🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 50 (from laksa184)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa050.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504","crawl_time":1776349187,"first_indexed_time":1525959137,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,verywellhealth!www,\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504 s443","src_root_hash":"5681562863987870850","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"How to Identify and Treat Your Back Pain","meta_descriptions":["Back pain can result from injury, disease, or simply aging. Learn common causes, treatments, and when to talk to a healthcare provider."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Key Takeaways\nBack pain can come from muscle strain, slipped discs, or spinal stenosis. \nOver-the-counter painkillers and rest often help relieve back pain.\nSome people may benefit from physical therapy, so talk to a healthcare provider about persistent back pain.\nWhether it's a muscle strain or a more serious issue like a herniated disc, identifying the root cause of your back pain is key to finding the right treatment. Gain insights into common and rare causes in addition to advice on managing symptoms and determining when to seek care.\nVerywell \/ Alexandra Gordon\nWhat Are Common Causes of Back Pain? \nBack pain can stem from issues with the spine, muscles, or spinal nerves. Common causes include:\nStrain or Sprain\nStrains\nand\nsprains\nare common causes of\nlower back pain\n. A strain is the tearing of a muscle or tendon (connecting muscles to bones), while a sprain is the tearing of a\nligament\n(connecting bones at a joint).\nThese injuries can result from falls, sports injuries, or joint overuse, known as\nrepetitive stress\n.\nPain from strains or sprains can range from mild to severe, often described as \"all-over pain\" that extends into the buttocks. It typically worsens with movement and improves with rest. Back stiffness is also common.\nSlipped or Ruptured Disc\nSpinal discs act as shock absorbers between the bones of your spine. These discs can bulge over time due to aging, obesity, repetitive stress, or a sudden back injury.\nA bulging disc can press on nearby nerves, causing a throbbing, burning, or tingling pain. This is often referred to as a\nslipped disc\n.\nIf a disc tears, it results in a ruptured (herniated) disc. The inner part of the disc, known as the\nnucleus pulposus\n, pushes out and puts pressure on nearby nerves, causing significant nerve pain.\nA ruptured disc can lead to\nsharp lower back pain\nthat radiates into the buttocks, groin, or leg. In the neck, it may cause pain moving down an arm, and symptoms can include muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling.\nMuscle Spasm\nA\nback spasm\nis characterized by sudden tightening of your back muscles. This causes pain ranging from mild to severe which people often describe as being deep and throbbing. It can occur due to the overuse of your back muscles or a traumatic injury that causes your back muscles to suddenly seize up.\nBack spasms result from mechanical stress on the muscles, like sleeping awkwardly, lifting heavy objects, or standing or sitting too long. Stress and anxiety can also trigger spasms.\nOsteoarthritis\nSpinal osteoarthritis\ndevelops from the wear and tear of cartilage between spinal bones. As cartilage erodes, you may feel dull, aching, or throbbing pain, which worsens with movement.\nSpinal osteoarthritis tends to be persistent. It is generally worse in the morning and eases as you get on with your day. You may also have back stiffness and a popping sensation known as\ncrepitus\n.\nAs osteoarthritis progresses,\nbone spurs\n, or\nosteophytes\n, can develop. These may compress nearby spinal nerves, leading to numbness and tingling similar to a ruptured disc.\nSpinal arthritis is the most frequent cause of lower back pain.\nRepetitive motion injuries, poor posture, and prior spinal trauma can all contribute to this aging-related condition.\nSciatica\nSciatica\nis pain that shoots down the leg via the sciatic nerve originating in the\nlumbar (lower) spine\n.\nSciatica can be caused by a ruptured disc, bone spur, or an injury to the pelvis, buttock, or thigh. Diabetes, pregnancy, and prolonged sitting are also risk factors.\nA condition called\npiriformis syndrome\ncan cause sciatica when the piriformis muscle situated on the top of your buttocks goes into spasm.\nSciatica causes shooting, burning, or cramping pain that extends from the lower back into a buttock (and occasionally down the leg and into the sole of the foot). Tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness are also common.\nSpinal Stenosis\nAs you get older, the spinal canal which contains the spinal cord can begin to narrow. This is referred to as\nspinal stenosis\n.\nSpinal stenosis can cause the compression of the spinal nerve roots, leading to shooting pains in your lower back and buttocks. Muscle weakness, numbness, burning, and tingling sensations can also occur.\nSpinal arthritis can cause the overgrowth of bone within the canal, leading to spinal stenosis. Other causes of spinal stenosis include scoliosis,\nPaget's\ndisease of the bone\n, and spinal trauma.\nSpondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis\nSpondylolysis\nis a stress fracture in one of the bones of the spine. It is most common in children who play sports that place repeated stress on the lower back (such as gymnastics or football). Spondylolysis can also be due to a spinal injury or the aging-related weakness of the spine.\nIf the fracture weakens the spine too much, the vertebra may start to slip, leading to a condition called\nspondylolisthesis\n. The slippage may either be forward (\nanterolisthesis\n) or backward (\nretrolisthesis\n).\nSpondylolysis and spondylolisthesis both cause a dull, generalized pain extending from your back to your buttocks and thighs. There will also be significant back stiffness. Spinal nerve root compression can lead to shooting pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness.\nOsteoporosis\nOsteoporosis\nis the thinning and weakening of the bones. Back pain associated with osteoporosis is usually due to a compression fracture in the spinal column. In severe cases, a break can occur without warning, often after doing something as simple as sneezing or bending over.\nThe pain can range from dull and aching to sharp and debilitating. It is often felt in the lower or middle back and tends to get worse with activity. In rare cases, the pain may radiate to the legs and abdomen or cause a condition known as\nkyphosis\n(\"hunchback\").\nScoliosis\nScoliosis\nis a condition in which the spine curves or twists like the letter \"S\" or \"C.\" It usually develops in childhood.\nIn most cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown, although it is linked to conditions like\ncerebral palsy\nand\nmuscular dystrophy\n. It can also result from a birth defect or family genetics (as multiple family members are sometimes affected).\nScoliosis can cause chronic back or neck pain as well as a reduced range of motion. Spinal compression can cause shooting pains, numbness, heaviness, and weakness in the buttocks and legs.\nIn severe cases, a person may have trouble breathing due to the compression of the thorax (chest cavity) or\ndiaphragm\n(the muscle that separates the chest and abdomen).\nSacroiliitis \nSacroiliitis\nis the inflammation of the joints that connect your spine and pelvis, called the\nsacroiliac joint\n. This condition can cause pain in the lower back, buttocks, and upper legs.\nSacroiliitis can be caused by back trauma, spinal infection, pregnancy, or degenerative conditions like spinal osteoarthritis.\nSacroiliitis pain is often described as deep and aching and can occasionally affect the entire expanse of your leg from the groin all the way down to your feet. Walking upstairs can make symptoms worse.\nLess Common Reasons for Back Pain \nLess commonly, back pain is caused by a systemic (whole-body) disease such as:\nAnkylosing Spondylitis\nAnkylosing spondylitis\nis an inflammatory disease that causes the small bones of the spine to fuse together. This\nleads to lower back pain\nsimilar to spinal osteoarthritis. Spinal stiffness and a hunched posture are also characteristic, often occurring before the age of 40. The pain tends to improve with exercise and worsen at night.\nSpinal Cancer\nA cancerous tumor in the spine may arise on its own (called a\nprimary tumor\n) or can be caused by the spread of cancer from other parts of the body (called\nmetastasis\n).\nThe pain is often persistent and gnawing, worsening at night. It may spread to the shoulders or neck and be accompanied by unexplained weight loss and fatigue. In advanced stages, reduced sensitivity to cold, heat, and pain may occur.\nOsteomyelitis\nAn infection in the spine, called\nosteomyelitis\n, causes severe and constant back pain along with local, swelling, and warmth. It can occur due to recent spinal surgery or when a local infection (such as a staph infection) enters the bloodstream.\nUnlike most infections, fever is not common.\nCauda Equina Syndrome\nCauda equina syndrome\nis a rare disorder that is caused by severe compression of spinal nerve roots in the lower spine. This can cause extreme numbness or tingling that spreads down one or both legs along with the sharp sciatic nerve pain.\nOther symptoms include \"foot drop\" (difficulty lifting the front of your foot) and problems with bladder or bowel control.\nVerywell \/ Alexandra Gordon\nWhen to See a Healthcare Provider\nMost cases of back pain last for a few days and resolve completely within a few weeks. If you have sudden, new back pain, contact your healthcare provider.\nThere are a few warning signs that immediate care is needed:\nThe pain persists for more than a few days or is worsening.\nThe pain wakes you up at night.\nYou have a fever, chills, or other signs of infection.\nYou have problems with bladder or bowel control.\nThere are other symptoms you cannot explain.\nDiagnostic Process and Tests\nThe diagnosis of back pain starts with a review of your medical history and a physical exam. You will be asked when the pain started, what it feels like, what makes the pain better or worse, and what other symptoms you have (such as numbness or swelling).\nBased on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab and imaging tests to explore the suspected causes.\nPhysical Exam\nDuring your exam, your healthcare provider will gently press on muscles and parts of the spine, on or near the site of your pain. You will be asked to describe the location and type of pain.\nYou will have a neurological exam to assess your nerve and motor responses. The aim of the exam is to identify any areas of sensory changes, muscle weakness, or reflex changes.\nOne example is the\nstraight leg raise test\nin which the healthcare provider lifts your leg while you lie flat on your back. If the movement causes pain below the knee, it suggests that nerves are being pinched at a specific part of the spine.\nLab Tests\nYour healthcare provider may order lab tests, such as:\nA\ncomplete blood count (CBC)\n, including a\nwhite blood cell count (WBC)\nto detect signs of infection\nErythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)\nand\nC-reactive protein (CRP)\nto detect signs of inflammation\nHLA-B27 test to detect genetic signs of ankylosing spondylitis\nAlkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests to help detect certain types of bone cancer\nImaging Tests\nImaging tests are generally not needed for a flare-up of back pain unless there are signs of cancer, infection, a fracture, or cauda equina syndrome. They are typically done if pain persists for several weeks or if muscle weakness is getting worse.\nIf needed,\nmagnetic resonance imaging\n(MRI) is usually the test of choice, with a\ncomputed tomography\n(CT) scan being the alternative.\nDifferential Diagnosis\nAs part of your assessment, your healthcare provider will consider other medical conditions that can cause back pain. This involves a process called a\ndifferential diagnosis\nin which other possible causes are investigated and ruled out to ensure that the correct diagnosis is made.\nA differential diagnosis is part of the process that will help you to tell the difference between muscle pain and kidney pain, for example. In the end, your back pain may be a part of a condition that doesn't directly involve the back muscles or spine.\nExamples include:\nAbdominal\naortic aneurysm\nEndometriosis\nGallbladder disease\nKidney infection\nPancreatitis\nPelvic inflammatory disease\n(PID)\nPeptic ulcer disease\nProstatitis\nShingles\nThe diagnosis of back pain involves a physical exam and a review of your medical history. Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab or imaging tests to help pinpoint the cause.\nBack Pain Treatment\nThe treatment of back pain often takes time. Most people recover by resting and avoiding activities that stress the lower back. Other treatments may be used to ease pain and restore the function of the spine or back muscles.\nSelf-Care\nRest, along with\nice application\nor\nheat application\n, is among the fastest ways to relieve back pain. This treatment may speed the healing process because ice can help reduce swelling. Heat is good for back pain because it promotes blood flow and helps to relax tissues.\nKeep in mind, though, that rest doesn't necessarily mean prolonged bed rest. Low-intensity physical activity is important to help shorten your recovery time.\nIt is also important to change certain habits, including sleep habits, to protect your back.\nStart by buying a firm, supportive\nmattress\n. Sleeping on your side with your knees slightly bent and a\nsmall pillow\nbetween them can help take pressure off the back. If you can only\nsleep on your back\n, place pillows under your knees and a small one under your lower back.\nIf you have a desk job, you will also need to make changes to reduce stress to the back caused by prolonged sitting. Start by getting up every 15 minutes or so and moving around. Adjust your chair so your knees and hips are bent at right angles with both feet flat on the floor. Position a small pillow or rolled-up towel behind your lower back to maintain a natural curve in your lumbar spine.\nMedications\nIf rest and ice\/heat application are not enough to ease your pain,\nmedications\nmay be prescribed.\nOver-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and prescription muscle relaxants are among the most commonly used medications for back pain relief.\nEpidural spinal injections\n, in which steroids are injected into the space around your spine, may be used to treat sciatica and spondylolisthesis.\nFor spine osteoarthritis, a steroid injection into the spinal joint can be used if the pain is severe.\nPhysical Therapy\nYour healthcare provider may also advise physical therapy to help strengthen and stretch your back muscles, improve mobility, and ease back pain.\nWalking is good for lower back pain\n, as are other low-impact exercises like swimming and biking that can help to improve your range of motion and flexibility.\nYou may find even more motivation if you use a wearable activity-tracking device. A 2019 study of wearables used by people with chronic back pain found that they did significantly more walking and other exercise than people in a control group.\nIt's possible this may lead to reductions in the use of other back pain therapies, but more research is needed.\nComplementary and Alternative Medicine\nSome examples of complementary therapies used to ease back pain include:\nMassage therapy\nAcupuncture\nTai chi\nYoga\nChiropractic care\nSpeak with your healthcare provider before taking any vitamins, herbs, or supplements to ensure they are right and safe for you.\nSpinal Surgery\nSpinal surgery is reserved for people who don't get adequate symptom relief with non-operative treatment, and when the cause of pain is well-explained by the imaging studies.\nThere are some conditions for which surgery may be beneficial, such as conditions that undermine the stability of the spine.\nA spine surgeon can help you to determine if surgery is the right option for you and what risks are involved.\nPrevention Tips\nBack pain is one of the most common ailments affecting people of all ages. There are ways to reduce your risk factors for back pain and prevent it from worsening.\nSome of the more useful prevention tips include the following:\nMaintain a healthy weight.\nExercise regularly with low-impact activities to strengthen core muscles.\nPractice\ngood posture\nand body mechanics (e.g., lifting with the knees).\nSleep on a\nbed that supports the spine\n.\nQuit cigarettes (chemicals in tobacco smoke promote the deterioration of spinal disks).","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#skip-to-content)\n\nMenu\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n  - [Colorectal Cancer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/colon-cancer-4014742)\n  - [Arthritis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/arthritis-overview-4582013)\n  - [Type 2 Diabetes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/type-2-diabetes-overview-4581874)\n  - [Digestive Health](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/digestive-health-4141198)\n  - 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[View All](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/news-4846412)\n\n[More in Back & Neck Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-overview-4581999)\n\n- [Causes & Risk Factors](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-causes-4158506)\n- [Symptoms](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-symptoms-4158507)\n- [Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-diagnosis-4014209)\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-treatment-4014210)\n- [Living With](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-living-with-4158505)\n- [Prevention](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-prevention-4012682)\n- [Exercise](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-exercise-4013471)\n- [Spinal Conditions](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/spinal-conditions-4013780)\n\n[View More](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-overview-4581999)\n\nTools & Resources\n\n- [Thyroid Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thyroid-test-analyzer-8647820)\n- [Doctor Discussion Guides](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/doctor-discussion-guides-4179090)\n- [Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/a1c-test-analyzer-8647852)\n- [Lipid Test Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lipid-test-analyzer-8647856)\n- [Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/complete-blood-count-cbc-analyzer-8647862)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/about-us-5180305)\n- [Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n- [Medical Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n\nVerywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.\n\nⒸ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved\n\nHome Office Ergonomics Guide\n\nHome Office Ergonomics Guide\n\n[Overview](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/home-office-set-up-tips-4801196)\n\n- Your Back\n  - [Products](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-back-braces-4582908)\n  - [Back Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504)\n  - [Anatomy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/paraspinal-muscles-297191)\n- Your Neck\n  - [Products](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-neck-massagers-4173664)\n  - [Neck Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/neck-pain-4014211)\n  - [Anatomy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/trapezius-muscle-297069)\n  - [General Tips](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/things-to-stop-doing-if-you-have-neck-pain-2696093)\n  - [Holistic Help](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/trapezius-muscle-pain-massage-technique-296996)\n- Your Eyes\n  - [Eye Strain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/do-you-suffer-from-asthenopia-or-tired-eyes-3421982)\n  - [General Tips](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-stop-an-eye-twitch-3422065)\n- Your Shoulders\n  - [Shoulder Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/shoulder-pain-2548793)\n- Your Wrists\n  - [Wrist Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/wrist-pain-causes-symptoms-and-treatments-2549458)\n  - [Exercises](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/wrist-strengthening-exercises-2696622)\n- Your Hands\n  - [Hand Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/hand-pain-causes-treatment-and-when-to-see-a-doctor-4178830)\n  - [General Tips](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/finger-clicking-and-snapping-2549461)\n- Your Hips\n  - [Hip Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-hip-pain-2696406)\n  - [Exercises](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/exercises-for-healthy-hips-2696613)\n  - [Anatomy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/gluteus-medius-muscle-anatomy-2696374)\n  - [General Tips](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/hip-bursitis-treatments-2549554)\n- Your Knees\n  - [Knee Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/knee-pain-symptoms-2549628)\n  - [Anatomy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/knee-anatomy-2549239)\n  - [Products](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-knee-braces-for-arthritis-4684042)\n# How to Identify and Treat Your Back Pain\nBy [Jonathan Cluett, MD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/jonathan-cluett-md-2548348)\n\nUpdated on March 20, 2026\n\nMedically reviewed by  [David Kesselman, DC](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/david-kesselman-5214607)\n\nTable of Contents\n\nView All\n\nTable of Contents\n\n- [Common Causes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-what-are-common-causes-of-back-pain)\n- [Rare Causes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-less-common-reasons-for-back-pain)\n- [When to Seek Help](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-when-to-see-a-healthcare-provider)\n- [Diagnostic Process and Tests](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-diagnostic-process-and-tests)\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-back-pain-treatment)\n- [Prevention Tips](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-prevention-tips)\n- Next in Home Office Ergonomics Guide\n  [Paraspinal Muscles: Anatomy and Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/paraspinal-muscles-297191)\n\n### Key Takeaways\n- Back pain can come from muscle strain, slipped discs, or spinal stenosis.\n- Over-the-counter painkillers and rest often help relieve back pain.\n- Some people may benefit from physical therapy, so talk to a healthcare provider about persistent back pain.\n\nWhether it's a muscle strain or a more serious issue like a herniated disc, identifying the root cause of your back pain is key to finding the right treatment. Gain insights into common and rare causes in addition to advice on managing symptoms and determining when to seek care.\n\n![back pain causes]()\n\n![back pain causes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/oIZbF5iZGjvs68bto1QVRB1I-SM=\/1500x0\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/backpainfinal-01-5c3ba0bf46e0fb0001b5b300.png)\n\nVerywell \/ Alexandra Gordon\n## What Are Common Causes of Back Pain?\nBack pain can stem from issues with the spine, muscles, or spinal nerves. Common causes include:\n\n### Strain or Sprain\n[Strains](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-pain-symptoms-stiffness-2549270) and [sprains](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/sprains-and-strains-2548839) are common causes of [lower back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-symptoms-of-low-back-pain-2696186). A strain is the tearing of a muscle or tendon (connecting muscles to bones), while a sprain is the tearing of a [ligament](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/tendon-vs-ligament-7094205) (connecting bones at a joint).\n\nThese injuries can result from falls, sports injuries, or joint overuse, known as [repetitive stress](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/repetitive-strain-injury-8631260).\n\nPain from strains or sprains can range from mild to severe, often described as \"all-over pain\" that extends into the buttocks. It typically worsens with movement and improves with rest. Back stiffness is also common.\n\n### Slipped or Ruptured Disc\nSpinal discs act as shock absorbers between the bones of your spine. These discs can bulge over time due to aging, obesity, repetitive stress, or a sudden back injury.  \n  \n A bulging disc can press on nearby nerves, causing a throbbing, burning, or tingling pain. This is often referred to as a [slipped disc](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bulging-disc-7510046).\n\nIf a disc tears, it results in a ruptured (herniated) disc. The inner part of the disc, known as the [nucleus pulposus](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-the-nucleus-pulposus-297075), pushes out and puts pressure on nearby nerves, causing significant nerve pain.\n\nA ruptured disc can lead to [sharp lower back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-symptoms-of-low-back-pain-2696186) that radiates into the buttocks, groin, or leg. In the neck, it may cause pain moving down an arm, and symptoms can include muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling.\n\n### Muscle Spasm\nA [back spasm](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/causes-of-back-spasms-5095832) is characterized by sudden tightening of your back muscles. This causes pain ranging from mild to severe which people often describe as being deep and throbbing. It can occur due to the overuse of your back muscles or a traumatic injury that causes your back muscles to suddenly seize up.\n\nBack spasms result from mechanical stress on the muscles, like sleeping awkwardly, lifting heavy objects, or standing or sitting too long. Stress and anxiety can also trigger spasms.\n\n### Osteoarthritis\n[Spinal osteoarthritis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/spine-osteoarthritis-what-you-need-to-know-2552317) develops from the wear and tear of cartilage between spinal bones. As cartilage erodes, you may feel dull, aching, or throbbing pain, which worsens with movement.\n\nSpinal osteoarthritis tends to be persistent. It is generally worse in the morning and eases as you get on with your day. You may also have back stiffness and a popping sensation known as [crepitus](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-crepitus-189287).\n\nAs osteoarthritis progresses, [bone spurs](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-are-osteophytes-bone-spurs-189347), or osteophytes, can develop. These may compress nearby spinal nerves, leading to numbness and tingling similar to a ruptured disc.\n\nSpinal arthritis is the most frequent cause of lower back pain. Repetitive motion injuries, poor posture, and prior spinal trauma can all contribute to this aging-related condition.\n\n### Sciatica\nSciatica is pain that shoots down the leg via the sciatic nerve originating in the [lumbar (lower) spine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lumbar-spine-anatomy-296484).\n\nSciatica can be caused by a ruptured disc, bone spur, or an injury to the pelvis, buttock, or thigh. Diabetes, pregnancy, and prolonged sitting are also risk factors. A condition called [piriformis syndrome](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/piriformis-syndrome-2548838) can cause sciatica when the piriformis muscle situated on the top of your buttocks goes into spasm.\n\nSciatica causes shooting, burning, or cramping pain that extends from the lower back into a buttock (and occasionally down the leg and into the sole of the foot). Tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness are also common.\n\n### Spinal Stenosis\nAs you get older, the spinal canal which contains the spinal cord can begin to narrow. This is referred to as [spinal stenosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-spinal-stenosis-2552316).\n\nSpinal stenosis can cause the compression of the spinal nerve roots, leading to shooting pains in your lower back and buttocks. Muscle weakness, numbness, burning, and tingling sensations can also occur.\n\nSpinal arthritis can cause the overgrowth of bone within the canal, leading to spinal stenosis. Other causes of spinal stenosis include scoliosis, [Paget's disease of the bone](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/pagets-disease-overview-4587355), and spinal trauma.\n\n### Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis\n[Spondylolysis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anterolisthesis-7368736) is a stress fracture in one of the bones of the spine. It is most common in children who play sports that place repeated stress on the lower back (such as gymnastics or football). Spondylolysis can also be due to a spinal injury or the aging-related weakness of the spine.\n\nIf the fracture weakens the spine too much, the vertebra may start to slip, leading to a condition called [spondylolisthesis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anterolisthesis-7368736). The slippage may either be forward ([anterolisthesis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anterolisthesis-7368736)) or backward ([retrolisthesis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anterolisthesis-7368736)).\n\nSpondylolysis and spondylolisthesis both cause a dull, generalized pain extending from your back to your buttocks and thighs. There will also be significant back stiffness. Spinal nerve root compression can lead to shooting pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness.\n\n### Osteoporosis\n[Osteoporosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/osteoporosis-7254829) is the thinning and weakening of the bones. Back pain associated with osteoporosis is usually due to a compression fracture in the spinal column. In severe cases, a break can occur without warning, often after doing something as simple as sneezing or bending over.\n\nThe pain can range from dull and aching to sharp and debilitating. It is often felt in the lower or middle back and tends to get worse with activity. In rare cases, the pain may radiate to the legs and abdomen or cause a condition known as kyphosis (\"hunchback\").\n\n### Scoliosis\n[Scoliosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/scoliosis-lateral-curve-of-the-spine-2548780) is a condition in which the spine curves or twists like the letter \"S\" or \"C.\" It usually develops in childhood.\n\nIn most cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown, although it is linked to conditions like [cerebral palsy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cerebral-palsy-7105697) and [muscular dystrophy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/muscular-dystrophy-7481851). It can also result from a birth defect or family genetics (as multiple family members are sometimes affected).\n\nScoliosis can cause chronic back or neck pain as well as a reduced range of motion. Spinal compression can cause shooting pains, numbness, heaviness, and weakness in the buttocks and legs.\n\nIn severe cases, a person may have trouble breathing due to the compression of the thorax (chest cavity) or [diaphragm](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-the-diaphragm-2249084) (the muscle that separates the chest and abdomen).\n\n### Sacroiliitis\n[Sacroiliitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-sacroiliitis-296629) is the inflammation of the joints that connect your spine and pelvis, called the sacroiliac joint. This condition can cause pain in the lower back, buttocks, and upper legs.\n\nSacroiliitis can be caused by back trauma, spinal infection, pregnancy, or degenerative conditions like spinal osteoarthritis.\n\nSacroiliitis pain is often described as deep and aching and can occasionally affect the entire expanse of your leg from the groin all the way down to your feet. Walking upstairs can make symptoms worse.\n\n## Less Common Reasons for Back Pain\nLess commonly, back pain is caused by a systemic (whole-body) disease such as:\n\n### Ankylosing Spondylitis\n[Ankylosing spondylitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ankylosing-spondylitis-7108841) is an inflammatory disease that causes the small bones of the spine to fuse together. This [leads to lower back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ankylosing-spondylitis-prognosis-5210904) similar to spinal osteoarthritis. Spinal stiffness and a hunched posture are also characteristic, often occurring before the age of 40. The pain tends to improve with exercise and worsen at night.\n\n### Spinal Cancer\nA cancerous tumor in the spine may arise on its own (called a [primary tumor](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-primary-lung-cancer-2249409)) or can be caused by the spread of cancer from other parts of the body (called [metastasis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/metastatic-cancer-2249128)).\n\nThe pain is often persistent and gnawing, worsening at night. It may spread to the shoulders or neck and be accompanied by unexplained weight loss and fatigue. In advanced stages, reduced sensitivity to cold, heat, and pain may occur.\n\n### Osteomyelitis\nAn infection in the spine, called [osteomyelitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/knee-infection-7643044), causes severe and constant back pain along with local, swelling, and warmth. It can occur due to recent spinal surgery or when a local infection (such as a staph infection) enters the bloodstream.\n\nUnlike most infections, fever is not common.\n\n### Cauda Equina Syndrome\n[Cauda equina syndrome](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cauda-equina-syndrome-symptoms-and-causes-296590) is a rare disorder that is caused by severe compression of spinal nerve roots in the lower spine. This can cause extreme numbness or tingling that spreads down one or both legs along with the sharp sciatic nerve pain.\n\nOther symptoms include \"foot drop\" (difficulty lifting the front of your foot) and problems with bladder or bowel control.\n\n![low back pain causes]()\n\n![low back pain causes](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/O8MF5tXgNZ7izbfVgRAPbrOs8c8=\/1500x0\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/lowerbackfinal-01-5c3ba23e46e0fb0001513e6a.png)\n\nVerywell \/ Alexandra Gordon\n## When to See a Healthcare Provider\nMost cases of back pain last for a few days and resolve completely within a few weeks. If you have sudden, new back pain, contact your healthcare provider.\n\nThere are a few warning signs that immediate care is needed:\n\n- The pain persists for more than a few days or is worsening.\n- The pain wakes you up at night.\n- You have a fever, chills, or other signs of infection.\n- You have problems with bladder or bowel control.\n- There are other symptoms you cannot explain.\n## Diagnostic Process and Tests\nThe diagnosis of back pain starts with a review of your medical history and a physical exam. You will be asked when the pain started, what it feels like, what makes the pain better or worse, and what other symptoms you have (such as numbness or swelling).\n\nBased on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab and imaging tests to explore the suspected causes.\n\n### Physical Exam\nDuring your exam, your healthcare provider will gently press on muscles and parts of the spine, on or near the site of your pain. You will be asked to describe the location and type of pain.\n\nYou will have a neurological exam to assess your nerve and motor responses. The aim of the exam is to identify any areas of sensory changes, muscle weakness, or reflex changes.\n\nOne example is the [straight leg raise test](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-a-straight-leg-raise-test-296710) in which the healthcare provider lifts your leg while you lie flat on your back. If the movement causes pain below the knee, it suggests that nerves are being pinched at a specific part of the spine.\n\n### Lab Tests\nYour healthcare provider may order lab tests, such as:\n\n- A [complete blood count (CBC)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/complete-blood-count-cbc-2249073), including a [white blood cell count (WBC)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/white-blood-cell-wbc-count-1942660) to detect signs of infection\n- [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/autoimmune-blood-test-5112938) and [C-reactive protein (CRP)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-the-c-reactive-protein-crp-test-188021) to detect signs of inflammation\n- HLA-B27 test to detect genetic signs of ankylosing spondylitis\n- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests to help detect certain types of bone cancer\n### Imaging Tests\nImaging tests are generally not needed for a flare-up of back pain unless there are signs of cancer, infection, a fracture, or cauda equina syndrome. They are typically done if pain persists for several weeks or if muscle weakness is getting worse.\n\nIf needed, [magnetic resonance imaging](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-an-mri-and-what-does-it-do-3157069) (MRI) is usually the test of choice, with a [computed tomography](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-a-cat-scan-189603) (CT) scan being the alternative.\n\n### Differential Diagnosis\nAs part of your assessment, your healthcare provider will consider other medical conditions that can cause back pain. This involves a process called a [differential diagnosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/differential-diagnosis-confirming-your-diagnosis-2615485) in which other possible causes are investigated and ruled out to ensure that the correct diagnosis is made.\n\nA differential diagnosis is part of the process that will help you to tell the difference between muscle pain and kidney pain, for example. In the end, your back pain may be a part of a condition that doesn't directly involve the back muscles or spine.\n\nExamples include:\n\n- Abdominal [aortic aneurysm](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/aortic-aneurysm-8358332)\n- [Endometriosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/endometriosis-4689329)\n- [Gallbladder disease](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/gall-bladder-disease-4013630)\n- [Kidney infection](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/kidney-infection-when-to-go-to-the-hospital-7511488)\n- [Pancreatitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/acute-or-chronic-pancreatitis-symptoms-and-treatments-3520426)\n- [Pelvic inflammatory disease](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-3133135) (PID)\n- [Peptic ulcer disease](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/peptic-ulcer-disease-overview-4581900)\n- [Prostatitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prostatitis-overview-4582651)\n- [Shingles](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/shingles-treatment-1069454)\n\nThe diagnosis of back pain involves a physical exam and a review of your medical history. Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab or imaging tests to help pinpoint the cause.\n\n## Back Pain Treatment\nThe treatment of back pain often takes time. Most people recover by resting and avoiding activities that stress the lower back. Other treatments may be used to ease pain and restore the function of the spine or back muscles.\n\n### Self-Care\nRest, along with [ice application](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-ice-an-injury-2548842) or [heat application](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/heat-or-ice-for-knee-pain-5094143), is among the fastest ways to relieve back pain. This treatment may speed the healing process because ice can help reduce swelling. Heat is good for back pain because it promotes blood flow and helps to relax tissues.\n\nKeep in mind, though, that rest doesn't necessarily mean prolonged bed rest. Low-intensity physical activity is important to help shorten your recovery time.\n\nIt is also important to change certain habits, including sleep habits, to protect your back.\n\nStart by buying a firm, supportive [mattress](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-mattresses-for-back-pain-4172685). Sleeping on your side with your knees slightly bent and a [small pillow](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-knee-pillows-5205284) between them can help take pressure off the back. If you can only [sleep on your back](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-sleep-on-your-back-8664186), place pillows under your knees and a small one under your lower back.\n\nIf you have a desk job, you will also need to make changes to reduce stress to the back caused by prolonged sitting. Start by getting up every 15 minutes or so and moving around. Adjust your chair so your knees and hips are bent at right angles with both feet flat on the floor. Position a small pillow or rolled-up towel behind your lower back to maintain a natural curve in your lumbar spine.\n\n### Medications\nIf rest and ice\/heat application are not enough to ease your pain, [medications](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-lower-back-pain-relief-8424490) may be prescribed.\n\nOver-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and prescription muscle relaxants are among the most commonly used medications for back pain relief.\n\n[Epidural spinal injections](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/steroid-injections-chronic-back-pain-11687990), in which steroids are injected into the space around your spine, may be used to treat sciatica and spondylolisthesis. For spine osteoarthritis, a steroid injection into the spinal joint can be used if the pain is severe.\n\n### Physical Therapy\nYour healthcare provider may also advise physical therapy to help strengthen and stretch your back muscles, improve mobility, and ease back pain.\n\n[Walking is good for lower back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/walking-and-back-pain-8670906), as are other low-impact exercises like swimming and biking that can help to improve your range of motion and flexibility.\n\nYou may find even more motivation if you use a wearable activity-tracking device. A 2019 study of wearables used by people with chronic back pain found that they did significantly more walking and other exercise than people in a control group. It's possible this may lead to reductions in the use of other back pain therapies, but more research is needed.\n\n### Complementary and Alternative Medicine\nSome examples of complementary therapies used to ease back pain include:\n\n- Massage therapy\n- [Acupuncture](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/acupuncture-health-uses-88407)\n- Tai chi\n- [Yoga](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/low-back-range-of-motion-exercise-for-spinal-arthritis-296871)\n- [Chiropractic care](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/spinal-manipulation-5213994)\n\nSpeak with your healthcare provider before taking any vitamins, herbs, or supplements to ensure they are right and safe for you.\n\n### Spinal Surgery\nSpinal surgery is reserved for people who don't get adequate symptom relief with non-operative treatment, and when the cause of pain is well-explained by the imaging studies.\n\nThere are some conditions for which surgery may be beneficial, such as conditions that undermine the stability of the spine.\n\nA spine surgeon can help you to determine if surgery is the right option for you and what risks are involved.\n\n## Prevention Tips\nBack pain is one of the most common ailments affecting people of all ages. There are ways to reduce your risk factors for back pain and prevent it from worsening.\n\nSome of the more useful prevention tips include the following:\n\n- Maintain a healthy weight.\n- Exercise regularly with low-impact activities to strengthen core muscles.\n- Practice [good posture](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-posture-correctors-4171981) and body mechanics (e.g., lifting with the knees).\n- Sleep on a [bed that supports the spine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-mattresses-for-back-pain-4172685).\n- Quit cigarettes (chemicals in tobacco smoke promote the deterioration of spinal disks).\n\nRead more:\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n- [Back & Neck Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-overview-4581999)\n- [Causes & Risk Factors](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-and-neck-pain-causes-4158506)\n\n16 Sources\n\nVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our [editorial process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.\n\n1. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. [Low back pain fact sheet](https:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/migrate-documents\/low_back_pain_20-ns-5161_march_2020_508c.pdf).\n2. See QY, Tan JNB, Kumar DS. [Acute low back pain: diagnosis and management](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11622%2Fsmedj.2021086). *Singapore Med J.* 2021 Jun;62(6):271–275. doi:10.11622\/smedj.2021086\n3. Allegri M, Montella S, Salici F, et al. [Mechanisms of low back pain: a guide for diagnosis and therapy](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688%2Ff1000research.8105.2). *Version 2. F1000Res.* 2016;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-1530. doi:10.12688\/f1000research.8105.2\n4. Goel A. [Is it necessary to resect osteophytes in degenerative spondylotic myelopathy?](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-8237.121615) *J Craniovertebr Junction Spine*. 2013;4(1):1-2. doi:10.4103\/0974-8237.121615\n5. Johns Hopkins Medicine. [Lower Back Pain: What Could It Be?](https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions-and-diseases\/back-pain\/lower-back-pain-what-could-it-be)\n6. Marco C, Miguel-Pérez M, Pérez-Bellmunt A, et al. [Anatomical causes of compression of the sciatic nerve in the pelvis. piriform syndrome](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.recot.2019.06.002). *Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol*. 2019;63(6):424-30. doi:10.1016\/j.recot.2019.06.002\n7. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. [Spinal stenosis](https:\/\/www.niams.nih.gov\/health-topics\/spinal-stenosis#tab-causes).\n8. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. [Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis](https:\/\/orthoinfo.aaos.org\/en\/diseases--conditions\/spondylolysis-and-spondylolisthesis).\n9. Horne JP, Flannery R, Usman S. [Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: diagnosis and management](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24506121\/). *Am Fam Physician*. 2014;89(3):193-8.\n10. Slobodin G, Hussein H, Rosner I, Eshed I. [Sacroiliitis - early diagnosis is key](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S149494). J *Inflamm Res*. 2018;11:339-344. doi:10.2147\/JIR.S149494.\n11. Kumar N, Tan WLB, Velavapan BA. [An overview of the tumors affecting the spine—inside to out](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnop%2Fnpaa049). *Neurooncol Pract.* 2020 Nov;7(Suppl 1) i10–i17. doi:10.1093\/nop\/npaa049\n12. Kamath SU, Kamath SS. [Lasègue’s sign](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2017%2F24899.9794). *J Clin Diagn Res.* 2017 May; 1(5) RG01–RG02. doi:10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/24899.979\n13. Amirdelfan K, McRoberts P, Deer TR. [The differential diagnosis of low back pain: a primer on the evolving paradigm](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12173). *Neuromodulation*. 2014 Oct;17 Suppl 2:11-7. doi:10.1111\/ner.12173\n14. Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, *et al*. [Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-019-2454-y). *BMC Musculoskelet Disord*. 2019 Feb 11;20(1):71. doi:10.1186\/s12891-019-2454-y.\n15. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. [Mind and body approaches for chronic pain: What the science says](https:\/\/www.nccih.nih.gov\/health\/providers\/digest\/mind-and-body-approaches-for-chronic-pain-science).\n16. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. [Low back pain](https:\/\/orthoinfo.aaos.org\/en\/diseases--conditions\/low-back-pain\/).\n\n![Cluett]()\n\n![Cluett](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/B3S_B-2KMH-Dut0KCwATnEdYfjY=\/144x144\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/Jonathan-Cluett_1000-2407608be738446cb867da6adba1642c.jpg)\n\nBy [Jonathan Cluett, MD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/jonathan-cluett-md-2548348)   \n Dr. Cluett is board-certified in orthopedic surgery. He served as assistant team physician to Chivas USA (Major League Soccer) and the U.S. national soccer teams.\n\n[See Our Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n\n[Meet Our Medical Expert Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n\nShare Feedback\n\nWas this page helpful?\n\nThanks for your feedback\\!\n\nWhat is your feedback?\n\nHelpful\n\nReport an Error\n\nOther\n\nMore In\n\nHome Office Ergonomics Guide\n\n- [![home office setup dimensions]() ![home office setup dimensions](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/7jFr0Tsi0XAh_UXq1GFMfjmVLAE=\/260x156\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/home-office-set-up-tips-for-coronavirus-quarantine-4801196_final_logo-01282920715e4846ac498da52a767100.png) How to Keep Your Body Healthy in Your Home Office 1 of 23 Medically reviewed by Yaw Boachie-Adjei, MD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/home-office-set-up-tips-4801196)\n- [![Man wearing back braces we recommend on a blue background]() ![Man wearing back braces we recommend on a blue background](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/GE8zz5KWxaf__wcdRDk0IiB11KQ=\/260x156\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-best-back-braces-4582908-0d569951198d4bcb832e83874d15f2a5.jpg) These Editor-Approved Back Braces Can Relieve Back Pain and Improve Your Posture 2 of 23 Medically reviewed by Oluseun Olufade, MD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-back-braces-4582908)\n- [![woman with back pain]() ![woman with back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/cEJMmgOqB3fbzAv4cGooJVhob34=\/260x156\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-548301311-1--56a6d9f63df78cf772908d36.jpg) How to Identify and Treat Your Back Pain 3 of 23 Medically reviewed by David Kesselman, DC](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504)\n- [![Rear View Of Female Athlete Against Black Background]() ![Rear View Of Female Athlete Against Black Background](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/qbTOjrQO2JlPwFKh8Bm9obIQJjI=\/260x156\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/rear-view-of-female-athlete-against-black-background-654713453-5a20f2c07bb2830019771769.jpg) What Are the Paraspinal Muscles? 4 of 23 Medically reviewed by Michael Menna, DO](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/paraspinal-muscles-297191)\n- [![Neck Massagers Test]() ![Neck Massagers Test](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/a-d1KrnA7KbnqtFBlNQrlAYkzUo=\/260x156\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/Web_1500-VWH-neck-massagers-group-leticia-almeida-photo-01-ea9a03e3be1a4702aafc871921d5d1bd.jpg) Save Money While Saving Your Spine—These Top Neck Massagers Are On Sale Now 5 of 23 Medically reviewed by Oluseun Olufade, MD](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-neck-massagers-4173664)\n- [![]() ![](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/ZdJDYx6lBQyhSa7tH6NpctUAkn0=\/260x156\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/iStock-639271048-5a78aaeaae9ab8003618999a.jpg) Pain in the Neck? 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home](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/B0OrFuoTf4WIjG5zX1lc4TwyGd8=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1471855662-f31354d502ee485bb33c2952159e60a3.jpg) Causes of Chest and Back Pain Based on Location](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/chest-and-back-pain-8387247)\n\n[![Adult sitting on bed, feeling back of neck]() ![Adult sitting on bed, feeling back of neck](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/1vnGSwo0ncpv5EwgKt3EX0YQxRg=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/neck-pain-GettyImages-1300865392-dc7244ad0676404d86f475227bca0d74.jpg) Why Your Neck Hurts When You Wake Up and How to Fix It](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/why-does-my-neck-hurt-when-i-wake-up-7557815)\n\n[![Woman using a foam roller]() ![Woman using a foam roller](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/qsiXqLIr1U7GgHr-HiKl-1CSaPs=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/foamrollingbackpaingetty-59c07b67c4124400100bfc68.jpg) Self-Myofascial Release Techniques for Neck and Shoulders](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/self-myofascial-release-techniques-4154550)\n\n[![X-ray of spine with instrumentation]() ![X-ray of spine with instrumentation](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/eo2UQry1c8vjCE3XeHQEx6vsPtE=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/SpinalFusionXRay-56a05ef53df78cafdaa14c53.png) Pseudoarthrosis in the Cervical and Lumbar Spine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/pseudarthrosis-after-spinal-fusion-surgery-296507)\n\n[![A chiropractor adjusts a woman's back.]() ![A chiropractor adjusts a woman's back.](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/dxvX-2pq9_8OGoTjVteMZNftYIA=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-161143564-56a0606e5f9b58eba4b02840.jpg) Lumbar Traction: Uses, Procedure, Side Effects, and More](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lumbar-traction-offers-no-benefit-for-back-pain-3999170)\n\n[![Posterior pelvic tilt shown with a line ]() ![Posterior pelvic tilt shown with a line ](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/RUK0W7qAmSIoEjKPEz7aztOtWbA=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/VWH-JessicaOlah-PosteriorPelvicTilt-Recirc-a564c9cd3e6842e89bfaa15e1adfab48.jpg) What Is Posterior Pelvic Tilt and How Can You Fix It?](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/posterior-pelvic-tilt-297132)\n\n[![Man on sofa changing TV channel]() ![Man on sofa changing TV channel](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/thmb\/G7g025nMnNna9BGJsMdUlc1L4VE=\/400x250\/filters:no_upscale\\(\\):max_bytes\\(150000\\):strip_icc\\(\\)\/GettyImages-1408055319-95a9f0d8efcb464fb831d047a10f96ef.jpg) How to Relieve Bulging Disc Pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bulging-disc-7510046)\n\n- [Health A-Z](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-a-z-4014770)\n- [Prevention & Treatment](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prevention-and-treatment-4158390)\n- [Health Care](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/health-care-4014769)\n- [News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/news-4846412)\n\n- [Meet Our Review Board](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/about-us-5180305)\n- [Editorial Process](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/verywell-editorial-process-4777042)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/brands-privacy)\n- [In the News](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/in-the-news-4778971)\n- [Advertise](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/advertising)\n- [Terms of Service](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/brands-termsofservice)\n- [Careers](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/careers)\n- [Contact](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/about-us-5180305#toc-contact-us)\n\nFollow Us\n\nVerywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.\n\nⒸ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved\n\nVerywell Health is part of the [People Inc.](https:\/\/www.people.inc\/) publishing family.","attrs_readable_markdown":"### Key Takeaways\n- Back pain can come from muscle strain, slipped discs, or spinal stenosis.\n- Over-the-counter painkillers and rest often help relieve back pain.\n- Some people may benefit from physical therapy, so talk to a healthcare provider about persistent back pain.\n\nWhether it's a muscle strain or a more serious issue like a herniated disc, identifying the root cause of your back pain is key to finding the right treatment. Gain insights into common and rare causes in addition to advice on managing symptoms and determining when to seek care.\n\nVerywell \/ Alexandra Gordon\n\n## What Are Common Causes of Back Pain?\nBack pain can stem from issues with the spine, muscles, or spinal nerves. Common causes include:\n\n### Strain or Sprain\n[Strains](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/back-pain-symptoms-stiffness-2549270) and [sprains](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/sprains-and-strains-2548839) are common causes of [lower back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-symptoms-of-low-back-pain-2696186). A strain is the tearing of a muscle or tendon (connecting muscles to bones), while a sprain is the tearing of a [ligament](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/tendon-vs-ligament-7094205) (connecting bones at a joint).\n\nThese injuries can result from falls, sports injuries, or joint overuse, known as [repetitive stress](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/repetitive-strain-injury-8631260).\n\nPain from strains or sprains can range from mild to severe, often described as \"all-over pain\" that extends into the buttocks. It typically worsens with movement and improves with rest. Back stiffness is also common.\n\n### Slipped or Ruptured Disc\nSpinal discs act as shock absorbers between the bones of your spine. These discs can bulge over time due to aging, obesity, repetitive stress, or a sudden back injury.\n\nA bulging disc can press on nearby nerves, causing a throbbing, burning, or tingling pain. This is often referred to as a [slipped disc](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/bulging-disc-7510046).\n\nIf a disc tears, it results in a ruptured (herniated) disc. The inner part of the disc, known as the [nucleus pulposus](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-the-nucleus-pulposus-297075), pushes out and puts pressure on nearby nerves, causing significant nerve pain.\n\nA ruptured disc can lead to [sharp lower back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/common-symptoms-of-low-back-pain-2696186) that radiates into the buttocks, groin, or leg. In the neck, it may cause pain moving down an arm, and symptoms can include muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling.\n\n### Muscle Spasm\nA [back spasm](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/causes-of-back-spasms-5095832) is characterized by sudden tightening of your back muscles. This causes pain ranging from mild to severe which people often describe as being deep and throbbing. It can occur due to the overuse of your back muscles or a traumatic injury that causes your back muscles to suddenly seize up.\n\nBack spasms result from mechanical stress on the muscles, like sleeping awkwardly, lifting heavy objects, or standing or sitting too long. Stress and anxiety can also trigger spasms.\n\n### Osteoarthritis\n[Spinal osteoarthritis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/spine-osteoarthritis-what-you-need-to-know-2552317) develops from the wear and tear of cartilage between spinal bones. As cartilage erodes, you may feel dull, aching, or throbbing pain, which worsens with movement.\n\nSpinal osteoarthritis tends to be persistent. It is generally worse in the morning and eases as you get on with your day. You may also have back stiffness and a popping sensation known as [crepitus](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-crepitus-189287).\n\nAs osteoarthritis progresses, [bone spurs](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-are-osteophytes-bone-spurs-189347), or osteophytes, can develop. These may compress nearby spinal nerves, leading to numbness and tingling similar to a ruptured disc.\n\nSpinal arthritis is the most frequent cause of lower back pain. Repetitive motion injuries, poor posture, and prior spinal trauma can all contribute to this aging-related condition.\n\n### Sciatica\nSciatica is pain that shoots down the leg via the sciatic nerve originating in the [lumbar (lower) spine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/lumbar-spine-anatomy-296484).\n\nSciatica can be caused by a ruptured disc, bone spur, or an injury to the pelvis, buttock, or thigh. Diabetes, pregnancy, and prolonged sitting are also risk factors. A condition called [piriformis syndrome](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/piriformis-syndrome-2548838) can cause sciatica when the piriformis muscle situated on the top of your buttocks goes into spasm.\n\nSciatica causes shooting, burning, or cramping pain that extends from the lower back into a buttock (and occasionally down the leg and into the sole of the foot). Tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness are also common.\n\n### Spinal Stenosis\nAs you get older, the spinal canal which contains the spinal cord can begin to narrow. This is referred to as [spinal stenosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-spinal-stenosis-2552316).\n\nSpinal stenosis can cause the compression of the spinal nerve roots, leading to shooting pains in your lower back and buttocks. Muscle weakness, numbness, burning, and tingling sensations can also occur.\n\nSpinal arthritis can cause the overgrowth of bone within the canal, leading to spinal stenosis. Other causes of spinal stenosis include scoliosis, [Paget's disease of the bone](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/pagets-disease-overview-4587355), and spinal trauma.\n\n### Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis\n[Spondylolysis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anterolisthesis-7368736) is a stress fracture in one of the bones of the spine. It is most common in children who play sports that place repeated stress on the lower back (such as gymnastics or football). Spondylolysis can also be due to a spinal injury or the aging-related weakness of the spine.\n\nIf the fracture weakens the spine too much, the vertebra may start to slip, leading to a condition called [spondylolisthesis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anterolisthesis-7368736). The slippage may either be forward ([anterolisthesis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anterolisthesis-7368736)) or backward ([retrolisthesis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/anterolisthesis-7368736)).\n\nSpondylolysis and spondylolisthesis both cause a dull, generalized pain extending from your back to your buttocks and thighs. There will also be significant back stiffness. Spinal nerve root compression can lead to shooting pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness.\n\n### Osteoporosis\n[Osteoporosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/osteoporosis-7254829) is the thinning and weakening of the bones. Back pain associated with osteoporosis is usually due to a compression fracture in the spinal column. In severe cases, a break can occur without warning, often after doing something as simple as sneezing or bending over.\n\nThe pain can range from dull and aching to sharp and debilitating. It is often felt in the lower or middle back and tends to get worse with activity. In rare cases, the pain may radiate to the legs and abdomen or cause a condition known as kyphosis (\"hunchback\").\n\n### Scoliosis\n[Scoliosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/scoliosis-lateral-curve-of-the-spine-2548780) is a condition in which the spine curves or twists like the letter \"S\" or \"C.\" It usually develops in childhood.\n\nIn most cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown, although it is linked to conditions like [cerebral palsy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cerebral-palsy-7105697) and [muscular dystrophy](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/muscular-dystrophy-7481851). It can also result from a birth defect or family genetics (as multiple family members are sometimes affected).\n\nScoliosis can cause chronic back or neck pain as well as a reduced range of motion. Spinal compression can cause shooting pains, numbness, heaviness, and weakness in the buttocks and legs.\n\nIn severe cases, a person may have trouble breathing due to the compression of the thorax (chest cavity) or [diaphragm](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-the-diaphragm-2249084) (the muscle that separates the chest and abdomen).\n\n### Sacroiliitis\n[Sacroiliitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-sacroiliitis-296629) is the inflammation of the joints that connect your spine and pelvis, called the sacroiliac joint. This condition can cause pain in the lower back, buttocks, and upper legs.\n\nSacroiliitis can be caused by back trauma, spinal infection, pregnancy, or degenerative conditions like spinal osteoarthritis.\n\nSacroiliitis pain is often described as deep and aching and can occasionally affect the entire expanse of your leg from the groin all the way down to your feet. Walking upstairs can make symptoms worse.\n\n## Less Common Reasons for Back Pain\nLess commonly, back pain is caused by a systemic (whole-body) disease such as:\n\n### Ankylosing Spondylitis\n[Ankylosing spondylitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ankylosing-spondylitis-7108841) is an inflammatory disease that causes the small bones of the spine to fuse together. This [leads to lower back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/ankylosing-spondylitis-prognosis-5210904) similar to spinal osteoarthritis. Spinal stiffness and a hunched posture are also characteristic, often occurring before the age of 40. The pain tends to improve with exercise and worsen at night.\n\n### Spinal Cancer\nA cancerous tumor in the spine may arise on its own (called a [primary tumor](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-primary-lung-cancer-2249409)) or can be caused by the spread of cancer from other parts of the body (called [metastasis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/metastatic-cancer-2249128)).\n\nThe pain is often persistent and gnawing, worsening at night. It may spread to the shoulders or neck and be accompanied by unexplained weight loss and fatigue. In advanced stages, reduced sensitivity to cold, heat, and pain may occur.\n\n### Osteomyelitis\nAn infection in the spine, called [osteomyelitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/knee-infection-7643044), causes severe and constant back pain along with local, swelling, and warmth. It can occur due to recent spinal surgery or when a local infection (such as a staph infection) enters the bloodstream.\n\nUnlike most infections, fever is not common.\n\n### Cauda Equina Syndrome\n[Cauda equina syndrome](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/cauda-equina-syndrome-symptoms-and-causes-296590) is a rare disorder that is caused by severe compression of spinal nerve roots in the lower spine. This can cause extreme numbness or tingling that spreads down one or both legs along with the sharp sciatic nerve pain.\n\nOther symptoms include \"foot drop\" (difficulty lifting the front of your foot) and problems with bladder or bowel control.\n\nVerywell \/ Alexandra Gordon\n\n## When to See a Healthcare Provider\nMost cases of back pain last for a few days and resolve completely within a few weeks. If you have sudden, new back pain, contact your healthcare provider.\n\nThere are a few warning signs that immediate care is needed:\n\n- The pain persists for more than a few days or is worsening.\n- The pain wakes you up at night.\n- You have a fever, chills, or other signs of infection.\n- You have problems with bladder or bowel control.\n- There are other symptoms you cannot explain.\n## Diagnostic Process and Tests\nThe diagnosis of back pain starts with a review of your medical history and a physical exam. You will be asked when the pain started, what it feels like, what makes the pain better or worse, and what other symptoms you have (such as numbness or swelling).\n\nBased on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab and imaging tests to explore the suspected causes.\n\n### Physical Exam\nDuring your exam, your healthcare provider will gently press on muscles and parts of the spine, on or near the site of your pain. You will be asked to describe the location and type of pain.\n\nYou will have a neurological exam to assess your nerve and motor responses. The aim of the exam is to identify any areas of sensory changes, muscle weakness, or reflex changes.\n\nOne example is the [straight leg raise test](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-a-straight-leg-raise-test-296710) in which the healthcare provider lifts your leg while you lie flat on your back. If the movement causes pain below the knee, it suggests that nerves are being pinched at a specific part of the spine.\n\n### Lab Tests\nYour healthcare provider may order lab tests, such as:\n\n- A [complete blood count (CBC)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/complete-blood-count-cbc-2249073), including a [white blood cell count (WBC)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/white-blood-cell-wbc-count-1942660) to detect signs of infection\n- [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/autoimmune-blood-test-5112938) and [C-reactive protein (CRP)](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-the-c-reactive-protein-crp-test-188021) to detect signs of inflammation\n- HLA-B27 test to detect genetic signs of ankylosing spondylitis\n- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests to help detect certain types of bone cancer\n### Imaging Tests\nImaging tests are generally not needed for a flare-up of back pain unless there are signs of cancer, infection, a fracture, or cauda equina syndrome. They are typically done if pain persists for several weeks or if muscle weakness is getting worse.\n\nIf needed, [magnetic resonance imaging](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-an-mri-and-what-does-it-do-3157069) (MRI) is usually the test of choice, with a [computed tomography](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/what-is-a-cat-scan-189603) (CT) scan being the alternative.\n\n### Differential Diagnosis\nAs part of your assessment, your healthcare provider will consider other medical conditions that can cause back pain. This involves a process called a [differential diagnosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/differential-diagnosis-confirming-your-diagnosis-2615485) in which other possible causes are investigated and ruled out to ensure that the correct diagnosis is made.\n\nA differential diagnosis is part of the process that will help you to tell the difference between muscle pain and kidney pain, for example. In the end, your back pain may be a part of a condition that doesn't directly involve the back muscles or spine.\n\nExamples include:\n\n- Abdominal [aortic aneurysm](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/aortic-aneurysm-8358332)\n- [Endometriosis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/endometriosis-4689329)\n- [Gallbladder disease](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/gall-bladder-disease-4013630)\n- [Kidney infection](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/kidney-infection-when-to-go-to-the-hospital-7511488)\n- [Pancreatitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/acute-or-chronic-pancreatitis-symptoms-and-treatments-3520426)\n- [Pelvic inflammatory disease](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-3133135) (PID)\n- [Peptic ulcer disease](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/peptic-ulcer-disease-overview-4581900)\n- [Prostatitis](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/prostatitis-overview-4582651)\n- [Shingles](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/shingles-treatment-1069454)\n\nThe diagnosis of back pain involves a physical exam and a review of your medical history. Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab or imaging tests to help pinpoint the cause.\n\n## Back Pain Treatment\nThe treatment of back pain often takes time. Most people recover by resting and avoiding activities that stress the lower back. Other treatments may be used to ease pain and restore the function of the spine or back muscles.\n\n### Self-Care\nRest, along with [ice application](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-ice-an-injury-2548842) or [heat application](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/heat-or-ice-for-knee-pain-5094143), is among the fastest ways to relieve back pain. This treatment may speed the healing process because ice can help reduce swelling. Heat is good for back pain because it promotes blood flow and helps to relax tissues.\n\nKeep in mind, though, that rest doesn't necessarily mean prolonged bed rest. Low-intensity physical activity is important to help shorten your recovery time.\n\nIt is also important to change certain habits, including sleep habits, to protect your back.\n\nStart by buying a firm, supportive [mattress](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-mattresses-for-back-pain-4172685). Sleeping on your side with your knees slightly bent and a [small pillow](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-knee-pillows-5205284) between them can help take pressure off the back. If you can only [sleep on your back](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/how-to-sleep-on-your-back-8664186), place pillows under your knees and a small one under your lower back.\n\nIf you have a desk job, you will also need to make changes to reduce stress to the back caused by prolonged sitting. Start by getting up every 15 minutes or so and moving around. Adjust your chair so your knees and hips are bent at right angles with both feet flat on the floor. Position a small pillow or rolled-up towel behind your lower back to maintain a natural curve in your lumbar spine.\n\n### Medications\nIf rest and ice\/heat application are not enough to ease your pain, [medications](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/medications-lower-back-pain-relief-8424490) may be prescribed.\n\nOver-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and prescription muscle relaxants are among the most commonly used medications for back pain relief.\n\n[Epidural spinal injections](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/steroid-injections-chronic-back-pain-11687990), in which steroids are injected into the space around your spine, may be used to treat sciatica and spondylolisthesis. For spine osteoarthritis, a steroid injection into the spinal joint can be used if the pain is severe.\n\n### Physical Therapy\nYour healthcare provider may also advise physical therapy to help strengthen and stretch your back muscles, improve mobility, and ease back pain.\n\n[Walking is good for lower back pain](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/walking-and-back-pain-8670906), as are other low-impact exercises like swimming and biking that can help to improve your range of motion and flexibility.\n\nYou may find even more motivation if you use a wearable activity-tracking device. A 2019 study of wearables used by people with chronic back pain found that they did significantly more walking and other exercise than people in a control group. It's possible this may lead to reductions in the use of other back pain therapies, but more research is needed.\n\n### Complementary and Alternative Medicine\nSome examples of complementary therapies used to ease back pain include:\n\n- Massage therapy\n- [Acupuncture](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/acupuncture-health-uses-88407)\n- Tai chi\n- [Yoga](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/low-back-range-of-motion-exercise-for-spinal-arthritis-296871)\n- [Chiropractic care](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/spinal-manipulation-5213994)\n\nSpeak with your healthcare provider before taking any vitamins, herbs, or supplements to ensure they are right and safe for you.\n\n### Spinal Surgery\nSpinal surgery is reserved for people who don't get adequate symptom relief with non-operative treatment, and when the cause of pain is well-explained by the imaging studies.\n\nThere are some conditions for which surgery may be beneficial, such as conditions that undermine the stability of the spine.\n\nA spine surgeon can help you to determine if surgery is the right option for you and what risks are involved.\n\n## Prevention Tips\nBack pain is one of the most common ailments affecting people of all ages. There are ways to reduce your risk factors for back pain and prevent it from worsening.\n\nSome of the more useful prevention tips include the following:\n\n- Maintain a healthy weight.\n- Exercise regularly with low-impact activities to strengthen core muscles.\n- Practice [good posture](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-posture-correctors-4171981) and body mechanics (e.g., lifting with the knees).\n- Sleep on a [bed that supports the spine](https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/best-mattresses-for-back-pain-4172685).\n- Quit cigarettes (chemicals in tobacco smoke promote the deterioration of spinal disks).","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	How to Identify and Treat Your Back Pain
Meta Description	Back pain can result from injury, disease, or simply aging. Learn common causes, treatments, and when to talk to a healthcare provider.
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Boilerpipe Text	Key Takeaways Back pain can come from muscle strain, slipped discs, or spinal stenosis. Over-the-counter painkillers and rest often help relieve back pain. Some people may benefit from physical therapy, so talk to a healthcare provider about persistent back pain. Whether it's a muscle strain or a more serious issue like a herniated disc, identifying the root cause of your back pain is key to finding the right treatment. Gain insights into common and rare causes in addition to advice on managing symptoms and determining when to seek care. Verywell / Alexandra Gordon What Are Common Causes of Back Pain? Back pain can stem from issues with the spine, muscles, or spinal nerves. Common causes include: Strain or Sprain Strains and sprains are common causes of lower back pain . A strain is the tearing of a muscle or tendon (connecting muscles to bones), while a sprain is the tearing of a ligament (connecting bones at a joint). These injuries can result from falls, sports injuries, or joint overuse, known as repetitive stress . Pain from strains or sprains can range from mild to severe, often described as "all-over pain" that extends into the buttocks. It typically worsens with movement and improves with rest. Back stiffness is also common. Slipped or Ruptured Disc Spinal discs act as shock absorbers between the bones of your spine. These discs can bulge over time due to aging, obesity, repetitive stress, or a sudden back injury. A bulging disc can press on nearby nerves, causing a throbbing, burning, or tingling pain. This is often referred to as a slipped disc . If a disc tears, it results in a ruptured (herniated) disc. The inner part of the disc, known as the nucleus pulposus , pushes out and puts pressure on nearby nerves, causing significant nerve pain. A ruptured disc can lead to sharp lower back pain that radiates into the buttocks, groin, or leg. In the neck, it may cause pain moving down an arm, and symptoms can include muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling. Muscle Spasm A back spasm is characterized by sudden tightening of your back muscles. This causes pain ranging from mild to severe which people often describe as being deep and throbbing. It can occur due to the overuse of your back muscles or a traumatic injury that causes your back muscles to suddenly seize up. Back spasms result from mechanical stress on the muscles, like sleeping awkwardly, lifting heavy objects, or standing or sitting too long. Stress and anxiety can also trigger spasms. Osteoarthritis Spinal osteoarthritis develops from the wear and tear of cartilage between spinal bones. As cartilage erodes, you may feel dull, aching, or throbbing pain, which worsens with movement. Spinal osteoarthritis tends to be persistent. It is generally worse in the morning and eases as you get on with your day. You may also have back stiffness and a popping sensation known as crepitus . As osteoarthritis progresses, bone spurs , or osteophytes , can develop. These may compress nearby spinal nerves, leading to numbness and tingling similar to a ruptured disc. Spinal arthritis is the most frequent cause of lower back pain. Repetitive motion injuries, poor posture, and prior spinal trauma can all contribute to this aging-related condition. Sciatica Sciatica is pain that shoots down the leg via the sciatic nerve originating in the lumbar (lower) spine . Sciatica can be caused by a ruptured disc, bone spur, or an injury to the pelvis, buttock, or thigh. Diabetes, pregnancy, and prolonged sitting are also risk factors. A condition called piriformis syndrome can cause sciatica when the piriformis muscle situated on the top of your buttocks goes into spasm. Sciatica causes shooting, burning, or cramping pain that extends from the lower back into a buttock (and occasionally down the leg and into the sole of the foot). Tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness are also common. Spinal Stenosis As you get older, the spinal canal which contains the spinal cord can begin to narrow. This is referred to as spinal stenosis . Spinal stenosis can cause the compression of the spinal nerve roots, leading to shooting pains in your lower back and buttocks. Muscle weakness, numbness, burning, and tingling sensations can also occur. Spinal arthritis can cause the overgrowth of bone within the canal, leading to spinal stenosis. Other causes of spinal stenosis include scoliosis, Paget's disease of the bone , and spinal trauma. Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Spondylolysis is a stress fracture in one of the bones of the spine. It is most common in children who play sports that place repeated stress on the lower back (such as gymnastics or football). Spondylolysis can also be due to a spinal injury or the aging-related weakness of the spine. If the fracture weakens the spine too much, the vertebra may start to slip, leading to a condition called spondylolisthesis . The slippage may either be forward ( anterolisthesis ) or backward ( retrolisthesis ). Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis both cause a dull, generalized pain extending from your back to your buttocks and thighs. There will also be significant back stiffness. Spinal nerve root compression can lead to shooting pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is the thinning and weakening of the bones. Back pain associated with osteoporosis is usually due to a compression fracture in the spinal column. In severe cases, a break can occur without warning, often after doing something as simple as sneezing or bending over. The pain can range from dull and aching to sharp and debilitating. It is often felt in the lower or middle back and tends to get worse with activity. In rare cases, the pain may radiate to the legs and abdomen or cause a condition known as kyphosis ("hunchback"). Scoliosis Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine curves or twists like the letter "S" or "C." It usually develops in childhood. In most cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown, although it is linked to conditions like cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy . It can also result from a birth defect or family genetics (as multiple family members are sometimes affected). Scoliosis can cause chronic back or neck pain as well as a reduced range of motion. Spinal compression can cause shooting pains, numbness, heaviness, and weakness in the buttocks and legs. In severe cases, a person may have trouble breathing due to the compression of the thorax (chest cavity) or diaphragm (the muscle that separates the chest and abdomen). Sacroiliitis Sacroiliitis is the inflammation of the joints that connect your spine and pelvis, called the sacroiliac joint . This condition can cause pain in the lower back, buttocks, and upper legs. Sacroiliitis can be caused by back trauma, spinal infection, pregnancy, or degenerative conditions like spinal osteoarthritis. Sacroiliitis pain is often described as deep and aching and can occasionally affect the entire expanse of your leg from the groin all the way down to your feet. Walking upstairs can make symptoms worse. Less Common Reasons for Back Pain Less commonly, back pain is caused by a systemic (whole-body) disease such as: Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that causes the small bones of the spine to fuse together. This leads to lower back pain similar to spinal osteoarthritis. Spinal stiffness and a hunched posture are also characteristic, often occurring before the age of 40. The pain tends to improve with exercise and worsen at night. Spinal Cancer A cancerous tumor in the spine may arise on its own (called a primary tumor ) or can be caused by the spread of cancer from other parts of the body (called metastasis ). The pain is often persistent and gnawing, worsening at night. It may spread to the shoulders or neck and be accompanied by unexplained weight loss and fatigue. In advanced stages, reduced sensitivity to cold, heat, and pain may occur. Osteomyelitis An infection in the spine, called osteomyelitis , causes severe and constant back pain along with local, swelling, and warmth. It can occur due to recent spinal surgery or when a local infection (such as a staph infection) enters the bloodstream. Unlike most infections, fever is not common. Cauda Equina Syndrome Cauda equina syndrome is a rare disorder that is caused by severe compression of spinal nerve roots in the lower spine. This can cause extreme numbness or tingling that spreads down one or both legs along with the sharp sciatic nerve pain. Other symptoms include "foot drop" (difficulty lifting the front of your foot) and problems with bladder or bowel control. Verywell / Alexandra Gordon When to See a Healthcare Provider Most cases of back pain last for a few days and resolve completely within a few weeks. If you have sudden, new back pain, contact your healthcare provider. There are a few warning signs that immediate care is needed: The pain persists for more than a few days or is worsening. The pain wakes you up at night. You have a fever, chills, or other signs of infection. You have problems with bladder or bowel control. There are other symptoms you cannot explain. Diagnostic Process and Tests The diagnosis of back pain starts with a review of your medical history and a physical exam. You will be asked when the pain started, what it feels like, what makes the pain better or worse, and what other symptoms you have (such as numbness or swelling). Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab and imaging tests to explore the suspected causes. Physical Exam During your exam, your healthcare provider will gently press on muscles and parts of the spine, on or near the site of your pain. You will be asked to describe the location and type of pain. You will have a neurological exam to assess your nerve and motor responses. The aim of the exam is to identify any areas of sensory changes, muscle weakness, or reflex changes. One example is the straight leg raise test in which the healthcare provider lifts your leg while you lie flat on your back. If the movement causes pain below the knee, it suggests that nerves are being pinched at a specific part of the spine. Lab Tests Your healthcare provider may order lab tests, such as: A complete blood count (CBC) , including a white blood cell count (WBC) to detect signs of infection Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to detect signs of inflammation HLA-B27 test to detect genetic signs of ankylosing spondylitis Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests to help detect certain types of bone cancer Imaging Tests Imaging tests are generally not needed for a flare-up of back pain unless there are signs of cancer, infection, a fracture, or cauda equina syndrome. They are typically done if pain persists for several weeks or if muscle weakness is getting worse. If needed, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is usually the test of choice, with a computed tomography (CT) scan being the alternative. Differential Diagnosis As part of your assessment, your healthcare provider will consider other medical conditions that can cause back pain. This involves a process called a differential diagnosis in which other possible causes are investigated and ruled out to ensure that the correct diagnosis is made. A differential diagnosis is part of the process that will help you to tell the difference between muscle pain and kidney pain, for example. In the end, your back pain may be a part of a condition that doesn't directly involve the back muscles or spine. Examples include: Abdominal aortic aneurysm Endometriosis Gallbladder disease Kidney infection Pancreatitis Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Peptic ulcer disease Prostatitis Shingles The diagnosis of back pain involves a physical exam and a review of your medical history. Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab or imaging tests to help pinpoint the cause. Back Pain Treatment The treatment of back pain often takes time. Most people recover by resting and avoiding activities that stress the lower back. Other treatments may be used to ease pain and restore the function of the spine or back muscles. Self-Care Rest, along with ice application or heat application , is among the fastest ways to relieve back pain. This treatment may speed the healing process because ice can help reduce swelling. Heat is good for back pain because it promotes blood flow and helps to relax tissues. Keep in mind, though, that rest doesn't necessarily mean prolonged bed rest. Low-intensity physical activity is important to help shorten your recovery time. It is also important to change certain habits, including sleep habits, to protect your back. Start by buying a firm, supportive mattress . Sleeping on your side with your knees slightly bent and a small pillow between them can help take pressure off the back. If you can only sleep on your back , place pillows under your knees and a small one under your lower back. If you have a desk job, you will also need to make changes to reduce stress to the back caused by prolonged sitting. Start by getting up every 15 minutes or so and moving around. Adjust your chair so your knees and hips are bent at right angles with both feet flat on the floor. Position a small pillow or rolled-up towel behind your lower back to maintain a natural curve in your lumbar spine. Medications If rest and ice/heat application are not enough to ease your pain, medications may be prescribed. Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and prescription muscle relaxants are among the most commonly used medications for back pain relief. Epidural spinal injections , in which steroids are injected into the space around your spine, may be used to treat sciatica and spondylolisthesis. For spine osteoarthritis, a steroid injection into the spinal joint can be used if the pain is severe. Physical Therapy Your healthcare provider may also advise physical therapy to help strengthen and stretch your back muscles, improve mobility, and ease back pain. Walking is good for lower back pain , as are other low-impact exercises like swimming and biking that can help to improve your range of motion and flexibility. You may find even more motivation if you use a wearable activity-tracking device. A 2019 study of wearables used by people with chronic back pain found that they did significantly more walking and other exercise than people in a control group. It's possible this may lead to reductions in the use of other back pain therapies, but more research is needed. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Some examples of complementary therapies used to ease back pain include: Massage therapy Acupuncture Tai chi Yoga Chiropractic care Speak with your healthcare provider before taking any vitamins, herbs, or supplements to ensure they are right and safe for you. Spinal Surgery Spinal surgery is reserved for people who don't get adequate symptom relief with non-operative treatment, and when the cause of pain is well-explained by the imaging studies. There are some conditions for which surgery may be beneficial, such as conditions that undermine the stability of the spine. A spine surgeon can help you to determine if surgery is the right option for you and what risks are involved. Prevention Tips Back pain is one of the most common ailments affecting people of all ages. There are ways to reduce your risk factors for back pain and prevent it from worsening. Some of the more useful prevention tips include the following: Maintain a healthy weight. Exercise regularly with low-impact activities to strengthen core muscles. Practice good posture and body mechanics (e.g., lifting with the knees). Sleep on a bed that supports the spine . Quit cigarettes (chemicals in tobacco smoke promote the deterioration of spinal disks).
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Ⓒ 2026 People Inc. — All rights reserved Home Office Ergonomics Guide Home Office Ergonomics Guide [Overview](https://www.verywellhealth.com/home-office-set-up-tips-4801196) - Your Back - [Products](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-back-braces-4582908) - [Back Pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504) - [Anatomy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/paraspinal-muscles-297191) - Your Neck - [Products](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-neck-massagers-4173664) - [Neck Pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/neck-pain-4014211) - [Anatomy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/trapezius-muscle-297069) - [General Tips](https://www.verywellhealth.com/things-to-stop-doing-if-you-have-neck-pain-2696093) - [Holistic Help](https://www.verywellhealth.com/trapezius-muscle-pain-massage-technique-296996) - Your Eyes - [Eye Strain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/do-you-suffer-from-asthenopia-or-tired-eyes-3421982) - [General Tips](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-stop-an-eye-twitch-3422065) - Your Shoulders - [Shoulder Pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/shoulder-pain-2548793) - Your Wrists - [Wrist Pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/wrist-pain-causes-symptoms-and-treatments-2549458) - [Exercises](https://www.verywellhealth.com/wrist-strengthening-exercises-2696622) - Your Hands - [Hand Pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/hand-pain-causes-treatment-and-when-to-see-a-doctor-4178830) - [General Tips](https://www.verywellhealth.com/finger-clicking-and-snapping-2549461) - Your Hips - [Hip Pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-hip-pain-2696406) - [Exercises](https://www.verywellhealth.com/exercises-for-healthy-hips-2696613) - [Anatomy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/gluteus-medius-muscle-anatomy-2696374) - [General Tips](https://www.verywellhealth.com/hip-bursitis-treatments-2549554) - Your Knees - [Knee Pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/knee-pain-symptoms-2549628) - [Anatomy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/knee-anatomy-2549239) - [Products](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-knee-braces-for-arthritis-4684042) # How to Identify and Treat Your Back Pain By [Jonathan Cluett, MD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/jonathan-cluett-md-2548348) Updated on March 20, 2026 Medically reviewed by [David Kesselman, DC](https://www.verywellhealth.com/david-kesselman-5214607) Table of Contents View All Table of Contents - [Common Causes](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-what-are-common-causes-of-back-pain) - [Rare Causes](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-less-common-reasons-for-back-pain) - [When to Seek Help](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-when-to-see-a-healthcare-provider) - [Diagnostic Process and Tests](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-diagnostic-process-and-tests) - [Treatment](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-back-pain-treatment) - [Prevention Tips](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-back-pain-diagnosis-and-treatment-2548504#toc-prevention-tips) - Next in Home Office Ergonomics Guide [Paraspinal Muscles: Anatomy and Treatment](https://www.verywellhealth.com/paraspinal-muscles-297191) ### Key Takeaways - Back pain can come from muscle strain, slipped discs, or spinal stenosis. - Over-the-counter painkillers and rest often help relieve back pain. - Some people may benefit from physical therapy, so talk to a healthcare provider about persistent back pain. Whether it's a muscle strain or a more serious issue like a herniated disc, identifying the root cause of your back pain is key to finding the right treatment. Gain insights into common and rare causes in addition to advice on managing symptoms and determining when to seek care. ![back pain causes]() ![back pain causes](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/oIZbF5iZGjvs68bto1QVRB1I-SM=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/backpainfinal-01-5c3ba0bf46e0fb0001b5b300.png) Verywell / Alexandra Gordon ## What Are Common Causes of Back Pain? Back pain can stem from issues with the spine, muscles, or spinal nerves. Common causes include: ### Strain or Sprain [Strains](https://www.verywellhealth.com/back-pain-symptoms-stiffness-2549270) and [sprains](https://www.verywellhealth.com/sprains-and-strains-2548839) are common causes of [lower back pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-symptoms-of-low-back-pain-2696186). A strain is the tearing of a muscle or tendon (connecting muscles to bones), while a sprain is the tearing of a [ligament](https://www.verywellhealth.com/tendon-vs-ligament-7094205) (connecting bones at a joint). These injuries can result from falls, sports injuries, or joint overuse, known as [repetitive stress](https://www.verywellhealth.com/repetitive-strain-injury-8631260). Pain from strains or sprains can range from mild to severe, often described as "all-over pain" that extends into the buttocks. It typically worsens with movement and improves with rest. Back stiffness is also common. ### Slipped or Ruptured Disc Spinal discs act as shock absorbers between the bones of your spine. These discs can bulge over time due to aging, obesity, repetitive stress, or a sudden back injury. A bulging disc can press on nearby nerves, causing a throbbing, burning, or tingling pain. This is often referred to as a [slipped disc](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bulging-disc-7510046). If a disc tears, it results in a ruptured (herniated) disc. The inner part of the disc, known as the [nucleus pulposus](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-the-nucleus-pulposus-297075), pushes out and puts pressure on nearby nerves, causing significant nerve pain. A ruptured disc can lead to [sharp lower back pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-symptoms-of-low-back-pain-2696186) that radiates into the buttocks, groin, or leg. In the neck, it may cause pain moving down an arm, and symptoms can include muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling. ### Muscle Spasm A [back spasm](https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-back-spasms-5095832) is characterized by sudden tightening of your back muscles. This causes pain ranging from mild to severe which people often describe as being deep and throbbing. It can occur due to the overuse of your back muscles or a traumatic injury that causes your back muscles to suddenly seize up. Back spasms result from mechanical stress on the muscles, like sleeping awkwardly, lifting heavy objects, or standing or sitting too long. Stress and anxiety can also trigger spasms. ### Osteoarthritis [Spinal osteoarthritis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/spine-osteoarthritis-what-you-need-to-know-2552317) develops from the wear and tear of cartilage between spinal bones. As cartilage erodes, you may feel dull, aching, or throbbing pain, which worsens with movement. Spinal osteoarthritis tends to be persistent. It is generally worse in the morning and eases as you get on with your day. You may also have back stiffness and a popping sensation known as [crepitus](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-crepitus-189287). As osteoarthritis progresses, [bone spurs](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-osteophytes-bone-spurs-189347), or osteophytes, can develop. These may compress nearby spinal nerves, leading to numbness and tingling similar to a ruptured disc. Spinal arthritis is the most frequent cause of lower back pain. Repetitive motion injuries, poor posture, and prior spinal trauma can all contribute to this aging-related condition. ### Sciatica Sciatica is pain that shoots down the leg via the sciatic nerve originating in the [lumbar (lower) spine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lumbar-spine-anatomy-296484). Sciatica can be caused by a ruptured disc, bone spur, or an injury to the pelvis, buttock, or thigh. Diabetes, pregnancy, and prolonged sitting are also risk factors. A condition called [piriformis syndrome](https://www.verywellhealth.com/piriformis-syndrome-2548838) can cause sciatica when the piriformis muscle situated on the top of your buttocks goes into spasm. Sciatica causes shooting, burning, or cramping pain that extends from the lower back into a buttock (and occasionally down the leg and into the sole of the foot). Tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness are also common. ### Spinal Stenosis As you get older, the spinal canal which contains the spinal cord can begin to narrow. This is referred to as [spinal stenosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-spinal-stenosis-2552316). Spinal stenosis can cause the compression of the spinal nerve roots, leading to shooting pains in your lower back and buttocks. Muscle weakness, numbness, burning, and tingling sensations can also occur. Spinal arthritis can cause the overgrowth of bone within the canal, leading to spinal stenosis. Other causes of spinal stenosis include scoliosis, [Paget's disease of the bone](https://www.verywellhealth.com/pagets-disease-overview-4587355), and spinal trauma. ### Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis [Spondylolysis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anterolisthesis-7368736) is a stress fracture in one of the bones of the spine. It is most common in children who play sports that place repeated stress on the lower back (such as gymnastics or football). Spondylolysis can also be due to a spinal injury or the aging-related weakness of the spine. If the fracture weakens the spine too much, the vertebra may start to slip, leading to a condition called [spondylolisthesis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anterolisthesis-7368736). The slippage may either be forward ([anterolisthesis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anterolisthesis-7368736)) or backward ([retrolisthesis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anterolisthesis-7368736)). Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis both cause a dull, generalized pain extending from your back to your buttocks and thighs. There will also be significant back stiffness. Spinal nerve root compression can lead to shooting pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness. ### Osteoporosis [Osteoporosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/osteoporosis-7254829) is the thinning and weakening of the bones. Back pain associated with osteoporosis is usually due to a compression fracture in the spinal column. In severe cases, a break can occur without warning, often after doing something as simple as sneezing or bending over. The pain can range from dull and aching to sharp and debilitating. It is often felt in the lower or middle back and tends to get worse with activity. In rare cases, the pain may radiate to the legs and abdomen or cause a condition known as kyphosis ("hunchback"). ### Scoliosis [Scoliosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/scoliosis-lateral-curve-of-the-spine-2548780) is a condition in which the spine curves or twists like the letter "S" or "C." It usually develops in childhood. In most cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown, although it is linked to conditions like [cerebral palsy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cerebral-palsy-7105697) and [muscular dystrophy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/muscular-dystrophy-7481851). It can also result from a birth defect or family genetics (as multiple family members are sometimes affected). Scoliosis can cause chronic back or neck pain as well as a reduced range of motion. Spinal compression can cause shooting pains, numbness, heaviness, and weakness in the buttocks and legs. In severe cases, a person may have trouble breathing due to the compression of the thorax (chest cavity) or [diaphragm](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-the-diaphragm-2249084) (the muscle that separates the chest and abdomen). ### Sacroiliitis [Sacroiliitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-sacroiliitis-296629) is the inflammation of the joints that connect your spine and pelvis, called the sacroiliac joint. This condition can cause pain in the lower back, buttocks, and upper legs. Sacroiliitis can be caused by back trauma, spinal infection, pregnancy, or degenerative conditions like spinal osteoarthritis. Sacroiliitis pain is often described as deep and aching and can occasionally affect the entire expanse of your leg from the groin all the way down to your feet. Walking upstairs can make symptoms worse. ## Less Common Reasons for Back Pain Less commonly, back pain is caused by a systemic (whole-body) disease such as: ### Ankylosing Spondylitis [Ankylosing spondylitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ankylosing-spondylitis-7108841) is an inflammatory disease that causes the small bones of the spine to fuse together. This [leads to lower back pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ankylosing-spondylitis-prognosis-5210904) similar to spinal osteoarthritis. Spinal stiffness and a hunched posture are also characteristic, often occurring before the age of 40. The pain tends to improve with exercise and worsen at night. ### Spinal Cancer A cancerous tumor in the spine may arise on its own (called a [primary tumor](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-primary-lung-cancer-2249409)) or can be caused by the spread of cancer from other parts of the body (called [metastasis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/metastatic-cancer-2249128)). The pain is often persistent and gnawing, worsening at night. It may spread to the shoulders or neck and be accompanied by unexplained weight loss and fatigue. In advanced stages, reduced sensitivity to cold, heat, and pain may occur. ### Osteomyelitis An infection in the spine, called [osteomyelitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/knee-infection-7643044), causes severe and constant back pain along with local, swelling, and warmth. It can occur due to recent spinal surgery or when a local infection (such as a staph infection) enters the bloodstream. Unlike most infections, fever is not common. ### Cauda Equina Syndrome [Cauda equina syndrome](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cauda-equina-syndrome-symptoms-and-causes-296590) is a rare disorder that is caused by severe compression of spinal nerve roots in the lower spine. This can cause extreme numbness or tingling that spreads down one or both legs along with the sharp sciatic nerve pain. Other symptoms include "foot drop" (difficulty lifting the front of your foot) and problems with bladder or bowel control. ![low back pain causes]() ![low back pain causes](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/O8MF5tXgNZ7izbfVgRAPbrOs8c8=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/lowerbackfinal-01-5c3ba23e46e0fb0001513e6a.png) Verywell / Alexandra Gordon ## When to See a Healthcare Provider Most cases of back pain last for a few days and resolve completely within a few weeks. If you have sudden, new back pain, contact your healthcare provider. There are a few warning signs that immediate care is needed: - The pain persists for more than a few days or is worsening. - The pain wakes you up at night. - You have a fever, chills, or other signs of infection. - You have problems with bladder or bowel control. - There are other symptoms you cannot explain. ## Diagnostic Process and Tests The diagnosis of back pain starts with a review of your medical history and a physical exam. You will be asked when the pain started, what it feels like, what makes the pain better or worse, and what other symptoms you have (such as numbness or swelling). Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab and imaging tests to explore the suspected causes. ### Physical Exam During your exam, your healthcare provider will gently press on muscles and parts of the spine, on or near the site of your pain. You will be asked to describe the location and type of pain. You will have a neurological exam to assess your nerve and motor responses. The aim of the exam is to identify any areas of sensory changes, muscle weakness, or reflex changes. One example is the [straight leg raise test](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-straight-leg-raise-test-296710) in which the healthcare provider lifts your leg while you lie flat on your back. If the movement causes pain below the knee, it suggests that nerves are being pinched at a specific part of the spine. ### Lab Tests Your healthcare provider may order lab tests, such as: - A [complete blood count (CBC)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/complete-blood-count-cbc-2249073), including a [white blood cell count (WBC)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-wbc-count-1942660) to detect signs of infection - [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-blood-test-5112938) and [C-reactive protein (CRP)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-the-c-reactive-protein-crp-test-188021) to detect signs of inflammation - HLA-B27 test to detect genetic signs of ankylosing spondylitis - Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests to help detect certain types of bone cancer ### Imaging Tests Imaging tests are generally not needed for a flare-up of back pain unless there are signs of cancer, infection, a fracture, or cauda equina syndrome. They are typically done if pain persists for several weeks or if muscle weakness is getting worse. If needed, [magnetic resonance imaging](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-an-mri-and-what-does-it-do-3157069) (MRI) is usually the test of choice, with a [computed tomography](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-cat-scan-189603) (CT) scan being the alternative. ### Differential Diagnosis As part of your assessment, your healthcare provider will consider other medical conditions that can cause back pain. This involves a process called a [differential diagnosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/differential-diagnosis-confirming-your-diagnosis-2615485) in which other possible causes are investigated and ruled out to ensure that the correct diagnosis is made. A differential diagnosis is part of the process that will help you to tell the difference between muscle pain and kidney pain, for example. In the end, your back pain may be a part of a condition that doesn't directly involve the back muscles or spine. Examples include: - Abdominal [aortic aneurysm](https://www.verywellhealth.com/aortic-aneurysm-8358332) - [Endometriosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/endometriosis-4689329) - [Gallbladder disease](https://www.verywellhealth.com/gall-bladder-disease-4013630) - [Kidney infection](https://www.verywellhealth.com/kidney-infection-when-to-go-to-the-hospital-7511488) - [Pancreatitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/acute-or-chronic-pancreatitis-symptoms-and-treatments-3520426) - [Pelvic inflammatory disease](https://www.verywellhealth.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-3133135) (PID) - [Peptic ulcer disease](https://www.verywellhealth.com/peptic-ulcer-disease-overview-4581900) - [Prostatitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prostatitis-overview-4582651) - [Shingles](https://www.verywellhealth.com/shingles-treatment-1069454) The diagnosis of back pain involves a physical exam and a review of your medical history. Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab or imaging tests to help pinpoint the cause. ## Back Pain Treatment The treatment of back pain often takes time. Most people recover by resting and avoiding activities that stress the lower back. Other treatments may be used to ease pain and restore the function of the spine or back muscles. ### Self-Care Rest, along with [ice application](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-ice-an-injury-2548842) or [heat application](https://www.verywellhealth.com/heat-or-ice-for-knee-pain-5094143), is among the fastest ways to relieve back pain. This treatment may speed the healing process because ice can help reduce swelling. Heat is good for back pain because it promotes blood flow and helps to relax tissues. Keep in mind, though, that rest doesn't necessarily mean prolonged bed rest. Low-intensity physical activity is important to help shorten your recovery time. It is also important to change certain habits, including sleep habits, to protect your back. Start by buying a firm, supportive [mattress](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-mattresses-for-back-pain-4172685). Sleeping on your side with your knees slightly bent and a [small pillow](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-knee-pillows-5205284) between them can help take pressure off the back. If you can only [sleep on your back](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-sleep-on-your-back-8664186), place pillows under your knees and a small one under your lower back. If you have a desk job, you will also need to make changes to reduce stress to the back caused by prolonged sitting. Start by getting up every 15 minutes or so and moving around. Adjust your chair so your knees and hips are bent at right angles with both feet flat on the floor. Position a small pillow or rolled-up towel behind your lower back to maintain a natural curve in your lumbar spine. ### Medications If rest and ice/heat application are not enough to ease your pain, [medications](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-lower-back-pain-relief-8424490) may be prescribed. Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and prescription muscle relaxants are among the most commonly used medications for back pain relief. [Epidural spinal injections](https://www.verywellhealth.com/steroid-injections-chronic-back-pain-11687990), in which steroids are injected into the space around your spine, may be used to treat sciatica and spondylolisthesis. For spine osteoarthritis, a steroid injection into the spinal joint can be used if the pain is severe. ### Physical Therapy Your healthcare provider may also advise physical therapy to help strengthen and stretch your back muscles, improve mobility, and ease back pain. [Walking is good for lower back pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/walking-and-back-pain-8670906), as are other low-impact exercises like swimming and biking that can help to improve your range of motion and flexibility. You may find even more motivation if you use a wearable activity-tracking device. A 2019 study of wearables used by people with chronic back pain found that they did significantly more walking and other exercise than people in a control group. It's possible this may lead to reductions in the use of other back pain therapies, but more research is needed. ### Complementary and Alternative Medicine Some examples of complementary therapies used to ease back pain include: - Massage therapy - [Acupuncture](https://www.verywellhealth.com/acupuncture-health-uses-88407) - Tai chi - [Yoga](https://www.verywellhealth.com/low-back-range-of-motion-exercise-for-spinal-arthritis-296871) - [Chiropractic care](https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-manipulation-5213994) Speak with your healthcare provider before taking any vitamins, herbs, or supplements to ensure they are right and safe for you. ### Spinal Surgery Spinal surgery is reserved for people who don't get adequate symptom relief with non-operative treatment, and when the cause of pain is well-explained by the imaging studies. There are some conditions for which surgery may be beneficial, such as conditions that undermine the stability of the spine. A spine surgeon can help you to determine if surgery is the right option for you and what risks are involved. ## Prevention Tips Back pain is one of the most common ailments affecting people of all ages. There are ways to reduce your risk factors for back pain and prevent it from worsening. Some of the more useful prevention tips include the following: - Maintain a healthy weight. - Exercise regularly with low-impact activities to strengthen core muscles. - Practice [good posture](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-posture-correctors-4171981) and body mechanics (e.g., lifting with the knees). - Sleep on a [bed that supports the spine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-mattresses-for-back-pain-4172685). - Quit cigarettes (chemicals in tobacco smoke promote the deterioration of spinal disks). Read more: - [Health A-Z](https://www.verywellhealth.com/health-a-z-4014770) - [Back & Neck Pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/back-and-neck-pain-overview-4581999) - [Causes & Risk Factors](https://www.verywellhealth.com/back-and-neck-pain-causes-4158506) 16 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our [editorial process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. 1. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. [Low back pain fact sheet](https://www.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/migrate-documents/low_back_pain_20-ns-5161_march_2020_508c.pdf). 2. See QY, Tan JNB, Kumar DS. [Acute low back pain: diagnosis and management](https://doi.org/10.11622%2Fsmedj.2021086). Singapore Med J. 2021 Jun;62(6):271–275. doi:10.11622/smedj.2021086 3. Allegri M, Montella S, Salici F, et al. [Mechanisms of low back pain: a guide for diagnosis and therapy](https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.8105.2). Version 2. F1000Res. 2016;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-1530. doi:10.12688/f1000research.8105.2 4. Goel A. [Is it necessary to resect osteophytes in degenerative spondylotic myelopathy?](https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8237.121615) J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2013;4(1):1-2. doi:10.4103/0974-8237.121615 5. Johns Hopkins Medicine. [Lower Back Pain: What Could It Be?](https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/back-pain/lower-back-pain-what-could-it-be) 6. Marco C, Miguel-Pérez M, Pérez-Bellmunt A, et al. [Anatomical causes of compression of the sciatic nerve in the pelvis. piriform syndrome](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recot.2019.06.002). Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2019;63(6):424-30. doi:10.1016/j.recot.2019.06.002 7. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. [Spinal stenosis](https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/spinal-stenosis#tab-causes). 8. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. [Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis](https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/spondylolysis-and-spondylolisthesis). 9. Horne JP, Flannery R, Usman S. [Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: diagnosis and management](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506121/). Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(3):193-8. 10. Slobodin G, Hussein H, Rosner I, Eshed I. [Sacroiliitis - early diagnosis is key](https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S149494). J Inflamm Res. 2018;11:339-344. doi:10.2147/JIR.S149494. 11. Kumar N, Tan WLB, Velavapan BA. [An overview of the tumors affecting the spine—inside to out](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnop%2Fnpaa049). Neurooncol Pract. 2020 Nov;7(Suppl 1) i10–i17. doi:10.1093/nop/npaa049 12. Kamath SU, Kamath SS. [Lasègue’s sign](https://doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2017%2F24899.9794). J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 May; 1(5) RG01–RG02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/24899.979 13. Amirdelfan K, McRoberts P, Deer TR. [The differential diagnosis of low back pain: a primer on the evolving paradigm](https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12173). Neuromodulation. 2014 Oct;17 Suppl 2:11-7. doi:10.1111/ner.12173 14. Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. [Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Feb 11;20(1):71. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y. 15. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. [Mind and body approaches for chronic pain: What the science says](https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/mind-and-body-approaches-for-chronic-pain-science). 16. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. [Low back pain](https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/low-back-pain/). ![Cluett]() ![Cluett](https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/B3S_B-2KMH-Dut0KCwATnEdYfjY=/144x144/filters:no_upscale\(\):max_bytes\(150000\):strip_icc\(\)/Jonathan-Cluett_1000-2407608be738446cb867da6adba1642c.jpg) By [Jonathan Cluett, MD](https://www.verywellhealth.com/jonathan-cluett-md-2548348) Dr. Cluett is board-certified in orthopedic surgery. He served as assistant team physician to Chivas USA (Major League Soccer) and the U.S. national soccer teams. [See Our Editorial Process](https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042) [Meet Our Medical Expert Board](https://www.verywellhealth.com/meet-our-medical-expert-board-11762003) Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback\! What is your feedback? 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Readable Markdown	### Key Takeaways - Back pain can come from muscle strain, slipped discs, or spinal stenosis. - Over-the-counter painkillers and rest often help relieve back pain. - Some people may benefit from physical therapy, so talk to a healthcare provider about persistent back pain. Whether it's a muscle strain or a more serious issue like a herniated disc, identifying the root cause of your back pain is key to finding the right treatment. Gain insights into common and rare causes in addition to advice on managing symptoms and determining when to seek care. Verywell / Alexandra Gordon ## What Are Common Causes of Back Pain? Back pain can stem from issues with the spine, muscles, or spinal nerves. Common causes include: ### Strain or Sprain [Strains](https://www.verywellhealth.com/back-pain-symptoms-stiffness-2549270) and [sprains](https://www.verywellhealth.com/sprains-and-strains-2548839) are common causes of [lower back pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-symptoms-of-low-back-pain-2696186). A strain is the tearing of a muscle or tendon (connecting muscles to bones), while a sprain is the tearing of a [ligament](https://www.verywellhealth.com/tendon-vs-ligament-7094205) (connecting bones at a joint). These injuries can result from falls, sports injuries, or joint overuse, known as [repetitive stress](https://www.verywellhealth.com/repetitive-strain-injury-8631260). Pain from strains or sprains can range from mild to severe, often described as "all-over pain" that extends into the buttocks. It typically worsens with movement and improves with rest. Back stiffness is also common. ### Slipped or Ruptured Disc Spinal discs act as shock absorbers between the bones of your spine. These discs can bulge over time due to aging, obesity, repetitive stress, or a sudden back injury. A bulging disc can press on nearby nerves, causing a throbbing, burning, or tingling pain. This is often referred to as a [slipped disc](https://www.verywellhealth.com/bulging-disc-7510046). If a disc tears, it results in a ruptured (herniated) disc. The inner part of the disc, known as the [nucleus pulposus](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-the-nucleus-pulposus-297075), pushes out and puts pressure on nearby nerves, causing significant nerve pain. A ruptured disc can lead to [sharp lower back pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-symptoms-of-low-back-pain-2696186) that radiates into the buttocks, groin, or leg. In the neck, it may cause pain moving down an arm, and symptoms can include muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling. ### Muscle Spasm A [back spasm](https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-back-spasms-5095832) is characterized by sudden tightening of your back muscles. This causes pain ranging from mild to severe which people often describe as being deep and throbbing. It can occur due to the overuse of your back muscles or a traumatic injury that causes your back muscles to suddenly seize up. Back spasms result from mechanical stress on the muscles, like sleeping awkwardly, lifting heavy objects, or standing or sitting too long. Stress and anxiety can also trigger spasms. ### Osteoarthritis [Spinal osteoarthritis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/spine-osteoarthritis-what-you-need-to-know-2552317) develops from the wear and tear of cartilage between spinal bones. As cartilage erodes, you may feel dull, aching, or throbbing pain, which worsens with movement. Spinal osteoarthritis tends to be persistent. It is generally worse in the morning and eases as you get on with your day. You may also have back stiffness and a popping sensation known as [crepitus](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-crepitus-189287). As osteoarthritis progresses, [bone spurs](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-osteophytes-bone-spurs-189347), or osteophytes, can develop. These may compress nearby spinal nerves, leading to numbness and tingling similar to a ruptured disc. Spinal arthritis is the most frequent cause of lower back pain. Repetitive motion injuries, poor posture, and prior spinal trauma can all contribute to this aging-related condition. ### Sciatica Sciatica is pain that shoots down the leg via the sciatic nerve originating in the [lumbar (lower) spine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/lumbar-spine-anatomy-296484). Sciatica can be caused by a ruptured disc, bone spur, or an injury to the pelvis, buttock, or thigh. Diabetes, pregnancy, and prolonged sitting are also risk factors. A condition called [piriformis syndrome](https://www.verywellhealth.com/piriformis-syndrome-2548838) can cause sciatica when the piriformis muscle situated on the top of your buttocks goes into spasm. Sciatica causes shooting, burning, or cramping pain that extends from the lower back into a buttock (and occasionally down the leg and into the sole of the foot). Tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness are also common. ### Spinal Stenosis As you get older, the spinal canal which contains the spinal cord can begin to narrow. This is referred to as [spinal stenosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-spinal-stenosis-2552316). Spinal stenosis can cause the compression of the spinal nerve roots, leading to shooting pains in your lower back and buttocks. Muscle weakness, numbness, burning, and tingling sensations can also occur. Spinal arthritis can cause the overgrowth of bone within the canal, leading to spinal stenosis. Other causes of spinal stenosis include scoliosis, [Paget's disease of the bone](https://www.verywellhealth.com/pagets-disease-overview-4587355), and spinal trauma. ### Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis [Spondylolysis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anterolisthesis-7368736) is a stress fracture in one of the bones of the spine. It is most common in children who play sports that place repeated stress on the lower back (such as gymnastics or football). Spondylolysis can also be due to a spinal injury or the aging-related weakness of the spine. If the fracture weakens the spine too much, the vertebra may start to slip, leading to a condition called [spondylolisthesis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anterolisthesis-7368736). The slippage may either be forward ([anterolisthesis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anterolisthesis-7368736)) or backward ([retrolisthesis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/anterolisthesis-7368736)). Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis both cause a dull, generalized pain extending from your back to your buttocks and thighs. There will also be significant back stiffness. Spinal nerve root compression can lead to shooting pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness. ### Osteoporosis [Osteoporosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/osteoporosis-7254829) is the thinning and weakening of the bones. Back pain associated with osteoporosis is usually due to a compression fracture in the spinal column. In severe cases, a break can occur without warning, often after doing something as simple as sneezing or bending over. The pain can range from dull and aching to sharp and debilitating. It is often felt in the lower or middle back and tends to get worse with activity. In rare cases, the pain may radiate to the legs and abdomen or cause a condition known as kyphosis ("hunchback"). ### Scoliosis [Scoliosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/scoliosis-lateral-curve-of-the-spine-2548780) is a condition in which the spine curves or twists like the letter "S" or "C." It usually develops in childhood. In most cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown, although it is linked to conditions like [cerebral palsy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cerebral-palsy-7105697) and [muscular dystrophy](https://www.verywellhealth.com/muscular-dystrophy-7481851). It can also result from a birth defect or family genetics (as multiple family members are sometimes affected). Scoliosis can cause chronic back or neck pain as well as a reduced range of motion. Spinal compression can cause shooting pains, numbness, heaviness, and weakness in the buttocks and legs. In severe cases, a person may have trouble breathing due to the compression of the thorax (chest cavity) or [diaphragm](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-the-diaphragm-2249084) (the muscle that separates the chest and abdomen). ### Sacroiliitis [Sacroiliitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-sacroiliitis-296629) is the inflammation of the joints that connect your spine and pelvis, called the sacroiliac joint. This condition can cause pain in the lower back, buttocks, and upper legs. Sacroiliitis can be caused by back trauma, spinal infection, pregnancy, or degenerative conditions like spinal osteoarthritis. Sacroiliitis pain is often described as deep and aching and can occasionally affect the entire expanse of your leg from the groin all the way down to your feet. Walking upstairs can make symptoms worse. ## Less Common Reasons for Back Pain Less commonly, back pain is caused by a systemic (whole-body) disease such as: ### Ankylosing Spondylitis [Ankylosing spondylitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ankylosing-spondylitis-7108841) is an inflammatory disease that causes the small bones of the spine to fuse together. This [leads to lower back pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/ankylosing-spondylitis-prognosis-5210904) similar to spinal osteoarthritis. Spinal stiffness and a hunched posture are also characteristic, often occurring before the age of 40. The pain tends to improve with exercise and worsen at night. ### Spinal Cancer A cancerous tumor in the spine may arise on its own (called a [primary tumor](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-primary-lung-cancer-2249409)) or can be caused by the spread of cancer from other parts of the body (called [metastasis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/metastatic-cancer-2249128)). The pain is often persistent and gnawing, worsening at night. It may spread to the shoulders or neck and be accompanied by unexplained weight loss and fatigue. In advanced stages, reduced sensitivity to cold, heat, and pain may occur. ### Osteomyelitis An infection in the spine, called [osteomyelitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/knee-infection-7643044), causes severe and constant back pain along with local, swelling, and warmth. It can occur due to recent spinal surgery or when a local infection (such as a staph infection) enters the bloodstream. Unlike most infections, fever is not common. ### Cauda Equina Syndrome [Cauda equina syndrome](https://www.verywellhealth.com/cauda-equina-syndrome-symptoms-and-causes-296590) is a rare disorder that is caused by severe compression of spinal nerve roots in the lower spine. This can cause extreme numbness or tingling that spreads down one or both legs along with the sharp sciatic nerve pain. Other symptoms include "foot drop" (difficulty lifting the front of your foot) and problems with bladder or bowel control. Verywell / Alexandra Gordon ## When to See a Healthcare Provider Most cases of back pain last for a few days and resolve completely within a few weeks. If you have sudden, new back pain, contact your healthcare provider. There are a few warning signs that immediate care is needed: - The pain persists for more than a few days or is worsening. - The pain wakes you up at night. - You have a fever, chills, or other signs of infection. - You have problems with bladder or bowel control. - There are other symptoms you cannot explain. ## Diagnostic Process and Tests The diagnosis of back pain starts with a review of your medical history and a physical exam. You will be asked when the pain started, what it feels like, what makes the pain better or worse, and what other symptoms you have (such as numbness or swelling). Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab and imaging tests to explore the suspected causes. ### Physical Exam During your exam, your healthcare provider will gently press on muscles and parts of the spine, on or near the site of your pain. You will be asked to describe the location and type of pain. You will have a neurological exam to assess your nerve and motor responses. The aim of the exam is to identify any areas of sensory changes, muscle weakness, or reflex changes. One example is the [straight leg raise test](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-straight-leg-raise-test-296710) in which the healthcare provider lifts your leg while you lie flat on your back. If the movement causes pain below the knee, it suggests that nerves are being pinched at a specific part of the spine. ### Lab Tests Your healthcare provider may order lab tests, such as: - A [complete blood count (CBC)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/complete-blood-count-cbc-2249073), including a [white blood cell count (WBC)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-wbc-count-1942660) to detect signs of infection - [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-blood-test-5112938) and [C-reactive protein (CRP)](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-the-c-reactive-protein-crp-test-188021) to detect signs of inflammation - HLA-B27 test to detect genetic signs of ankylosing spondylitis - Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests to help detect certain types of bone cancer ### Imaging Tests Imaging tests are generally not needed for a flare-up of back pain unless there are signs of cancer, infection, a fracture, or cauda equina syndrome. They are typically done if pain persists for several weeks or if muscle weakness is getting worse. If needed, [magnetic resonance imaging](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-an-mri-and-what-does-it-do-3157069) (MRI) is usually the test of choice, with a [computed tomography](https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-cat-scan-189603) (CT) scan being the alternative. ### Differential Diagnosis As part of your assessment, your healthcare provider will consider other medical conditions that can cause back pain. This involves a process called a [differential diagnosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/differential-diagnosis-confirming-your-diagnosis-2615485) in which other possible causes are investigated and ruled out to ensure that the correct diagnosis is made. A differential diagnosis is part of the process that will help you to tell the difference between muscle pain and kidney pain, for example. In the end, your back pain may be a part of a condition that doesn't directly involve the back muscles or spine. Examples include: - Abdominal [aortic aneurysm](https://www.verywellhealth.com/aortic-aneurysm-8358332) - [Endometriosis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/endometriosis-4689329) - [Gallbladder disease](https://www.verywellhealth.com/gall-bladder-disease-4013630) - [Kidney infection](https://www.verywellhealth.com/kidney-infection-when-to-go-to-the-hospital-7511488) - [Pancreatitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/acute-or-chronic-pancreatitis-symptoms-and-treatments-3520426) - [Pelvic inflammatory disease](https://www.verywellhealth.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-3133135) (PID) - [Peptic ulcer disease](https://www.verywellhealth.com/peptic-ulcer-disease-overview-4581900) - [Prostatitis](https://www.verywellhealth.com/prostatitis-overview-4582651) - [Shingles](https://www.verywellhealth.com/shingles-treatment-1069454) The diagnosis of back pain involves a physical exam and a review of your medical history. Based on the findings, your healthcare provider will order lab or imaging tests to help pinpoint the cause. ## Back Pain Treatment The treatment of back pain often takes time. Most people recover by resting and avoiding activities that stress the lower back. Other treatments may be used to ease pain and restore the function of the spine or back muscles. ### Self-Care Rest, along with [ice application](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-ice-an-injury-2548842) or [heat application](https://www.verywellhealth.com/heat-or-ice-for-knee-pain-5094143), is among the fastest ways to relieve back pain. This treatment may speed the healing process because ice can help reduce swelling. Heat is good for back pain because it promotes blood flow and helps to relax tissues. Keep in mind, though, that rest doesn't necessarily mean prolonged bed rest. Low-intensity physical activity is important to help shorten your recovery time. It is also important to change certain habits, including sleep habits, to protect your back. Start by buying a firm, supportive [mattress](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-mattresses-for-back-pain-4172685). Sleeping on your side with your knees slightly bent and a [small pillow](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-knee-pillows-5205284) between them can help take pressure off the back. If you can only [sleep on your back](https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-sleep-on-your-back-8664186), place pillows under your knees and a small one under your lower back. If you have a desk job, you will also need to make changes to reduce stress to the back caused by prolonged sitting. Start by getting up every 15 minutes or so and moving around. Adjust your chair so your knees and hips are bent at right angles with both feet flat on the floor. Position a small pillow or rolled-up towel behind your lower back to maintain a natural curve in your lumbar spine. ### Medications If rest and ice/heat application are not enough to ease your pain, [medications](https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-lower-back-pain-relief-8424490) may be prescribed. Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and prescription muscle relaxants are among the most commonly used medications for back pain relief. [Epidural spinal injections](https://www.verywellhealth.com/steroid-injections-chronic-back-pain-11687990), in which steroids are injected into the space around your spine, may be used to treat sciatica and spondylolisthesis. For spine osteoarthritis, a steroid injection into the spinal joint can be used if the pain is severe. ### Physical Therapy Your healthcare provider may also advise physical therapy to help strengthen and stretch your back muscles, improve mobility, and ease back pain. [Walking is good for lower back pain](https://www.verywellhealth.com/walking-and-back-pain-8670906), as are other low-impact exercises like swimming and biking that can help to improve your range of motion and flexibility. You may find even more motivation if you use a wearable activity-tracking device. A 2019 study of wearables used by people with chronic back pain found that they did significantly more walking and other exercise than people in a control group. It's possible this may lead to reductions in the use of other back pain therapies, but more research is needed. ### Complementary and Alternative Medicine Some examples of complementary therapies used to ease back pain include: - Massage therapy - [Acupuncture](https://www.verywellhealth.com/acupuncture-health-uses-88407) - Tai chi - [Yoga](https://www.verywellhealth.com/low-back-range-of-motion-exercise-for-spinal-arthritis-296871) - [Chiropractic care](https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-manipulation-5213994) Speak with your healthcare provider before taking any vitamins, herbs, or supplements to ensure they are right and safe for you. ### Spinal Surgery Spinal surgery is reserved for people who don't get adequate symptom relief with non-operative treatment, and when the cause of pain is well-explained by the imaging studies. There are some conditions for which surgery may be beneficial, such as conditions that undermine the stability of the spine. A spine surgeon can help you to determine if surgery is the right option for you and what risks are involved. ## Prevention Tips Back pain is one of the most common ailments affecting people of all ages. There are ways to reduce your risk factors for back pain and prevent it from worsening. Some of the more useful prevention tips include the following: - Maintain a healthy weight. - Exercise regularly with low-impact activities to strengthen core muscles. - Practice [good posture](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-posture-correctors-4171981) and body mechanics (e.g., lifting with the knees). - Sleep on a [bed that supports the spine](https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-mattresses-for-back-pain-4172685). - Quit cigarettes (chemicals in tobacco smoke promote the deterioration of spinal disks).
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