to have [sexual side effects](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-reduce-sexual-side-effects-1067490) if you choose Paxil over other antidepressants. It's also linked to increased sweating. While paroxetine did not make the list of the 10 most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs, it remains a good choice for some people. - **Lexapro (escitalopram)**: Lexapro is one of the only SSRIs approved by the FDA for children. It is indicated for use in children and teens between the ages of 12 and 17 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Around 8% of those surveyed reported that they had taken Lexapro. Most SSRIs are similar in regard to how well they work, although there may be subtle differences that can make one a better choice for you. It takes a while for SSRIs to build up in the body enough to have an effect on symptoms. Because of this, it can take several weeks or even months of trial and error to find the drug and dosage that will do you the most good. ### SNRIs Other common antidepressants belong to a class of drugs called serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These depression medications inhibit the reuptake of two neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine. The SNRIs that are available are: - Cymbalta (duloxetine) - Effexor (venlafaxine) - Fetzima (levomilnacipran) - Pristiq (desvenlafaxine) - Savella (milnacipran) - Strattera (atomoxetine) - Ultram (tramadol) One of the most commonly prescribed SNRIs is Effexor (venlafaxine). It is as effective as other antidepressants in treating depression but does have a higher rate of causing nausea and vomiting, and may increase blood pressure and heart rate. The SNRI Cymbalta (duloxetine) can increase blood pressure, and it has also been associated with an elevated risk of liver injury or failure. So, if you have any sort of liver disease, it could be a dangerous choice for you. The same is true if you drink a lot of alcohol. In the 2017 study on psychiatric drugs, Cymbalta was the most commonly prescribed SNRI drug, with 7% of respondents reporting that they had taken it. ### TCAs [Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)](https://www.verywellmind.com/tricyclic-antidepressants-379652) were among the first antidepressants. While they have been largely replaced by SSRIs, SNRIs, and other antidepressants, TCAs can still be a good option in cases where people have not responded to other types of antidepressant drugs. Types of tricyclics that are available include: - Asendin (amoxapine) - Elavil (amitriptyline) - Norpramin (desipramine) - Pamelor (nortriptyline) - Silenor (doxepin) - Surmontil (trimipramine) - Tofranil (imipramine) - Vivactil (protriptyline) Tricyclics work by blocking the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. By preventing the reuptake of those neurotransmitters, it increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which can help to improve mood and relieve depression. No TCA medication made the top 10 list of the most commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs. ### MAOIs [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://www.verywellmind.com/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois-2584303) were the first type of medication developed to treat depression. They have been largely replaced by newer antidepressants that are safer and have fewer side effects, but there are still several MAOIs available. Some of the most commonly prescribed MAOIs include: - Emsam (selegiline) - Marplan (isocarboxazid) - Nardil (phenelzine) - Parnate (tranylcypromine) MAOIs work by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are all neurotransmitters that control mood. This results in higher levels of these chemicals in the brain which helps [improve mood](https://www.verywellmind.com/happiness-shortcuts-3145188) and [reduce anxiety](https://www.verywellmind.com/breaking-the-anxiety-cycle-1392987). MAOIs are rarely prescribed given the significant risk associated with [eating certain foods](https://www.verywellmind.com/foods-to-avoid-when-taking-maois-4136871) containing tyramine, which can cause a hypertensive crisis. ### Atypical Antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don't fit into any of the other classes. Physicians often prescribe them if other antidepressants either don't work or cause unbearable side effects. Common atypical antidepressants include: - Desyrel (trazodone) - Wellbutrin (bupropion) - Remeron (mirtazapine) - Trintellix (vortioxetine) Each of these atypical antidepressants influences different neurotransmitters in different ways. Some target dopamine, for example, while others serotonin or norepinephrine. Still others target a combination of the three. As a result, they have different side effects compared to other antidepressants. For example, Desyrel is less likely to cause symptoms such as sexual dysfunction, insomnia, or anxiety. Of the atypical antidepressants, Wellbutrin is one of the most commonly prescribed. It works by acting on the neurotransmitter dopamine affecting energy levels, motivation, and attention. [Wellbutrin has a lower risk of sexual and gastrointestinal side effects](https://www.verywellmind.com/wellbutrin-bupropion-side-effects-1066745). In fact, some doctors prescribe it along with another SSRI to help counter low libido. ## Effectiveness of Depression Medication In a study involving 180 people [using antidepressants long-term](https://www.verywellmind.com/long-term-effects-of-antidepressants-4158064), 89.4% indicated that medication improved their depression. Additionally, 53.9% of the subjects said that their quality of life had "greatly improved" while taking antidepressants. The medications taken in this study included citalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, loxamine, and nortriptyline. Another piece of research looked at 522 different trials and found that "all antidepressants were more effective than placebo" for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Also known as [clinical depression](https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-clinical-depression-1067309), MDD involves having at least five depressive symptoms every day for at least two weeks, among other diagnostic criteria. Some researchers question the validity of studies involving antidepressants, indicating that they may work but also citing concerns over the size of the effects and bias due to the methods used. ## Uses for Depression Medication Depression medications are used to help reduce [depression symptoms](https://www.verywellmind.com/major-depressive-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-5270926). While these symptoms can vary from one person to another, they may include: - Change in appetite - Feeling low or "empty" - Irritability or anxiousness - Lack of energy - Physical aches and pain - Reduced interest in activities - Sleep issues - [Thoughts of suicide](https://www.verywellmind.com/suicidal-ideation-380609) - Trouble concentrating ## Taking Depression Medication There is no one-size-fits-all depression medication. Your healthcare provider can help find the best medication for you, along with finding the proper dosage. Finding the best antidepressant for you depends on a variety of factors, such as: - How well you tolerate the antidepressant (your side effects) - [Potential drug interactions](https://www.verywellmind.com/cold-medicine-interactions-with-bipolar-medication-380344) (if you're taking other medicines or supplements) - The medication's effectiveness (whether it works for you) - Your depression type and symptoms (how depression appears for you) It generally takes four to eight weeks for these medicines to work, though you may notice positive changes related to sleeping and eating, for instance, before seeing improvements in your mood. While many people take antidepressants for six to 12 months, your length of use may be longer. When taking antidepressants, avoiding drugs and alcohol is important. Your provider may also suggest that you [engage in psychotherapy](https://www.verywellmind.com/psychotherapy-4157172) along with taking medications to provide a greater treatment effect. Never stop the use of antidepressant medications without consulting with your healthcare provider as this can cause a relapse in your symptoms. Also, talk with your provider if you're having trouble with your medicine's side effects. Lowering the dosage or switching medicines may help ease these effects. ## Common Side Effects of Antidepressants Antidepressants can improve the symptoms of depression, but, like all medications, they can also cause side effects. The frequency and severity of these side effects vary depending on the class of medication you're taking. Common [side effects of antidepressants](https://www.verywellmind.com/negative-effects-of-antidepressants-1067351) include: - Constipation - Drowsiness - Nausea - Sexual dysfunction - Sleep disturbances - Weight gain Antidepressants may also increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality), especially during the first few months of treatment, or when your dose is increased or decreased. Teens and young adults are especially at risk and should be monitored closely. Side effects tend to be mild and go away as your body adjusts to the medication. If your side effects are severe or last for longer than a few weeks, your prescribing doctor may adjust your dosage or recommend a different antidepressant. If and when you and a doctor decide to stop your medication, it's important to [wean off most antidepressants slowly](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-taper-off-your-antidepressant-1067626). If you suddenly stop taking an antidepressant medication, you can experience [withdrawal symptoms](https://www.verywellmind.com/antidepressant-withdrawal-4172110), such as mood swings, dizziness, flu-like symptoms, and headaches. ## Natural Depression Treatment Options Prescription medications aren't the only options for treating depression. Some research also suggests that there are a few natural products that may be helpful for reducing depressive symptoms. According to a 2022 article published in *Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine*, [natural depression treatment options](https://www.verywellmind.com/beat-depression-without-prescription-drugs-1065079) may include: - *Tetragonia tetragonioides*, also known as New Zealand spinach - Supplemental mixtures that include various Chinese or Korean herbs and plants, such as Xiao Yao San, Chaihu-Shugan-San, and So-Ochim-Tang-Gamibang - [Traditional Chinese medicines](https://www.verywellmind.com/alternative-therapies-types-and-uses-5207962), like acupuncture Other studies report that, for some people, [St. John's wort](https://www.verywellmind.com/st-johns-wort-a2-89959) is as effective as SSRIs for treating depression. Positive results have also been found for omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, *S*\-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), and methylfolate. Do not take herbs, supplements, or other substances for depression without talking to your primary care provider first. Some substances may lead to dangerous drug interactions when combined with antidepressants. ### Frequently Asked Questions - It is a personal choice whether to take medication for your depression. Speak to a healthcare provider first. For mild to moderate cases of depression, they may recommend therapy and lifestyle changes before prescribing antidepressants. - Yes. If you have suicidal thoughts, contact a medical professional right away. They may prescribe another medication, such as a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic to reduce suicidal thoughts, as well as recommend further psychological support. - Antidepressants aren't addictive, but you can become physiologically dependent on them and experience withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking them. As a result, a provider may recommend tapering your dose when discontinuing use rather than stopping cold turkey. - It depends on how effective the medication is. A health practitioner will usually prescribe an antidepressant for a period of at least six months, and then re-evaluate your symptoms. - Talk to your provider before you stop taking antidepressants. Your depression symptoms may return if you stop taking them too quickly. Your prescribing physician will want to make sure you are in a stable place and that you'll be able to cope with life stressors once you're off your medication.

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