🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 50 (from laksa090)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa050.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128","crawl_time":1776223585,"first_indexed_time":1705994202,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,verywellhealth!www,\/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128 s443","src_root_hash":"5681562863987870850","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Common Medications Used to Treat Major Depressive Disorder","meta_descriptions":["Many different drug classes exist, with a multitude of medications that are commonly used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD)."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Key Takeaways\nMajor depressive disorder can be treated with different types of medications like SSRIs and SNRIs.\nThe FDA warns that antidepressants may increase suicide risk in children and teens.\nAmitriptyline and Lexapro are some of the most effective drugs for treating depression. They often are used in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).\nMajor depressive disorder (MDD)\n, also referred to as\nclinical depression\nor depression, is a mood disorder where a person has a consistently low or depressed mood and no longer finds interest in activities that used to bring them joy.\nSeveral drug classes are commonly used to treat MDD, including antidepressants, antipsychotics,\nanti-anxiety medications\n, and other types of mood-stabilizing drugs.\nThis variety of classes can help individualize medication treatment to address a person's specific needs. For example, some antidepressants can also help with anxiety, and others may improve sleep.\nWellbutrin (bupropion)\nis an antidepressant that can also help people quit smoking.\nThis article will discuss the types of medications used to treat MDD.\nGetty Images \/ Bloomberg \/ Contributor.\nGetty Images \/ Bloomberg \/ Contributor\nList of Major Depressive Disorder Medications\nThe medications used to treat MDD are grouped into the following classes:\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\n, including\nProzac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline)\n, Celexa (citalopram), and\nLexapro (escitalopram)\n, are often prescribed first for MDD, as they tend to cause the fewest side effects.\nSerotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n, such as Pristiq (desvenlafaxine),\nCymbalta (duloxetine)\n, and Fetzima (levomilnacipran), are another common group of drugs used to treat depression as well as anxiety.\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) include\namitriptyline\n, Anafranil (clomipramine), and Norpramin (desipramine).\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\ninclude Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine), and Emsam (selegiline)\nAtypical or miscellaneous antidepressants that don’t fall into the other drug classes include Wellbutrin (bupropion), Remeron (mirtazapine), nefazodone,\ntrazodone\n, Trintellix (vortioxetine), and others\nN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)\nreceptor antagonists include only Auvelity (dextromethorphan and bupropion), the first oral NMDA receptor antagonist approved to treat MDD\nAntidepressants and Increased Suicide Risk\nAntidepressant medications are required to include a boxed warning in their prescribing information sheets about the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents.\nThe United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided in 2004 to make this a requirement after analyzing studies and reports from the late 1990s and early 2000s where increased suicidal risk was observed in the first month or so after starting antidepressants in young people.\nSince around 2010, more and more reports have questioned how valid or necessary this warning is due to statistics like a decrease in the use of antidepressant drugs and an increase in the rate of suicide among people with severe depression who go untreated.\nIf you are the caregiver of a child or adolescent struggling with depression, it’s normal to feel concerned about this warning. Discuss with your child’s healthcare provider the risks of suicidal thoughts or behaviors associated with starting antidepressants versus the risk of these events occurring from depression going untreated.\nHelp Is Available\nIf you or someone you know are having suicidal thoughts, dial \n988\n to contact the \n988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline\n and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call \n911\n.\nWhat Is the Most Effective Medication for Major Depressive Disorder?\nA study of over 500 trials, which included over 116,000 individuals, analyzed 21 different antidepressants used to treat depression in adults.\nWithin head-to-head studies, some of the most effective drugs were:\nAmitriptyline\nLexapro (escitalopram)\nRemeron (mirtazapine)\nPaxil (paroxetine)\nEffexor (venlafaxine)\nTrintellix (vortioxetine)\nStill, the analysis concluded that all antidepressants were more effective than placebo (a treatment with no active properties that's given to a control group in trials). This supports the practice of trying different medications for different individuals and the likely need to try more than one before finding the best option.\nAnother analysis of depression in children and adolescents included over 70 trials, more than 9500 participants, and primarily moderate to severe cases of depression.\nThis analysis looked at 16 antidepressant medications, seven psychotherapies, and five combinations of antidepressant and psychotherapy treatments. Prozac (fluoxetine), either alone or in combination with\ncognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)\n, seemed to be the best choice for this population.\nFinding the Right Medication For You\nFinding the right medication to treat your MDD may take a couple of tries. Your healthcare provider may start with a certain drug based on other issues you may be struggling with (such as anxiety or trouble sleeping) or based on their own experience of successfully treating other individuals with depression.\nIt’s important to note that it sometimes takes up to eight to 12 weeks of consistently taking antidepressants as prescribed to see their full benefit.\nThis may sound like a long wait time, but it is necessary to determine whether a medication is a good fit for you or whether another option may be better.\nOne option to consider that may help you find the best antidepressant medication and minimize side effects is\npharmacogenetic testing\n. This is a somewhat new field where genetic information is collected that may help guide healthcare prescribers in choosing the ideal medication for you.\nOne study, including over 1500 people, found that prescribing medications based on the results of a 12-gene test significantly reduced side effects versus standard care guideline-based treatment.\nPharmacogenetic testing is not a sure bet, but it may lower your risk of medication-related side effects and lessen the time it takes to find the best medication option. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are curious about pharmacogenomic testing and whether it may optimize your treatment.\nOptions for Treatment-Resistant Depression\nSometimes, treatment with one medication isn’t enough to help with symptoms of depression.\nYou may experience a partial response to a medication, where your symptoms improve but not as much as they could, or maybe some symptoms still linger. If this happens, you and your healthcare provider may try a different medication or add another medication to your regimen.\nThe following are second-generation antipsychotics that are FDA-approved as add-on therapies to an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression (TRD):\nAbilify (aripiprazole)\nRexulti (brexpiprazole)\nSeroquel (quetiapine)\nZyprexa (olanzapine)\nCaplyta (lumteperone)\nAnother newer treatment option for TRD is\nketamine\n, a drug that has been used since the 1970s for anesthesia. It has been growing in popularity and investigation as a depression treatment in recent years. The drug is available as an intravenous infusion or an intranasal product called Spravato (esketamine) and can be used alone or in combination with oral antidepressants.\nOther Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder\nInterventions beyond medication play a large role in treating depression. There are many different types and styles of therapy that can contribute to a successful depression treatment plan. Some of these types include:\nCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy with a counselor that aims to correct unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that can contribute to depression\nPsychodynamic psychotherapy\n, which analyzes internal conflicts and emotional patterns that contribute to depression\nInterpersonal therapy\n, which is therapy focused on your relationships with others\nSupportive therapy, which uses a combination of therapy types to treat depression\nSome non-drug procedures that aim to treat depression include:\nElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT)\n, a procedure performed under anesthesia where electric currents are sent through a person’s brain, causing a small seizure, to try to alter the brain’s chemistry and reduce symptoms of depression.\nTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)\n, a noninvasive 20-30 minute procedure involving using magnets to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, with a lower risk of side effects than ECT.\nA Word From Verywell\nThere are many options for medications when it comes to treating major depressive disorder, so trial and error may be needed to find the right fit.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#skip-to-content)\n\nMenu\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n  - [Colorectal Cancer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/colon-cancer-4014742)\n  - [Arthritis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/arthritis-overview-4582013)\n  - [Type 2 Diabetes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/type-2-diabetes-overview-4581874)\n  - [Digestive Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/digestive-health-4141198)\n  - [Multiple Sclerosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/multiple-sclerosis-overview-4581925)\n  - [Skin Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/skin-health-4014649)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n- [Prevention & Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prevention-and-treatment-4158390)\n  - [Diet & Nutrition](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/nutrition-diet-and-healthy-eating-5202128)\n  - [First Aid](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/first-aid-4014723)\n  - [Surgery](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/surgery-overview-4581881)\n- [Health Care](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-care-4014769)\n  - [Health Insurance](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-insurance-overview-4581967)\n  - [Public Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/public-health-4158386)\n  - [Patient Rights](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/patient-rights-4014673)\n  - [Disability](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/disability-4014735)\n  - [Caregivers & Loved Ones](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/for-caregivers-and-loved-ones-4014749)\n  - [End of Life Concerns](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/end-of-life-overview-4581973)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-care-4014769)\n- [News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/news-4846412)\n  - [Health News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-news-4844929)\n  - [Studies & Guidelines](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/studies-and-guidelines-11869035)\n- Tools & Resources\n  - [Thyroid Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thyroid-test-analyzer-8647820)\n  - [Doctor Discussion Guides](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/doctor-discussion-guides-4179090)\n  - [Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/a1c-test-analyzer-8647852)\n  - [Lipid Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lipid-test-analyzer-8647856)\n  - [Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/complete-blood-count-cbc-analyzer-8647862)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/about-us-5180305)\n  - [Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n  - [Meet Our Medical Expert Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n\nSearch\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n  - [Colorectal Cancer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/colon-cancer-4014742)\n  - [Arthritis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/arthritis-overview-4582013)\n  - [Type 2 Diabetes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/type-2-diabetes-overview-4581874)\n  - [Digestive Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/digestive-health-4141198)\n  - [Multiple Sclerosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/multiple-sclerosis-overview-4581925)\n  - [Skin Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/skin-health-4014649)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n- [Prevention & Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prevention-and-treatment-4158390)\n  - [Diet & Nutrition](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/nutrition-diet-and-healthy-eating-5202128)\n  - [First Aid](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/first-aid-4014723)\n  - [Surgery](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/surgery-overview-4581881)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prevention-and-treatment-4158390)\n- [Health Care](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-care-4014769)\n  - [Health Insurance](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-insurance-overview-4581967)\n  - [Public Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/public-health-4158386)\n  - [Patient Rights](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/patient-rights-4014673)\n  - [Disability](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/disability-4014735)\n  - [Caregivers & Loved Ones](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/for-caregivers-and-loved-ones-4014749)\n  - [End of Life Concerns](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/end-of-life-overview-4581973)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-care-4014769)\n- [News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/news-4846412)\n  - [Health News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-news-4844929)\n  - [Studies & Guidelines](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/studies-and-guidelines-11869035)\n  - [View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/news-4846412)\n\n[More in Mental Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mental-health-5079153)\n\n- [Mental Health Disorder Symptoms](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mental-health-disorders-symptoms-8646516)\n- [Autism](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/autism-overview-4582004)\n- [ADHD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/adhd-8430762)\n- [Bipolar Disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bipolar-disorder-8431792)\n- [Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/depression-8431794)\n- [OCD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ocd-related-disorders-8431799)\n- [Anxiety Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-disorders-5205106)\n- [Mood Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mood-disorders-5205099)\n- [Eating Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/eating-disorders-5205104)\n- [Neurodevelopmental Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/neurodevelopmental-disorders-5205110)\n- [Therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/therapy-5205107)\n- [Personality Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/personality-disorders-5205101)\n- [Psychotic Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/psychotic-disorders-5205105)\n- [Substance Use Disorder & Addiction](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/substance-use-disorder-addiction-5205102)\n- [Psychology](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/psychology-8431801)\n- [Trauma & Stressor-Related Disorders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/trauma-and-stressor-related-disorders-5205109)\n\n[View More](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mental-health-5079153)\n\nTools & Resources\n\n- [Thyroid Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thyroid-test-analyzer-8647820)\n- [Doctor Discussion Guides](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/doctor-discussion-guides-4179090)\n- [Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/a1c-test-analyzer-8647852)\n- [Lipid Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lipid-test-analyzer-8647856)\n- [Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/complete-blood-count-cbc-analyzer-8647862)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/about-us-5180305)\n- [Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n- [Medical Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n\nVerywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.\n\nⒸ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved\n\n# Common Medications Used to Treat Major Depressive Disorder\nBy [Sara Hoffman, PharmD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/sara-hoffman-5202260)\n\nUpdated on January 29, 2026\n\nMedically reviewed by  [Lindsay Cook, PharmD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lindsay-cook-5215415)\n\nTable of Contents\n\nView All\n\nTable of Contents\n\n- [List of Major Depressive Disorder Medications](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-list-of-major-depressive-disorder-medications)\n- [Most Effective Medications](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-what-is-the-most-effective-medication-for-major-depressive-disorder)\n- [Finding the Right One](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-finding-the-right-medication-for-you)\n- [Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-options-for-treatment-resistant-depression)\n- [Other Treatments](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-other-treatments-for-major-depressive-disorder)\n\nClose\n\n### Key Takeaways\n- Major depressive disorder can be treated with different types of medications like SSRIs and SNRIs.\n- The FDA warns that antidepressants may increase suicide risk in children and teens.\n- Amitriptyline and Lexapro are some of the most effective drugs for treating depression. They often are used in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).\n\n[Major depressive disorder (MDD)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-5092483), also referred to as [clinical depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/clinical-depression-7643137) or depression, is a mood disorder where a person has a consistently low or depressed mood and no longer finds interest in activities that used to bring them joy.\n\nSeveral drug classes are commonly used to treat MDD, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, [anti-anxiety medications](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-disorder-treatment-5114725), and other types of mood-stabilizing drugs.\n\nThis variety of classes can help individualize medication treatment to address a person's specific needs. For example, some antidepressants can also help with anxiety, and others may improve sleep. [Wellbutrin (bupropion)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-quickly-does-wellbutrin-work-7566925) is an antidepressant that can also help people quit smoking.\n\nThis article will discuss the types of medications used to treat MDD.\n\n![Close up of antidepressant drug Zoloft pills]()\n\n![Close up of antidepressant drug Zoloft pills](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/TzgXaQg6G6Rr9fHDnfnR5UDn9Rg=\/1500x0\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-94621338-5cf6b180f1804f47bf146919aa702845.jpg)\n\nGetty Images \/ Bloomberg \/ Contributor.\n\nGetty Images \/ Bloomberg \/ Contributor\n## List of Major Depressive Disorder Medications\nThe medications used to treat MDD are grouped into the following classes:\n\n- [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris-5223678), including [Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-zoloft-sertraline-7495972), Celexa (citalopram), and [Lexapro (escitalopram)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-lexapro-escitalopram-7486721), are often prescribed first for MDD, as they tend to cause the fewest side effects.\n- [Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ssris-vs-snris-5193051), such as Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), [Cymbalta (duloxetine)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cymbalta-to-treat-both-depression-and-nerve-pain-48797), and Fetzima (levomilnacipran), are another common group of drugs used to treat depression as well as anxiety.\n- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) include [amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/amitriptyline-297048), Anafranil (clomipramine), and Norpramin (desipramine).\n- [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bpd-borderline-personality-disorder-medications-5100909) include Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine), and Emsam (selegiline)\n- Atypical or miscellaneous antidepressants that don’t fall into the other drug classes include Wellbutrin (bupropion), Remeron (mirtazapine), nefazodone, [trazodone](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/trazodone-5080333), Trintellix (vortioxetine), and others\n- [N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/autoimmune-diseases-that-can-be-fatal-5093193) receptor antagonists include only Auvelity (dextromethorphan and bupropion), the first oral NMDA receptor antagonist approved to treat MDD\n### Antidepressants and Increased Suicide Risk\nAntidepressant medications are required to include a boxed warning in their prescribing information sheets about the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents.\n\nThe United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided in 2004 to make this a requirement after analyzing studies and reports from the late 1990s and early 2000s where increased suicidal risk was observed in the first month or so after starting antidepressants in young people.\n\nSince around 2010, more and more reports have questioned how valid or necessary this warning is due to statistics like a decrease in the use of antidepressant drugs and an increase in the rate of suicide among people with severe depression who go untreated.\n\nIf you are the caregiver of a child or adolescent struggling with depression, it’s normal to feel concerned about this warning. Discuss with your child’s healthcare provider the risks of suicidal thoughts or behaviors associated with starting antidepressants versus the risk of these events occurring from depression going untreated.\n\n### Help Is Available\nIf you or someone you know are having suicidal thoughts, dial **988** to contact the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call **911**.\n## What Is the Most Effective Medication for Major Depressive Disorder?\nA study of over 500 trials, which included over 116,000 individuals, analyzed 21 different antidepressants used to treat depression in adults.\n\nWithin head-to-head studies, some of the most effective drugs were:\n\n- Amitriptyline\n- Lexapro (escitalopram)\n- Remeron (mirtazapine)\n- Paxil (paroxetine)\n- Effexor (venlafaxine)\n- Trintellix (vortioxetine)\n\nStill, the analysis concluded that all antidepressants were more effective than placebo (a treatment with no active properties that's given to a control group in trials). This supports the practice of trying different medications for different individuals and the likely need to try more than one before finding the best option.\n\nAnother analysis of depression in children and adolescents included over 70 trials, more than 9500 participants, and primarily moderate to severe cases of depression.\n\nThis analysis looked at 16 antidepressant medications, seven psychotherapies, and five combinations of antidepressant and psychotherapy treatments. Prozac (fluoxetine), either alone or in combination with [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/dialectical-behavior-therapy-5212359), seemed to be the best choice for this population.\n\n## Finding the Right Medication For You\nFinding the right medication to treat your MDD may take a couple of tries. Your healthcare provider may start with a certain drug based on other issues you may be struggling with (such as anxiety or trouble sleeping) or based on their own experience of successfully treating other individuals with depression.\n\nIt’s important to note that it sometimes takes up to eight to 12 weeks of consistently taking antidepressants as prescribed to see their full benefit. This may sound like a long wait time, but it is necessary to determine whether a medication is a good fit for you or whether another option may be better.\n\nOne option to consider that may help you find the best antidepressant medication and minimize side effects is [pharmacogenetic testing](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-a-dna-test-2860730). This is a somewhat new field where genetic information is collected that may help guide healthcare prescribers in choosing the ideal medication for you.\n\nOne study, including over 1500 people, found that prescribing medications based on the results of a 12-gene test significantly reduced side effects versus standard care guideline-based treatment.\n\nPharmacogenetic testing is not a sure bet, but it may lower your risk of medication-related side effects and lessen the time it takes to find the best medication option. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are curious about pharmacogenomic testing and whether it may optimize your treatment.\n\n## Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression\nSometimes, treatment with one medication isn’t enough to help with symptoms of depression.\n\nYou may experience a partial response to a medication, where your symptoms improve but not as much as they could, or maybe some symptoms still linger. If this happens, you and your healthcare provider may try a different medication or add another medication to your regimen.\n\nThe following are second-generation antipsychotics that are FDA-approved as add-on therapies to an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression (TRD):\n\n- Abilify (aripiprazole)\n- Rexulti (brexpiprazole)\n- Seroquel (quetiapine)\n- Zyprexa (olanzapine)\n- Caplyta (lumteperone)\n\nAnother newer treatment option for TRD is [ketamine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ketamine-5077592), a drug that has been used since the 1970s for anesthesia. It has been growing in popularity and investigation as a depression treatment in recent years. The drug is available as an intravenous infusion or an intranasal product called Spravato (esketamine) and can be used alone or in combination with oral antidepressants.\n\n## Other Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder\nInterventions beyond medication play a large role in treating depression. There are many different types and styles of therapy that can contribute to a successful depression treatment plan. Some of these types include:\n\n- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy with a counselor that aims to correct unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that can contribute to depression\n- [Psychodynamic psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/psychodynamic-therapy-5218902), which analyzes internal conflicts and emotional patterns that contribute to depression\n- [Interpersonal therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-and-depression-8547945), which is therapy focused on your relationships with others\n- Supportive therapy, which uses a combination of therapy types to treat depression\n\nSome non-drug procedures that aim to treat depression include:\n\n- [Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bipolar-disorder-treatments-8425817), a procedure performed under anesthesia where electric currents are sent through a person’s brain, causing a small seizure, to try to alter the brain’s chemistry and reduce symptoms of depression.\n- [Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/tms-depression-8547842), a noninvasive 20-30 minute procedure involving using magnets to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, with a lower risk of side effects than ECT.\n\n### A Word From Verywell\nThere are many options for medications when it comes to treating major depressive disorder, so trial and error may be needed to find the right fit.\n\n—  [LINDSAY COOK, PHARMD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lindsay-cook-5215415)\n\n![Lindsay Cook, PharmD]()\n\n![Lindsay Cook, PharmD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/pFLnWxJJOMYryXQh8w8r0E8nWWc=\/112x112\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/ScreenShot2022-09-29at4.09.08PM-4c8d5576dcba487cb83dbab2e2d12908.png)\n\nRead more:\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/mental-health-5079153)\n\n12 Sources\n\nVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our [editorial process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.\n\n1. Kennis M, Gerritsen L, van Dalen M, et al. [Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41380-019-0585-z) *Mol Psychiatry*. 2020;25(2):321-338.\n2. Rush AJ. [Patient education: depression treatment options for adults (beyond the basics)](https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/depression-treatment-options-for-adults-beyond-the-basics). UpToDate.\n3. McCarthy B, Bunn H, Santalucia M, et al. [Dextromethorphan-bupropion (Auvelity) for the treatment of major depressive disorder](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9758\/cpn.23.1081). *Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci*. 2023;21(4):609-616. doi:10.9758\/cpn.23.1081\n4. Fornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, et al. [The FDA \"black box\" warning on antidepressant suicide risk in young adults: more harm than benefits?](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2019.00294) *Front Psychiatry*. 2019;10:294. doi:10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00294\n5. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2932802-7). *Lancet*. 2018;391(10128):1357-1366. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7\n6. Zhou X, Teng T, Zhang Y, et al. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants, psychotherapies, and their combination for acute treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2215-0366%2820%2930137-1) *Lancet Psychiatry*. 2020;7(7):581-601.\n7. Swen JJ, van der Wouden CH, Manson LE, et al. [A 12-gene pharmacogenetic panel to prevent adverse drug reactions: an open-label, multicentre, controlled, cluster-randomised crossover implementation study](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736%2822%2901841-4). *Lancet*. 2023;401(10374):347-356. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01841-4\n8. Thase ME. [Adjunctive therapy with second-generation antipsychotics: the new standard for treatment-resistant depression](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.20150041)? *Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)*. 2016;14(2):180-183. doi:10.1176\/appi.focus.20150041\n9. Nikolin S, Rodgers A, Schwaab A, et al. [Ketamine for the treatment of major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102127). *EClinicalMedicine*. 2023;62:102127. doi:10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102127\n10. Chen JJ, Zhao LB, Liu YY, Fan SH, Xie P. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of electroconvulsive therapy versus repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a systematic review and multiple-treatments meta-analysis](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.11.028). *Behav Brain Res*. 2017;320:30-36. doi:10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.11.028\n11. Carpenter LL, George MS, Navarro N, Deutsch L, Leuchter AF. [A novel home-based, combined occipital and trigeminal afferent stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: efficacy and safety results from a double-blind multicenter randomized sham-controlled study](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.022). *Brain Stimul*. 2025;18(5):1695-1704. doi:10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.022\n12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Premarket Approval (PMA) Proliv Rx System](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfpma\/pma.cfm?ID=P250010).\n\n![Sara]()\n\n![Sara](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/XABkOThdBrGqK2LtjuF3-UyIQGQ=\/144x144\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/Sara-Hoffman-64e77a9b62a4429ab3e195392820aa9a.jpg)\n\nBy [Sara Hoffman, PharmD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/sara-hoffman-5202260)   \n Hoffman is a Kansas-based clinical pharmacist with experience working in hospitals, specialty clinics, and community pharmacies.\n\n[See Our Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n\n[Meet Our Medical Expert Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n\nShare Feedback\n\nWas this page helpful?\n\nThanks for your feedback\\!\n\nWhat is your feedback?\n\nHelpful\n\nReport an Error\n\nOther\n\nRelated Articles\n\n[![Bottle of Wellbutrin XL and bottle generic bupropion displayed next to open orange pill bottle spilling out pills]() ![Bottle of Wellbutrin XL and bottle generic bupropion displayed next to open orange pill bottle spilling out pills](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/OuO54SIfolCg7hNzBl8Ipk7xksk=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-94619445-9830d225950b4dcc97d36531d2d316d4.jpg) 3 Important Differences Between Prozac vs. Wellbutrin](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/wellbutrin-vs-prozac-8668314)\n\n[![Prozac vs. Lexapro (Drug Article)]() ![Prozac vs. Lexapro (Drug Article)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/zRtyiHNjRen0df83WTRE51f9va8=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/Prozacvs.Lexapro-939be5905dcb4574b8f99dfda865b686.jpg) Lexapro vs. Prozac for Depression and Other Uses](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-lexapro-escitalopram-7486721)\n\n[![Close-up of bottle of Cymbalta on pharmacy shelf with blurred background]() ![Close-up of bottle of Cymbalta on pharmacy shelf with blurred background](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/B50pd4-dIHLhVgZUtsOsZn6uB7I=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-457715546-835cea89847a48c89089fccb01516091.jpg) Cymbalta vs. Lexapro for Depression: Which Is Better?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cymbalta-vs-lexapro-for-depression-which-is-better-8647277)\n\n[![A woman washing fresh fruit]() ![A woman washing fresh fruit](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/39VXzzQkBUSnzCxTCjIn_CwuWuU=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1430813535-8645cc3c4f7a4720aa0f41ae44a9682e.jpg) What Are the Best Foods for Depression?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/foods-for-depression-8548225)\n\n[![A prescription pill bottle of Lexapro (escitalopram)]() ![A prescription pill bottle of Lexapro (escitalopram)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/xn69Fin6-huwdIu3zq5czWtzGjo=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-3123206-39bfe3b064be4a3b904fbbd7bdf28dff.jpg) Is It Safe to Drink Alcohol With Lexapro?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/is-it-safe-to-mix-lexapro-and-alcohol-8431199)\n\n[![Sad girl on bed]() ![Sad girl on bed](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/XWyAM29OgH2RQ4G4Tq6txSLNSGI=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1146130157-9e9abd0e2f384263b6967e648d876280.jpg) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) vs. Bipolar Disorder](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bpd-vs-bipolar-5096132)\n\n[![A male doctor discusses a prescription medication with a female patient. The doctor is holding the medication.]() ![A male doctor discusses a prescription medication with a female patient. The doctor is holding the medication.](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/A-8HGSRUj21h_A1vqdobvI03XeE=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-973287086-e9e3d3d4c2274a888d6f46fcc7a3cf99.jpg) SSRIs vs. SNRIs: How They Work](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ssris-vs-snris-5193051)\n\n[![Person lying on stomach in bed at home with blank stare]() ![Person lying on stomach in bed at home with blank stare](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/tpIYbJfy9uvma0BTjObtIu8JhhE=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/avolition-GettyImages-1421877961-9fd52cc155274fc29043cfcb83d52d44.jpg) What Is Avolition? Signs, Examples, and Treatment Options](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/avolition-7372513)\n\n[![doctor office]() ![doctor office](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/Lqb0OrFzuLdTbMq9A2fRGb-LwdQ=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/doctoroffice-94d5435f2bbd4ad2a6832a4e5cc4331c.jpg) Natural Mood Stabilizers](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/natural-mood-stabilizers-5209296)\n\n[![A person looking out a window on rainy day]() ![A person looking out a window on rainy day](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/Zj3cyEEm__8tv8d_VeyJmpILOt4=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/schizophrenia-GettyImages-1171712946-566353ea24614b57a4ae27bf6657bffe.jpg) Positive and Negative Schizophrenia Symptoms](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/schizophrenia-symptoms-8551091)\n\n[![Pills of Wyeth's depression treatment Effexor, ]() ![Pills of Wyeth's depression treatment Effexor, ](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/bYrFKsitpjYJTshTd_-jdgviQqs=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH.GettyImages-94965543-787c7e1d9cac423095e520bbd834079f.jpg) Pristiq vs. Effexor: How Do They Compare?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/pristiq-vs-effexor-8731385)\n\n[![Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.]() ![Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/BUpiLfjpbpY22_KgE4_DpzPDk-Y=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1403115160-8cb7763ab5b14c9aa09a075b2856520d.jpg) What Are the Best Medications for Anxiety and Depression?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994)\n\n[![A close-up of 300mg tablets of Bupropion XL, the generic version of Wellbutrin XL]() ![A close-up of 300mg tablets of Bupropion XL, the generic version of Wellbutrin XL](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/Cq3yPFlcTfEj-E-9JVb41p4ENqU=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-94619432-06812c3c8dba4d2b8faeda4509864af5.jpg) Wellbutrin vs. Zoloft: Similarities & Differences](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/wellbutrin-vs-zoloft-similarities-and-differences-7969056)\n\n[![Social Anhedonia]() ![Social Anhedonia](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/q7YBfDMXTR16f1qIGR-Y2tVphis=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/anhedonia-definition-5189496-notext-642770429f6f4be29f8aebef17c7992f.png) Anhedonia Causes and Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anhedonia-definition-5189496)\n\n[![Man feels stress in writing a report due to his perfectionism]() ![Man feels stress in writing a report due to his perfectionism](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/m0DpJBZp1IoUGEKLo0LSnCQt754=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1205248720-162ceb8806a64b94b0175e84790b45b8.jpg) Understanding Perfectionism](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/perfectionism-5323816)\n\n[![A close-up of 25-milligram Adderall XR prescription pill bottle ]() ![A close-up of 25-milligram Adderall XR prescription pill bottle ](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/uPd0swQAXoBJHmwP3DC6iTz2Y7k=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-GettyImages-1815420147-4d97c629ed6c4a8d92364cbdb342557a.jpg) 4 Differences Between Adderall XR vs. Adderall IR](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/adderall-xr-vs-ir-8584069)\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n- [Prevention & Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prevention-and-treatment-4158390)\n- [Health Care](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-care-4014769)\n- [News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/news-4846412)\n\n- [Meet Our Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/about-us-5180305)\n- [Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/brands-privacy)\n- [In the News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/in-the-news-4778971)\n- [Advertise](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/advertising)\n- [Terms of Service](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/brands-termsofservice)\n- [Careers](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/careers)\n- [Contact](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/about-us-5180305#toc-contact-us)\n\nFollow Us\n\nVerywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.\n\nⒸ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved\n\nVerywell Health is part of the [People Inc.](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/) publishing family.","attrs_readable_markdown":"### Key Takeaways\n- Major depressive disorder can be treated with different types of medications like SSRIs and SNRIs.\n- The FDA warns that antidepressants may increase suicide risk in children and teens.\n- Amitriptyline and Lexapro are some of the most effective drugs for treating depression. They often are used in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).\n\n[Major depressive disorder (MDD)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/major-depressive-disorder-5092483), also referred to as [clinical depression](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/clinical-depression-7643137) or depression, is a mood disorder where a person has a consistently low or depressed mood and no longer finds interest in activities that used to bring them joy.\n\nSeveral drug classes are commonly used to treat MDD, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, [anti-anxiety medications](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-disorder-treatment-5114725), and other types of mood-stabilizing drugs.\n\nThis variety of classes can help individualize medication treatment to address a person's specific needs. For example, some antidepressants can also help with anxiety, and others may improve sleep. [Wellbutrin (bupropion)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-quickly-does-wellbutrin-work-7566925) is an antidepressant that can also help people quit smoking.\n\nThis article will discuss the types of medications used to treat MDD.\n\nGetty Images \/ Bloomberg \/ Contributor.\n\nGetty Images \/ Bloomberg \/ Contributor\n## List of Major Depressive Disorder Medications\nThe medications used to treat MDD are grouped into the following classes:\n\n- [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris-5223678), including [Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-zoloft-sertraline-7495972), Celexa (citalopram), and [Lexapro (escitalopram)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-lexapro-escitalopram-7486721), are often prescribed first for MDD, as they tend to cause the fewest side effects.\n- [Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ssris-vs-snris-5193051), such as Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), [Cymbalta (duloxetine)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cymbalta-to-treat-both-depression-and-nerve-pain-48797), and Fetzima (levomilnacipran), are another common group of drugs used to treat depression as well as anxiety.\n- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) include [amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/amitriptyline-297048), Anafranil (clomipramine), and Norpramin (desipramine).\n- [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bpd-borderline-personality-disorder-medications-5100909) include Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine), and Emsam (selegiline)\n- Atypical or miscellaneous antidepressants that don’t fall into the other drug classes include Wellbutrin (bupropion), Remeron (mirtazapine), nefazodone, [trazodone](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/trazodone-5080333), Trintellix (vortioxetine), and others\n- [N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/autoimmune-diseases-that-can-be-fatal-5093193) receptor antagonists include only Auvelity (dextromethorphan and bupropion), the first oral NMDA receptor antagonist approved to treat MDD\n### Antidepressants and Increased Suicide Risk\nAntidepressant medications are required to include a boxed warning in their prescribing information sheets about the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents.\n\nThe United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided in 2004 to make this a requirement after analyzing studies and reports from the late 1990s and early 2000s where increased suicidal risk was observed in the first month or so after starting antidepressants in young people.\n\nSince around 2010, more and more reports have questioned how valid or necessary this warning is due to statistics like a decrease in the use of antidepressant drugs and an increase in the rate of suicide among people with severe depression who go untreated.\n\nIf you are the caregiver of a child or adolescent struggling with depression, it’s normal to feel concerned about this warning. Discuss with your child’s healthcare provider the risks of suicidal thoughts or behaviors associated with starting antidepressants versus the risk of these events occurring from depression going untreated.\n\n### Help Is Available\nIf you or someone you know are having suicidal thoughts, dial **988** to contact the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call **911**.\n## What Is the Most Effective Medication for Major Depressive Disorder?\nA study of over 500 trials, which included over 116,000 individuals, analyzed 21 different antidepressants used to treat depression in adults.\n\nWithin head-to-head studies, some of the most effective drugs were:\n\n- Amitriptyline\n- Lexapro (escitalopram)\n- Remeron (mirtazapine)\n- Paxil (paroxetine)\n- Effexor (venlafaxine)\n- Trintellix (vortioxetine)\n\nStill, the analysis concluded that all antidepressants were more effective than placebo (a treatment with no active properties that's given to a control group in trials). This supports the practice of trying different medications for different individuals and the likely need to try more than one before finding the best option.\n\nAnother analysis of depression in children and adolescents included over 70 trials, more than 9500 participants, and primarily moderate to severe cases of depression.\n\nThis analysis looked at 16 antidepressant medications, seven psychotherapies, and five combinations of antidepressant and psychotherapy treatments. Prozac (fluoxetine), either alone or in combination with [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/dialectical-behavior-therapy-5212359), seemed to be the best choice for this population.\n\n## Finding the Right Medication For You\nFinding the right medication to treat your MDD may take a couple of tries. Your healthcare provider may start with a certain drug based on other issues you may be struggling with (such as anxiety or trouble sleeping) or based on their own experience of successfully treating other individuals with depression.\n\nIt’s important to note that it sometimes takes up to eight to 12 weeks of consistently taking antidepressants as prescribed to see their full benefit. This may sound like a long wait time, but it is necessary to determine whether a medication is a good fit for you or whether another option may be better.\n\nOne option to consider that may help you find the best antidepressant medication and minimize side effects is [pharmacogenetic testing](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-a-dna-test-2860730). This is a somewhat new field where genetic information is collected that may help guide healthcare prescribers in choosing the ideal medication for you.\n\nOne study, including over 1500 people, found that prescribing medications based on the results of a 12-gene test significantly reduced side effects versus standard care guideline-based treatment.\n\nPharmacogenetic testing is not a sure bet, but it may lower your risk of medication-related side effects and lessen the time it takes to find the best medication option. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are curious about pharmacogenomic testing and whether it may optimize your treatment.\n\n## Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression\nSometimes, treatment with one medication isn’t enough to help with symptoms of depression.\n\nYou may experience a partial response to a medication, where your symptoms improve but not as much as they could, or maybe some symptoms still linger. If this happens, you and your healthcare provider may try a different medication or add another medication to your regimen.\n\nThe following are second-generation antipsychotics that are FDA-approved as add-on therapies to an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression (TRD):\n\n- Abilify (aripiprazole)\n- Rexulti (brexpiprazole)\n- Seroquel (quetiapine)\n- Zyprexa (olanzapine)\n- Caplyta (lumteperone)\n\nAnother newer treatment option for TRD is [ketamine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ketamine-5077592), a drug that has been used since the 1970s for anesthesia. It has been growing in popularity and investigation as a depression treatment in recent years. The drug is available as an intravenous infusion or an intranasal product called Spravato (esketamine) and can be used alone or in combination with oral antidepressants.\n\n## Other Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder\nInterventions beyond medication play a large role in treating depression. There are many different types and styles of therapy that can contribute to a successful depression treatment plan. Some of these types include:\n\n- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy with a counselor that aims to correct unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that can contribute to depression\n- [Psychodynamic psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/psychodynamic-therapy-5218902), which analyzes internal conflicts and emotional patterns that contribute to depression\n- [Interpersonal therapy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anxiety-and-depression-8547945), which is therapy focused on your relationships with others\n- Supportive therapy, which uses a combination of therapy types to treat depression\n\nSome non-drug procedures that aim to treat depression include:\n\n- [Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bipolar-disorder-treatments-8425817), a procedure performed under anesthesia where electric currents are sent through a person’s brain, causing a small seizure, to try to alter the brain’s chemistry and reduce symptoms of depression.\n- [Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/tms-depression-8547842), a noninvasive 20-30 minute procedure involving using magnets to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, with a lower risk of side effects than ECT.\n\n### A Word From Verywell\nThere are many options for medications when it comes to treating major depressive disorder, so trial and error may be needed to find the right fit.\n\n![Lindsay Cook, PharmD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/pFLnWxJJOMYryXQh8w8r0E8nWWc=\/112x112\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/ScreenShot2022-09-29at4.09.08PM-4c8d5576dcba487cb83dbab2e2d12908.png)","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

14 hours ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128
Last Crawled	2026-04-15 03:26:25 (14 hours ago)
First Indexed	2024-01-23 07:16:42 (2 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Common Medications Used to Treat Major Depressive Disorder
Meta Description	Many different drug classes exist, with a multitude of medications that are commonly used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD).
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Key Takeaways Major depressive disorder can be treated with different types of medications like SSRIs and SNRIs. The FDA warns that antidepressants may increase suicide risk in children and teens. Amitriptyline and Lexapro are some of the most effective drugs for treating depression. They often are used in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Major depressive disorder (MDD) , also referred to as clinical depression or depression, is a mood disorder where a person has a consistently low or depressed mood and no longer finds interest in activities that used to bring them joy. Several drug classes are commonly used to treat MDD, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-anxiety medications , and other types of mood-stabilizing drugs. This variety of classes can help individualize medication treatment to address a person's specific needs. For example, some antidepressants can also help with anxiety, and others may improve sleep. Wellbutrin (bupropion) is an antidepressant that can also help people quit smoking. This article will discuss the types of medications used to treat MDD. Getty Images / Bloomberg / Contributor. Getty Images / Bloomberg / Contributor List of Major Depressive Disorder Medications The medications used to treat MDD are grouped into the following classes: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) , including Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline) , Celexa (citalopram), and Lexapro (escitalopram) , are often prescribed first for MDD, as they tend to cause the fewest side effects. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) , such as Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), Cymbalta (duloxetine) , and Fetzima (levomilnacipran), are another common group of drugs used to treat depression as well as anxiety. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) include amitriptyline , Anafranil (clomipramine), and Norpramin (desipramine). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) include Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine), and Emsam (selegiline) Atypical or miscellaneous antidepressants that don’t fall into the other drug classes include Wellbutrin (bupropion), Remeron (mirtazapine), nefazodone, trazodone , Trintellix (vortioxetine), and others N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists include only Auvelity (dextromethorphan and bupropion), the first oral NMDA receptor antagonist approved to treat MDD Antidepressants and Increased Suicide Risk Antidepressant medications are required to include a boxed warning in their prescribing information sheets about the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents. The United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided in 2004 to make this a requirement after analyzing studies and reports from the late 1990s and early 2000s where increased suicidal risk was observed in the first month or so after starting antidepressants in young people. Since around 2010, more and more reports have questioned how valid or necessary this warning is due to statistics like a decrease in the use of antidepressant drugs and an increase in the rate of suicide among people with severe depression who go untreated. If you are the caregiver of a child or adolescent struggling with depression, it’s normal to feel concerned about this warning. Discuss with your child’s healthcare provider the risks of suicidal thoughts or behaviors associated with starting antidepressants versus the risk of these events occurring from depression going untreated. Help Is Available If you or someone you know are having suicidal thoughts, dial 988 to contact the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 . What Is the Most Effective Medication for Major Depressive Disorder? A study of over 500 trials, which included over 116,000 individuals, analyzed 21 different antidepressants used to treat depression in adults. Within head-to-head studies, some of the most effective drugs were: Amitriptyline Lexapro (escitalopram) Remeron (mirtazapine) Paxil (paroxetine) Effexor (venlafaxine) Trintellix (vortioxetine) Still, the analysis concluded that all antidepressants were more effective than placebo (a treatment with no active properties that's given to a control group in trials). This supports the practice of trying different medications for different individuals and the likely need to try more than one before finding the best option. Another analysis of depression in children and adolescents included over 70 trials, more than 9500 participants, and primarily moderate to severe cases of depression. This analysis looked at 16 antidepressant medications, seven psychotherapies, and five combinations of antidepressant and psychotherapy treatments. Prozac (fluoxetine), either alone or in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) , seemed to be the best choice for this population. Finding the Right Medication For You Finding the right medication to treat your MDD may take a couple of tries. Your healthcare provider may start with a certain drug based on other issues you may be struggling with (such as anxiety or trouble sleeping) or based on their own experience of successfully treating other individuals with depression. It’s important to note that it sometimes takes up to eight to 12 weeks of consistently taking antidepressants as prescribed to see their full benefit. This may sound like a long wait time, but it is necessary to determine whether a medication is a good fit for you or whether another option may be better. One option to consider that may help you find the best antidepressant medication and minimize side effects is pharmacogenetic testing . This is a somewhat new field where genetic information is collected that may help guide healthcare prescribers in choosing the ideal medication for you. One study, including over 1500 people, found that prescribing medications based on the results of a 12-gene test significantly reduced side effects versus standard care guideline-based treatment. Pharmacogenetic testing is not a sure bet, but it may lower your risk of medication-related side effects and lessen the time it takes to find the best medication option. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are curious about pharmacogenomic testing and whether it may optimize your treatment. Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression Sometimes, treatment with one medication isn’t enough to help with symptoms of depression. You may experience a partial response to a medication, where your symptoms improve but not as much as they could, or maybe some symptoms still linger. If this happens, you and your healthcare provider may try a different medication or add another medication to your regimen. The following are second-generation antipsychotics that are FDA-approved as add-on therapies to an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression (TRD): Abilify (aripiprazole) Rexulti (brexpiprazole) Seroquel (quetiapine) Zyprexa (olanzapine) Caplyta (lumteperone) Another newer treatment option for TRD is ketamine , a drug that has been used since the 1970s for anesthesia. It has been growing in popularity and investigation as a depression treatment in recent years. The drug is available as an intravenous infusion or an intranasal product called Spravato (esketamine) and can be used alone or in combination with oral antidepressants. Other Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder Interventions beyond medication play a large role in treating depression. There are many different types and styles of therapy that can contribute to a successful depression treatment plan. Some of these types include: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy with a counselor that aims to correct unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that can contribute to depression Psychodynamic psychotherapy , which analyzes internal conflicts and emotional patterns that contribute to depression Interpersonal therapy , which is therapy focused on your relationships with others Supportive therapy, which uses a combination of therapy types to treat depression Some non-drug procedures that aim to treat depression include: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) , a procedure performed under anesthesia where electric currents are sent through a person’s brain, causing a small seizure, to try to alter the brain’s chemistry and reduce symptoms of depression. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) , a noninvasive 20-30 minute procedure involving using magnets to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, with a lower risk of side effects than ECT. A Word From Verywell There are many options for medications when it comes to treating major depressive disorder, so trial and error may be needed to find the right fit.
Markdown	[Skip to content](https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#skip-to-content) Menu - [Health A-Z](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-a-z-4014770) - [Colorectal Cancer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/colon-cancer-4014742) - [Arthritis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/arthritis-overview-4582013) - [Type 2 Diabetes](https://www.verywellhealth.com/type-2-diabetes-overview-4581874) - [Digestive Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/digestive-health-4141198) - [Multiple Sclerosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/multiple-sclerosis-overview-4581925) - [Skin Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/skin-health-4014649) - [View All](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-a-z-4014770) - [Prevention & Treatment](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prevention-and-treatment-4158390) - [Diet & Nutrition](https://www.verywellhealth.com/nutrition-diet-and-healthy-eating-5202128) - [First Aid](https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-4014723) - [Surgery](https://www.verywellhealth.com/surgery-overview-4581881) - [Health Care](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-care-4014769) - [Health Insurance](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-insurance-overview-4581967) - [Public Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/public-health-4158386) - [Patient Rights](https://www.verywellhealth.com/patient-rights-4014673) - [Disability](https://www.verywellhealth.com/disability-4014735) - [Caregivers & Loved Ones](https://www.verywellhealth.com/for-caregivers-and-loved-ones-4014749) - [End of Life Concerns](https://www.verywellhealth.com/end-of-life-overview-4581973) - [View All](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-care-4014769) - [News](https://www.verywellhealth.com/news-4846412) - [Health News](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-news-4844929) - [Studies & Guidelines](https://www.verywellhealth.com/studies-and-guidelines-11869035) - Tools & Resources - [Thyroid Test Analyzer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thyroid-test-analyzer-8647820) - [Doctor Discussion Guides](https://www.verywellhealth.com/doctor-discussion-guides-4179090) - [Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/a1c-test-analyzer-8647852) - [Lipid Test Analyzer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lipid-test-analyzer-8647856) - [Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/complete-blood-count-cbc-analyzer-8647862) - [About Us](https://www.verywellhealth.com/about-us-5180305) - [Editorial Process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) - [Meet Our Medical Expert Board](https://www.verywellhealth.com/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003) Search - [Health A-Z](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-a-z-4014770) - [Colorectal Cancer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/colon-cancer-4014742) - [Arthritis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/arthritis-overview-4582013) - [Type 2 Diabetes](https://www.verywellhealth.com/type-2-diabetes-overview-4581874) - [Digestive Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/digestive-health-4141198) - [Multiple Sclerosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/multiple-sclerosis-overview-4581925) - [Skin Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/skin-health-4014649) - [View All](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-a-z-4014770) - [Prevention & Treatment](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prevention-and-treatment-4158390) - [Diet & Nutrition](https://www.verywellhealth.com/nutrition-diet-and-healthy-eating-5202128) - [First Aid](https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-4014723) - [Surgery](https://www.verywellhealth.com/surgery-overview-4581881) - [View All](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prevention-and-treatment-4158390) - [Health Care](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-care-4014769) - [Health Insurance](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-insurance-overview-4581967) - [Public Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/public-health-4158386) - [Patient Rights](https://www.verywellhealth.com/patient-rights-4014673) - [Disability](https://www.verywellhealth.com/disability-4014735) - [Caregivers & Loved Ones](https://www.verywellhealth.com/for-caregivers-and-loved-ones-4014749) - [End of Life Concerns](https://www.verywellhealth.com/end-of-life-overview-4581973) - [View All](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-care-4014769) - [News](https://www.verywellhealth.com/news-4846412) - [Health News](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-news-4844929) - [Studies & Guidelines](https://www.verywellhealth.com/studies-and-guidelines-11869035) - [View All](https://www.verywellhealth.com/news-4846412) [More in Mental Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/mental-health-5079153) - [Mental Health Disorder Symptoms](https://www.verywellhealth.com/mental-health-disorders-symptoms-8646516) - [Autism](https://www.verywellhealth.com/autism-overview-4582004) - [ADHD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/adhd-8430762) - [Bipolar Disorder](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bipolar-disorder-8431792) - [Depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/depression-8431794) - [OCD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ocd-related-disorders-8431799) - [Anxiety Disorders](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-disorders-5205106) - [Mood Disorders](https://www.verywellhealth.com/mood-disorders-5205099) - [Eating Disorders](https://www.verywellhealth.com/eating-disorders-5205104) - [Neurodevelopmental Disorders](https://www.verywellhealth.com/neurodevelopmental-disorders-5205110) - [Therapy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/therapy-5205107) - [Personality Disorders](https://www.verywellhealth.com/personality-disorders-5205101) - [Psychotic Disorders](https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychotic-disorders-5205105) - [Substance Use Disorder & Addiction](https://www.verywellhealth.com/substance-use-disorder-addiction-5205102) - [Psychology](https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychology-8431801) - [Trauma & Stressor-Related Disorders](https://www.verywellhealth.com/trauma-and-stressor-related-disorders-5205109) [View More](https://www.verywellhealth.com/mental-health-5079153) Tools & Resources - [Thyroid Test Analyzer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thyroid-test-analyzer-8647820) - [Doctor Discussion Guides](https://www.verywellhealth.com/doctor-discussion-guides-4179090) - [Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/a1c-test-analyzer-8647852) - [Lipid Test Analyzer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lipid-test-analyzer-8647856) - [Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer](https://www.verywellhealth.com/complete-blood-count-cbc-analyzer-8647862) - [About Us](https://www.verywellhealth.com/about-us-5180305) - [Editorial Process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) - [Medical Review Board](https://www.verywellhealth.com/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003) Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Ⓒ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved # Common Medications Used to Treat Major Depressive Disorder By [Sara Hoffman, PharmD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/sara-hoffman-5202260) Updated on January 29, 2026 Medically reviewed by [Lindsay Cook, PharmD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lindsay-cook-5215415) Table of Contents View All Table of Contents - [List of Major Depressive Disorder Medications](https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-list-of-major-depressive-disorder-medications) - [Most Effective Medications](https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-what-is-the-most-effective-medication-for-major-depressive-disorder) - [Finding the Right One](https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-finding-the-right-medication-for-you) - [Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-options-for-treatment-resistant-depression) - [Other Treatments](https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128#toc-other-treatments-for-major-depressive-disorder) Close ### Key Takeaways - Major depressive disorder can be treated with different types of medications like SSRIs and SNRIs. - The FDA warns that antidepressants may increase suicide risk in children and teens. - Amitriptyline and Lexapro are some of the most effective drugs for treating depression. They often are used in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). [Major depressive disorder (MDD)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-5092483), also referred to as [clinical depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/clinical-depression-7643137) or depression, is a mood disorder where a person has a consistently low or depressed mood and no longer finds interest in activities that used to bring them joy. Several drug classes are commonly used to treat MDD, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, [anti-anxiety medications](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-disorder-treatment-5114725), and other types of mood-stabilizing drugs. This variety of classes can help individualize medication treatment to address a person's specific needs. For example, some antidepressants can also help with anxiety, and others may improve sleep. [Wellbutrin (bupropion)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-quickly-does-wellbutrin-work-7566925) is an antidepressant that can also help people quit smoking. This article will discuss the types of medications used to treat MDD. ![Close up of antidepressant drug Zoloft pills]() ![Close up of antidepressant drug Zoloft pills](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/TzgXaQg6G6Rr9fHDnfnR5UDn9Rg=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/VWH-GettyImages-94621338-5cf6b180f1804f47bf146919aa702845.jpg) Getty Images / Bloomberg / Contributor. Getty Images / Bloomberg / Contributor ## List of Major Depressive Disorder Medications The medications used to treat MDD are grouped into the following classes: - [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris-5223678), including [Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-zoloft-sertraline-7495972), Celexa (citalopram), and [Lexapro (escitalopram)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-lexapro-escitalopram-7486721), are often prescribed first for MDD, as they tend to cause the fewest side effects. - [Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ssris-vs-snris-5193051), such as Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), [Cymbalta (duloxetine)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cymbalta-to-treat-both-depression-and-nerve-pain-48797), and Fetzima (levomilnacipran), are another common group of drugs used to treat depression as well as anxiety. - Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) include [amitriptyline](https://www.verywellhealth.com/amitriptyline-297048), Anafranil (clomipramine), and Norpramin (desipramine). - [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bpd-borderline-personality-disorder-medications-5100909) include Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine), and Emsam (selegiline) - Atypical or miscellaneous antidepressants that don’t fall into the other drug classes include Wellbutrin (bupropion), Remeron (mirtazapine), nefazodone, [trazodone](https://www.verywellhealth.com/trazodone-5080333), Trintellix (vortioxetine), and others - [N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-diseases-that-can-be-fatal-5093193) receptor antagonists include only Auvelity (dextromethorphan and bupropion), the first oral NMDA receptor antagonist approved to treat MDD ### Antidepressants and Increased Suicide Risk Antidepressant medications are required to include a boxed warning in their prescribing information sheets about the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents. The United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided in 2004 to make this a requirement after analyzing studies and reports from the late 1990s and early 2000s where increased suicidal risk was observed in the first month or so after starting antidepressants in young people. Since around 2010, more and more reports have questioned how valid or necessary this warning is due to statistics like a decrease in the use of antidepressant drugs and an increase in the rate of suicide among people with severe depression who go untreated. If you are the caregiver of a child or adolescent struggling with depression, it’s normal to feel concerned about this warning. Discuss with your child’s healthcare provider the risks of suicidal thoughts or behaviors associated with starting antidepressants versus the risk of these events occurring from depression going untreated. ### Help Is Available If you or someone you know are having suicidal thoughts, dial 988 to contact the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. ## What Is the Most Effective Medication for Major Depressive Disorder? A study of over 500 trials, which included over 116,000 individuals, analyzed 21 different antidepressants used to treat depression in adults. Within head-to-head studies, some of the most effective drugs were: - Amitriptyline - Lexapro (escitalopram) - Remeron (mirtazapine) - Paxil (paroxetine) - Effexor (venlafaxine) - Trintellix (vortioxetine) Still, the analysis concluded that all antidepressants were more effective than placebo (a treatment with no active properties that's given to a control group in trials). This supports the practice of trying different medications for different individuals and the likely need to try more than one before finding the best option. Another analysis of depression in children and adolescents included over 70 trials, more than 9500 participants, and primarily moderate to severe cases of depression. This analysis looked at 16 antidepressant medications, seven psychotherapies, and five combinations of antidepressant and psychotherapy treatments. Prozac (fluoxetine), either alone or in combination with [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/dialectical-behavior-therapy-5212359), seemed to be the best choice for this population. ## Finding the Right Medication For You Finding the right medication to treat your MDD may take a couple of tries. Your healthcare provider may start with a certain drug based on other issues you may be struggling with (such as anxiety or trouble sleeping) or based on their own experience of successfully treating other individuals with depression. It’s important to note that it sometimes takes up to eight to 12 weeks of consistently taking antidepressants as prescribed to see their full benefit. This may sound like a long wait time, but it is necessary to determine whether a medication is a good fit for you or whether another option may be better. One option to consider that may help you find the best antidepressant medication and minimize side effects is [pharmacogenetic testing](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-dna-test-2860730). This is a somewhat new field where genetic information is collected that may help guide healthcare prescribers in choosing the ideal medication for you. One study, including over 1500 people, found that prescribing medications based on the results of a 12-gene test significantly reduced side effects versus standard care guideline-based treatment. Pharmacogenetic testing is not a sure bet, but it may lower your risk of medication-related side effects and lessen the time it takes to find the best medication option. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are curious about pharmacogenomic testing and whether it may optimize your treatment. ## Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression Sometimes, treatment with one medication isn’t enough to help with symptoms of depression. You may experience a partial response to a medication, where your symptoms improve but not as much as they could, or maybe some symptoms still linger. If this happens, you and your healthcare provider may try a different medication or add another medication to your regimen. The following are second-generation antipsychotics that are FDA-approved as add-on therapies to an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression (TRD): - Abilify (aripiprazole) - Rexulti (brexpiprazole) - Seroquel (quetiapine) - Zyprexa (olanzapine) - Caplyta (lumteperone) Another newer treatment option for TRD is [ketamine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ketamine-5077592), a drug that has been used since the 1970s for anesthesia. It has been growing in popularity and investigation as a depression treatment in recent years. The drug is available as an intravenous infusion or an intranasal product called Spravato (esketamine) and can be used alone or in combination with oral antidepressants. ## Other Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder Interventions beyond medication play a large role in treating depression. There are many different types and styles of therapy that can contribute to a successful depression treatment plan. Some of these types include: - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy with a counselor that aims to correct unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that can contribute to depression - [Psychodynamic psychotherapy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychodynamic-therapy-5218902), which analyzes internal conflicts and emotional patterns that contribute to depression - [Interpersonal therapy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-and-depression-8547945), which is therapy focused on your relationships with others - Supportive therapy, which uses a combination of therapy types to treat depression Some non-drug procedures that aim to treat depression include: - [Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bipolar-disorder-treatments-8425817), a procedure performed under anesthesia where electric currents are sent through a person’s brain, causing a small seizure, to try to alter the brain’s chemistry and reduce symptoms of depression. - [Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/tms-depression-8547842), a noninvasive 20-30 minute procedure involving using magnets to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, with a lower risk of side effects than ECT. ### A Word From Verywell There are many options for medications when it comes to treating major depressive disorder, so trial and error may be needed to find the right fit. — [LINDSAY COOK, PHARMD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lindsay-cook-5215415) ![Lindsay Cook, PharmD]() ![Lindsay Cook, PharmD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/pFLnWxJJOMYryXQh8w8r0E8nWWc=/112x112/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/ScreenShot2022-09-29at4.09.08PM-4c8d5576dcba487cb83dbab2e2d12908.png) Read more: - [Health A-Z](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-a-z-4014770) - [Mental Health](https://www.verywellhealth.com/mental-health-5079153) 12 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our [editorial process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. 1. Kennis M, Gerritsen L, van Dalen M, et al. [Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41380-019-0585-z) Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(2):321-338. 2. Rush AJ. [Patient education: depression treatment options for adults (beyond the basics)](https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-adults-beyond-the-basics). UpToDate. 3. McCarthy B, Bunn H, Santalucia M, et al. [Dextromethorphan-bupropion (Auvelity) for the treatment of major depressive disorder](https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.23.1081). Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2023;21(4):609-616. doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1081 4. Fornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, et al. [The FDA "black box" warning on antidepressant suicide risk in young adults: more harm than benefits?](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2019.00294) Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:294. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00294 5. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2932802-7). Lancet. 2018;391(10128):1357-1366. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7 6. Zhou X, Teng T, Zhang Y, et al. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants, psychotherapies, and their combination for acute treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.](https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366%2820%2930137-1) Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):581-601. 7. Swen JJ, van der Wouden CH, Manson LE, et al. [A 12-gene pharmacogenetic panel to prevent adverse drug reactions: an open-label, multicentre, controlled, cluster-randomised crossover implementation study](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736%2822%2901841-4). Lancet. 2023;401(10374):347-356. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01841-4 8. Thase ME. [Adjunctive therapy with second-generation antipsychotics: the new standard for treatment-resistant depression](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20150041)? Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2016;14(2):180-183. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20150041 9. Nikolin S, Rodgers A, Schwaab A, et al. [Ketamine for the treatment of major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102127). EClinicalMedicine. 2023;62:102127. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102127 10. Chen JJ, Zhao LB, Liu YY, Fan SH, Xie P. [Comparative efficacy and acceptability of electroconvulsive therapy versus repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a systematic review and multiple-treatments meta-analysis](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.028). Behav Brain Res. 2017;320:30-36. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.028 11. Carpenter LL, George MS, Navarro N, Deutsch L, Leuchter AF. [A novel home-based, combined occipital and trigeminal afferent stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: efficacy and safety results from a double-blind multicenter randomized sham-controlled study](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2025.08.022). Brain Stimul. 2025;18(5):1695-1704. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2025.08.022 12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Premarket Approval (PMA) Proliv Rx System](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?ID=P250010). ![Sara]() ![Sara](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/XABkOThdBrGqK2LtjuF3-UyIQGQ=/144x144/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/Sara-Hoffman-64e77a9b62a4429ab3e195392820aa9a.jpg) By [Sara Hoffman, PharmD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/sara-hoffman-5202260) Hoffman is a Kansas-based clinical pharmacist with experience working in hospitals, specialty clinics, and community pharmacies. [See Our Editorial Process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) [Meet Our Medical Expert Board](https://www.verywellhealth.com/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003) Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback\! What is your feedback? Helpful Report an Error Other Related Articles [![Bottle of Wellbutrin XL and bottle generic bupropion displayed next to open orange pill bottle spilling out pills]() ![Bottle of Wellbutrin XL and bottle generic bupropion displayed next to open orange pill bottle spilling out pills](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/OuO54SIfolCg7hNzBl8Ipk7xksk=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/VWH-GettyImages-94619445-9830d225950b4dcc97d36531d2d316d4.jpg) 3 Important Differences Between Prozac vs. Wellbutrin](https://www.verywellhealth.com/wellbutrin-vs-prozac-8668314) [![Prozac vs. Lexapro (Drug Article)]() ![Prozac vs. Lexapro (Drug Article)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/zRtyiHNjRen0df83WTRE51f9va8=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/Prozacvs.Lexapro-939be5905dcb4574b8f99dfda865b686.jpg) Lexapro vs. Prozac for Depression and Other Uses](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-lexapro-escitalopram-7486721) [![Close-up of bottle of Cymbalta on pharmacy shelf with blurred background]() ![Close-up of bottle of Cymbalta on pharmacy shelf with blurred background](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/B50pd4-dIHLhVgZUtsOsZn6uB7I=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/VWH-GettyImages-457715546-835cea89847a48c89089fccb01516091.jpg) Cymbalta vs. Lexapro for Depression: Which Is Better?](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cymbalta-vs-lexapro-for-depression-which-is-better-8647277) [![A woman washing fresh fruit]() ![A woman washing fresh fruit](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/39VXzzQkBUSnzCxTCjIn_CwuWuU=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/GettyImages-1430813535-8645cc3c4f7a4720aa0f41ae44a9682e.jpg) What Are the Best Foods for Depression?](https://www.verywellhealth.com/foods-for-depression-8548225) [![A prescription pill bottle of Lexapro (escitalopram)]() ![A prescription pill bottle of Lexapro (escitalopram)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/xn69Fin6-huwdIu3zq5czWtzGjo=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/VWH-GettyImages-3123206-39bfe3b064be4a3b904fbbd7bdf28dff.jpg) Is It Safe to Drink Alcohol With Lexapro?](https://www.verywellhealth.com/is-it-safe-to-mix-lexapro-and-alcohol-8431199) [![Sad girl on bed]() ![Sad girl on bed](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/XWyAM29OgH2RQ4G4Tq6txSLNSGI=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/GettyImages-1146130157-9e9abd0e2f384263b6967e648d876280.jpg) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) vs. Bipolar Disorder](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bpd-vs-bipolar-5096132) [![A male doctor discusses a prescription medication with a female patient. The doctor is holding the medication.]() ![A male doctor discusses a prescription medication with a female patient. The doctor is holding the medication.](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/A-8HGSRUj21h_A1vqdobvI03XeE=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/GettyImages-973287086-e9e3d3d4c2274a888d6f46fcc7a3cf99.jpg) SSRIs vs. SNRIs: How They Work](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ssris-vs-snris-5193051) [![Person lying on stomach in bed at home with blank stare]() ![Person lying on stomach in bed at home with blank stare](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/tpIYbJfy9uvma0BTjObtIu8JhhE=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/avolition-GettyImages-1421877961-9fd52cc155274fc29043cfcb83d52d44.jpg) What Is Avolition? Signs, Examples, and Treatment Options](https://www.verywellhealth.com/avolition-7372513) [![doctor office]() ![doctor office](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/Lqb0OrFzuLdTbMq9A2fRGb-LwdQ=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/doctoroffice-94d5435f2bbd4ad2a6832a4e5cc4331c.jpg) Natural Mood Stabilizers](https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-mood-stabilizers-5209296) [![A person looking out a window on rainy day]() ![A person looking out a window on rainy day](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/Zj3cyEEm__8tv8d_VeyJmpILOt4=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/schizophrenia-GettyImages-1171712946-566353ea24614b57a4ae27bf6657bffe.jpg) Positive and Negative Schizophrenia Symptoms](https://www.verywellhealth.com/schizophrenia-symptoms-8551091) [![Pills of Wyeth's depression treatment Effexor, ]() ![Pills of Wyeth's depression treatment Effexor, ](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/bYrFKsitpjYJTshTd_-jdgviQqs=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/VWH.GettyImages-94965543-787c7e1d9cac423095e520bbd834079f.jpg) Pristiq vs. Effexor: How Do They Compare?](https://www.verywellhealth.com/pristiq-vs-effexor-8731385) [![Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.]() ![Young Asian female using laptop to speak with her healthcare provider while sitting on sofa in living room at home.](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/BUpiLfjpbpY22_KgE4_DpzPDk-Y=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/GettyImages-1403115160-8cb7763ab5b14c9aa09a075b2856520d.jpg) What Are the Best Medications for Anxiety and Depression?](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-for-anxiety-and-depression-8348994) [![A close-up of 300mg tablets of Bupropion XL, the generic version of Wellbutrin XL]() ![A close-up of 300mg tablets of Bupropion XL, the generic version of Wellbutrin XL](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/Cq3yPFlcTfEj-E-9JVb41p4ENqU=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/VWH-GettyImages-94619432-06812c3c8dba4d2b8faeda4509864af5.jpg) Wellbutrin vs. Zoloft: Similarities & Differences](https://www.verywellhealth.com/wellbutrin-vs-zoloft-similarities-and-differences-7969056) [![Social Anhedonia]() ![Social Anhedonia](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/q7YBfDMXTR16f1qIGR-Y2tVphis=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/anhedonia-definition-5189496-notext-642770429f6f4be29f8aebef17c7992f.png) Anhedonia Causes and Treatment](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anhedonia-definition-5189496) [![Man feels stress in writing a report due to his perfectionism]() ![Man feels stress in writing a report due to his perfectionism](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/m0DpJBZp1IoUGEKLo0LSnCQt754=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/GettyImages-1205248720-162ceb8806a64b94b0175e84790b45b8.jpg) Understanding Perfectionism](https://www.verywellhealth.com/perfectionism-5323816) [![A close-up of 25-milligram Adderall XR prescription pill bottle ]() ![A close-up of 25-milligram Adderall XR prescription pill bottle ](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/uPd0swQAXoBJHmwP3DC6iTz2Y7k=/400x250/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/VWH-GettyImages-1815420147-4d97c629ed6c4a8d92364cbdb342557a.jpg) 4 Differences Between Adderall XR vs. Adderall IR](https://www.verywellhealth.com/adderall-xr-vs-ir-8584069) - [Health A-Z](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-a-z-4014770) - [Prevention & Treatment](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prevention-and-treatment-4158390) - [Health Care](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-care-4014769) - [News](https://www.verywellhealth.com/news-4846412) - [Meet Our Review Board](https://www.verywellhealth.com/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003) - [About Us](https://www.verywellhealth.com/about-us-5180305) - [Editorial Process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) - [Privacy Policy](https://www.people.inc/brands-privacy) - [In the News](https://www.verywellhealth.com/in-the-news-4778971) - [Advertise](https://www.people.inc/advertising) - [Terms of Service](https://www.people.inc/brands-termsofservice) - [Careers](https://www.people.inc/careers) - [Contact](https://www.verywellhealth.com/about-us-5180305#toc-contact-us) Follow Us Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Ⓒ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved Verywell Health is part of the [People Inc.](https://www.people.inc/) publishing family.
Readable Markdown	### Key Takeaways - Major depressive disorder can be treated with different types of medications like SSRIs and SNRIs. - The FDA warns that antidepressants may increase suicide risk in children and teens. - Amitriptyline and Lexapro are some of the most effective drugs for treating depression. They often are used in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). [Major depressive disorder (MDD)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/major-depressive-disorder-5092483), also referred to as [clinical depression](https://www.verywellhealth.com/clinical-depression-7643137) or depression, is a mood disorder where a person has a consistently low or depressed mood and no longer finds interest in activities that used to bring them joy. Several drug classes are commonly used to treat MDD, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, [anti-anxiety medications](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-disorder-treatment-5114725), and other types of mood-stabilizing drugs. This variety of classes can help individualize medication treatment to address a person's specific needs. For example, some antidepressants can also help with anxiety, and others may improve sleep. [Wellbutrin (bupropion)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-quickly-does-wellbutrin-work-7566925) is an antidepressant that can also help people quit smoking. This article will discuss the types of medications used to treat MDD. Getty Images / Bloomberg / Contributor. Getty Images / Bloomberg / Contributor ## List of Major Depressive Disorder Medications The medications used to treat MDD are grouped into the following classes: - [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris-5223678), including [Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-zoloft-sertraline-7495972), Celexa (citalopram), and [Lexapro (escitalopram)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prozac-fluoxetine-vs-lexapro-escitalopram-7486721), are often prescribed first for MDD, as they tend to cause the fewest side effects. - [Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ssris-vs-snris-5193051), such as Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), [Cymbalta (duloxetine)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cymbalta-to-treat-both-depression-and-nerve-pain-48797), and Fetzima (levomilnacipran), are another common group of drugs used to treat depression as well as anxiety. - Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) include [amitriptyline](https://www.verywellhealth.com/amitriptyline-297048), Anafranil (clomipramine), and Norpramin (desipramine). - [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bpd-borderline-personality-disorder-medications-5100909) include Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine), and Emsam (selegiline) - Atypical or miscellaneous antidepressants that don’t fall into the other drug classes include Wellbutrin (bupropion), Remeron (mirtazapine), nefazodone, [trazodone](https://www.verywellhealth.com/trazodone-5080333), Trintellix (vortioxetine), and others - [N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-diseases-that-can-be-fatal-5093193) receptor antagonists include only Auvelity (dextromethorphan and bupropion), the first oral NMDA receptor antagonist approved to treat MDD ### Antidepressants and Increased Suicide Risk Antidepressant medications are required to include a boxed warning in their prescribing information sheets about the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents. The United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided in 2004 to make this a requirement after analyzing studies and reports from the late 1990s and early 2000s where increased suicidal risk was observed in the first month or so after starting antidepressants in young people. Since around 2010, more and more reports have questioned how valid or necessary this warning is due to statistics like a decrease in the use of antidepressant drugs and an increase in the rate of suicide among people with severe depression who go untreated. If you are the caregiver of a child or adolescent struggling with depression, it’s normal to feel concerned about this warning. Discuss with your child’s healthcare provider the risks of suicidal thoughts or behaviors associated with starting antidepressants versus the risk of these events occurring from depression going untreated. ### Help Is Available If you or someone you know are having suicidal thoughts, dial 988 to contact the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. ## What Is the Most Effective Medication for Major Depressive Disorder? A study of over 500 trials, which included over 116,000 individuals, analyzed 21 different antidepressants used to treat depression in adults. Within head-to-head studies, some of the most effective drugs were: - Amitriptyline - Lexapro (escitalopram) - Remeron (mirtazapine) - Paxil (paroxetine) - Effexor (venlafaxine) - Trintellix (vortioxetine) Still, the analysis concluded that all antidepressants were more effective than placebo (a treatment with no active properties that's given to a control group in trials). This supports the practice of trying different medications for different individuals and the likely need to try more than one before finding the best option. Another analysis of depression in children and adolescents included over 70 trials, more than 9500 participants, and primarily moderate to severe cases of depression. This analysis looked at 16 antidepressant medications, seven psychotherapies, and five combinations of antidepressant and psychotherapy treatments. Prozac (fluoxetine), either alone or in combination with [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/dialectical-behavior-therapy-5212359), seemed to be the best choice for this population. ## Finding the Right Medication For You Finding the right medication to treat your MDD may take a couple of tries. Your healthcare provider may start with a certain drug based on other issues you may be struggling with (such as anxiety or trouble sleeping) or based on their own experience of successfully treating other individuals with depression. It’s important to note that it sometimes takes up to eight to 12 weeks of consistently taking antidepressants as prescribed to see their full benefit. This may sound like a long wait time, but it is necessary to determine whether a medication is a good fit for you or whether another option may be better. One option to consider that may help you find the best antidepressant medication and minimize side effects is [pharmacogenetic testing](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-dna-test-2860730). This is a somewhat new field where genetic information is collected that may help guide healthcare prescribers in choosing the ideal medication for you. One study, including over 1500 people, found that prescribing medications based on the results of a 12-gene test significantly reduced side effects versus standard care guideline-based treatment. Pharmacogenetic testing is not a sure bet, but it may lower your risk of medication-related side effects and lessen the time it takes to find the best medication option. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are curious about pharmacogenomic testing and whether it may optimize your treatment. ## Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression Sometimes, treatment with one medication isn’t enough to help with symptoms of depression. You may experience a partial response to a medication, where your symptoms improve but not as much as they could, or maybe some symptoms still linger. If this happens, you and your healthcare provider may try a different medication or add another medication to your regimen. The following are second-generation antipsychotics that are FDA-approved as add-on therapies to an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression (TRD): - Abilify (aripiprazole) - Rexulti (brexpiprazole) - Seroquel (quetiapine) - Zyprexa (olanzapine) - Caplyta (lumteperone) Another newer treatment option for TRD is [ketamine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ketamine-5077592), a drug that has been used since the 1970s for anesthesia. It has been growing in popularity and investigation as a depression treatment in recent years. The drug is available as an intravenous infusion or an intranasal product called Spravato (esketamine) and can be used alone or in combination with oral antidepressants. ## Other Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder Interventions beyond medication play a large role in treating depression. There are many different types and styles of therapy that can contribute to a successful depression treatment plan. Some of these types include: - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy with a counselor that aims to correct unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that can contribute to depression - [Psychodynamic psychotherapy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychodynamic-therapy-5218902), which analyzes internal conflicts and emotional patterns that contribute to depression - [Interpersonal therapy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-and-depression-8547945), which is therapy focused on your relationships with others - Supportive therapy, which uses a combination of therapy types to treat depression Some non-drug procedures that aim to treat depression include: - [Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bipolar-disorder-treatments-8425817), a procedure performed under anesthesia where electric currents are sent through a person’s brain, causing a small seizure, to try to alter the brain’s chemistry and reduce symptoms of depression. - [Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/tms-depression-8547842), a noninvasive 20-30 minute procedure involving using magnets to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, with a lower risk of side effects than ECT. ### A Word From Verywell There are many options for medications when it comes to treating major depressive disorder, so trial and error may be needed to find the right fit. ![Lindsay Cook, PharmD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/pFLnWxJJOMYryXQh8w8r0E8nWWc=/112x112/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/ScreenShot2022-09-29at4.09.08PM-4c8d5576dcba487cb83dbab2e2d12908.png)
Shard	50 (laksa)
Root Hash	5681562863987870850
Unparsed URL	com,verywellhealth!www,/major-depressive-disorder-medications-8536128 s443