🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 50 (from laksa142)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa050.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994","crawl_time":1776121776,"first_indexed_time":1699501023,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,verywellhealth!www,\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994 s443","src_root_hash":"5681562863987870850","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Medications for Anxiety and Depression","meta_descriptions":["This thorough list of anxiety and depression medications may help you decide which treatment may be right for you."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Key Takeaways\nSSRIs are often the first choice for treating depression and various anxiety disorders.\nMedications for anxiety and depression work by boosting neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA.\nThe right medication depends on your symptoms, current medications, and the severity of your condition.\nAnxiety\nand\ndepression\nare common but serious mental health issues that can cause a dramatic decrease in functioning and quality of life. In the United States, about 1 in 5 people experience anxiety, and 1 in 10 have depression.\nAnxiety symptoms can include:\nExcessive worry\nAvoiding situations or activities that provoke anxiety\nPanic attacks\nDepression symptoms can include:\nPersistent sadness\nFatigue\nInability to feel pleasure (\nanhedonia\n)\nImpaired mental function\nBoth\ngenetic\nand environmental factors can contribute to\nanxiety and depression\n. Some of the causes of these disorders overlap, including:\nFamily history of depression\nLow\nself-esteem\nChildhood\nabuse\nTraumatic experiences\nHere’s what you need to know about treatment options for anxiety and depression.\nWhat Medications Are Available for Anxiety and Depression?\nThere are various types of medications used to treat anxiety and depression. These medications work by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters, chemicals involved in regulating mood, such as:\nSerotonin\nNorepinephrine\nDopamine\nGamma-aminobutyric acid (\nGABA\n).\nThe best medication for you depends on your specific symptoms, other medications you are taking, and the severity of your condition.\nHealthcare providers might choose a medication with side effects that align with your symptoms.\nFor instance, an antidepressant that leads to weight gain may be suitable for someone who has depression-related appetite loss and weight loss.\nBelow is a summary of the most commonly used medications for anxiety and depression.\nSelective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nincrease serotonin levels. They are typically the first choice for people with the following conditions:\nDepression\nAnxiety disorders like\ngeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD)\n,\nsocial anxiety disorder\n, and panic disorder\nBoth depression and anxiety\nSide Effects\nThe most significant side effects of SSRIs are:\nSexual dysfunction\n, which occurs in over 80% of people who take SSRIs\nHeadache\nLong QT syndrome or QTc prolongation (the heart’s electrical system takes longer to recharge between heartbeats)\nWeight gain\nBrain bleeds\nDosage\nTypical doses of common SSRIs, which, unless otherwise specified, treat both anxiety and depression, include:\nCelexa (citalopram): 20 to 40 milligrams (mg) daily\nLexapro (escitalopram)\n: 5 to 20 mg daily for depression; 10 to 20 mg daily for anxiety\nPaxil (paroxetine): 20 to 40 mg daily for depression; 20 to 60 mg daily for anxiety\nZoloft (sertraline)\n: 50 to 200 mg daily\nProzac (fluoxetine)\n: 20 to 60 mg daily\nYoung Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.\nMTStock Studio \/ Getty Images\nSerotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)\nSerotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nincrease levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They are typically prescribed first for people with the following conditions:\nDepression plus chronic pain\nSevere depression\nAnxiety disorders, including GAD, social anxiety disorder, or panic disorder\nAntidepressant effects of SNRIs may be seen earlier than with SSRIs.\nSide Effects\nAdverse effects of SNRIs include:\nHeadache\nHigh blood pressure\n(hypertension)\nExcessive sweating\nDosage\nTypical doses of SNRIs to treat depression or anxiety are:\nEffexor (venlafaxine): 75 to 375 mg daily for depression or anxiety\nPristiq (desvenlafaxine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression; 50 to 100 mg daily for anxiety\nCymbalta (duloxetine): 30 to 60 mg daily for depression or anxiety\nSavella (milnacipran): 12.5 to 100 mg daily for depression\nFetzima (levomilnacipran): 20 to 120 mg daily for depression\nCymbalta Recalls\nStarting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer.\nIf you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetine\ncan be dangerous\n.\nThe recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released in \nOctober\n and \nDecember\n.\nTricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)\nLike SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.\nThey are most helpful for people with the following conditions:\nDepression plus pain due to fibromyalgia, nerve pain, or\nirritable bowel syndrome\nSevere depression\nAnxiety disorders like GAD or panic disorder\nTCAs should be used with caution in people who have heart disease.\nSide Effects\nSide effects of TCAs include:\nDry mouth\nConstipation\nInability to urinate (\nurinary retention\n)\nDizziness when standing (orthostatic hypotension)\nSeizures\nWeight gain\nIrregular heartbeat (\narrhythmia\n)\nTCAs are particularly dangerous in overdose situations.\nIf you or a loved one has taken too much of a TCA, seek medical help immediately.\nDosage\nAlthough this class of drugs is prescribed off-label for anxiety—meaning TCAs are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat anxiety but have been proven to help the condition—typical doses of TCAs prescribed for anxiety and depression include:\nAmitriptyline\n: 50 to 200 mg daily for depression\nPamelor (nortriptyline): 25 to 150 mg daily for depression; 50 to 150 mg daily for anxiety\nImipramine: 75 to 150 mg daily for depression; 100 to 300 mg daily for anxiety\nNorpramin (desipramine): 100 to 300 mg daily for depression; 100 to 200 mg daily for anxiety\nAnafranil (clomipramine): 100 to 250 mg daily for anxiety\nMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nwere the first antidepressants discovered in the 1950s. They increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels by blocking an enzyme that breaks down these chemical messengers.\nSome serious side effects and interactions with other medicines limit their use. Although they aren’t used often, MAOIs can be good choices for\ntreatment-resistant depression\n(when other medications have failed).\nSide Effects\nMAOIs may cause:\nHypertensive crisis\nWeight gain\nSexual dysfunction\nSerotonin syndrome\n(a buildup of serotonin levels in the body), especially if taken at high doses or with other medicines that increase serotonin levels\nSerotonin syndrome can be life-threatening. The following symptoms characterize serotonin syndrome:\nAgitation\nSweating\nHigh heart rate (\ntachycardia\n)\nNausea or vomiting\nSeizures\nStiff muscles\nDilated pupils\nMAOIs are the main drug class associated with serotonin syndrome, so if you take one of these medications, watch for any of these effects.\nThese are signs of an emergency, so go to your nearest emergency room or call 911 if you experience any of them.\nDosage\nTypical doses of MAOIs for depression or anxiety are:\nMarplan (isocarboxazid): 20 to 60 mg daily for depression\nNardil (phenelzine): 45 to 90 mg daily for depression; 30 to 90 mg daily for anxiety\nEmsam (selegiline patch): 6 to 12 mg applied to the skin every 24 hours for depression\nBenzodiazepines\nBenzodiazepines\n(sometimes referred to as benzos) are controlled substances that are also used for seizures and\nmuscle spasms\n. They increase the effects of GABA and can help treat anxiety but not depression.\nBenzos have a rapid onset of action (they start acting quickly). They are typically used only as needed or as a bridge until antidepressants like SSRIs or SNRIs kick in.\nSide Effects\nSide effects associated with benzos include:\nDependence or drug use disorder\nRespiratory depression (slow breathing)\nSedation\nDosage\nBenzodiazepines are not used for depression, but may be used to treat anxiety at the following doses:\nKlonopin (clonazepam): 1 to 2 mg daily\nXanax (alprazolam)\n: 1 to 4 mg daily\nAtivan (lorazepam): 2 to 6 mg daily\nLibrium (chlordiazepoxide): 20 to 100 mg daily\nBeta-Blockers\nBeta-blockers\nare traditional heart medications. One of them,\npropranolol\n, is sometimes used off-label for\nperformance anxiety\n(stage fright) or post-traumatic stress disorder (\nPTSD\n).\nIn low doses, propranolol can counteract the adrenaline rush that causes symptoms of stage fright, such as shaking and a high heart rate.\nOverall, though, there’s not much evidence to support using beta-blockers like propranolol for anxiety, and they are not appropriate treatments for depression.\nSide Effects\nSide effects of propranolol include:\nDizziness\nFatigue\nSlow heart rate\nLow blood pressure\nRash\nBronchospasm\n(wheezing)\nHeart failure\nDosage\nPropranolol at doses of 60 to 120 mg daily is used off-label for anxiety.\nAtypical Antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants work by different pathways to increase dopamine or norepinephrine in the body.\nThey are a good choice for people who have sexual dysfunction or other side effects related to the use of SSRIs or SNRIs.\nSide Effects\nBecause medicines in this “catch-all” class aren’t structurally related, side effects vary. Significant side effects associated with atypical antidepressants include:\nSeizures with bupropion\nWeight gain and sleepiness with mirtazapine\nLiver toxicity with agomelatine\nNote that\nbupropion\nshould not be taken by people with seizure disorders or a history of seizures.\nDosage\nHere are the typical doses used for these atypical antidepressants.\nWellbutrin (bupropion): 150 to 300 mg daily\nRemeron (mirtazapine): 15 to 45 mg daily for depression or anxiety\nValdoxan (agomelatine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression\nN-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists\nNMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that may treat memory loss and brain damage associated with Alzheimer’s disease and major depressive disorder (MDD).\nNMDA receptors allow the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to attach to its binding site. When glutamate binds to the NMDA receptor, it causes the release of calcium into the nerve cells. They are prescribed for some of the following conditions:\nAlzheimer’s disease\nMajor depressive disorder (MDD)\nSide Effects\nAdverse effects of NMDA receptor antagonists include:\nHeadache\nFatigue\nConstipation\nDosage\nTypical doses of NMDA receptor antagonists to treat depression are:\nSpravato (esketamine): 56 or 84 mg weekly or every 2 weeks for depression\nAdjunctive Therapy for Major Depression\nIn 2025, the antipsychotic drug Caplyta (lumateprone) was FDA-approved to treat adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) when taken along with an antidepressant. Research has shown that it can improve symptoms of MDD as compared with taking an oral antidepressant alone.\nOther Interventions\nDepending on the severity of your anxiety or depression, other interventions may be helpful alone or in conjunction with medications. These interventions include:\nExercise\n: Exercise has been proven to be as effective as antidepressants or psychotherapy for mild or moderate depression and to augment the effects of other treatments on severe depression. The most significant benefit is seen with aerobic exercise (often called cardio). And while there are fewer studies of exercise’s effects on anxiety, it seems to be about as effective as other treatments.\nCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)\n: In people who are depressed,\nCBT\ninvolves replacing negative thoughts and distortions with helpful techniques to improve mood. It can enhance the effects of antidepressants and lower the risk of relapse.\nCBT also has modest benefits for people with anxiety, especially those with\nobsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)\n, GAD, or\nacute stress disorder\n.\nMeditation\n: There's not enough evidence to recommend meditation as the only treatment for anxiety or depression. That said, focusing on mindfulness is helpful for people with depression, and benefits can last up to six months. There isn't as much data supporting meditation for people with anxiety.\nYoga\n: This intervention is best as an add-on to conventional treatments for people with depression or panic disorder. Even just one hour-long session per week has been shown to reduce symptoms.\nDiscussing your mood and any symptoms you may have with your healthcare provider before self-treating is essential. This will ensure that you are getting all the help you need.\nNutrition Considerations\nHerbal supplements that have been studied for anxiety and depression include:\nKava\nCannabidiol (CBD)\nAshwagandha\nLavender\nChamomile\nBlack cohosh\nSaffron\nOmega-3 fatty acids\nMagnesium\nSaint John’s wort\nSaint John’s wort interacts with many medications. Before trying these or any other supplements, discuss them with your healthcare provider to ensure they don't interact with any other medications you may be taking. These are not safe choices for everyone.\nSupplements that increase serotonin levels shouldn't be taken with SSRIs or SNRIs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. A few of these supplements include:\nTryptophan\nSaint John’s wort\n5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)\nFrequently Asked Questions\nSSRIs are the most effective medicines for treating both anxiety and depression and usually are the first prescribed.\nThey are even more effective when combined with therapy.\nSSRIs or SNRIs are often the first choice for treating anxiety disorders, such as GAD and panic disorder.\nA review of 41 clinical trials found that Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Lexapro (escitalopram) are very effective for adults with GAD.\nSince these drugs may take weeks to work fully, benzodiazepines are sometimes given initially.\nAll antidepressants have side effects, but newer drugs like SSRIs and SNRIs typically cause fewer severe side effects than older ones like TCAs and benzodiazepines.\nManaging stress can be done through several methods like adequate sleep, seeking help, healthy eating, exercise, meditation, yoga, or cognitive behavioral therapy.\nIf you're overwhelmed or hopeless, consider seeking medical help. Remember, you're not alone. For anxiety support, contact the\nSAMHSA National Helpline\n at \n800-662-4357 \nfor information on support and treatment facilities in your area if you are struggling with anxiety.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#skip-to-content)\n\nMenu\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n  - [Colorectal Cancer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/colon-cancer-4014742)\n  - [Arthritis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/arthritis-overview-4582013)\n  - [Type 2 Diabetes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/type-2-diabetes-overview-4581874)\n  - [Digestive Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/digestive-health-4141198)\n  - [Multiple Sclerosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/multiple-sclerosis-overview-4581925)\n  - [Skin Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/skin-health-4014649)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n- [Prevention & Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prevention-and-treatment-4158390)\n  - 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[Public Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/public-health-4158386)\n  - [Patient Rights](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/patient-rights-4014673)\n  - [Disability](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/disability-4014735)\n  - [Caregivers & Loved Ones](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/for-caregivers-and-loved-ones-4014749)\n  - [End of Life Concerns](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/end-of-life-overview-4581973)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-care-4014769)\n- [News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/news-4846412)\n  - [Health News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-news-4844929)\n  - [Studies & Guidelines](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/studies-and-guidelines-11869035)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/news-4846412)\n\n[More in Mental Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mental-health-5079153)\n\n- [Mental Health Disorder Symptoms](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mental-health-disorders-symptoms-8646516)\n- [Autism](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/autism-overview-4582004)\n- [ADHD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/adhd-8430762)\n- [Bipolar Disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bipolar-disorder-8431792)\n- [Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/depression-8431794)\n- [OCD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ocd-related-disorders-8431799)\n- [Anxiety Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-disorders-5205106)\n- [Mood Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mood-disorders-5205099)\n- [Eating Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/eating-disorders-5205104)\n- [Neurodevelopmental Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/neurodevelopmental-disorders-5205110)\n- [Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/therapy-5205107)\n- [Personality Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/personality-disorders-5205101)\n- [Psychotic Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/psychotic-disorders-5205105)\n- [Substance Use Disorder & Addiction](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/substance-use-disorder-addiction-5205102)\n- [Psychology](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/psychology-8431801)\n- [Trauma & Stressor-Related Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/trauma-and-stressor-related-disorders-5205109)\n\n[View More](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mental-health-5079153)\n\nTools & Resources\n\n- [Thyroid Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thyroid-test-analyzer-8647820)\n- [Doctor Discussion Guides](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/doctor-discussion-guides-4179090)\n- [Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/a1c-test-analyzer-8647852)\n- [Lipid Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lipid-test-analyzer-8647856)\n- [Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/complete-blood-count-cbc-analyzer-8647862)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/about-us-5180305)\n- [Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n- [Medical Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n\nVerywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.\n\nⒸ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved\n\n# What Are the Best Medications for Anxiety and Depression?\nBy [Megan Nunn, PharmD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/megan-nunn-6504215)\n\nUpdated on March 06, 2026\n\nMedically reviewed by  [Lindsay Cook, PharmD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lindsay-cook-5215415)\n\nTable of Contents\n\nView All\n\nTable of Contents\n\n- [Anxiety and Depression Medications](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-what-medications-are-available-for-anxiety-and-depression)\n- [SSRIs](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris)\n- [SNRIs](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake-inhibitors-snris)\n- [TCAs](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-tricyclic-antidepressants-tcas)\n- [MAOIs](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois)\n- [Benzodiazepines](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-benzodiazepines)\n- [Beta-Blockers](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-beta-blockers)\n- [Atypical Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-atypical-antidepressants)\n- [Other Interventions](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-other-interventions)\n- [Nutrition Considerations](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-nutrition-considerations)\n- [Frequently Asked Questions](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-frequently-asked-questions-5c835260-5e2e-423a-bde4-42de51f27742)\n\nClose\n\n### Key Takeaways\n- SSRIs are often the first choice for treating depression and various anxiety disorders.\n- Medications for anxiety and depression work by boosting neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA.\n- The right medication depends on your symptoms, current medications, and the severity of your condition.\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-attack-5088600) and [depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/different-types-of-depression-overview-5209204) are common but serious mental health issues that can cause a dramatic decrease in functioning and quality of life. In the United States, about 1 in 5 people experience anxiety, and 1 in 10 have depression.\n\nAnxiety symptoms can include:\n\n- Excessive worry\n- Avoiding situations or activities that provoke anxiety\n- [Panic attacks](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/panic-attacks-symptoms-5093170)\n\nDepression symptoms can include:\n\n- Persistent sadness\n- [Fatigue](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/fatigue-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-4768481)\n- Inability to feel pleasure ([anhedonia](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anhedonia-definition-5189496))\n- Impaired mental function\n\nBoth [genetic](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/is-depression-genetic-11699770) and environmental factors can contribute to [anxiety and depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-and-depression-8547945). Some of the causes of these disorders overlap, including:\n\n- Family history of depression\n- Low [self-esteem](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-self-esteem-5205044)\n- Childhood [abuse](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cycle-of-abuse-5210940)\n- [Traumatic experiences](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-let-go-of-past-trauma-5212227)\n\nHere’s what you need to know about treatment options for anxiety and depression.\n\n### What to Do If You’re Feeling Depressed or Anxious\nIf you or a loved one is struggling with anxiety or depression, contact the [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-help\/national-helpline) at **800-662-4357** for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.\n\nIf you have suicidal thoughts, dial **988** to contact the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one is in immediate danger, call **911**.\n## What Medications Are Available for Anxiety and Depression?\nThere are various types of medications used to treat anxiety and depression. These medications work by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters, chemicals involved in regulating mood, such as:\n\n- [Serotonin](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/serotonin-8682041)\n- [Norepinephrine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/norepinephrine-what-does-or-doesnt-it-do-for-you-3967568)\n- [Dopamine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/dopamine-5086831)\n- Gamma-aminobutyric acid ([GABA](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/gaba-5095143)).\n\nThe best medication for you depends on your specific symptoms, other medications you are taking, and the severity of your condition.\n\nHealthcare providers might choose a medication with side effects that align with your symptoms. For instance, an antidepressant that leads to weight gain may be suitable for someone who has depression-related appetite loss and weight loss.\n\nBelow is a summary of the most commonly used medications for anxiety and depression.\n\n## Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)\n[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris-5223678) increase serotonin levels. They are typically the first choice for people with the following conditions:\n\n- Depression\n- Anxiety disorders like [generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/generalized-anxiety-disorder-5092814), [social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-social-anxiety-disorder-is-treated-5113725), and panic disorder\n- Both depression and anxiety\n### Side Effects\nThe most significant side effects of SSRIs are:\n\n- [Sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/post-ssri-erectile-dysfunction-5218272), which occurs in over 80% of people who take SSRIs\n- [Headache](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/headache-7151625)\n- Long QT syndrome or QTc prolongation (the heart’s electrical system takes longer to recharge between heartbeats)\n- [Weight gain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/weight-gain-5524770)\n- [Brain bleeds](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/a-subdural-hematoma-is-bleed-into-the-brain-1720023)\n### Dosage\nTypical doses of common SSRIs, which, unless otherwise specified, treat both anxiety and depression, include:\n\n- Celexa (citalopram): 20 to 40 milligrams (mg) daily\n- [Lexapro (escitalopram)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lexapro-weight-gain-5192700): 5 to 20 mg daily for depression; 10 to 20 mg daily for anxiety\n- Paxil (paroxetine): 20 to 40 mg daily for depression; 20 to 60 mg daily for anxiety\n- [Zoloft (sertraline)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/this-is-how-quickly-zoloft-starts-working-7556451): 50 to 200 mg daily\n- [Prozac (fluoxetine)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/this-is-how-quickly-prozac-starts-working-7963330): 20 to 60 mg daily\n\n![Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.]()\n\n![Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/sckK7yiEFiYWh67vWit0f0wIbOM=\/1500x0\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1403115160-8cb7763ab5b14c9aa09a075b2856520d.jpg)\n\nYoung Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.\n\nMTStock Studio \/ Getty Images\n## Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)\n[Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ssris-vs-snris-5193051) increase levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They are typically prescribed first for people with the following conditions:\n\n- Depression plus chronic pain\n- Severe depression\n- Anxiety disorders, including GAD, social anxiety disorder, or panic disorder\n\nAntidepressant effects of SNRIs may be seen earlier than with SSRIs.\n\n### Side Effects\nAdverse effects of SNRIs include:\n\n- Headache\n- [High blood pressure](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-high-blood-pressure-7562377) (hypertension)\n- Excessive sweating\n### Dosage\nTypical doses of SNRIs to treat depression or anxiety are:\n\n- Effexor (venlafaxine): 75 to 375 mg daily for depression or anxiety\n- Pristiq (desvenlafaxine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression; 50 to 100 mg daily for anxiety\n- Cymbalta (duloxetine): 30 to 60 mg daily for depression or anxiety\n- Savella (milnacipran): 12.5 to 100 mg daily for depression\n- Fetzima (levomilnacipran): 20 to 120 mg daily for depression\n\n### Cymbalta Recalls\nStarting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer. If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetine[can be dangerous](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/duloxetine-withdrawal-side-effects-when-stopping-8681263).\n\nThe recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released in [October](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/ires\/?Product=210449) and [December](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/ires\/?Product=211120).\n## Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)\nLike SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. They are most helpful for people with the following conditions:\n\n- Depression plus pain due to fibromyalgia, nerve pain, or [irritable bowel syndrome](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/antispasmodics-for-ibs-1945153)\n- Severe depression\n- Anxiety disorders like GAD or panic disorder\n\nTCAs should be used with caution in people who have heart disease.\n\n### Side Effects\nSide effects of TCAs include:\n\n- [Dry mouth](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/causes-of-mouth-dryness-at-night-3014727)\n- [Constipation](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/when-is-constipation-an-emergency-7852525)\n- Inability to urinate ([urinary retention](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/urinary-retention-5213842))\n- Dizziness when standing (orthostatic hypotension)\n- [Seizures](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/seizures-7546651)\n- Weight gain\n- Irregular heartbeat ([arrhythmia](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cardiac-arrhythmias-signs-and-symptoms-4160572))\n\nTCAs are particularly dangerous in overdose situations. If you or a loved one has taken too much of a TCA, seek medical help immediately.\n\n### Dosage\nAlthough this class of drugs is prescribed off-label for anxiety—meaning TCAs are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat anxiety but have been proven to help the condition—typical doses of TCAs prescribed for anxiety and depression include:\n\n- [Amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-safely-take-elavil-amitriptyline-for-back-pain-296488): 50 to 200 mg daily for depression\n- Pamelor (nortriptyline): 25 to 150 mg daily for depression; 50 to 150 mg daily for anxiety\n- Imipramine: 75 to 150 mg daily for depression; 100 to 300 mg daily for anxiety\n- Norpramin (desipramine): 100 to 300 mg daily for depression; 100 to 200 mg daily for anxiety\n- Anafranil (clomipramine): 100 to 250 mg daily for anxiety\n## Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)\n[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bpd-borderline-personality-disorder-medications-5100909) were the first antidepressants discovered in the 1950s. They increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels by blocking an enzyme that breaks down these chemical messengers.\n\nSome serious side effects and interactions with other medicines limit their use. Although they aren’t used often, MAOIs can be good choices for [treatment-resistant depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/treatment-resistant-depression-5270572) (when other medications have failed).\n\n### Side Effects\nMAOIs may cause:\n\n- [Hypertensive crisis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/symptoms-of-hypertension-1763965)\n- [Weight gain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/weight-gain-5524770)\n- [Sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/psychogenic-erectile-dysfunction-5201654)\n- [Serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/serotonin-8682041) (a buildup of serotonin levels in the body), especially if taken at high doses or with other medicines that increase serotonin levels\n\nSerotonin syndrome can be life-threatening. The following symptoms characterize serotonin syndrome:\n\n- Agitation\n- Sweating\n- High heart rate ([tachycardia](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/tachycardias-the-fast-heart-rhythms-1746270))\n- [Nausea or vomiting](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/why-do-i-feel-nauseous-8673675)\n- [Seizures](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/seizures-7546651)\n- [Stiff muscles](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/muscle-stiffness-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-5525837)\n- [Dilated pupils](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mydriasis-5114015)\n\nMAOIs are the main drug class associated with serotonin syndrome, so if you take one of these medications, watch for any of these effects. These are signs of an emergency, so go to your nearest emergency room or call 911 if you experience any of them.\n\n### Dosage\nTypical doses of MAOIs for depression or anxiety are:\n\n- Marplan (isocarboxazid): 20 to 60 mg daily for depression\n- Nardil (phenelzine): 45 to 90 mg daily for depression; 30 to 90 mg daily for anxiety\n- Emsam (selegiline patch): 6 to 12 mg applied to the skin every 24 hours for depression\n## Benzodiazepines\n[Benzodiazepines](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/uses-types-and-risks-of-benzodiazepines-8631164) (sometimes referred to as benzos) are controlled substances that are also used for seizures and [muscle spasms](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-causes-muscle-spasms-and-cramps-3120487). They increase the effects of GABA and can help treat anxiety but not depression.\n\nBenzos have a rapid onset of action (they start acting quickly). They are typically used only as needed or as a bridge until antidepressants like SSRIs or SNRIs kick in.\n\n### Side Effects\nSide effects associated with benzos include:\n\n- Dependence or drug use disorder\n- Respiratory depression (slow breathing)\n- Sedation\n### Dosage\nBenzodiazepines are not used for depression, but may be used to treat anxiety at the following doses:\n\n- Klonopin (clonazepam): 1 to 2 mg daily\n- [Xanax (alprazolam)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-does-xanax-work-7499265): 1 to 4 mg daily\n- Ativan (lorazepam): 2 to 6 mg daily\n- Librium (chlordiazepoxide): 20 to 100 mg daily\n## Beta-Blockers\n[Beta-blockers](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/propranolol-vs-metoprolol-11691471) are traditional heart medications. One of them, [propranolol](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-long-does-propranolol-last-for-anxiety-7561578), is sometimes used off-label for [performance anxiety](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/performance-anxiety-5200716) (stage fright) or post-traumatic stress disorder ([PTSD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-ptsd-is-diagnosed-5114706)).\n\nIn low doses, propranolol can counteract the adrenaline rush that causes symptoms of stage fright, such as shaking and a high heart rate. Overall, though, there’s not much evidence to support using beta-blockers like propranolol for anxiety, and they are not appropriate treatments for depression.\n\n### Side Effects\nSide effects of propranolol include:\n\n- [Dizziness](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/is-my-dizziness-a-side-effect-2488844)\n- Fatigue\n- [Slow heart rate](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/sinus-bradycardia-1746253)\n- Low blood pressure\n- Rash\n- [Bronchospasm](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bronchospasm-overview-4175352) (wheezing)\n- [Heart failure](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/types-of-heart-failure-5199454)\n### Dosage\nPropranolol at doses of 60 to 120 mg daily is used off-label for anxiety.\n\n## Atypical Antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants work by different pathways to increase dopamine or norepinephrine in the body. They are a good choice for people who have sexual dysfunction or other side effects related to the use of SSRIs or SNRIs.\n\n### Side Effects\nBecause medicines in this “catch-all” class aren’t structurally related, side effects vary. Significant side effects associated with atypical antidepressants include:\n\n- Seizures with bupropion\n- Weight gain and sleepiness with mirtazapine\n- Liver toxicity with agomelatine\n\nNote that [bupropion](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/wellbutrin-vs-lexapro-uses-safety-dosing-storage-7560352) should not be taken by people with seizure disorders or a history of seizures.\n\n### Dosage\nHere are the typical doses used for these atypical antidepressants.\n\n- Wellbutrin (bupropion): 150 to 300 mg daily\n- Remeron (mirtazapine): 15 to 45 mg daily for depression or anxiety\n- Valdoxan (agomelatine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression\n### N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists\nNMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that may treat memory loss and brain damage associated with Alzheimer’s disease and major depressive disorder (MDD).\n\nNMDA receptors allow the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to attach to its binding site. When glutamate binds to the NMDA receptor, it causes the release of calcium into the nerve cells. They are prescribed for some of the following conditions:\n\n- Alzheimer’s disease\n- Major depressive disorder (MDD)\n### Side Effects\nAdverse effects of NMDA receptor antagonists include:\n\n- Headache\n- Fatigue\n- Constipation\n### Dosage\nTypical doses of NMDA receptor antagonists to treat depression are:\n\n- Spravato (esketamine): 56 or 84 mg weekly or every 2 weeks for depression\n\n### Adjunctive Therapy for Major Depression\nIn 2025, the antipsychotic drug Caplyta (lumateprone) was FDA-approved to treat adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) when taken along with an antidepressant. Research has shown that it can improve symptoms of MDD as compared with taking an oral antidepressant alone.\n## Other Interventions\nDepending on the severity of your anxiety or depression, other interventions may be helpful alone or in conjunction with medications. These interventions include:\n\n- **Exercise**: Exercise has been proven to be as effective as antidepressants or psychotherapy for mild or moderate depression and to augment the effects of other treatments on severe depression. The most significant benefit is seen with aerobic exercise (often called cardio). And while there are fewer studies of exercise’s effects on anxiety, it seems to be about as effective as other treatments.\n- **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)**: In people who are depressed, [CBT](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/anxiety-therapy-4692759) involves replacing negative thoughts and distortions with helpful techniques to improve mood. It can enhance the effects of antidepressants and lower the risk of relapse. CBT also has modest benefits for people with anxiety, especially those with [obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-5084138), GAD, or [acute stress disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-ptsd-5084527).\n- **Meditation**: There's not enough evidence to recommend meditation as the only treatment for anxiety or depression. That said, focusing on mindfulness is helpful for people with depression, and benefits can last up to six months. There isn't as much data supporting meditation for people with anxiety.\n- **Yoga**: This intervention is best as an add-on to conventional treatments for people with depression or panic disorder. Even just one hour-long session per week has been shown to reduce symptoms.\n\nDiscussing your mood and any symptoms you may have with your healthcare provider before self-treating is essential. This will ensure that you are getting all the help you need.\n\n## Nutrition Considerations\nHerbal supplements that have been studied for anxiety and depression include:\n\n- [Kava](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/natural-ways-to-help-you-sleep-88230)\n- [Cannabidiol (CBD)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cbd-oil-for-diabetes-5113061)\n- [Ashwagandha](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ashwagandha-benefits-for-women-8776598)\n- [Lavender](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lavender-and-peppermint-essential-oils-for-headaches-and-migraines-4691276)\n- Chamomile\n- [Black cohosh](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/menopause-supplements-5190465)\n- [Saffron](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/saffron-8744443)\n- [Omega-3 fatty acids](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/omega-3-fatty-acids-8660468)\n- [Magnesium](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/does-magnesium-lower-or-raise-heart-rate-11920635)\n- [Saint John’s wort](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-st-johns-wort-7556278)\n\nSaint John’s wort interacts with many medications. Before trying these or any other supplements, discuss them with your healthcare provider to ensure they don't interact with any other medications you may be taking. These are not safe choices for everyone.\n\nSupplements that increase serotonin levels shouldn't be taken with SSRIs or SNRIs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. A few of these supplements include:\n\n- [Tryptophan](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-does-low-serotonin-feel-like-3972959)\n- Saint John’s wort\n- [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-vs-fibromyalgia-5213420)\n\n### Frequently Asked Questions\n- What medication is best for anxiety and depression?\n  SSRIs are the most effective medicines for treating both anxiety and depression and usually are the first prescribed. They are even more effective when combined with therapy.\n- What is the most recommended drug for anxiety?\n  SSRIs or SNRIs are often the first choice for treating anxiety disorders, such as GAD and panic disorder.\n  \n  A review of 41 clinical trials found that Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Lexapro (escitalopram) are very effective for adults with GAD.\n  \n  Since these drugs may take weeks to work fully, benzodiazepines are sometimes given initially.\n- What is the safest antidepressant for anxiety?\n  All antidepressants have side effects, but newer drugs like SSRIs and SNRIs typically cause fewer severe side effects than older ones like TCAs and benzodiazepines.\n- How can I reduce stress?\n  Managing stress can be done through several methods like adequate sleep, seeking help, healthy eating, exercise, meditation, yoga, or cognitive behavioral therapy.\n  \n  If you're overwhelmed or hopeless, consider seeking medical help. Remember, you're not alone. For anxiety support, contact the [SAMHSA National Helpline](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-help\/national-helpline) at **800-662-4357** for information on support and treatment facilities in your area if you are struggling with anxiety.\n\nRead more:\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mental-health-5079153)\n\n34 Sources\n\nVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our [editorial process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.\n\n1. Saeed SA, Cunningham K, Bloch RM. [Depression and anxiety disorders: benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation.](https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/pubs\/afp\/issues\/2019\/0515\/p620.html) *Am Fam Physician*. 2019;99(10):620-627.\n2. Szuhany KL, Simon NM. [Anxiety disorders: a review](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.22744). *JAMA*. 2022;328(24):2431-2445. doi:10.1001\/jama.2022.22744\n3. Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, et al. [Major depressive disorder](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2016.65). *Nat Rev Dis Primers*. 2016;2:16065. doi:10.1038\/nrdp.2016.65\n4. Blanco C, Rubio J, Wall M, et al. [Risk factors for anxiety disorders: common and specific effects in a national sample.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22247) *Depress Anxiety*. 2014;31(9):756-764. doi:10.1002\/da.22247\n5. National Library of Medicine. [The etiology of depression.](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK215119\/)\n6. Boyce P, Ma C. [Choosing an antidepressant](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18773\/austprescr.2020.064). *Aust Prescr*. 2021;44(1):12-15. doi:10.18773\/austprescr.2020.064\n7. Sheffler ZM, Patel P, Abdijadid S. [Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/). In: *StatPearls*. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.\n8. Coplan JD, Aaronson CJ, Panthangi V, et al. [Treating comorbid anxiety and depression: psychosocial and pharmacological approaches](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5498\/wjp.v5.i4.366). *World J Psychiatry*. 2015;5(4):366-378. doi:10.5498\/wjp.v5.i4.366\n9. Lee YC, Lin CH, Lin MS, et al. [Comparison of the effects of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cerebrovascular events](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.14m09394). *J Clin Psychiatry*. 2016;77(1):e1-e7. doi:10.4088\/JCP.14m09394\n10. Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC, et al. [Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: current and emerging treatment options](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.595584). *Front Psychiatry*. 2020;11:595584. doi:10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.595584\n11. National Library of Medicine. [Major depressive disorder.](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559078\/)\n12. Li J, Lu C, Gao Z, et al. [SNRIs achieve faster antidepressant effects than SSRIs by elevating the concentrations of dopamine in the forebrain](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108237). *Neuropharmacology*. 2020;177:108237. doi:10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108237\n13. Food and Drug Administration. [Control of nitrosamine impurities in human drugs: guidance for industry](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/control-nitrosamine-impurities-human-drugs).\n14. Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, et al. [Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2018.1491966). *Expert Opin Pharmacother*. 2018;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080\/14656566.2018.1491966\n15. Harmer CJ, Duman RS, Cowen PJ. [How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366%2817%2930015-9). *Lancet Psychiatry*. 2017;4(5):409-418. doi:10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30015-9\n16. Simon LV, Torrico TJ, Keenaghan M. [Serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482377\/). In: *StatPearls*. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.\n17. Foong AL, Grindrod KA, Patel T, Kellar J. [Demystifying serotonin syndrome (or serotonin toxicity)](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6184959\/). *Can Fam Physician*. 2018;64(10):720-727.\n18. Hernandez M, Walsh M, Stead T, et al. [Serotonin syndrome in the emergency department](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.6307). *Cureus*. 2019;11(12):e6307. doi:10.7759\/cureus.6307\n19. Szeleszczuk Ł, Frączkowski D. [Propranolol versus other selected drugs in the treatment of various types of anxiety or stress, with particular reference to stage fright and post-traumatic stress disorder](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231710099). *Int J Mol Sci*. 2022;23(17):10099. doi:10.3390\/ijms231710099\n20. Patel DR, Feucht C, Brown K, et al. [Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp.2017.08.05). *Transl Pediatr*. 2018;7(1):23-35. doi:10.21037\/tp.2017.08.05\n21. Dubovsky SL, Warren C. [Agomelatine, a melatonin agonist with antidepressant properties.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/13543780903292634) *Expert Opin Investig Drugs*. 2009;18(10):1533-1540. doi:10.1517\/13543780903292634\n22. Food and Drug Administration. [Spravato label.](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/211243s016lbl.pdf)\n23. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [CAPLYTA® (lumateperone) highlights of prescribing information](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/209500s016lbl.pdf).\n24. Verhoeven JE, Han LKM, Lever-van Milligen BA, et al. [Antidepressants or running therapy: Comparing effects on mental and physical health in patients with depression and anxiety disorders.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.064) *J Affect Disord*. 2023;329:19-29. doi:10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.064\n25. Gautam M, Tripathi A, Deshmukh D, et al. [Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_772_19) *Indian J Psychiatry*. 2020;62(Suppl 2):S223-S229. doi:10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry\\_772\\_19\n26. Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, et al. [Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22728) *Depress Anxiety*. 2018;35(6):502-514. doi:10.1002\/da.22728\n27. Yeung KS, Hernandez M, Mao JJ, Haviland I, Gubili J. [Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety: A systematic review with assessment of potential psycho-oncologic relevance](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29464801\/). *Phytother Res*. 2018;32(5):865-891. doi:10.1002\/ptr.6033\n28. Liao Y, Xie B, Zhang H, et al. [Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: a meta-analysis](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-019-0515-5). *Transl Psychiatry*. 2019;9(1):190. doi:10.1038\/s41398-019-0515-5\n29. Serefko A, Szopa A, Wlaź P, et al. [Magnesium in depression.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1734-1140%2813%2971032-6) *Pharmacol Rep*. 2013;65(3):547-554. doi:10.1016\/s1734-1140(13)71032-6\n30. Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CY. [Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: A meta-analysis.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.048) *J Affect Disord*. 2017;210:211-221. doi:10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.048\n31. Jennifer H, Mariana P, Karyn B. [Serotonin syndrome from 5-hydroxytryptophan supplement ingestion in a 9-month-old labrador retriever.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13181-017-0600-1) *J Med Toxicol*. 2017;13(2):183-186. doi:10.1007\/s13181-017-0600-1\n32. He H, Xiang Y, Gao F, et al. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of first-line drugs for the acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in adults: A network meta-analysis.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.08.009) *J Psychiatr Res*. 2019;118:21-30. doi:10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.08.009\n33. Worthen M, Cash E. [Stress Management.](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513300\/) In: *StatPearls*. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; August 14, 2023.\n34. Can YS, Iles-Smith H, Chalabianloo N, et al. [How to relax in stressful situations: a smart stress reduction system](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare8020100). *Healthcare (Basel)*. 2020;8(2):100. doi:10.3390\/healthcare8020100\n\n![Megan Nunn headshot]()\n\n![Megan Nunn headshot](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/wd51B95Lz-fjtc6L3Hd4vjRKAQ0=\/144x144\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/meganhs11-0550977a84f84b89966cf1799ce2bfb1.jpeg)\n\nBy [Megan Nunn, PharmD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/megan-nunn-6504215)   \n Nunn is a community pharmacist in Tennessee with 12 years of experience in medication counseling and immunization.\n\n[See Our Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n\n[Meet Our Medical Expert Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n\nShare Feedback\n\nWas this page helpful?\n\nThanks for your feedback\\!\n\nWhat is your feedback?\n\nHelpful\n\nReport an Error\n\nOther\n\nRelated Articles\n\n[![Bottle of Wellbutrin XL and bottle generic bupropion displayed next to open orange pill bottle spilling out pills]() ![Bottle of Wellbutrin XL and bottle generic bupropion displayed next to open orange pill bottle spilling out pills](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/OuO54SIfolCg7hNzBl8Ipk7xksk=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-94619445-9830d225950b4dcc97d36531d2d316d4.jpg) 3 Important Differences Between Prozac vs. Wellbutrin](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/wellbutrin-vs-prozac-8668314)\n\n[![Close-up of bottle of Cymbalta on pharmacy shelf with blurred background]() ![Close-up of bottle of Cymbalta on pharmacy shelf with blurred background](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/B50pd4-dIHLhVgZUtsOsZn6uB7I=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-457715546-835cea89847a48c89089fccb01516091.jpg) Cymbalta vs. Lexapro for Depression: Which Is Better?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cymbalta-vs-lexapro-for-depression-which-is-better-8647277)\n\n[![Prozac vs. Lexapro (Drug Article)]() ![Prozac vs. Lexapro (Drug Article)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/zRtyiHNjRen0df83WTRE51f9va8=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/Prozacvs.Lexapro-939be5905dcb4574b8f99dfda865b686.jpg) Lexapro vs. Prozac for Depression and Other Uses](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-lexapro-escitalopram-7486721)\n\n[![A prescription pill bottle of Lexapro (escitalopram)]() ![A prescription pill bottle of Lexapro (escitalopram)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/xn69Fin6-huwdIu3zq5czWtzGjo=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-3123206-39bfe3b064be4a3b904fbbd7bdf28dff.jpg) Is It Safe to Drink Alcohol With Lexapro?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/is-it-safe-to-mix-lexapro-and-alcohol-8431199)\n\n[![A woman washing fresh fruit]() ![A woman washing fresh fruit](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/39VXzzQkBUSnzCxTCjIn_CwuWuU=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1430813535-8645cc3c4f7a4720aa0f41ae44a9682e.jpg) What Are the Best Foods for Depression?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/foods-for-depression-8548225)\n\n[![Close-up of two Prozac boxes]() ![Close-up of two Prozac boxes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/4gil9S3ASb0zr_ubmOP1-YlmwWk=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-1742251214-8a56859241e147b4bb8e7e05cdbe529e.jpg) Which Antidepressants Cause Weight Loss?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/which-antidepressants-cause-weight-loss-8657160)\n\n[![Person lying on stomach in bed at home with blank stare]() ![Person lying on stomach in bed at home with blank stare](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/tpIYbJfy9uvma0BTjObtIu8JhhE=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/avolition-GettyImages-1421877961-9fd52cc155274fc29043cfcb83d52d44.jpg) What Is Avolition? 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Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.\n\nⒸ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved\n\nVerywell Health is part of the [People Inc.](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/) publishing family.","attrs_readable_markdown":"### Key Takeaways\n- SSRIs are often the first choice for treating depression and various anxiety disorders.\n- Medications for anxiety and depression work by boosting neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA.\n- The right medication depends on your symptoms, current medications, and the severity of your condition.\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-attack-5088600) and [depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/different-types-of-depression-overview-5209204) are common but serious mental health issues that can cause a dramatic decrease in functioning and quality of life. In the United States, about 1 in 5 people experience anxiety, and 1 in 10 have depression.\n\nAnxiety symptoms can include:\n\n- Excessive worry\n- Avoiding situations or activities that provoke anxiety\n- [Panic attacks](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/panic-attacks-symptoms-5093170)\n\nDepression symptoms can include:\n\n- Persistent sadness\n- [Fatigue](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/fatigue-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-4768481)\n- Inability to feel pleasure ([anhedonia](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anhedonia-definition-5189496))\n- Impaired mental function\n\nBoth [genetic](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/is-depression-genetic-11699770) and environmental factors can contribute to [anxiety and depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-and-depression-8547945). Some of the causes of these disorders overlap, including:\n\n- Family history of depression\n- Low [self-esteem](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-self-esteem-5205044)\n- Childhood [abuse](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cycle-of-abuse-5210940)\n- [Traumatic experiences](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-let-go-of-past-trauma-5212227)\n\nHere’s what you need to know about treatment options for anxiety and depression.\n\n## What Medications Are Available for Anxiety and Depression?\nThere are various types of medications used to treat anxiety and depression. These medications work by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters, chemicals involved in regulating mood, such as:\n\n- [Serotonin](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/serotonin-8682041)\n- [Norepinephrine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/norepinephrine-what-does-or-doesnt-it-do-for-you-3967568)\n- [Dopamine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/dopamine-5086831)\n- Gamma-aminobutyric acid ([GABA](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/gaba-5095143)).\n\nThe best medication for you depends on your specific symptoms, other medications you are taking, and the severity of your condition.\n\nHealthcare providers might choose a medication with side effects that align with your symptoms. For instance, an antidepressant that leads to weight gain may be suitable for someone who has depression-related appetite loss and weight loss.\n\nBelow is a summary of the most commonly used medications for anxiety and depression.\n\n## Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)\n[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris-5223678) increase serotonin levels. They are typically the first choice for people with the following conditions:\n\n- Depression\n- Anxiety disorders like [generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/generalized-anxiety-disorder-5092814), [social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-social-anxiety-disorder-is-treated-5113725), and panic disorder\n- Both depression and anxiety\n### Side Effects\nThe most significant side effects of SSRIs are:\n\n- [Sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/post-ssri-erectile-dysfunction-5218272), which occurs in over 80% of people who take SSRIs\n- [Headache](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/headache-7151625)\n- Long QT syndrome or QTc prolongation (the heart’s electrical system takes longer to recharge between heartbeats)\n- [Weight gain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/weight-gain-5524770)\n- [Brain bleeds](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/a-subdural-hematoma-is-bleed-into-the-brain-1720023)\n### Dosage\nTypical doses of common SSRIs, which, unless otherwise specified, treat both anxiety and depression, include:\n\n- Celexa (citalopram): 20 to 40 milligrams (mg) daily\n- [Lexapro (escitalopram)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lexapro-weight-gain-5192700): 5 to 20 mg daily for depression; 10 to 20 mg daily for anxiety\n- Paxil (paroxetine): 20 to 40 mg daily for depression; 20 to 60 mg daily for anxiety\n- [Zoloft (sertraline)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/this-is-how-quickly-zoloft-starts-working-7556451): 50 to 200 mg daily\n- [Prozac (fluoxetine)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/this-is-how-quickly-prozac-starts-working-7963330): 20 to 60 mg daily\n\nYoung Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.\n\nMTStock Studio \/ Getty Images\n## Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)\n[Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ssris-vs-snris-5193051) increase levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They are typically prescribed first for people with the following conditions:\n\n- Depression plus chronic pain\n- Severe depression\n- Anxiety disorders, including GAD, social anxiety disorder, or panic disorder\n\nAntidepressant effects of SNRIs may be seen earlier than with SSRIs.\n\n### Side Effects\nAdverse effects of SNRIs include:\n\n- Headache\n- [High blood pressure](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-high-blood-pressure-7562377) (hypertension)\n- Excessive sweating\n### Dosage\nTypical doses of SNRIs to treat depression or anxiety are:\n\n- Effexor (venlafaxine): 75 to 375 mg daily for depression or anxiety\n- Pristiq (desvenlafaxine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression; 50 to 100 mg daily for anxiety\n- Cymbalta (duloxetine): 30 to 60 mg daily for depression or anxiety\n- Savella (milnacipran): 12.5 to 100 mg daily for depression\n- Fetzima (levomilnacipran): 20 to 120 mg daily for depression\n\n### Cymbalta Recalls\nStarting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer. If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetine[can be dangerous](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/duloxetine-withdrawal-side-effects-when-stopping-8681263).\n\nThe recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released in [October](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/ires\/?Product=210449) and [December](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/ires\/?Product=211120).\n## Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)\nLike SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. They are most helpful for people with the following conditions:\n\n- Depression plus pain due to fibromyalgia, nerve pain, or [irritable bowel syndrome](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/antispasmodics-for-ibs-1945153)\n- Severe depression\n- Anxiety disorders like GAD or panic disorder\n\nTCAs should be used with caution in people who have heart disease.\n\n### Side Effects\nSide effects of TCAs include:\n\n- [Dry mouth](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/causes-of-mouth-dryness-at-night-3014727)\n- [Constipation](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/when-is-constipation-an-emergency-7852525)\n- Inability to urinate ([urinary retention](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/urinary-retention-5213842))\n- Dizziness when standing (orthostatic hypotension)\n- [Seizures](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/seizures-7546651)\n- Weight gain\n- Irregular heartbeat ([arrhythmia](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cardiac-arrhythmias-signs-and-symptoms-4160572))\n\nTCAs are particularly dangerous in overdose situations. If you or a loved one has taken too much of a TCA, seek medical help immediately.\n\n### Dosage\nAlthough this class of drugs is prescribed off-label for anxiety—meaning TCAs are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat anxiety but have been proven to help the condition—typical doses of TCAs prescribed for anxiety and depression include:\n\n- [Amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-safely-take-elavil-amitriptyline-for-back-pain-296488): 50 to 200 mg daily for depression\n- Pamelor (nortriptyline): 25 to 150 mg daily for depression; 50 to 150 mg daily for anxiety\n- Imipramine: 75 to 150 mg daily for depression; 100 to 300 mg daily for anxiety\n- Norpramin (desipramine): 100 to 300 mg daily for depression; 100 to 200 mg daily for anxiety\n- Anafranil (clomipramine): 100 to 250 mg daily for anxiety\n## Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)\n[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bpd-borderline-personality-disorder-medications-5100909) were the first antidepressants discovered in the 1950s. They increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels by blocking an enzyme that breaks down these chemical messengers.\n\nSome serious side effects and interactions with other medicines limit their use. Although they aren’t used often, MAOIs can be good choices for [treatment-resistant depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/treatment-resistant-depression-5270572) (when other medications have failed).\n\n### Side Effects\nMAOIs may cause:\n\n- [Hypertensive crisis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/symptoms-of-hypertension-1763965)\n- [Weight gain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/weight-gain-5524770)\n- [Sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/psychogenic-erectile-dysfunction-5201654)\n- [Serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/serotonin-8682041) (a buildup of serotonin levels in the body), especially if taken at high doses or with other medicines that increase serotonin levels\n\nSerotonin syndrome can be life-threatening. The following symptoms characterize serotonin syndrome:\n\n- Agitation\n- Sweating\n- High heart rate ([tachycardia](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/tachycardias-the-fast-heart-rhythms-1746270))\n- [Nausea or vomiting](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/why-do-i-feel-nauseous-8673675)\n- [Seizures](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/seizures-7546651)\n- [Stiff muscles](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/muscle-stiffness-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-5525837)\n- [Dilated pupils](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mydriasis-5114015)\n\nMAOIs are the main drug class associated with serotonin syndrome, so if you take one of these medications, watch for any of these effects. These are signs of an emergency, so go to your nearest emergency room or call 911 if you experience any of them.\n\n### Dosage\nTypical doses of MAOIs for depression or anxiety are:\n\n- Marplan (isocarboxazid): 20 to 60 mg daily for depression\n- Nardil (phenelzine): 45 to 90 mg daily for depression; 30 to 90 mg daily for anxiety\n- Emsam (selegiline patch): 6 to 12 mg applied to the skin every 24 hours for depression\n## Benzodiazepines\n[Benzodiazepines](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/uses-types-and-risks-of-benzodiazepines-8631164) (sometimes referred to as benzos) are controlled substances that are also used for seizures and [muscle spasms](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-causes-muscle-spasms-and-cramps-3120487). They increase the effects of GABA and can help treat anxiety but not depression.\n\nBenzos have a rapid onset of action (they start acting quickly). They are typically used only as needed or as a bridge until antidepressants like SSRIs or SNRIs kick in.\n\n### Side Effects\nSide effects associated with benzos include:\n\n- Dependence or drug use disorder\n- Respiratory depression (slow breathing)\n- Sedation\n### Dosage\nBenzodiazepines are not used for depression, but may be used to treat anxiety at the following doses:\n\n- Klonopin (clonazepam): 1 to 2 mg daily\n- [Xanax (alprazolam)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-does-xanax-work-7499265): 1 to 4 mg daily\n- Ativan (lorazepam): 2 to 6 mg daily\n- Librium (chlordiazepoxide): 20 to 100 mg daily\n## Beta-Blockers\n[Beta-blockers](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/propranolol-vs-metoprolol-11691471) are traditional heart medications. One of them, [propranolol](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-long-does-propranolol-last-for-anxiety-7561578), is sometimes used off-label for [performance anxiety](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/performance-anxiety-5200716) (stage fright) or post-traumatic stress disorder ([PTSD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-ptsd-is-diagnosed-5114706)).\n\nIn low doses, propranolol can counteract the adrenaline rush that causes symptoms of stage fright, such as shaking and a high heart rate. Overall, though, there’s not much evidence to support using beta-blockers like propranolol for anxiety, and they are not appropriate treatments for depression.\n\n### Side Effects\nSide effects of propranolol include:\n\n- [Dizziness](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/is-my-dizziness-a-side-effect-2488844)\n- Fatigue\n- [Slow heart rate](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/sinus-bradycardia-1746253)\n- Low blood pressure\n- Rash\n- [Bronchospasm](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bronchospasm-overview-4175352) (wheezing)\n- [Heart failure](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/types-of-heart-failure-5199454)\n### Dosage\nPropranolol at doses of 60 to 120 mg daily is used off-label for anxiety.\n\n## Atypical Antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants work by different pathways to increase dopamine or norepinephrine in the body. They are a good choice for people who have sexual dysfunction or other side effects related to the use of SSRIs or SNRIs.\n\n### Side Effects\nBecause medicines in this “catch-all” class aren’t structurally related, side effects vary. Significant side effects associated with atypical antidepressants include:\n\n- Seizures with bupropion\n- Weight gain and sleepiness with mirtazapine\n- Liver toxicity with agomelatine\n\nNote that [bupropion](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/wellbutrin-vs-lexapro-uses-safety-dosing-storage-7560352) should not be taken by people with seizure disorders or a history of seizures.\n\n### Dosage\nHere are the typical doses used for these atypical antidepressants.\n\n- Wellbutrin (bupropion): 150 to 300 mg daily\n- Remeron (mirtazapine): 15 to 45 mg daily for depression or anxiety\n- Valdoxan (agomelatine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression\n### N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists\nNMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that may treat memory loss and brain damage associated with Alzheimer’s disease and major depressive disorder (MDD).\n\nNMDA receptors allow the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to attach to its binding site. When glutamate binds to the NMDA receptor, it causes the release of calcium into the nerve cells. They are prescribed for some of the following conditions:\n\n- Alzheimer’s disease\n- Major depressive disorder (MDD)\n### Side Effects\nAdverse effects of NMDA receptor antagonists include:\n\n- Headache\n- Fatigue\n- Constipation\n### Dosage\nTypical doses of NMDA receptor antagonists to treat depression are:\n\n- Spravato (esketamine): 56 or 84 mg weekly or every 2 weeks for depression\n\n### Adjunctive Therapy for Major Depression\nIn 2025, the antipsychotic drug Caplyta (lumateprone) was FDA-approved to treat adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) when taken along with an antidepressant. Research has shown that it can improve symptoms of MDD as compared with taking an oral antidepressant alone.\n## Other Interventions\nDepending on the severity of your anxiety or depression, other interventions may be helpful alone or in conjunction with medications. These interventions include:\n\n- **Exercise**: Exercise has been proven to be as effective as antidepressants or psychotherapy for mild or moderate depression and to augment the effects of other treatments on severe depression. The most significant benefit is seen with aerobic exercise (often called cardio). And while there are fewer studies of exercise’s effects on anxiety, it seems to be about as effective as other treatments.\n- **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)**: In people who are depressed, [CBT](https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/anxiety-therapy-4692759) involves replacing negative thoughts and distortions with helpful techniques to improve mood. It can enhance the effects of antidepressants and lower the risk of relapse. CBT also has modest benefits for people with anxiety, especially those with [obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-5084138), GAD, or [acute stress disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-ptsd-5084527).\n- **Meditation**: There's not enough evidence to recommend meditation as the only treatment for anxiety or depression. That said, focusing on mindfulness is helpful for people with depression, and benefits can last up to six months. There isn't as much data supporting meditation for people with anxiety.\n- **Yoga**: This intervention is best as an add-on to conventional treatments for people with depression or panic disorder. Even just one hour-long session per week has been shown to reduce symptoms.\n\nDiscussing your mood and any symptoms you may have with your healthcare provider before self-treating is essential. This will ensure that you are getting all the help you need.\n\n## Nutrition Considerations\nHerbal supplements that have been studied for anxiety and depression include:\n\n- [Kava](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/natural-ways-to-help-you-sleep-88230)\n- [Cannabidiol (CBD)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cbd-oil-for-diabetes-5113061)\n- [Ashwagandha](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ashwagandha-benefits-for-women-8776598)\n- [Lavender](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lavender-and-peppermint-essential-oils-for-headaches-and-migraines-4691276)\n- Chamomile\n- [Black cohosh](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/menopause-supplements-5190465)\n- [Saffron](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/saffron-8744443)\n- [Omega-3 fatty acids](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/omega-3-fatty-acids-8660468)\n- [Magnesium](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/does-magnesium-lower-or-raise-heart-rate-11920635)\n- [Saint John’s wort](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-st-johns-wort-7556278)\n\nSaint John’s wort interacts with many medications. Before trying these or any other supplements, discuss them with your healthcare provider to ensure they don't interact with any other medications you may be taking. These are not safe choices for everyone.\n\nSupplements that increase serotonin levels shouldn't be taken with SSRIs or SNRIs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. A few of these supplements include:\n\n- [Tryptophan](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-does-low-serotonin-feel-like-3972959)\n- Saint John’s wort\n- [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-vs-fibromyalgia-5213420)\n\n### Frequently Asked Questions\n- SSRIs are the most effective medicines for treating both anxiety and depression and usually are the first prescribed. They are even more effective when combined with therapy.\n- SSRIs or SNRIs are often the first choice for treating anxiety disorders, such as GAD and panic disorder.\n  \n  A review of 41 clinical trials found that Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Lexapro (escitalopram) are very effective for adults with GAD.\n  \n  Since these drugs may take weeks to work fully, benzodiazepines are sometimes given initially.\n- All antidepressants have side effects, but newer drugs like SSRIs and SNRIs typically cause fewer severe side effects than older ones like TCAs and benzodiazepines.\n- Managing stress can be done through several methods like adequate sleep, seeking help, healthy eating, exercise, meditation, yoga, or cognitive behavioral therapy.\n  \n  If you're overwhelmed or hopeless, consider seeking medical help. Remember, you're not alone. For anxiety support, contact the [SAMHSA National Helpline](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-help\/national-helpline) at **800-662-4357** for information on support and treatment facilities in your area if you are struggling with anxiety.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Medications for Anxiety and Depression
Meta Description	This thorough list of anxiety and depression medications may help you decide which treatment may be right for you.
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Boilerpipe Text	Key Takeaways SSRIs are often the first choice for treating depression and various anxiety disorders. Medications for anxiety and depression work by boosting neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA. The right medication depends on your symptoms, current medications, and the severity of your condition. Anxiety and depression are common but serious mental health issues that can cause a dramatic decrease in functioning and quality of life. In the United States, about 1 in 5 people experience anxiety, and 1 in 10 have depression. Anxiety symptoms can include: Excessive worry Avoiding situations or activities that provoke anxiety Panic attacks Depression symptoms can include: Persistent sadness Fatigue Inability to feel pleasure ( anhedonia ) Impaired mental function Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to anxiety and depression . Some of the causes of these disorders overlap, including: Family history of depression Low self-esteem Childhood abuse Traumatic experiences Here’s what you need to know about treatment options for anxiety and depression. What Medications Are Available for Anxiety and Depression? There are various types of medications used to treat anxiety and depression. These medications work by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters, chemicals involved in regulating mood, such as: Serotonin Norepinephrine Dopamine Gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ). The best medication for you depends on your specific symptoms, other medications you are taking, and the severity of your condition. Healthcare providers might choose a medication with side effects that align with your symptoms. For instance, an antidepressant that leads to weight gain may be suitable for someone who has depression-related appetite loss and weight loss. Below is a summary of the most commonly used medications for anxiety and depression. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels. They are typically the first choice for people with the following conditions: Depression Anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) , social anxiety disorder , and panic disorder Both depression and anxiety Side Effects The most significant side effects of SSRIs are: Sexual dysfunction , which occurs in over 80% of people who take SSRIs Headache Long QT syndrome or QTc prolongation (the heart’s electrical system takes longer to recharge between heartbeats) Weight gain Brain bleeds Dosage Typical doses of common SSRIs, which, unless otherwise specified, treat both anxiety and depression, include: Celexa (citalopram): 20 to 40 milligrams (mg) daily Lexapro (escitalopram) : 5 to 20 mg daily for depression; 10 to 20 mg daily for anxiety Paxil (paroxetine): 20 to 40 mg daily for depression; 20 to 60 mg daily for anxiety Zoloft (sertraline) : 50 to 200 mg daily Prozac (fluoxetine) : 20 to 60 mg daily Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home. MTStock Studio / Getty Images Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) increase levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They are typically prescribed first for people with the following conditions: Depression plus chronic pain Severe depression Anxiety disorders, including GAD, social anxiety disorder, or panic disorder Antidepressant effects of SNRIs may be seen earlier than with SSRIs. Side Effects Adverse effects of SNRIs include: Headache High blood pressure (hypertension) Excessive sweating Dosage Typical doses of SNRIs to treat depression or anxiety are: Effexor (venlafaxine): 75 to 375 mg daily for depression or anxiety Pristiq (desvenlafaxine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression; 50 to 100 mg daily for anxiety Cymbalta (duloxetine): 30 to 60 mg daily for depression or anxiety Savella (milnacipran): 12.5 to 100 mg daily for depression Fetzima (levomilnacipran): 20 to 120 mg daily for depression Cymbalta Recalls Starting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer. If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetine can be dangerous . The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released in October and December . Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Like SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. They are most helpful for people with the following conditions: Depression plus pain due to fibromyalgia, nerve pain, or irritable bowel syndrome Severe depression Anxiety disorders like GAD or panic disorder TCAs should be used with caution in people who have heart disease. Side Effects Side effects of TCAs include: Dry mouth Constipation Inability to urinate ( urinary retention ) Dizziness when standing (orthostatic hypotension) Seizures Weight gain Irregular heartbeat ( arrhythmia ) TCAs are particularly dangerous in overdose situations. If you or a loved one has taken too much of a TCA, seek medical help immediately. Dosage Although this class of drugs is prescribed off-label for anxiety—meaning TCAs are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat anxiety but have been proven to help the condition—typical doses of TCAs prescribed for anxiety and depression include: Amitriptyline : 50 to 200 mg daily for depression Pamelor (nortriptyline): 25 to 150 mg daily for depression; 50 to 150 mg daily for anxiety Imipramine: 75 to 150 mg daily for depression; 100 to 300 mg daily for anxiety Norpramin (desipramine): 100 to 300 mg daily for depression; 100 to 200 mg daily for anxiety Anafranil (clomipramine): 100 to 250 mg daily for anxiety Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) were the first antidepressants discovered in the 1950s. They increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels by blocking an enzyme that breaks down these chemical messengers. Some serious side effects and interactions with other medicines limit their use. Although they aren’t used often, MAOIs can be good choices for treatment-resistant depression (when other medications have failed). Side Effects MAOIs may cause: Hypertensive crisis Weight gain Sexual dysfunction Serotonin syndrome (a buildup of serotonin levels in the body), especially if taken at high doses or with other medicines that increase serotonin levels Serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening. The following symptoms characterize serotonin syndrome: Agitation Sweating High heart rate ( tachycardia ) Nausea or vomiting Seizures Stiff muscles Dilated pupils MAOIs are the main drug class associated with serotonin syndrome, so if you take one of these medications, watch for any of these effects. These are signs of an emergency, so go to your nearest emergency room or call 911 if you experience any of them. Dosage Typical doses of MAOIs for depression or anxiety are: Marplan (isocarboxazid): 20 to 60 mg daily for depression Nardil (phenelzine): 45 to 90 mg daily for depression; 30 to 90 mg daily for anxiety Emsam (selegiline patch): 6 to 12 mg applied to the skin every 24 hours for depression Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines (sometimes referred to as benzos) are controlled substances that are also used for seizures and muscle spasms . They increase the effects of GABA and can help treat anxiety but not depression. Benzos have a rapid onset of action (they start acting quickly). They are typically used only as needed or as a bridge until antidepressants like SSRIs or SNRIs kick in. Side Effects Side effects associated with benzos include: Dependence or drug use disorder Respiratory depression (slow breathing) Sedation Dosage Benzodiazepines are not used for depression, but may be used to treat anxiety at the following doses: Klonopin (clonazepam): 1 to 2 mg daily Xanax (alprazolam) : 1 to 4 mg daily Ativan (lorazepam): 2 to 6 mg daily Librium (chlordiazepoxide): 20 to 100 mg daily Beta-Blockers Beta-blockers are traditional heart medications. One of them, propranolol , is sometimes used off-label for performance anxiety (stage fright) or post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ). In low doses, propranolol can counteract the adrenaline rush that causes symptoms of stage fright, such as shaking and a high heart rate. Overall, though, there’s not much evidence to support using beta-blockers like propranolol for anxiety, and they are not appropriate treatments for depression. Side Effects Side effects of propranolol include: Dizziness Fatigue Slow heart rate Low blood pressure Rash Bronchospasm (wheezing) Heart failure Dosage Propranolol at doses of 60 to 120 mg daily is used off-label for anxiety. Atypical Antidepressants Atypical antidepressants work by different pathways to increase dopamine or norepinephrine in the body. They are a good choice for people who have sexual dysfunction or other side effects related to the use of SSRIs or SNRIs. Side Effects Because medicines in this “catch-all” class aren’t structurally related, side effects vary. Significant side effects associated with atypical antidepressants include: Seizures with bupropion Weight gain and sleepiness with mirtazapine Liver toxicity with agomelatine Note that bupropion should not be taken by people with seizure disorders or a history of seizures. Dosage Here are the typical doses used for these atypical antidepressants. Wellbutrin (bupropion): 150 to 300 mg daily Remeron (mirtazapine): 15 to 45 mg daily for depression or anxiety Valdoxan (agomelatine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that may treat memory loss and brain damage associated with Alzheimer’s disease and major depressive disorder (MDD). NMDA receptors allow the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to attach to its binding site. When glutamate binds to the NMDA receptor, it causes the release of calcium into the nerve cells. They are prescribed for some of the following conditions: Alzheimer’s disease Major depressive disorder (MDD) Side Effects Adverse effects of NMDA receptor antagonists include: Headache Fatigue Constipation Dosage Typical doses of NMDA receptor antagonists to treat depression are: Spravato (esketamine): 56 or 84 mg weekly or every 2 weeks for depression Adjunctive Therapy for Major Depression In 2025, the antipsychotic drug Caplyta (lumateprone) was FDA-approved to treat adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) when taken along with an antidepressant. Research has shown that it can improve symptoms of MDD as compared with taking an oral antidepressant alone. Other Interventions Depending on the severity of your anxiety or depression, other interventions may be helpful alone or in conjunction with medications. These interventions include: Exercise : Exercise has been proven to be as effective as antidepressants or psychotherapy for mild or moderate depression and to augment the effects of other treatments on severe depression. The most significant benefit is seen with aerobic exercise (often called cardio). And while there are fewer studies of exercise’s effects on anxiety, it seems to be about as effective as other treatments. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) : In people who are depressed, CBT involves replacing negative thoughts and distortions with helpful techniques to improve mood. It can enhance the effects of antidepressants and lower the risk of relapse. CBT also has modest benefits for people with anxiety, especially those with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) , GAD, or acute stress disorder . Meditation : There's not enough evidence to recommend meditation as the only treatment for anxiety or depression. That said, focusing on mindfulness is helpful for people with depression, and benefits can last up to six months. There isn't as much data supporting meditation for people with anxiety. Yoga : This intervention is best as an add-on to conventional treatments for people with depression or panic disorder. Even just one hour-long session per week has been shown to reduce symptoms. Discussing your mood and any symptoms you may have with your healthcare provider before self-treating is essential. This will ensure that you are getting all the help you need. Nutrition Considerations Herbal supplements that have been studied for anxiety and depression include: Kava Cannabidiol (CBD) Ashwagandha Lavender Chamomile Black cohosh Saffron Omega-3 fatty acids Magnesium Saint John’s wort Saint John’s wort interacts with many medications. Before trying these or any other supplements, discuss them with your healthcare provider to ensure they don't interact with any other medications you may be taking. These are not safe choices for everyone. Supplements that increase serotonin levels shouldn't be taken with SSRIs or SNRIs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. A few of these supplements include: Tryptophan Saint John’s wort 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) Frequently Asked Questions SSRIs are the most effective medicines for treating both anxiety and depression and usually are the first prescribed. They are even more effective when combined with therapy. SSRIs or SNRIs are often the first choice for treating anxiety disorders, such as GAD and panic disorder. A review of 41 clinical trials found that Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Lexapro (escitalopram) are very effective for adults with GAD. Since these drugs may take weeks to work fully, benzodiazepines are sometimes given initially. All antidepressants have side effects, but newer drugs like SSRIs and SNRIs typically cause fewer severe side effects than older ones like TCAs and benzodiazepines. Managing stress can be done through several methods like adequate sleep, seeking help, healthy eating, exercise, meditation, yoga, or cognitive behavioral therapy. If you're overwhelmed or hopeless, consider seeking medical help. Remember, you're not alone. For anxiety support, contact the SAMHSA National Helpline at 800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area if you are struggling with anxiety.
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Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Ⓒ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved # What Are the Best Medications for Anxiety and Depression? By [Megan Nunn, PharmD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/megan-nunn-6504215) Updated on March 06, 2026 Medically reviewed by [Lindsay Cook, PharmD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lindsay-cook-5215415) Table of Contents View All Table of Contents - [Anxiety and Depression Medications](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-what-medications-are-available-for-anxiety-and-depression) - [SSRIs](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris) - [SNRIs](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake-inhibitors-snris) - [TCAs](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-tricyclic-antidepressants-tcas) - [MAOIs](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois) - [Benzodiazepines](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-benzodiazepines) - [Beta-Blockers](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-beta-blockers) - [Atypical Antidepressants](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-atypical-antidepressants) - [Other Interventions](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-other-interventions) - [Nutrition Considerations](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-nutrition-considerations) - [Frequently Asked Questions](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994#toc-frequently-asked-questions-5c835260-5e2e-423a-bde4-42de51f27742) Close ### Key Takeaways - SSRIs are often the first choice for treating depression and various anxiety disorders. - Medications for anxiety and depression work by boosting neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA. - The right medication depends on your symptoms, current medications, and the severity of your condition. [Anxiety](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-attack-5088600) and [depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/different-types-of-depression-overview-5209204) are common but serious mental health issues that can cause a dramatic decrease in functioning and quality of life. In the United States, about 1 in 5 people experience anxiety, and 1 in 10 have depression. Anxiety symptoms can include: - Excessive worry - Avoiding situations or activities that provoke anxiety - [Panic attacks](https://www.verywellhealth.com/panic-attacks-symptoms-5093170) Depression symptoms can include: - Persistent sadness - [Fatigue](https://www.verywellhealth.com/fatigue-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-4768481) - Inability to feel pleasure ([anhedonia](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anhedonia-definition-5189496)) - Impaired mental function Both [genetic](https://www.verywellhealth.com/is-depression-genetic-11699770) and environmental factors can contribute to [anxiety and depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-and-depression-8547945). Some of the causes of these disorders overlap, including: - Family history of depression - Low [self-esteem](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-self-esteem-5205044) - Childhood [abuse](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cycle-of-abuse-5210940) - [Traumatic experiences](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-let-go-of-past-trauma-5212227) Here’s what you need to know about treatment options for anxiety and depression. ### What to Do If You’re Feeling Depressed or Anxious If you or a loved one is struggling with anxiety or depression, contact the [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline) at 800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area. If you have suicidal thoughts, dial 988 to contact the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one is in immediate danger, call 911. ## What Medications Are Available for Anxiety and Depression? There are various types of medications used to treat anxiety and depression. These medications work by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters, chemicals involved in regulating mood, such as: - [Serotonin](https://www.verywellhealth.com/serotonin-8682041) - [Norepinephrine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/norepinephrine-what-does-or-doesnt-it-do-for-you-3967568) - [Dopamine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/dopamine-5086831) - Gamma-aminobutyric acid ([GABA](https://www.verywellhealth.com/gaba-5095143)). The best medication for you depends on your specific symptoms, other medications you are taking, and the severity of your condition. Healthcare providers might choose a medication with side effects that align with your symptoms. For instance, an antidepressant that leads to weight gain may be suitable for someone who has depression-related appetite loss and weight loss. Below is a summary of the most commonly used medications for anxiety and depression. ## Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris-5223678) increase serotonin levels. They are typically the first choice for people with the following conditions: - Depression - Anxiety disorders like [generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/generalized-anxiety-disorder-5092814), [social anxiety disorder](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-social-anxiety-disorder-is-treated-5113725), and panic disorder - Both depression and anxiety ### Side Effects The most significant side effects of SSRIs are: - [Sexual dysfunction](https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-ssri-erectile-dysfunction-5218272), which occurs in over 80% of people who take SSRIs - [Headache](https://www.verywellhealth.com/headache-7151625) - Long QT syndrome or QTc prolongation (the heart’s electrical system takes longer to recharge between heartbeats) - [Weight gain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/weight-gain-5524770) - [Brain bleeds](https://www.verywellhealth.com/a-subdural-hematoma-is-bleed-into-the-brain-1720023) ### Dosage Typical doses of common SSRIs, which, unless otherwise specified, treat both anxiety and depression, include: - Celexa (citalopram): 20 to 40 milligrams (mg) daily - [Lexapro (escitalopram)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lexapro-weight-gain-5192700): 5 to 20 mg daily for depression; 10 to 20 mg daily for anxiety - Paxil (paroxetine): 20 to 40 mg daily for depression; 20 to 60 mg daily for anxiety - [Zoloft (sertraline)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/this-is-how-quickly-zoloft-starts-working-7556451): 50 to 200 mg daily - [Prozac (fluoxetine)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/this-is-how-quickly-prozac-starts-working-7963330): 20 to 60 mg daily ![Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.]() ![Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/sckK7yiEFiYWh67vWit0f0wIbOM=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/GettyImages-1403115160-8cb7763ab5b14c9aa09a075b2856520d.jpg) Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home. MTStock Studio / Getty Images ## Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) [Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ssris-vs-snris-5193051) increase levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They are typically prescribed first for people with the following conditions: - Depression plus chronic pain - Severe depression - Anxiety disorders, including GAD, social anxiety disorder, or panic disorder Antidepressant effects of SNRIs may be seen earlier than with SSRIs. ### Side Effects Adverse effects of SNRIs include: - Headache - [High blood pressure](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-high-blood-pressure-7562377) (hypertension) - Excessive sweating ### Dosage Typical doses of SNRIs to treat depression or anxiety are: - Effexor (venlafaxine): 75 to 375 mg daily for depression or anxiety - Pristiq (desvenlafaxine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression; 50 to 100 mg daily for anxiety - Cymbalta (duloxetine): 30 to 60 mg daily for depression or anxiety - Savella (milnacipran): 12.5 to 100 mg daily for depression - Fetzima (levomilnacipran): 20 to 120 mg daily for depression ### Cymbalta Recalls Starting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer. If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetine[can be dangerous](https://www.verywellhealth.com/duloxetine-withdrawal-side-effects-when-stopping-8681263). The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released in [October](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/?Product=210449) and [December](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/?Product=211120). ## Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Like SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. They are most helpful for people with the following conditions: - Depression plus pain due to fibromyalgia, nerve pain, or [irritable bowel syndrome](https://www.verywellhealth.com/antispasmodics-for-ibs-1945153) - Severe depression - Anxiety disorders like GAD or panic disorder TCAs should be used with caution in people who have heart disease. ### Side Effects Side effects of TCAs include: - [Dry mouth](https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-mouth-dryness-at-night-3014727) - [Constipation](https://www.verywellhealth.com/when-is-constipation-an-emergency-7852525) - Inability to urinate ([urinary retention](https://www.verywellhealth.com/urinary-retention-5213842)) - Dizziness when standing (orthostatic hypotension) - [Seizures](https://www.verywellhealth.com/seizures-7546651) - Weight gain - Irregular heartbeat ([arrhythmia](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cardiac-arrhythmias-signs-and-symptoms-4160572)) TCAs are particularly dangerous in overdose situations. If you or a loved one has taken too much of a TCA, seek medical help immediately. ### Dosage Although this class of drugs is prescribed off-label for anxiety—meaning TCAs are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat anxiety but have been proven to help the condition—typical doses of TCAs prescribed for anxiety and depression include: - [Amitriptyline](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-safely-take-elavil-amitriptyline-for-back-pain-296488): 50 to 200 mg daily for depression - Pamelor (nortriptyline): 25 to 150 mg daily for depression; 50 to 150 mg daily for anxiety - Imipramine: 75 to 150 mg daily for depression; 100 to 300 mg daily for anxiety - Norpramin (desipramine): 100 to 300 mg daily for depression; 100 to 200 mg daily for anxiety - Anafranil (clomipramine): 100 to 250 mg daily for anxiety ## Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bpd-borderline-personality-disorder-medications-5100909) were the first antidepressants discovered in the 1950s. They increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels by blocking an enzyme that breaks down these chemical messengers. Some serious side effects and interactions with other medicines limit their use. Although they aren’t used often, MAOIs can be good choices for [treatment-resistant depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/treatment-resistant-depression-5270572) (when other medications have failed). ### Side Effects MAOIs may cause: - [Hypertensive crisis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-hypertension-1763965) - [Weight gain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/weight-gain-5524770) - [Sexual dysfunction](https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychogenic-erectile-dysfunction-5201654) - [Serotonin syndrome](https://www.verywellhealth.com/serotonin-8682041) (a buildup of serotonin levels in the body), especially if taken at high doses or with other medicines that increase serotonin levels Serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening. The following symptoms characterize serotonin syndrome: - Agitation - Sweating - High heart rate ([tachycardia](https://www.verywellhealth.com/tachycardias-the-fast-heart-rhythms-1746270)) - [Nausea or vomiting](https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-do-i-feel-nauseous-8673675) - [Seizures](https://www.verywellhealth.com/seizures-7546651) - [Stiff muscles](https://www.verywellhealth.com/muscle-stiffness-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-5525837) - [Dilated pupils](https://www.verywellhealth.com/mydriasis-5114015) MAOIs are the main drug class associated with serotonin syndrome, so if you take one of these medications, watch for any of these effects. These are signs of an emergency, so go to your nearest emergency room or call 911 if you experience any of them. ### Dosage Typical doses of MAOIs for depression or anxiety are: - Marplan (isocarboxazid): 20 to 60 mg daily for depression - Nardil (phenelzine): 45 to 90 mg daily for depression; 30 to 90 mg daily for anxiety - Emsam (selegiline patch): 6 to 12 mg applied to the skin every 24 hours for depression ## Benzodiazepines [Benzodiazepines](https://www.verywellhealth.com/uses-types-and-risks-of-benzodiazepines-8631164) (sometimes referred to as benzos) are controlled substances that are also used for seizures and [muscle spasms](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-muscle-spasms-and-cramps-3120487). They increase the effects of GABA and can help treat anxiety but not depression. Benzos have a rapid onset of action (they start acting quickly). They are typically used only as needed or as a bridge until antidepressants like SSRIs or SNRIs kick in. ### Side Effects Side effects associated with benzos include: - Dependence or drug use disorder - Respiratory depression (slow breathing) - Sedation ### Dosage Benzodiazepines are not used for depression, but may be used to treat anxiety at the following doses: - Klonopin (clonazepam): 1 to 2 mg daily - [Xanax (alprazolam)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-does-xanax-work-7499265): 1 to 4 mg daily - Ativan (lorazepam): 2 to 6 mg daily - Librium (chlordiazepoxide): 20 to 100 mg daily ## Beta-Blockers [Beta-blockers](https://www.verywellhealth.com/propranolol-vs-metoprolol-11691471) are traditional heart medications. One of them, [propranolol](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-long-does-propranolol-last-for-anxiety-7561578), is sometimes used off-label for [performance anxiety](https://www.verywellhealth.com/performance-anxiety-5200716) (stage fright) or post-traumatic stress disorder ([PTSD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-ptsd-is-diagnosed-5114706)). In low doses, propranolol can counteract the adrenaline rush that causes symptoms of stage fright, such as shaking and a high heart rate. Overall, though, there’s not much evidence to support using beta-blockers like propranolol for anxiety, and they are not appropriate treatments for depression. ### Side Effects Side effects of propranolol include: - [Dizziness](https://www.verywellhealth.com/is-my-dizziness-a-side-effect-2488844) - Fatigue - [Slow heart rate](https://www.verywellhealth.com/sinus-bradycardia-1746253) - Low blood pressure - Rash - [Bronchospasm](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bronchospasm-overview-4175352) (wheezing) - [Heart failure](https://www.verywellhealth.com/types-of-heart-failure-5199454) ### Dosage Propranolol at doses of 60 to 120 mg daily is used off-label for anxiety. ## Atypical Antidepressants Atypical antidepressants work by different pathways to increase dopamine or norepinephrine in the body. They are a good choice for people who have sexual dysfunction or other side effects related to the use of SSRIs or SNRIs. ### Side Effects Because medicines in this “catch-all” class aren’t structurally related, side effects vary. Significant side effects associated with atypical antidepressants include: - Seizures with bupropion - Weight gain and sleepiness with mirtazapine - Liver toxicity with agomelatine Note that [bupropion](https://www.verywellhealth.com/wellbutrin-vs-lexapro-uses-safety-dosing-storage-7560352) should not be taken by people with seizure disorders or a history of seizures. ### Dosage Here are the typical doses used for these atypical antidepressants. - Wellbutrin (bupropion): 150 to 300 mg daily - Remeron (mirtazapine): 15 to 45 mg daily for depression or anxiety - Valdoxan (agomelatine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression ### N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that may treat memory loss and brain damage associated with Alzheimer’s disease and major depressive disorder (MDD). NMDA receptors allow the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to attach to its binding site. When glutamate binds to the NMDA receptor, it causes the release of calcium into the nerve cells. They are prescribed for some of the following conditions: - Alzheimer’s disease - Major depressive disorder (MDD) ### Side Effects Adverse effects of NMDA receptor antagonists include: - Headache - Fatigue - Constipation ### Dosage Typical doses of NMDA receptor antagonists to treat depression are: - Spravato (esketamine): 56 or 84 mg weekly or every 2 weeks for depression ### Adjunctive Therapy for Major Depression In 2025, the antipsychotic drug Caplyta (lumateprone) was FDA-approved to treat adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) when taken along with an antidepressant. Research has shown that it can improve symptoms of MDD as compared with taking an oral antidepressant alone. ## Other Interventions Depending on the severity of your anxiety or depression, other interventions may be helpful alone or in conjunction with medications. These interventions include: - Exercise: Exercise has been proven to be as effective as antidepressants or psychotherapy for mild or moderate depression and to augment the effects of other treatments on severe depression. The most significant benefit is seen with aerobic exercise (often called cardio). And while there are fewer studies of exercise’s effects on anxiety, it seems to be about as effective as other treatments. - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): In people who are depressed, [CBT](https://www.verywellmind.com/anxiety-therapy-4692759) involves replacing negative thoughts and distortions with helpful techniques to improve mood. It can enhance the effects of antidepressants and lower the risk of relapse. CBT also has modest benefits for people with anxiety, especially those with [obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-5084138), GAD, or [acute stress disorder](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-ptsd-5084527). - Meditation: There's not enough evidence to recommend meditation as the only treatment for anxiety or depression. That said, focusing on mindfulness is helpful for people with depression, and benefits can last up to six months. There isn't as much data supporting meditation for people with anxiety. - Yoga: This intervention is best as an add-on to conventional treatments for people with depression or panic disorder. Even just one hour-long session per week has been shown to reduce symptoms. Discussing your mood and any symptoms you may have with your healthcare provider before self-treating is essential. This will ensure that you are getting all the help you need. ## Nutrition Considerations Herbal supplements that have been studied for anxiety and depression include: - [Kava](https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-ways-to-help-you-sleep-88230) - [Cannabidiol (CBD)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cbd-oil-for-diabetes-5113061) - [Ashwagandha](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ashwagandha-benefits-for-women-8776598) - [Lavender](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lavender-and-peppermint-essential-oils-for-headaches-and-migraines-4691276) - Chamomile - [Black cohosh](https://www.verywellhealth.com/menopause-supplements-5190465) - [Saffron](https://www.verywellhealth.com/saffron-8744443) - [Omega-3 fatty acids](https://www.verywellhealth.com/omega-3-fatty-acids-8660468) - [Magnesium](https://www.verywellhealth.com/does-magnesium-lower-or-raise-heart-rate-11920635) - [Saint John’s wort](https://www.verywellhealth.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-st-johns-wort-7556278) Saint John’s wort interacts with many medications. Before trying these or any other supplements, discuss them with your healthcare provider to ensure they don't interact with any other medications you may be taking. These are not safe choices for everyone. Supplements that increase serotonin levels shouldn't be taken with SSRIs or SNRIs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. A few of these supplements include: - [Tryptophan](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-does-low-serotonin-feel-like-3972959) - Saint John’s wort - [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-vs-fibromyalgia-5213420) ### Frequently Asked Questions - What medication is best for anxiety and depression? SSRIs are the most effective medicines for treating both anxiety and depression and usually are the first prescribed. They are even more effective when combined with therapy. - What is the most recommended drug for anxiety? SSRIs or SNRIs are often the first choice for treating anxiety disorders, such as GAD and panic disorder. A review of 41 clinical trials found that Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Lexapro (escitalopram) are very effective for adults with GAD. Since these drugs may take weeks to work fully, benzodiazepines are sometimes given initially. - What is the safest antidepressant for anxiety? All antidepressants have side effects, but newer drugs like SSRIs and SNRIs typically cause fewer severe side effects than older ones like TCAs and benzodiazepines. - How can I reduce stress? Managing stress can be done through several methods like adequate sleep, seeking help, healthy eating, exercise, meditation, yoga, or cognitive behavioral therapy. If you're overwhelmed or hopeless, consider seeking medical help. Remember, you're not alone. For anxiety support, contact the [SAMHSA National Helpline](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline) at 800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area if you are struggling with anxiety. Read more: - [Health A-Z](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-a-z-4014770) - [Mental Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/mental-health-5079153) 34 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our [editorial process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. 1. Saeed SA, Cunningham K, Bloch RM. [Depression and anxiety disorders: benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation.](https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0515/p620.html) Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(10):620-627. 2. Szuhany KL, Simon NM. [Anxiety disorders: a review](https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.22744). JAMA. 2022;328(24):2431-2445. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.22744 3. Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, et al. [Major depressive disorder](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.65). Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16065. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 4. Blanco C, Rubio J, Wall M, et al. [Risk factors for anxiety disorders: common and specific effects in a national sample.](https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22247) Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(9):756-764. doi:10.1002/da.22247 5. National Library of Medicine. [The etiology of depression.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215119/) 6. Boyce P, Ma C. [Choosing an antidepressant](https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2020.064). Aust Prescr. 2021;44(1):12-15. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2020.064 7. Sheffler ZM, Patel P, Abdijadid S. [Antidepressants](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. 8. Coplan JD, Aaronson CJ, Panthangi V, et al. [Treating comorbid anxiety and depression: psychosocial and pharmacological approaches](https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.366). World J Psychiatry. 2015;5(4):366-378. doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.366 9. Lee YC, Lin CH, Lin MS, et al. [Comparison of the effects of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cerebrovascular events](https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14m09394). J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(1):e1-e7. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09394 10. Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC, et al. [Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: current and emerging treatment options](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584). Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:595584. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584 11. National Library of Medicine. [Major depressive disorder.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/) 12. Li J, Lu C, Gao Z, et al. [SNRIs achieve faster antidepressant effects than SSRIs by elevating the concentrations of dopamine in the forebrain](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108237). Neuropharmacology. 2020;177:108237. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108237 13. Food and Drug Administration. [Control of nitrosamine impurities in human drugs: guidance for industry](https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/control-nitrosamine-impurities-human-drugs). 14. Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, et al. [Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review](https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966). Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966 15. Harmer CJ, Duman RS, Cowen PJ. [How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches](https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366%2817%2930015-9). Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(5):409-418. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30015-9 16. Simon LV, Torrico TJ, Keenaghan M. [Serotonin syndrome](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482377/). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. 17. Foong AL, Grindrod KA, Patel T, Kellar J. [Demystifying serotonin syndrome (or serotonin toxicity)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6184959/). Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(10):720-727. 18. Hernandez M, Walsh M, Stead T, et al. [Serotonin syndrome in the emergency department](https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6307). Cureus. 2019;11(12):e6307. doi:10.7759/cureus.6307 19. Szeleszczuk Ł, Frączkowski D. [Propranolol versus other selected drugs in the treatment of various types of anxiety or stress, with particular reference to stage fright and post-traumatic stress disorder](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710099). Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(17):10099. doi:10.3390/ijms231710099 20. Patel DR, Feucht C, Brown K, et al. [Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners](https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2017.08.05). Transl Pediatr. 2018;7(1):23-35. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.08.05 21. Dubovsky SL, Warren C. [Agomelatine, a melatonin agonist with antidepressant properties.](https://doi.org/10.1517/13543780903292634) Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;18(10):1533-1540. doi:10.1517/13543780903292634 22. Food and Drug Administration. [Spravato label.](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/211243s016lbl.pdf) 23. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [CAPLYTA® (lumateperone) highlights of prescribing information](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/209500s016lbl.pdf). 24. Verhoeven JE, Han LKM, Lever-van Milligen BA, et al. [Antidepressants or running therapy: Comparing effects on mental and physical health in patients with depression and anxiety disorders.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.064) J Affect Disord. 2023;329:19-29. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.064 25. Gautam M, Tripathi A, Deshmukh D, et al. [Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.](https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_772_19) Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62(Suppl 2):S223-S229. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry\_772\_19 26. Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, et al. [Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.](https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22728) Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(6):502-514. doi:10.1002/da.22728 27. Yeung KS, Hernandez M, Mao JJ, Haviland I, Gubili J. [Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety: A systematic review with assessment of potential psycho-oncologic relevance](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29464801/). Phytother Res. 2018;32(5):865-891. doi:10.1002/ptr.6033 28. Liao Y, Xie B, Zhang H, et al. [Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: a meta-analysis](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0515-5). Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):190. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0515-5 29. Serefko A, Szopa A, Wlaź P, et al. [Magnesium in depression.](https://doi.org/10.1016/s1734-1140%2813%2971032-6) Pharmacol Rep. 2013;65(3):547-554. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71032-6 30. Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CY. [Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: A meta-analysis.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048) J Affect Disord. 2017;210:211-221. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048 31. Jennifer H, Mariana P, Karyn B. [Serotonin syndrome from 5-hydroxytryptophan supplement ingestion in a 9-month-old labrador retriever.](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-017-0600-1) J Med Toxicol. 2017;13(2):183-186. doi:10.1007/s13181-017-0600-1 32. He H, Xiang Y, Gao F, et al. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of first-line drugs for the acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in adults: A network meta-analysis.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.08.009) J Psychiatr Res. 2019;118:21-30. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.08.009 33. Worthen M, Cash E. [Stress Management.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513300/) In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; August 14, 2023. 34. Can YS, Iles-Smith H, Chalabianloo N, et al. [How to relax in stressful situations: a smart stress reduction system](https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020100). Healthcare (Basel). 2020;8(2):100. doi:10.3390/healthcare8020100 ![Megan Nunn headshot]() ![Megan Nunn headshot](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/wd51B95Lz-fjtc6L3Hd4vjRKAQ0=/144x144/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/meganhs11-0550977a84f84b89966cf1799ce2bfb1.jpeg) By [Megan Nunn, PharmD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/megan-nunn-6504215) Nunn is a community pharmacist in Tennessee with 12 years of experience in medication counseling and immunization. [See Our Editorial Process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) [Meet Our Medical Expert Board](https://www.verywellhealth.com/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003) Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback\! What is your feedback? 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Readable Markdown	### Key Takeaways - SSRIs are often the first choice for treating depression and various anxiety disorders. - Medications for anxiety and depression work by boosting neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA. - The right medication depends on your symptoms, current medications, and the severity of your condition. [Anxiety](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-attack-5088600) and [depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/different-types-of-depression-overview-5209204) are common but serious mental health issues that can cause a dramatic decrease in functioning and quality of life. In the United States, about 1 in 5 people experience anxiety, and 1 in 10 have depression. Anxiety symptoms can include: - Excessive worry - Avoiding situations or activities that provoke anxiety - [Panic attacks](https://www.verywellhealth.com/panic-attacks-symptoms-5093170) Depression symptoms can include: - Persistent sadness - [Fatigue](https://www.verywellhealth.com/fatigue-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-4768481) - Inability to feel pleasure ([anhedonia](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anhedonia-definition-5189496)) - Impaired mental function Both [genetic](https://www.verywellhealth.com/is-depression-genetic-11699770) and environmental factors can contribute to [anxiety and depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-and-depression-8547945). Some of the causes of these disorders overlap, including: - Family history of depression - Low [self-esteem](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-self-esteem-5205044) - Childhood [abuse](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cycle-of-abuse-5210940) - [Traumatic experiences](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-let-go-of-past-trauma-5212227) Here’s what you need to know about treatment options for anxiety and depression. ## What Medications Are Available for Anxiety and Depression? There are various types of medications used to treat anxiety and depression. These medications work by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters, chemicals involved in regulating mood, such as: - [Serotonin](https://www.verywellhealth.com/serotonin-8682041) - [Norepinephrine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/norepinephrine-what-does-or-doesnt-it-do-for-you-3967568) - [Dopamine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/dopamine-5086831) - Gamma-aminobutyric acid ([GABA](https://www.verywellhealth.com/gaba-5095143)). The best medication for you depends on your specific symptoms, other medications you are taking, and the severity of your condition. Healthcare providers might choose a medication with side effects that align with your symptoms. For instance, an antidepressant that leads to weight gain may be suitable for someone who has depression-related appetite loss and weight loss. Below is a summary of the most commonly used medications for anxiety and depression. ## Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris-5223678) increase serotonin levels. They are typically the first choice for people with the following conditions: - Depression - Anxiety disorders like [generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/generalized-anxiety-disorder-5092814), [social anxiety disorder](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-social-anxiety-disorder-is-treated-5113725), and panic disorder - Both depression and anxiety ### Side Effects The most significant side effects of SSRIs are: - [Sexual dysfunction](https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-ssri-erectile-dysfunction-5218272), which occurs in over 80% of people who take SSRIs - [Headache](https://www.verywellhealth.com/headache-7151625) - Long QT syndrome or QTc prolongation (the heart’s electrical system takes longer to recharge between heartbeats) - [Weight gain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/weight-gain-5524770) - [Brain bleeds](https://www.verywellhealth.com/a-subdural-hematoma-is-bleed-into-the-brain-1720023) ### Dosage Typical doses of common SSRIs, which, unless otherwise specified, treat both anxiety and depression, include: - Celexa (citalopram): 20 to 40 milligrams (mg) daily - [Lexapro (escitalopram)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lexapro-weight-gain-5192700): 5 to 20 mg daily for depression; 10 to 20 mg daily for anxiety - Paxil (paroxetine): 20 to 40 mg daily for depression; 20 to 60 mg daily for anxiety - [Zoloft (sertraline)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/this-is-how-quickly-zoloft-starts-working-7556451): 50 to 200 mg daily - [Prozac (fluoxetine)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/this-is-how-quickly-prozac-starts-working-7963330): 20 to 60 mg daily Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home. MTStock Studio / Getty Images ## Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) [Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ssris-vs-snris-5193051) increase levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They are typically prescribed first for people with the following conditions: - Depression plus chronic pain - Severe depression - Anxiety disorders, including GAD, social anxiety disorder, or panic disorder Antidepressant effects of SNRIs may be seen earlier than with SSRIs. ### Side Effects Adverse effects of SNRIs include: - Headache - [High blood pressure](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-high-blood-pressure-7562377) (hypertension) - Excessive sweating ### Dosage Typical doses of SNRIs to treat depression or anxiety are: - Effexor (venlafaxine): 75 to 375 mg daily for depression or anxiety - Pristiq (desvenlafaxine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression; 50 to 100 mg daily for anxiety - Cymbalta (duloxetine): 30 to 60 mg daily for depression or anxiety - Savella (milnacipran): 12.5 to 100 mg daily for depression - Fetzima (levomilnacipran): 20 to 120 mg daily for depression ### Cymbalta Recalls Starting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer. If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetine[can be dangerous](https://www.verywellhealth.com/duloxetine-withdrawal-side-effects-when-stopping-8681263). The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released in [October](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/?Product=210449) and [December](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/?Product=211120). ## Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Like SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. They are most helpful for people with the following conditions: - Depression plus pain due to fibromyalgia, nerve pain, or [irritable bowel syndrome](https://www.verywellhealth.com/antispasmodics-for-ibs-1945153) - Severe depression - Anxiety disorders like GAD or panic disorder TCAs should be used with caution in people who have heart disease. ### Side Effects Side effects of TCAs include: - [Dry mouth](https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-mouth-dryness-at-night-3014727) - [Constipation](https://www.verywellhealth.com/when-is-constipation-an-emergency-7852525) - Inability to urinate ([urinary retention](https://www.verywellhealth.com/urinary-retention-5213842)) - Dizziness when standing (orthostatic hypotension) - [Seizures](https://www.verywellhealth.com/seizures-7546651) - Weight gain - Irregular heartbeat ([arrhythmia](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cardiac-arrhythmias-signs-and-symptoms-4160572)) TCAs are particularly dangerous in overdose situations. If you or a loved one has taken too much of a TCA, seek medical help immediately. ### Dosage Although this class of drugs is prescribed off-label for anxiety—meaning TCAs are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat anxiety but have been proven to help the condition—typical doses of TCAs prescribed for anxiety and depression include: - [Amitriptyline](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-safely-take-elavil-amitriptyline-for-back-pain-296488): 50 to 200 mg daily for depression - Pamelor (nortriptyline): 25 to 150 mg daily for depression; 50 to 150 mg daily for anxiety - Imipramine: 75 to 150 mg daily for depression; 100 to 300 mg daily for anxiety - Norpramin (desipramine): 100 to 300 mg daily for depression; 100 to 200 mg daily for anxiety - Anafranil (clomipramine): 100 to 250 mg daily for anxiety ## Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bpd-borderline-personality-disorder-medications-5100909) were the first antidepressants discovered in the 1950s. They increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels by blocking an enzyme that breaks down these chemical messengers. Some serious side effects and interactions with other medicines limit their use. Although they aren’t used often, MAOIs can be good choices for [treatment-resistant depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/treatment-resistant-depression-5270572) (when other medications have failed). ### Side Effects MAOIs may cause: - [Hypertensive crisis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-hypertension-1763965) - [Weight gain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/weight-gain-5524770) - [Sexual dysfunction](https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychogenic-erectile-dysfunction-5201654) - [Serotonin syndrome](https://www.verywellhealth.com/serotonin-8682041) (a buildup of serotonin levels in the body), especially if taken at high doses or with other medicines that increase serotonin levels Serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening. The following symptoms characterize serotonin syndrome: - Agitation - Sweating - High heart rate ([tachycardia](https://www.verywellhealth.com/tachycardias-the-fast-heart-rhythms-1746270)) - [Nausea or vomiting](https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-do-i-feel-nauseous-8673675) - [Seizures](https://www.verywellhealth.com/seizures-7546651) - [Stiff muscles](https://www.verywellhealth.com/muscle-stiffness-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-5525837) - [Dilated pupils](https://www.verywellhealth.com/mydriasis-5114015) MAOIs are the main drug class associated with serotonin syndrome, so if you take one of these medications, watch for any of these effects. These are signs of an emergency, so go to your nearest emergency room or call 911 if you experience any of them. ### Dosage Typical doses of MAOIs for depression or anxiety are: - Marplan (isocarboxazid): 20 to 60 mg daily for depression - Nardil (phenelzine): 45 to 90 mg daily for depression; 30 to 90 mg daily for anxiety - Emsam (selegiline patch): 6 to 12 mg applied to the skin every 24 hours for depression ## Benzodiazepines [Benzodiazepines](https://www.verywellhealth.com/uses-types-and-risks-of-benzodiazepines-8631164) (sometimes referred to as benzos) are controlled substances that are also used for seizures and [muscle spasms](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-muscle-spasms-and-cramps-3120487). They increase the effects of GABA and can help treat anxiety but not depression. Benzos have a rapid onset of action (they start acting quickly). They are typically used only as needed or as a bridge until antidepressants like SSRIs or SNRIs kick in. ### Side Effects Side effects associated with benzos include: - Dependence or drug use disorder - Respiratory depression (slow breathing) - Sedation ### Dosage Benzodiazepines are not used for depression, but may be used to treat anxiety at the following doses: - Klonopin (clonazepam): 1 to 2 mg daily - [Xanax (alprazolam)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-does-xanax-work-7499265): 1 to 4 mg daily - Ativan (lorazepam): 2 to 6 mg daily - Librium (chlordiazepoxide): 20 to 100 mg daily ## Beta-Blockers [Beta-blockers](https://www.verywellhealth.com/propranolol-vs-metoprolol-11691471) are traditional heart medications. One of them, [propranolol](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-long-does-propranolol-last-for-anxiety-7561578), is sometimes used off-label for [performance anxiety](https://www.verywellhealth.com/performance-anxiety-5200716) (stage fright) or post-traumatic stress disorder ([PTSD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-ptsd-is-diagnosed-5114706)). In low doses, propranolol can counteract the adrenaline rush that causes symptoms of stage fright, such as shaking and a high heart rate. Overall, though, there’s not much evidence to support using beta-blockers like propranolol for anxiety, and they are not appropriate treatments for depression. ### Side Effects Side effects of propranolol include: - [Dizziness](https://www.verywellhealth.com/is-my-dizziness-a-side-effect-2488844) - Fatigue - [Slow heart rate](https://www.verywellhealth.com/sinus-bradycardia-1746253) - Low blood pressure - Rash - [Bronchospasm](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bronchospasm-overview-4175352) (wheezing) - [Heart failure](https://www.verywellhealth.com/types-of-heart-failure-5199454) ### Dosage Propranolol at doses of 60 to 120 mg daily is used off-label for anxiety. ## Atypical Antidepressants Atypical antidepressants work by different pathways to increase dopamine or norepinephrine in the body. They are a good choice for people who have sexual dysfunction or other side effects related to the use of SSRIs or SNRIs. ### Side Effects Because medicines in this “catch-all” class aren’t structurally related, side effects vary. Significant side effects associated with atypical antidepressants include: - Seizures with bupropion - Weight gain and sleepiness with mirtazapine - Liver toxicity with agomelatine Note that [bupropion](https://www.verywellhealth.com/wellbutrin-vs-lexapro-uses-safety-dosing-storage-7560352) should not be taken by people with seizure disorders or a history of seizures. ### Dosage Here are the typical doses used for these atypical antidepressants. - Wellbutrin (bupropion): 150 to 300 mg daily - Remeron (mirtazapine): 15 to 45 mg daily for depression or anxiety - Valdoxan (agomelatine): 25 to 50 mg daily for depression ### N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that may treat memory loss and brain damage associated with Alzheimer’s disease and major depressive disorder (MDD). NMDA receptors allow the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to attach to its binding site. When glutamate binds to the NMDA receptor, it causes the release of calcium into the nerve cells. They are prescribed for some of the following conditions: - Alzheimer’s disease - Major depressive disorder (MDD) ### Side Effects Adverse effects of NMDA receptor antagonists include: - Headache - Fatigue - Constipation ### Dosage Typical doses of NMDA receptor antagonists to treat depression are: - Spravato (esketamine): 56 or 84 mg weekly or every 2 weeks for depression ### Adjunctive Therapy for Major Depression In 2025, the antipsychotic drug Caplyta (lumateprone) was FDA-approved to treat adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) when taken along with an antidepressant. Research has shown that it can improve symptoms of MDD as compared with taking an oral antidepressant alone. ## Other Interventions Depending on the severity of your anxiety or depression, other interventions may be helpful alone or in conjunction with medications. These interventions include: - Exercise: Exercise has been proven to be as effective as antidepressants or psychotherapy for mild or moderate depression and to augment the effects of other treatments on severe depression. The most significant benefit is seen with aerobic exercise (often called cardio). And while there are fewer studies of exercise’s effects on anxiety, it seems to be about as effective as other treatments. - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): In people who are depressed, [CBT](https://www.verywellmind.com/anxiety-therapy-4692759) involves replacing negative thoughts and distortions with helpful techniques to improve mood. It can enhance the effects of antidepressants and lower the risk of relapse. CBT also has modest benefits for people with anxiety, especially those with [obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-5084138), GAD, or [acute stress disorder](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-ptsd-5084527). - Meditation: There's not enough evidence to recommend meditation as the only treatment for anxiety or depression. That said, focusing on mindfulness is helpful for people with depression, and benefits can last up to six months. There isn't as much data supporting meditation for people with anxiety. - Yoga: This intervention is best as an add-on to conventional treatments for people with depression or panic disorder. Even just one hour-long session per week has been shown to reduce symptoms. Discussing your mood and any symptoms you may have with your healthcare provider before self-treating is essential. This will ensure that you are getting all the help you need. ## Nutrition Considerations Herbal supplements that have been studied for anxiety and depression include: - [Kava](https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-ways-to-help-you-sleep-88230) - [Cannabidiol (CBD)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cbd-oil-for-diabetes-5113061) - [Ashwagandha](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ashwagandha-benefits-for-women-8776598) - [Lavender](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lavender-and-peppermint-essential-oils-for-headaches-and-migraines-4691276) - Chamomile - [Black cohosh](https://www.verywellhealth.com/menopause-supplements-5190465) - [Saffron](https://www.verywellhealth.com/saffron-8744443) - [Omega-3 fatty acids](https://www.verywellhealth.com/omega-3-fatty-acids-8660468) - [Magnesium](https://www.verywellhealth.com/does-magnesium-lower-or-raise-heart-rate-11920635) - [Saint John’s wort](https://www.verywellhealth.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-st-johns-wort-7556278) Saint John’s wort interacts with many medications. Before trying these or any other supplements, discuss them with your healthcare provider to ensure they don't interact with any other medications you may be taking. These are not safe choices for everyone. Supplements that increase serotonin levels shouldn't be taken with SSRIs or SNRIs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. A few of these supplements include: - [Tryptophan](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-does-low-serotonin-feel-like-3972959) - Saint John’s wort - [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-vs-fibromyalgia-5213420) ### Frequently Asked Questions - SSRIs are the most effective medicines for treating both anxiety and depression and usually are the first prescribed. They are even more effective when combined with therapy. - SSRIs or SNRIs are often the first choice for treating anxiety disorders, such as GAD and panic disorder. A review of 41 clinical trials found that Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Lexapro (escitalopram) are very effective for adults with GAD. Since these drugs may take weeks to work fully, benzodiazepines are sometimes given initially. - All antidepressants have side effects, but newer drugs like SSRIs and SNRIs typically cause fewer severe side effects than older ones like TCAs and benzodiazepines. - Managing stress can be done through several methods like adequate sleep, seeking help, healthy eating, exercise, meditation, yoga, or cognitive behavioral therapy. If you're overwhelmed or hopeless, consider seeking medical help. Remember, you're not alone. For anxiety support, contact the [SAMHSA National Helpline](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline) at 800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area if you are struggling with anxiety.
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