🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 182 (from laksa118)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa182.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/about-us/news/signs-symptoms-heart-attack\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/about-us/news/signs-symptoms-heart-attack\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news\/signs-symptoms-heart-attack","crawl_time":1775489175,"first_indexed_time":1727323886,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,tuftsmedicine!www,\/about-us\/news\/signs-symptoms-heart-attack s443","src_root_hash":"9612133924354709382","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Signs + Symptoms of a Heart Attack | Tufts Medicine","meta_descriptions":["Understand heart attack signs, symptoms, and prevention. Discover risk factors and learn what to do during a heart attack from the team at Tufts Medicine."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Understand heart attack signs, symptoms, and prevention. Discover risk factors and learn what to do during a heart attack from the team at Tufts Medicine.\nEvery 40 seconds someone in the U.S. will have a heart attack. Although the symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person, knowing how and when to act can save your or a loved one’s life.\nTufts Medical Center Cardiologist\n, Arsalan Rafiq, MD, shares what you need to know about this all too common medical emergency.\nWhat Is a Heart Attack?\nA heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when one or both of the main coronary arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart are clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits called plaque.\nOver time, the plaque builds up and narrows the artery, reducing blood flow and weakening heart muscles. Sometimes plaque ruptures causing a clot that partially or completely blocks blood flow and damages heart muscle. Without blood and oxygen, heart muscle dies, and your heart can’t pump.\nThere are some telltale signs of a heart attack. Many people have chest pain or discomfort, or a tightness and pressure that feels like their chest is being squeezed. Others are lightheaded, tired, nauseous and experience shortness of breath, heartburn and indigestion.\nWarning signs of a heart attack\nThe most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or chest discomfort often described as a feeling of tightness, fullness or as if something is sitting on your chest. Other warning signs include:\nShortness of breath\nNausea\/vomiting\nLightheadedness\/dizziness\nCold sweat\nFatigue\nHeartburn\/indigestion\nA heart attack sufferer may also experience symptoms like pain throughout other parts of the body including the neck, jaw, back and upper abdomen or unexplained, extreme fatigue.\nIf you or someone else is having heart attack symptoms, it’s crucial to act immediately and call 911 to increase the chance of survival and minimize irreversible heart muscle damage.\nHeart attack symptoms: Men + women\nWomen and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) tend to have smaller hearts and narrower blood vessels than men or individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB). Women\/AFABS are also more likely to dismiss symptoms of a heart attack and fail to get help on time.\nCommon heart attack symptoms in Men\/AMABs may include:\nIntense chest pain or discomfort\nShortness of breath\nCold sweat\nHeartburn\/indigestion\nCommon heart attack symptoms in Women\/AFABs may include:\nTightness or dull ache in the chest\nShortness of breath\nPain in jaw, neck, shoulder, throat and upper back\nNausea\/vomiting\nSweating\nFatigue\/insomnia\nLightheadedness\/dizziness\nWhat to do if you think you’re having a heart attack\nIf you suspect you or someone you know is having a heart attack, call 911. Heart muscle is damaged and starts to die within 30 minutes of having a heart attack. The faster you get emergency medical care, the better your chances of survival and avoiding permanent damage to your heart.\nCall 911\nAs soon as you notice heart attack symptoms, call 911 immediately, give the operator your location and closely follow their instructions. Every minute counts. Don’t delay or ignore heart attack symptoms. Call 911 before following any of the steps below.\nChew aspirin\nThe 911 operator may suggest you chew an aspirin (if you’re not allergic and don’t have a condition that makes taking aspirin dangerous). Aspirin helps reduce blood clotting and improves blood flow to the heart. It can potentially save a life during a heart attack.\nSit or lay down\nSitting or lying down is the best way to reduce strain on the heart during a heart attack. It’s safest to rest in a comfortable position in case the person having a heart attack becomes dizzy or lightheaded.\nRemain calm\nHeart attacks are frightening, but it’s important to remain calm to reduce stress on the heart, especially if you’re alone. Slow, deep breathing can help reduce anxiety while you rest and wait for 911.\nAvoid driving yourself to the hospital\nDo not drive yourself to the hospital unless you have no other option. The best chance of survival is to call 911 or emergency medical services. If an ambulance can’t arrive quickly, have someone drive you to the nearest emergency room.\nCauses of heart attacks\nMost heart attacks are caused by atherosclerosis or when plaque clogs the inner lining of the arteries and can lead to thrombosis, or blood clot formation. Artery-blocking plaque can be caused by high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity and eating a diet high in saturated fats.\nNot all heart attacks are caused by clogged arteries. Viral infections like\nCOVID-19\n, coronary artery spasms and tears inside a heart artery (spontaneous coronary artery dissection) can trigger a heart attack.\nIn some people, heart attacks can come on without warning. In others, symptoms can appear gradually. Plaque can take years or decades to build up enough to partially block an artery.\nThere are also\nheart conditions\nthat interfere with heart function and increase heart attack risk including\nirregular heartbeats or arrhythmias\n, valve disorders and myocardial diseases. If not treated, these conditions can cause a heart attack and death.\nRisk factors for heart attacks\nYou can’t change your age, family history or health conditions that put you at risk for a heart attack. However, there are three main factors for heart attacks—high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking—which can be improved with lifestyle changes. Heart attack risk factors include the following:\nHigh blood pressure\nHigh blood pressure (hypertension)\nis a major risk factor for heart attacks and is often called a “silent killer” because the only way to detect high blood pressure is by getting it checked. High blood pressure, if not treated properly, can damage the arteries that carry blood to your heart.\nHigh cholesterol\nHigh cholesterol is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, a common condition that leads to heart attacks. Atherosclerosis is when plaque deposits harden the arteries and restrict blood supply to the heart. Plaque is made up of fats, cholesterol and other substances.\nSmoking\nSmoking damages the heart and blood vessels, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. Small amounts of second-hand smoke can cause blood to clot, increasing the chance of a blockage and heart attack.\nDiabetes\nPeople with\ndiabetes\n(type 1 and type 2) are twice as likely to have a heart attack as non-diabetics. Diabetics also have other heart attack risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol.\nObesity\nPeople who are obese are likely to develop conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes that can lead to a heart attack. Obesity causes stress on your heart, making it work harder to supply blood to your body.\nFamily history of heart disease\nPeople with a family history of heart disease may inherit the condition. Having a parent or sibling with a history of heart disease increases your risk because you share similar genes.\nInactive lifestyle\nGetting plenty of intense daily exercise is essential to keeping your heart pumping. Spending too much time sitting or being inactive increases your risk for diabetes and high blood pressure and can lead to coronary artery disease.\nPoor diet\nDiet is a big factor in heart health. Eating a poor diet, high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables, can cause cholesterol to build up in your arteries, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack.\nAge\nHeart attacks can happen at any age, but your risk goes up as you get older. For Men\/AMABs the chance of having a heart attack increases after 45 and for Women\/AFABs it rises after 50 or when menopause starts.\nTips for heart attack prevention\nYou can make simple lifestyle changes that are good for your heart, body and mind. Start putting your heart health first by following the tips below.\nMaintain a healthy diet\nEat a\nheart-healthy diet\nwith a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins and reduce the amount of high-fat, sugary and processed foods that are high in salt and added sugars. Avoid saturated and trans fats found in fatty beef, butter and fried foods. Don’t forget about controlling your portions and\neating mindfully\n, which will help you control your weight and lessen the strain on your heart.\nStay active\nPhysical activity is one of the best ways to avoid weight gain and prevent heart attacks. It’s important to move your body every day either by walking, jogging, biking, swimming, group exercise or playing sports. Aim to exercise for at least 150 minutes (moderate intensity) or 75 minutes (vigorous intensity) per week.\nManage your stress levels\nStress plays a big role in your overall physical health and your heart health.\nReducing stress\nis key to keeping your heart happy. There are ways to manage physical stress such as deep breathing exercises, yoga and mindfulness techniques, but it’s also important to manage mental stress. Spending time with supportive friends and family, finding new hobbies and activities and talking to a mental health professional can help lower stress levels.\nQuit smoking\nSmoking is harmful to your health and is bad for your heart and blood vessels. If you smoke, make it a priority to quit. If you don’t, avoid second-hand smoke. There are options to help you quit smoking and resist cravings including nicotine replacement, free smoking cessation programs and support groups.\nThe following resources can help you quit today:\nMass.gov – 1-800-QUIT-NOW\nCenters for Disease Control – Free Help to Quit Smoking\nAmerican Lung Association – Freedom From Smoking Program\nAmerican Heart Association – Help! I Want to Quit Smoking  American Cancer Society – Empowered to Quit\nSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration – National Helpline\nManage cholesterol\nWhen you have high cholesterol, fat can accumulate in your blood vessels, damaging them and causing atherosclerosis, a common cause of heart attacks.\nOne of the best ways to lower your cholesterol is by eating a diet low in saturated fats, trans fats and sugars. Increasing fiber and adding plant-based food like nuts, seeds and vegetable oil to your diet can help lower cholesterol levels.\nIf you have high cholesterol, heart disease or have had a heart attack, your doctor may prescribe a medication called a statin. Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol your liver produces and help remove cholesterol from your blood. Your doctor will likely want you to remain on statins long-term to keep your blood pressure low.\nMaintain a healthy weight\nIf you’re obese (defined as having a body mass index of 30 or higher) you are more likely to develop high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes which are linked to a higher risk of heart attack.\nMaintaining a\nhealthy weight\nwill lower your risk of developing heart disease. Setting realistic weight loss goals and developing healthy exercise and eating habits will help you stay on track.\nLimit alcohol\nDrinking too much alcohol can lead to high blood pressure and increase your risk for heart disease. Heavy, excessive drinking or long-term alcohol use weakens your heart muscle and damages your heart. To keep your heart healthy, limit your daily alcohol intake.\nGet regulars screenings\nGetting regular blood pressure and cholesterol screenings is one of the most important ways to manage your\nheart health\n. If your blood pressure or cholesterol is elevated, you have a greater chance of having a heart attack. High blood glucose can cause serious health issues like type 2 diabetes and can lead to heart disease and stroke. A\nblood glucose test\nmeasures your “blood sugar” levels and\nscreen for diabetes\n.\nHeart attack prevention + treatments at Tufts Medicine\nAt Tufts Medicine, we are focused on\npreventing heart attacks\nby keeping your heart healthy. We offer education on lifestyle changes,\nregular screenings\nand risk factor management for hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes. We also provide state-of-the-art treatments, minimally invasive procedures, innovative surgical techniques and customized treatment plans.\n \nStart your journey to a healthier heart","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news\/signs-symptoms-heart-attack#main-content)\n\n## Main Menu\n- Find Care\n  - #### Find Care\n    Your health is personal, and your care should be too.\n    \n    [Request an appointment](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care\/request-appointment)\n    \n    [All care options](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care)\n    \n    - [Request an appointment](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care\/request-appointment)\n    - [All care options](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care)\n  - I WANT TO...\n    - [Find a Doctor](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/find-a-doctor)\n    - [Find a Location](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care\/locations)\n    - [Find a Service + Treatment](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments)\n    - 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[Training + Education](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/medical-professionals-trainees\/training-education)\n  - [Academic Departments](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/medical-professionals-trainees\/academic-departments)\n  - [Quality + Safety](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care\/quality-safety)\n- About Us\n  - [Our Locations](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care\/our-locations)\n  - [Our Leadership](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/our-leadership)\n  - [News + Media](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news)\n  - [Classes + Events](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/events)\n- Extra\n  - [Press Releases](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news\/search?f%5B0%5D=news_category%3A9026)\n  - [Policies + Policy Documents](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/for-patients\/policies-patient-rights)\n\n## Featured Links\n- [Careers](https:\/\/careers.tuftsmedicine.org\/)\n- [myTuftsMed (patient portal)](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/for-patients\/about-mytuftsmed)\n- [Find a Location](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care\/our-locations)\n- [Refer a Patient](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/medical-professionals-trainees\/physicians\/refer-patient)\n\n1. [Home](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/)\n2. [About Us](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us)\n3. [News + Media](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news)\n\n# Signs + Symptoms of a Heart Attack\nAugust 7, 2024\n\n10 min read\n\nUnderstand heart attack signs, symptoms, and prevention. Discover risk factors and learn what to do during a heart attack from the team at Tufts Medicine.\n\n![Heart attack webstory](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/extra_large\/public\/2024-08\/Heart-attack-webstory.jpg.webp?itok=0X8U2WLe)\n\nEvery 40 seconds someone in the U.S. will have a heart attack. Although the symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person, knowing how and when to act can save your or a loved one’s life. [Tufts Medical Center Cardiologist](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care \"Cardiovascular Care\"), Arsalan Rafiq, MD, shares what you need to know about this all too common medical emergency.\n\n### What Is a Heart Attack?\nA heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when one or both of the main coronary arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart are clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits called plaque.\n\nOver time, the plaque builds up and narrows the artery, reducing blood flow and weakening heart muscles. Sometimes plaque ruptures causing a clot that partially or completely blocks blood flow and damages heart muscle. Without blood and oxygen, heart muscle dies, and your heart can’t pump.\n\nThere are some telltale signs of a heart attack. Many people have chest pain or discomfort, or a tightness and pressure that feels like their chest is being squeezed. Others are lightheaded, tired, nauseous and experience shortness of breath, heartburn and indigestion.\n\n### Warning signs of a heart attack\nThe most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or chest discomfort often described as a feeling of tightness, fullness or as if something is sitting on your chest. Other warning signs include:\n\n- Shortness of breath\n- Nausea\/vomiting\n- Lightheadedness\/dizziness\n- Cold sweat\n- Fatigue\n- Heartburn\/indigestion\n\nA heart attack sufferer may also experience symptoms like pain throughout other parts of the body including the neck, jaw, back and upper abdomen or unexplained, extreme fatigue.\n\nIf you or someone else is having heart attack symptoms, it’s crucial to act immediately and call 911 to increase the chance of survival and minimize irreversible heart muscle damage.\n\n### Heart attack symptoms: Men + women\nWomen and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) tend to have smaller hearts and narrower blood vessels than men or individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB). Women\/AFABS are also more likely to dismiss symptoms of a heart attack and fail to get help on time.\n\n##### Common heart attack symptoms in Men\/AMABs may include:\n- Intense chest pain or discomfort\n- Shortness of breath\n- Cold sweat\n- Heartburn\/indigestion\n##### Common heart attack symptoms in Women\/AFABs may include:\n- Tightness or dull ache in the chest\n- Shortness of breath\n- Pain in jaw, neck, shoulder, throat and upper back\n- Nausea\/vomiting\n- Sweating\n- Fatigue\/insomnia\n- Lightheadedness\/dizziness\n### What to do if you think you’re having a heart attack\nIf you suspect you or someone you know is having a heart attack, call 911. Heart muscle is damaged and starts to die within 30 minutes of having a heart attack. The faster you get emergency medical care, the better your chances of survival and avoiding permanent damage to your heart.\n\n#### Call 911\nAs soon as you notice heart attack symptoms, call 911 immediately, give the operator your location and closely follow their instructions. Every minute counts. Don’t delay or ignore heart attack symptoms. Call 911 before following any of the steps below.\n\n#### Chew aspirin\nThe 911 operator may suggest you chew an aspirin (if you’re not allergic and don’t have a condition that makes taking aspirin dangerous). Aspirin helps reduce blood clotting and improves blood flow to the heart. It can potentially save a life during a heart attack.\n\n#### Sit or lay down\nSitting or lying down is the best way to reduce strain on the heart during a heart attack. It’s safest to rest in a comfortable position in case the person having a heart attack becomes dizzy or lightheaded.\n\n#### Remain calm\nHeart attacks are frightening, but it’s important to remain calm to reduce stress on the heart, especially if you’re alone. Slow, deep breathing can help reduce anxiety while you rest and wait for 911.\n\n#### Avoid driving yourself to the hospital\nDo not drive yourself to the hospital unless you have no other option. The best chance of survival is to call 911 or emergency medical services. If an ambulance can’t arrive quickly, have someone drive you to the nearest emergency room.\n\n### Causes of heart attacks\nMost heart attacks are caused by atherosclerosis or when plaque clogs the inner lining of the arteries and can lead to thrombosis, or blood clot formation. Artery-blocking plaque can be caused by high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity and eating a diet high in saturated fats.\n\nNot all heart attacks are caused by clogged arteries. Viral infections like [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/for-patients\/covid-19-information \"COVID-19 Information\"), coronary artery spasms and tears inside a heart artery (spontaneous coronary artery dissection) can trigger a heart attack.\n\nIn some people, heart attacks can come on without warning. In others, symptoms can appear gradually. Plaque can take years or decades to build up enough to partially block an artery.\n\nThere are also [heart conditions](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care\/cardiology \"Cardiology\") that interfere with heart function and increase heart attack risk including [irregular heartbeats or arrhythmias](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/arrhythmia-electrophysiology \"Arrhythmia + Electrophysiology\"), valve disorders and myocardial diseases. If not treated, these conditions can cause a heart attack and death.\n\n### Risk factors for heart attacks\nYou can’t change your age, family history or health conditions that put you at risk for a heart attack. However, there are three main factors for heart attacks—high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking—which can be improved with lifestyle changes. Heart attack risk factors include the following:\n\n#### High blood pressure\n[High blood pressure (hypertension)](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/nephrology\/kidney-blood-pressure-care \"Kidney + Blood Pressure Care\") is a major risk factor for heart attacks and is often called a “silent killer” because the only way to detect high blood pressure is by getting it checked. High blood pressure, if not treated properly, can damage the arteries that carry blood to your heart.\n\n#### High cholesterol\nHigh cholesterol is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, a common condition that leads to heart attacks. Atherosclerosis is when plaque deposits harden the arteries and restrict blood supply to the heart. Plaque is made up of fats, cholesterol and other substances.\n\n#### Smoking\nSmoking damages the heart and blood vessels, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. Small amounts of second-hand smoke can cause blood to clot, increasing the chance of a blockage and heart attack.\n\n#### Diabetes\nPeople with [diabetes](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism\/diabetes \"Diabetes\") (type 1 and type 2) are twice as likely to have a heart attack as non-diabetics. Diabetics also have other heart attack risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol.\n\n#### Obesity\nPeople who are obese are likely to develop conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes that can lead to a heart attack. Obesity causes stress on your heart, making it work harder to supply blood to your body.\n\n#### Family history of heart disease\nPeople with a family history of heart disease may inherit the condition. Having a parent or sibling with a history of heart disease increases your risk because you share similar genes.\n\n#### Inactive lifestyle\nGetting plenty of intense daily exercise is essential to keeping your heart pumping. Spending too much time sitting or being inactive increases your risk for diabetes and high blood pressure and can lead to coronary artery disease.\n\n#### Poor diet\nDiet is a big factor in heart health. Eating a poor diet, high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables, can cause cholesterol to build up in your arteries, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack.\n\n#### Age\nHeart attacks can happen at any age, but your risk goes up as you get older. For Men\/AMABs the chance of having a heart attack increases after 45 and for Women\/AFABs it rises after 50 or when menopause starts.\n\n### Tips for heart attack prevention\nYou can make simple lifestyle changes that are good for your heart, body and mind. Start putting your heart health first by following the tips below.\n\n#### Maintain a healthy diet\nEat a [heart-healthy diet](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news\/foods-promote-vascular-health \"Foods To Promote Vascular Health\") with a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins and reduce the amount of high-fat, sugary and processed foods that are high in salt and added sugars. Avoid saturated and trans fats found in fatty beef, butter and fried foods. Don’t forget about controlling your portions and [eating mindfully](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/nutrition \"Nutrition\"), which will help you control your weight and lessen the strain on your heart.\n\n#### Stay active\nPhysical activity is one of the best ways to avoid weight gain and prevent heart attacks. It’s important to move your body every day either by walking, jogging, biking, swimming, group exercise or playing sports. Aim to exercise for at least 150 minutes (moderate intensity) or 75 minutes (vigorous intensity) per week.\n\n#### Manage your stress levels\nStress plays a big role in your overall physical health and your heart health. [Reducing stress](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/behavioral-health \"Behavioral Health\") is key to keeping your heart happy. There are ways to manage physical stress such as deep breathing exercises, yoga and mindfulness techniques, but it’s also important to manage mental stress. Spending time with supportive friends and family, finding new hobbies and activities and talking to a mental health professional can help lower stress levels.\n\n#### Quit smoking\nSmoking is harmful to your health and is bad for your heart and blood vessels. If you smoke, make it a priority to quit. If you don’t, avoid second-hand smoke. There are options to help you quit smoking and resist cravings including nicotine replacement, free smoking cessation programs and support groups.\n\nThe following resources can help you quit today:\n\n- [Mass.gov – 1-800-QUIT-NOW](https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/info-details\/about-1-800-quit-now?utm_source=google&utm_campaign=Quitting_Winter&utm_medium=paidsearch&utm_term=rsa&utm_content=general_english&gad_source=1)\n- [Centers for Disease Control – Free Help to Quit Smoking](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/tips\/index.html?s_cid=OSH_tips_GL0008&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=TipsRegular+2021%3BS%3BWL%3BBR%3BIMM%3BDTC%3BCO&utm_content=Tobacco_E&utm_term=tobacco+cessation&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw1920BhA3EiwAJT3lSfRydwxZRjV0XrFXtclq6cOcm7edxrAebGNKSQsGWP_AYHrY4sjYexoC1FUQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds)\n- [American Lung Association – Freedom From Smoking Program](https:\/\/www.lung.org\/quit-smoking\/join-freedom-from-smoking)\n- [American Heart Association – Help! I Want to Quit Smoking American Cancer Society – Empowered to Quit](https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/healthy-living\/healthy-lifestyle\/quit-smoking-tobacco\/help-i-want-to-quit-smoking)\n- [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration – National Helpline](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-help\/national-helpline)\n#### Manage cholesterol\nWhen you have high cholesterol, fat can accumulate in your blood vessels, damaging them and causing atherosclerosis, a common cause of heart attacks.\n\nOne of the best ways to lower your cholesterol is by eating a diet low in saturated fats, trans fats and sugars. Increasing fiber and adding plant-based food like nuts, seeds and vegetable oil to your diet can help lower cholesterol levels.\n\nIf you have high cholesterol, heart disease or have had a heart attack, your doctor may prescribe a medication called a statin. Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol your liver produces and help remove cholesterol from your blood. Your doctor will likely want you to remain on statins long-term to keep your blood pressure low.\n\n#### Maintain a healthy weight\nIf you’re obese (defined as having a body mass index of 30 or higher) you are more likely to develop high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes which are linked to a higher risk of heart attack.\n\nMaintaining a [healthy weight](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/weight-wellness \"Weight + Wellness\") will lower your risk of developing heart disease. Setting realistic weight loss goals and developing healthy exercise and eating habits will help you stay on track.\n\n#### Limit alcohol\nDrinking too much alcohol can lead to high blood pressure and increase your risk for heart disease. Heavy, excessive drinking or long-term alcohol use weakens your heart muscle and damages your heart. To keep your heart healthy, limit your daily alcohol intake.\n\n#### Get regulars screenings\nGetting regular blood pressure and cholesterol screenings is one of the most important ways to manage your [heart health](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care \"Cardiovascular Care\"). If your blood pressure or cholesterol is elevated, you have a greater chance of having a heart attack. High blood glucose can cause serious health issues like type 2 diabetes and can lead to heart disease and stroke. A [blood glucose test](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism \"Endocrinology, Diabetes + Metabolism\") measures your “blood sugar” levels and [screen for diabetes](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism\/diabetes \"Diabetes\").\n\n### Heart attack prevention + treatments at Tufts Medicine\nAt Tufts Medicine, we are focused on [preventing heart attacks](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care\/preventive-cardiology \"Preventive Cardiology\") by keeping your heart healthy. We offer education on lifestyle changes, [regular screenings](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care\/cardiovascular-imaging-noninvasive-testing \"Cardiovascular Imaging + Noninvasive Testing \") and risk factor management for hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes. We also provide state-of-the-art treatments, minimally invasive procedures, innovative surgical techniques and customized treatment plans.\n\n[Start your journey to a healthier heart](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care \"Cardiovascular Care\")\n\nMENTIONED IN THIS PAGE:\n\n- [Tufts Medical Center](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/get-care\/our-locations\/about-tufts-medical-center)\n- [Heart](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care\/cardiology)\n- [Cardiovascular Care](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care)\n- [Arsalan Rafiq, MD](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/doctor\/arsalan-rafiq)\n\n## You may be interested in\nSee more related articles\n\n![Christian Jeeves and his family](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive_16_9_300w\/public\/2026-03\/christian1_cropped_1200x630.jpg.webp?h=ec041e41&itok=X2t0R0oC)\n\nArticles\n\nWith Gratitude in Every Step: A Husband’s Boston Marathon Tribute to His Wife’s Transplant Milestone\n\nMarch 27, 2026\n\nChristian Jeeves will run the 2026 Boston Marathon to honor his wife's lifesaving heart transplant 10 years ago at Tufts Medical Center.\n\n![Mark Sarnak, MD, MS](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive_16_9_300w\/public\/2026-03\/sarnak_og_1200x630.png.webp?h=ec041e41&itok=tKovk20w)\n\nArticles\n\nStopping common blood pressure medications may increase risk after kidney changes\n\nMarch 27, 2026\n\nTufts Medicine study suggests continuing treatment improves outcomes.\n\n![Two runners posing by the bridge in Boston](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive_16_9_300w\/public\/2026-02\/og-0226-marathon-sweethearts-story.jpg.webp?h=ec041e41&itok=jwD1YnKe)\n\nArticles\n\nTwo Hearts, One Finish Line: A Boston Marathon Love Story\n\nFebruary 25, 2026\n\nTufts Medical Center clinicians Hannah and Dana are taking on the 2026 Boston Marathon with Team Tufts MC to give back to the place where their story began.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/modules\/custom\/tufts_icons\/assets\/core\/bullhorn.svg)\n\n#### Be among the first to know\nEnjoy the latest health updates from Tufts Medicine by signing up for our e-newsletter today.\n\n[Sign up now](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news\/subscribe)\n\n**Tufts Medicine Main Office**  \n800 District Avenue, Suite 520  \nBurlington, MA 01803\n\nStay connected with us\n\nCopyright © 2026 Tufts Medicine   \n[Site Terms + Conditions](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/terms-conditions)   \n[Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/website-privacy-policy)   \n[Vendor Information](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/vendor-information)\n\nManage Cookies\n\nThe primary health system of [Tufts University School of Medicine](https:\/\/medicine.tufts.edu\/)\n\n[Jump back to top](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news\/signs-symptoms-heart-attack#main-content)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Understand heart attack signs, symptoms, and prevention. Discover risk factors and learn what to do during a heart attack from the team at Tufts Medicine.\n\nEvery 40 seconds someone in the U.S. will have a heart attack. Although the symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person, knowing how and when to act can save your or a loved one’s life. [Tufts Medical Center Cardiologist](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care \"Cardiovascular Care\"), Arsalan Rafiq, MD, shares what you need to know about this all too common medical emergency.\n\n### What Is a Heart Attack?\nA heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when one or both of the main coronary arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart are clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits called plaque.\n\nOver time, the plaque builds up and narrows the artery, reducing blood flow and weakening heart muscles. Sometimes plaque ruptures causing a clot that partially or completely blocks blood flow and damages heart muscle. Without blood and oxygen, heart muscle dies, and your heart can’t pump.\n\nThere are some telltale signs of a heart attack. Many people have chest pain or discomfort, or a tightness and pressure that feels like their chest is being squeezed. Others are lightheaded, tired, nauseous and experience shortness of breath, heartburn and indigestion.\n\n### Warning signs of a heart attack\nThe most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or chest discomfort often described as a feeling of tightness, fullness or as if something is sitting on your chest. Other warning signs include:\n\n- Shortness of breath\n- Nausea\/vomiting\n- Lightheadedness\/dizziness\n- Cold sweat\n- Fatigue\n- Heartburn\/indigestion\n\nA heart attack sufferer may also experience symptoms like pain throughout other parts of the body including the neck, jaw, back and upper abdomen or unexplained, extreme fatigue.\n\nIf you or someone else is having heart attack symptoms, it’s crucial to act immediately and call 911 to increase the chance of survival and minimize irreversible heart muscle damage.\n\n### Heart attack symptoms: Men + women\nWomen and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) tend to have smaller hearts and narrower blood vessels than men or individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB). Women\/AFABS are also more likely to dismiss symptoms of a heart attack and fail to get help on time.\n\n##### Common heart attack symptoms in Men\/AMABs may include:\n- Intense chest pain or discomfort\n- Shortness of breath\n- Cold sweat\n- Heartburn\/indigestion\n##### Common heart attack symptoms in Women\/AFABs may include:\n- Tightness or dull ache in the chest\n- Shortness of breath\n- Pain in jaw, neck, shoulder, throat and upper back\n- Nausea\/vomiting\n- Sweating\n- Fatigue\/insomnia\n- Lightheadedness\/dizziness\n### What to do if you think you’re having a heart attack\nIf you suspect you or someone you know is having a heart attack, call 911. Heart muscle is damaged and starts to die within 30 minutes of having a heart attack. The faster you get emergency medical care, the better your chances of survival and avoiding permanent damage to your heart.\n\n#### Call 911\nAs soon as you notice heart attack symptoms, call 911 immediately, give the operator your location and closely follow their instructions. Every minute counts. Don’t delay or ignore heart attack symptoms. Call 911 before following any of the steps below.\n\n#### Chew aspirin\nThe 911 operator may suggest you chew an aspirin (if you’re not allergic and don’t have a condition that makes taking aspirin dangerous). Aspirin helps reduce blood clotting and improves blood flow to the heart. It can potentially save a life during a heart attack.\n\n#### Sit or lay down\nSitting or lying down is the best way to reduce strain on the heart during a heart attack. It’s safest to rest in a comfortable position in case the person having a heart attack becomes dizzy or lightheaded.\n\n#### Remain calm\nHeart attacks are frightening, but it’s important to remain calm to reduce stress on the heart, especially if you’re alone. Slow, deep breathing can help reduce anxiety while you rest and wait for 911.\n\n#### Avoid driving yourself to the hospital\nDo not drive yourself to the hospital unless you have no other option. The best chance of survival is to call 911 or emergency medical services. If an ambulance can’t arrive quickly, have someone drive you to the nearest emergency room.\n\n### Causes of heart attacks\nMost heart attacks are caused by atherosclerosis or when plaque clogs the inner lining of the arteries and can lead to thrombosis, or blood clot formation. Artery-blocking plaque can be caused by high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity and eating a diet high in saturated fats.\n\nNot all heart attacks are caused by clogged arteries. Viral infections like [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/for-patients\/covid-19-information \"COVID-19 Information\"), coronary artery spasms and tears inside a heart artery (spontaneous coronary artery dissection) can trigger a heart attack.\n\nIn some people, heart attacks can come on without warning. In others, symptoms can appear gradually. Plaque can take years or decades to build up enough to partially block an artery.\n\nThere are also [heart conditions](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care\/cardiology \"Cardiology\") that interfere with heart function and increase heart attack risk including [irregular heartbeats or arrhythmias](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/arrhythmia-electrophysiology \"Arrhythmia + Electrophysiology\"), valve disorders and myocardial diseases. If not treated, these conditions can cause a heart attack and death.\n\n### Risk factors for heart attacks\nYou can’t change your age, family history or health conditions that put you at risk for a heart attack. However, there are three main factors for heart attacks—high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking—which can be improved with lifestyle changes. Heart attack risk factors include the following:\n\n#### High blood pressure\n[High blood pressure (hypertension)](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/nephrology\/kidney-blood-pressure-care \"Kidney + Blood Pressure Care\") is a major risk factor for heart attacks and is often called a “silent killer” because the only way to detect high blood pressure is by getting it checked. High blood pressure, if not treated properly, can damage the arteries that carry blood to your heart.\n\n#### High cholesterol\nHigh cholesterol is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, a common condition that leads to heart attacks. Atherosclerosis is when plaque deposits harden the arteries and restrict blood supply to the heart. Plaque is made up of fats, cholesterol and other substances.\n\n#### Smoking\nSmoking damages the heart and blood vessels, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. Small amounts of second-hand smoke can cause blood to clot, increasing the chance of a blockage and heart attack.\n\n#### Diabetes\nPeople with [diabetes](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism\/diabetes \"Diabetes\") (type 1 and type 2) are twice as likely to have a heart attack as non-diabetics. Diabetics also have other heart attack risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol.\n\n#### Obesity\nPeople who are obese are likely to develop conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes that can lead to a heart attack. Obesity causes stress on your heart, making it work harder to supply blood to your body.\n\n#### Family history of heart disease\nPeople with a family history of heart disease may inherit the condition. Having a parent or sibling with a history of heart disease increases your risk because you share similar genes.\n\n#### Inactive lifestyle\nGetting plenty of intense daily exercise is essential to keeping your heart pumping. Spending too much time sitting or being inactive increases your risk for diabetes and high blood pressure and can lead to coronary artery disease.\n\n#### Poor diet\nDiet is a big factor in heart health. Eating a poor diet, high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables, can cause cholesterol to build up in your arteries, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack.\n\n#### Age\nHeart attacks can happen at any age, but your risk goes up as you get older. For Men\/AMABs the chance of having a heart attack increases after 45 and for Women\/AFABs it rises after 50 or when menopause starts.\n\n### Tips for heart attack prevention\nYou can make simple lifestyle changes that are good for your heart, body and mind. Start putting your heart health first by following the tips below.\n\n#### Maintain a healthy diet\nEat a [heart-healthy diet](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/about-us\/news\/foods-promote-vascular-health \"Foods To Promote Vascular Health\") with a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins and reduce the amount of high-fat, sugary and processed foods that are high in salt and added sugars. Avoid saturated and trans fats found in fatty beef, butter and fried foods. Don’t forget about controlling your portions and [eating mindfully](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/nutrition \"Nutrition\"), which will help you control your weight and lessen the strain on your heart.\n\n#### Stay active\nPhysical activity is one of the best ways to avoid weight gain and prevent heart attacks. It’s important to move your body every day either by walking, jogging, biking, swimming, group exercise or playing sports. Aim to exercise for at least 150 minutes (moderate intensity) or 75 minutes (vigorous intensity) per week.\n\n#### Manage your stress levels\nStress plays a big role in your overall physical health and your heart health. [Reducing stress](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/behavioral-health \"Behavioral Health\") is key to keeping your heart happy. There are ways to manage physical stress such as deep breathing exercises, yoga and mindfulness techniques, but it’s also important to manage mental stress. Spending time with supportive friends and family, finding new hobbies and activities and talking to a mental health professional can help lower stress levels.\n\n#### Quit smoking\nSmoking is harmful to your health and is bad for your heart and blood vessels. If you smoke, make it a priority to quit. If you don’t, avoid second-hand smoke. There are options to help you quit smoking and resist cravings including nicotine replacement, free smoking cessation programs and support groups.\n\nThe following resources can help you quit today:\n\n- [Mass.gov – 1-800-QUIT-NOW](https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/info-details\/about-1-800-quit-now?utm_source=google&utm_campaign=Quitting_Winter&utm_medium=paidsearch&utm_term=rsa&utm_content=general_english&gad_source=1)\n- [Centers for Disease Control – Free Help to Quit Smoking](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/tips\/index.html?s_cid=OSH_tips_GL0008&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=TipsRegular+2021%3BS%3BWL%3BBR%3BIMM%3BDTC%3BCO&utm_content=Tobacco_E&utm_term=tobacco+cessation&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw1920BhA3EiwAJT3lSfRydwxZRjV0XrFXtclq6cOcm7edxrAebGNKSQsGWP_AYHrY4sjYexoC1FUQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds)\n- [American Lung Association – Freedom From Smoking Program](https:\/\/www.lung.org\/quit-smoking\/join-freedom-from-smoking)\n- [American Heart Association – Help! I Want to Quit Smoking American Cancer Society – Empowered to Quit](https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/healthy-living\/healthy-lifestyle\/quit-smoking-tobacco\/help-i-want-to-quit-smoking)\n- [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration – National Helpline](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-help\/national-helpline)\n#### Manage cholesterol\nWhen you have high cholesterol, fat can accumulate in your blood vessels, damaging them and causing atherosclerosis, a common cause of heart attacks.\n\nOne of the best ways to lower your cholesterol is by eating a diet low in saturated fats, trans fats and sugars. Increasing fiber and adding plant-based food like nuts, seeds and vegetable oil to your diet can help lower cholesterol levels.\n\nIf you have high cholesterol, heart disease or have had a heart attack, your doctor may prescribe a medication called a statin. Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol your liver produces and help remove cholesterol from your blood. Your doctor will likely want you to remain on statins long-term to keep your blood pressure low.\n\n#### Maintain a healthy weight\nIf you’re obese (defined as having a body mass index of 30 or higher) you are more likely to develop high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes which are linked to a higher risk of heart attack.\n\nMaintaining a [healthy weight](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/weight-wellness \"Weight + Wellness\") will lower your risk of developing heart disease. Setting realistic weight loss goals and developing healthy exercise and eating habits will help you stay on track.\n\n#### Limit alcohol\nDrinking too much alcohol can lead to high blood pressure and increase your risk for heart disease. Heavy, excessive drinking or long-term alcohol use weakens your heart muscle and damages your heart. To keep your heart healthy, limit your daily alcohol intake.\n\n#### Get regulars screenings\nGetting regular blood pressure and cholesterol screenings is one of the most important ways to manage your [heart health](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care \"Cardiovascular Care\"). If your blood pressure or cholesterol is elevated, you have a greater chance of having a heart attack. High blood glucose can cause serious health issues like type 2 diabetes and can lead to heart disease and stroke. A [blood glucose test](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism \"Endocrinology, Diabetes + Metabolism\") measures your “blood sugar” levels and [screen for diabetes](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism\/diabetes \"Diabetes\").\n\n### Heart attack prevention + treatments at Tufts Medicine\nAt Tufts Medicine, we are focused on [preventing heart attacks](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care\/preventive-cardiology \"Preventive Cardiology\") by keeping your heart healthy. We offer education on lifestyle changes, [regular screenings](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care\/cardiovascular-imaging-noninvasive-testing \"Cardiovascular Imaging + Noninvasive Testing \") and risk factor management for hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes. We also provide state-of-the-art treatments, minimally invasive procedures, innovative surgical techniques and customized treatment plans.\n\n[Start your journey to a healthier heart](https:\/\/www.tuftsmedicine.org\/services-treatments\/cardiovascular-care \"Cardiovascular Care\")","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Description	Understand heart attack signs, symptoms, and prevention. Discover risk factors and learn what to do during a heart attack from the team at Tufts Medicine.
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Boilerpipe Text	Understand heart attack signs, symptoms, and prevention. Discover risk factors and learn what to do during a heart attack from the team at Tufts Medicine. Every 40 seconds someone in the U.S. will have a heart attack. Although the symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person, knowing how and when to act can save your or a loved one’s life. Tufts Medical Center Cardiologist , Arsalan Rafiq, MD, shares what you need to know about this all too common medical emergency. What Is a Heart Attack? A heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when one or both of the main coronary arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart are clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits called plaque. Over time, the plaque builds up and narrows the artery, reducing blood flow and weakening heart muscles. Sometimes plaque ruptures causing a clot that partially or completely blocks blood flow and damages heart muscle. Without blood and oxygen, heart muscle dies, and your heart can’t pump. There are some telltale signs of a heart attack. Many people have chest pain or discomfort, or a tightness and pressure that feels like their chest is being squeezed. Others are lightheaded, tired, nauseous and experience shortness of breath, heartburn and indigestion. Warning signs of a heart attack The most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or chest discomfort often described as a feeling of tightness, fullness or as if something is sitting on your chest. Other warning signs include: Shortness of breath Nausea/vomiting Lightheadedness/dizziness Cold sweat Fatigue Heartburn/indigestion A heart attack sufferer may also experience symptoms like pain throughout other parts of the body including the neck, jaw, back and upper abdomen or unexplained, extreme fatigue. If you or someone else is having heart attack symptoms, it’s crucial to act immediately and call 911 to increase the chance of survival and minimize irreversible heart muscle damage. Heart attack symptoms: Men + women Women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) tend to have smaller hearts and narrower blood vessels than men or individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB). Women/AFABS are also more likely to dismiss symptoms of a heart attack and fail to get help on time. Common heart attack symptoms in Men/AMABs may include: Intense chest pain or discomfort Shortness of breath Cold sweat Heartburn/indigestion Common heart attack symptoms in Women/AFABs may include: Tightness or dull ache in the chest Shortness of breath Pain in jaw, neck, shoulder, throat and upper back Nausea/vomiting Sweating Fatigue/insomnia Lightheadedness/dizziness What to do if you think you’re having a heart attack If you suspect you or someone you know is having a heart attack, call 911. Heart muscle is damaged and starts to die within 30 minutes of having a heart attack. The faster you get emergency medical care, the better your chances of survival and avoiding permanent damage to your heart. Call 911 As soon as you notice heart attack symptoms, call 911 immediately, give the operator your location and closely follow their instructions. Every minute counts. Don’t delay or ignore heart attack symptoms. Call 911 before following any of the steps below. Chew aspirin The 911 operator may suggest you chew an aspirin (if you’re not allergic and don’t have a condition that makes taking aspirin dangerous). Aspirin helps reduce blood clotting and improves blood flow to the heart. It can potentially save a life during a heart attack. Sit or lay down Sitting or lying down is the best way to reduce strain on the heart during a heart attack. It’s safest to rest in a comfortable position in case the person having a heart attack becomes dizzy or lightheaded. Remain calm Heart attacks are frightening, but it’s important to remain calm to reduce stress on the heart, especially if you’re alone. Slow, deep breathing can help reduce anxiety while you rest and wait for 911. Avoid driving yourself to the hospital Do not drive yourself to the hospital unless you have no other option. The best chance of survival is to call 911 or emergency medical services. If an ambulance can’t arrive quickly, have someone drive you to the nearest emergency room. Causes of heart attacks Most heart attacks are caused by atherosclerosis or when plaque clogs the inner lining of the arteries and can lead to thrombosis, or blood clot formation. Artery-blocking plaque can be caused by high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity and eating a diet high in saturated fats. Not all heart attacks are caused by clogged arteries. Viral infections like COVID-19 , coronary artery spasms and tears inside a heart artery (spontaneous coronary artery dissection) can trigger a heart attack. In some people, heart attacks can come on without warning. In others, symptoms can appear gradually. Plaque can take years or decades to build up enough to partially block an artery. There are also heart conditions that interfere with heart function and increase heart attack risk including irregular heartbeats or arrhythmias , valve disorders and myocardial diseases. If not treated, these conditions can cause a heart attack and death. Risk factors for heart attacks You can’t change your age, family history or health conditions that put you at risk for a heart attack. However, there are three main factors for heart attacks—high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking—which can be improved with lifestyle changes. Heart attack risk factors include the following: High blood pressure High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major risk factor for heart attacks and is often called a “silent killer” because the only way to detect high blood pressure is by getting it checked. High blood pressure, if not treated properly, can damage the arteries that carry blood to your heart. High cholesterol High cholesterol is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, a common condition that leads to heart attacks. Atherosclerosis is when plaque deposits harden the arteries and restrict blood supply to the heart. Plaque is made up of fats, cholesterol and other substances. Smoking Smoking damages the heart and blood vessels, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. Small amounts of second-hand smoke can cause blood to clot, increasing the chance of a blockage and heart attack. Diabetes People with diabetes (type 1 and type 2) are twice as likely to have a heart attack as non-diabetics. Diabetics also have other heart attack risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Obesity People who are obese are likely to develop conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes that can lead to a heart attack. Obesity causes stress on your heart, making it work harder to supply blood to your body. Family history of heart disease People with a family history of heart disease may inherit the condition. Having a parent or sibling with a history of heart disease increases your risk because you share similar genes. Inactive lifestyle Getting plenty of intense daily exercise is essential to keeping your heart pumping. Spending too much time sitting or being inactive increases your risk for diabetes and high blood pressure and can lead to coronary artery disease. Poor diet Diet is a big factor in heart health. Eating a poor diet, high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables, can cause cholesterol to build up in your arteries, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. Age Heart attacks can happen at any age, but your risk goes up as you get older. For Men/AMABs the chance of having a heart attack increases after 45 and for Women/AFABs it rises after 50 or when menopause starts. Tips for heart attack prevention You can make simple lifestyle changes that are good for your heart, body and mind. Start putting your heart health first by following the tips below. Maintain a healthy diet Eat a heart-healthy diet with a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins and reduce the amount of high-fat, sugary and processed foods that are high in salt and added sugars. Avoid saturated and trans fats found in fatty beef, butter and fried foods. Don’t forget about controlling your portions and eating mindfully , which will help you control your weight and lessen the strain on your heart. Stay active Physical activity is one of the best ways to avoid weight gain and prevent heart attacks. It’s important to move your body every day either by walking, jogging, biking, swimming, group exercise or playing sports. Aim to exercise for at least 150 minutes (moderate intensity) or 75 minutes (vigorous intensity) per week. Manage your stress levels Stress plays a big role in your overall physical health and your heart health. Reducing stress is key to keeping your heart happy. There are ways to manage physical stress such as deep breathing exercises, yoga and mindfulness techniques, but it’s also important to manage mental stress. Spending time with supportive friends and family, finding new hobbies and activities and talking to a mental health professional can help lower stress levels. Quit smoking Smoking is harmful to your health and is bad for your heart and blood vessels. If you smoke, make it a priority to quit. If you don’t, avoid second-hand smoke. There are options to help you quit smoking and resist cravings including nicotine replacement, free smoking cessation programs and support groups. The following resources can help you quit today: Mass.gov – 1-800-QUIT-NOW Centers for Disease Control – Free Help to Quit Smoking American Lung Association – Freedom From Smoking Program American Heart Association – Help! I Want to Quit Smoking American Cancer Society – Empowered to Quit Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration – National Helpline Manage cholesterol When you have high cholesterol, fat can accumulate in your blood vessels, damaging them and causing atherosclerosis, a common cause of heart attacks. One of the best ways to lower your cholesterol is by eating a diet low in saturated fats, trans fats and sugars. Increasing fiber and adding plant-based food like nuts, seeds and vegetable oil to your diet can help lower cholesterol levels. If you have high cholesterol, heart disease or have had a heart attack, your doctor may prescribe a medication called a statin. Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol your liver produces and help remove cholesterol from your blood. Your doctor will likely want you to remain on statins long-term to keep your blood pressure low. Maintain a healthy weight If you’re obese (defined as having a body mass index of 30 or higher) you are more likely to develop high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes which are linked to a higher risk of heart attack. Maintaining a healthy weight will lower your risk of developing heart disease. Setting realistic weight loss goals and developing healthy exercise and eating habits will help you stay on track. Limit alcohol Drinking too much alcohol can lead to high blood pressure and increase your risk for heart disease. Heavy, excessive drinking or long-term alcohol use weakens your heart muscle and damages your heart. To keep your heart healthy, limit your daily alcohol intake. Get regulars screenings Getting regular blood pressure and cholesterol screenings is one of the most important ways to manage your heart health . If your blood pressure or cholesterol is elevated, you have a greater chance of having a heart attack. High blood glucose can cause serious health issues like type 2 diabetes and can lead to heart disease and stroke. A blood glucose test measures your “blood sugar” levels and screen for diabetes . Heart attack prevention + treatments at Tufts Medicine At Tufts Medicine, we are focused on preventing heart attacks by keeping your heart healthy. We offer education on lifestyle changes, regular screenings and risk factor management for hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes. We also provide state-of-the-art treatments, minimally invasive procedures, innovative surgical techniques and customized treatment plans. Start your journey to a healthier heart
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[Home](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/) 2. [About Us](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/about-us) 3. [News + Media](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/about-us/news) # Signs + Symptoms of a Heart Attack August 7, 2024 10 min read Understand heart attack signs, symptoms, and prevention. Discover risk factors and learn what to do during a heart attack from the team at Tufts Medicine. ![Heart attack webstory](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/2024-08/Heart-attack-webstory.jpg.webp?itok=0X8U2WLe) Every 40 seconds someone in the U.S. will have a heart attack. Although the symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person, knowing how and when to act can save your or a loved one’s life. [Tufts Medical Center Cardiologist](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care "Cardiovascular Care"), Arsalan Rafiq, MD, shares what you need to know about this all too common medical emergency. ### What Is a Heart Attack? A heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when one or both of the main coronary arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart are clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits called plaque. Over time, the plaque builds up and narrows the artery, reducing blood flow and weakening heart muscles. Sometimes plaque ruptures causing a clot that partially or completely blocks blood flow and damages heart muscle. Without blood and oxygen, heart muscle dies, and your heart can’t pump. There are some telltale signs of a heart attack. Many people have chest pain or discomfort, or a tightness and pressure that feels like their chest is being squeezed. Others are lightheaded, tired, nauseous and experience shortness of breath, heartburn and indigestion. ### Warning signs of a heart attack The most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or chest discomfort often described as a feeling of tightness, fullness or as if something is sitting on your chest. Other warning signs include: - Shortness of breath - Nausea/vomiting - Lightheadedness/dizziness - Cold sweat - Fatigue - Heartburn/indigestion A heart attack sufferer may also experience symptoms like pain throughout other parts of the body including the neck, jaw, back and upper abdomen or unexplained, extreme fatigue. If you or someone else is having heart attack symptoms, it’s crucial to act immediately and call 911 to increase the chance of survival and minimize irreversible heart muscle damage. ### Heart attack symptoms: Men + women Women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) tend to have smaller hearts and narrower blood vessels than men or individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB). Women/AFABS are also more likely to dismiss symptoms of a heart attack and fail to get help on time. ##### Common heart attack symptoms in Men/AMABs may include: - Intense chest pain or discomfort - Shortness of breath - Cold sweat - Heartburn/indigestion ##### Common heart attack symptoms in Women/AFABs may include: - Tightness or dull ache in the chest - Shortness of breath - Pain in jaw, neck, shoulder, throat and upper back - Nausea/vomiting - Sweating - Fatigue/insomnia - Lightheadedness/dizziness ### What to do if you think you’re having a heart attack If you suspect you or someone you know is having a heart attack, call 911. Heart muscle is damaged and starts to die within 30 minutes of having a heart attack. The faster you get emergency medical care, the better your chances of survival and avoiding permanent damage to your heart. #### Call 911 As soon as you notice heart attack symptoms, call 911 immediately, give the operator your location and closely follow their instructions. Every minute counts. Don’t delay or ignore heart attack symptoms. Call 911 before following any of the steps below. #### Chew aspirin The 911 operator may suggest you chew an aspirin (if you’re not allergic and don’t have a condition that makes taking aspirin dangerous). Aspirin helps reduce blood clotting and improves blood flow to the heart. It can potentially save a life during a heart attack. #### Sit or lay down Sitting or lying down is the best way to reduce strain on the heart during a heart attack. It’s safest to rest in a comfortable position in case the person having a heart attack becomes dizzy or lightheaded. #### Remain calm Heart attacks are frightening, but it’s important to remain calm to reduce stress on the heart, especially if you’re alone. Slow, deep breathing can help reduce anxiety while you rest and wait for 911. #### Avoid driving yourself to the hospital Do not drive yourself to the hospital unless you have no other option. The best chance of survival is to call 911 or emergency medical services. If an ambulance can’t arrive quickly, have someone drive you to the nearest emergency room. ### Causes of heart attacks Most heart attacks are caused by atherosclerosis or when plaque clogs the inner lining of the arteries and can lead to thrombosis, or blood clot formation. Artery-blocking plaque can be caused by high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity and eating a diet high in saturated fats. Not all heart attacks are caused by clogged arteries. Viral infections like [COVID-19](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/for-patients/covid-19-information "COVID-19 Information"), coronary artery spasms and tears inside a heart artery (spontaneous coronary artery dissection) can trigger a heart attack. In some people, heart attacks can come on without warning. In others, symptoms can appear gradually. Plaque can take years or decades to build up enough to partially block an artery. There are also [heart conditions](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care/cardiology "Cardiology") that interfere with heart function and increase heart attack risk including [irregular heartbeats or arrhythmias](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/arrhythmia-electrophysiology "Arrhythmia + Electrophysiology"), valve disorders and myocardial diseases. If not treated, these conditions can cause a heart attack and death. ### Risk factors for heart attacks You can’t change your age, family history or health conditions that put you at risk for a heart attack. However, there are three main factors for heart attacks—high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking—which can be improved with lifestyle changes. Heart attack risk factors include the following: #### High blood pressure [High blood pressure (hypertension)](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/nephrology/kidney-blood-pressure-care "Kidney + Blood Pressure Care") is a major risk factor for heart attacks and is often called a “silent killer” because the only way to detect high blood pressure is by getting it checked. High blood pressure, if not treated properly, can damage the arteries that carry blood to your heart. #### High cholesterol High cholesterol is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, a common condition that leads to heart attacks. Atherosclerosis is when plaque deposits harden the arteries and restrict blood supply to the heart. Plaque is made up of fats, cholesterol and other substances. #### Smoking Smoking damages the heart and blood vessels, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. Small amounts of second-hand smoke can cause blood to clot, increasing the chance of a blockage and heart attack. #### Diabetes People with [diabetes](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism/diabetes "Diabetes") (type 1 and type 2) are twice as likely to have a heart attack as non-diabetics. Diabetics also have other heart attack risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol. #### Obesity People who are obese are likely to develop conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes that can lead to a heart attack. Obesity causes stress on your heart, making it work harder to supply blood to your body. #### Family history of heart disease People with a family history of heart disease may inherit the condition. Having a parent or sibling with a history of heart disease increases your risk because you share similar genes. #### Inactive lifestyle Getting plenty of intense daily exercise is essential to keeping your heart pumping. Spending too much time sitting or being inactive increases your risk for diabetes and high blood pressure and can lead to coronary artery disease. #### Poor diet Diet is a big factor in heart health. Eating a poor diet, high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables, can cause cholesterol to build up in your arteries, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. #### Age Heart attacks can happen at any age, but your risk goes up as you get older. For Men/AMABs the chance of having a heart attack increases after 45 and for Women/AFABs it rises after 50 or when menopause starts. ### Tips for heart attack prevention You can make simple lifestyle changes that are good for your heart, body and mind. Start putting your heart health first by following the tips below. #### Maintain a healthy diet Eat a [heart-healthy diet](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/about-us/news/foods-promote-vascular-health "Foods To Promote Vascular Health") with a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins and reduce the amount of high-fat, sugary and processed foods that are high in salt and added sugars. Avoid saturated and trans fats found in fatty beef, butter and fried foods. Don’t forget about controlling your portions and [eating mindfully](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/nutrition "Nutrition"), which will help you control your weight and lessen the strain on your heart. #### Stay active Physical activity is one of the best ways to avoid weight gain and prevent heart attacks. It’s important to move your body every day either by walking, jogging, biking, swimming, group exercise or playing sports. Aim to exercise for at least 150 minutes (moderate intensity) or 75 minutes (vigorous intensity) per week. #### Manage your stress levels Stress plays a big role in your overall physical health and your heart health. [Reducing stress](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/behavioral-health "Behavioral Health") is key to keeping your heart happy. There are ways to manage physical stress such as deep breathing exercises, yoga and mindfulness techniques, but it’s also important to manage mental stress. Spending time with supportive friends and family, finding new hobbies and activities and talking to a mental health professional can help lower stress levels. #### Quit smoking Smoking is harmful to your health and is bad for your heart and blood vessels. If you smoke, make it a priority to quit. If you don’t, avoid second-hand smoke. There are options to help you quit smoking and resist cravings including nicotine replacement, free smoking cessation programs and support groups. The following resources can help you quit today: - [Mass.gov – 1-800-QUIT-NOW](https://www.mass.gov/info-details/about-1-800-quit-now?utm_source=google&utm_campaign=Quitting_Winter&utm_medium=paidsearch&utm_term=rsa&utm_content=general_english&gad_source=1) - [Centers for Disease Control – Free Help to Quit Smoking](https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/index.html?s_cid=OSH_tips_GL0008&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=TipsRegular+2021%3BS%3BWL%3BBR%3BIMM%3BDTC%3BCO&utm_content=Tobacco_E&utm_term=tobacco+cessation&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw1920BhA3EiwAJT3lSfRydwxZRjV0XrFXtclq6cOcm7edxrAebGNKSQsGWP_AYHrY4sjYexoC1FUQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds) - [American Lung Association – Freedom From Smoking Program](https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/join-freedom-from-smoking) - [American Heart Association – Help! I Want to Quit Smoking American Cancer Society – Empowered to Quit](https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/quit-smoking-tobacco/help-i-want-to-quit-smoking) - [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration – National Helpline](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline) #### Manage cholesterol When you have high cholesterol, fat can accumulate in your blood vessels, damaging them and causing atherosclerosis, a common cause of heart attacks. One of the best ways to lower your cholesterol is by eating a diet low in saturated fats, trans fats and sugars. Increasing fiber and adding plant-based food like nuts, seeds and vegetable oil to your diet can help lower cholesterol levels. If you have high cholesterol, heart disease or have had a heart attack, your doctor may prescribe a medication called a statin. Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol your liver produces and help remove cholesterol from your blood. Your doctor will likely want you to remain on statins long-term to keep your blood pressure low. #### Maintain a healthy weight If you’re obese (defined as having a body mass index of 30 or higher) you are more likely to develop high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes which are linked to a higher risk of heart attack. Maintaining a [healthy weight](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/weight-wellness "Weight + Wellness") will lower your risk of developing heart disease. Setting realistic weight loss goals and developing healthy exercise and eating habits will help you stay on track. #### Limit alcohol Drinking too much alcohol can lead to high blood pressure and increase your risk for heart disease. Heavy, excessive drinking or long-term alcohol use weakens your heart muscle and damages your heart. To keep your heart healthy, limit your daily alcohol intake. #### Get regulars screenings Getting regular blood pressure and cholesterol screenings is one of the most important ways to manage your [heart health](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care "Cardiovascular Care"). If your blood pressure or cholesterol is elevated, you have a greater chance of having a heart attack. High blood glucose can cause serious health issues like type 2 diabetes and can lead to heart disease and stroke. A [blood glucose test](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism "Endocrinology, Diabetes + Metabolism") measures your “blood sugar” levels and [screen for diabetes](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism/diabetes "Diabetes"). ### Heart attack prevention + treatments at Tufts Medicine At Tufts Medicine, we are focused on [preventing heart attacks](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care/preventive-cardiology "Preventive Cardiology") by keeping your heart healthy. We offer education on lifestyle changes, [regular screenings](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care/cardiovascular-imaging-noninvasive-testing "Cardiovascular Imaging + Noninvasive Testing ") and risk factor management for hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes. We also provide state-of-the-art treatments, minimally invasive procedures, innovative surgical techniques and customized treatment plans. [Start your journey to a healthier heart](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care "Cardiovascular Care") MENTIONED IN THIS PAGE: - [Tufts Medical Center](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/get-care/our-locations/about-tufts-medical-center) - [Heart](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care/cardiology) - [Cardiovascular Care](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care) - [Arsalan Rafiq, MD](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/doctor/arsalan-rafiq) ## You may be interested in See more related articles ![Christian Jeeves and his family](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_300w/public/2026-03/christian1_cropped_1200x630.jpg.webp?h=ec041e41&itok=X2t0R0oC) Articles With Gratitude in Every Step: A Husband’s Boston Marathon Tribute to His Wife’s Transplant Milestone March 27, 2026 Christian Jeeves will run the 2026 Boston Marathon to honor his wife's lifesaving heart transplant 10 years ago at Tufts Medical Center. ![Mark Sarnak, MD, MS](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_300w/public/2026-03/sarnak_og_1200x630.png.webp?h=ec041e41&itok=tKovk20w) Articles Stopping common blood pressure medications may increase risk after kidney changes March 27, 2026 Tufts Medicine study suggests continuing treatment improves outcomes. ![Two runners posing by the bridge in Boston](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_300w/public/2026-02/og-0226-marathon-sweethearts-story.jpg.webp?h=ec041e41&itok=jwD1YnKe) Articles Two Hearts, One Finish Line: A Boston Marathon Love Story February 25, 2026 Tufts Medical Center clinicians Hannah and Dana are taking on the 2026 Boston Marathon with Team Tufts MC to give back to the place where their story began. ![](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/modules/custom/tufts_icons/assets/core/bullhorn.svg) #### Be among the first to know Enjoy the latest health updates from Tufts Medicine by signing up for our e-newsletter today. 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Readable Markdown	Understand heart attack signs, symptoms, and prevention. Discover risk factors and learn what to do during a heart attack from the team at Tufts Medicine. Every 40 seconds someone in the U.S. will have a heart attack. Although the symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person, knowing how and when to act can save your or a loved one’s life. [Tufts Medical Center Cardiologist](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care "Cardiovascular Care"), Arsalan Rafiq, MD, shares what you need to know about this all too common medical emergency. ### What Is a Heart Attack? A heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when one or both of the main coronary arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart are clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits called plaque. Over time, the plaque builds up and narrows the artery, reducing blood flow and weakening heart muscles. Sometimes plaque ruptures causing a clot that partially or completely blocks blood flow and damages heart muscle. Without blood and oxygen, heart muscle dies, and your heart can’t pump. There are some telltale signs of a heart attack. Many people have chest pain or discomfort, or a tightness and pressure that feels like their chest is being squeezed. Others are lightheaded, tired, nauseous and experience shortness of breath, heartburn and indigestion. ### Warning signs of a heart attack The most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or chest discomfort often described as a feeling of tightness, fullness or as if something is sitting on your chest. Other warning signs include: - Shortness of breath - Nausea/vomiting - Lightheadedness/dizziness - Cold sweat - Fatigue - Heartburn/indigestion A heart attack sufferer may also experience symptoms like pain throughout other parts of the body including the neck, jaw, back and upper abdomen or unexplained, extreme fatigue. If you or someone else is having heart attack symptoms, it’s crucial to act immediately and call 911 to increase the chance of survival and minimize irreversible heart muscle damage. ### Heart attack symptoms: Men + women Women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) tend to have smaller hearts and narrower blood vessels than men or individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB). Women/AFABS are also more likely to dismiss symptoms of a heart attack and fail to get help on time. ##### Common heart attack symptoms in Men/AMABs may include: - Intense chest pain or discomfort - Shortness of breath - Cold sweat - Heartburn/indigestion ##### Common heart attack symptoms in Women/AFABs may include: - Tightness or dull ache in the chest - Shortness of breath - Pain in jaw, neck, shoulder, throat and upper back - Nausea/vomiting - Sweating - Fatigue/insomnia - Lightheadedness/dizziness ### What to do if you think you’re having a heart attack If you suspect you or someone you know is having a heart attack, call 911. Heart muscle is damaged and starts to die within 30 minutes of having a heart attack. The faster you get emergency medical care, the better your chances of survival and avoiding permanent damage to your heart. #### Call 911 As soon as you notice heart attack symptoms, call 911 immediately, give the operator your location and closely follow their instructions. Every minute counts. Don’t delay or ignore heart attack symptoms. Call 911 before following any of the steps below. #### Chew aspirin The 911 operator may suggest you chew an aspirin (if you’re not allergic and don’t have a condition that makes taking aspirin dangerous). Aspirin helps reduce blood clotting and improves blood flow to the heart. It can potentially save a life during a heart attack. #### Sit or lay down Sitting or lying down is the best way to reduce strain on the heart during a heart attack. It’s safest to rest in a comfortable position in case the person having a heart attack becomes dizzy or lightheaded. #### Remain calm Heart attacks are frightening, but it’s important to remain calm to reduce stress on the heart, especially if you’re alone. Slow, deep breathing can help reduce anxiety while you rest and wait for 911. #### Avoid driving yourself to the hospital Do not drive yourself to the hospital unless you have no other option. The best chance of survival is to call 911 or emergency medical services. If an ambulance can’t arrive quickly, have someone drive you to the nearest emergency room. ### Causes of heart attacks Most heart attacks are caused by atherosclerosis or when plaque clogs the inner lining of the arteries and can lead to thrombosis, or blood clot formation. Artery-blocking plaque can be caused by high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity and eating a diet high in saturated fats. Not all heart attacks are caused by clogged arteries. Viral infections like [COVID-19](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/for-patients/covid-19-information "COVID-19 Information"), coronary artery spasms and tears inside a heart artery (spontaneous coronary artery dissection) can trigger a heart attack. In some people, heart attacks can come on without warning. In others, symptoms can appear gradually. Plaque can take years or decades to build up enough to partially block an artery. There are also [heart conditions](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care/cardiology "Cardiology") that interfere with heart function and increase heart attack risk including [irregular heartbeats or arrhythmias](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/arrhythmia-electrophysiology "Arrhythmia + Electrophysiology"), valve disorders and myocardial diseases. If not treated, these conditions can cause a heart attack and death. ### Risk factors for heart attacks You can’t change your age, family history or health conditions that put you at risk for a heart attack. However, there are three main factors for heart attacks—high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking—which can be improved with lifestyle changes. Heart attack risk factors include the following: #### High blood pressure [High blood pressure (hypertension)](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/nephrology/kidney-blood-pressure-care "Kidney + Blood Pressure Care") is a major risk factor for heart attacks and is often called a “silent killer” because the only way to detect high blood pressure is by getting it checked. High blood pressure, if not treated properly, can damage the arteries that carry blood to your heart. #### High cholesterol High cholesterol is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, a common condition that leads to heart attacks. Atherosclerosis is when plaque deposits harden the arteries and restrict blood supply to the heart. Plaque is made up of fats, cholesterol and other substances. #### Smoking Smoking damages the heart and blood vessels, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. Small amounts of second-hand smoke can cause blood to clot, increasing the chance of a blockage and heart attack. #### Diabetes People with [diabetes](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism/diabetes "Diabetes") (type 1 and type 2) are twice as likely to have a heart attack as non-diabetics. Diabetics also have other heart attack risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol. #### Obesity People who are obese are likely to develop conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes that can lead to a heart attack. Obesity causes stress on your heart, making it work harder to supply blood to your body. #### Family history of heart disease People with a family history of heart disease may inherit the condition. Having a parent or sibling with a history of heart disease increases your risk because you share similar genes. #### Inactive lifestyle Getting plenty of intense daily exercise is essential to keeping your heart pumping. Spending too much time sitting or being inactive increases your risk for diabetes and high blood pressure and can lead to coronary artery disease. #### Poor diet Diet is a big factor in heart health. Eating a poor diet, high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables, can cause cholesterol to build up in your arteries, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. #### Age Heart attacks can happen at any age, but your risk goes up as you get older. For Men/AMABs the chance of having a heart attack increases after 45 and for Women/AFABs it rises after 50 or when menopause starts. ### Tips for heart attack prevention You can make simple lifestyle changes that are good for your heart, body and mind. Start putting your heart health first by following the tips below. #### Maintain a healthy diet Eat a [heart-healthy diet](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/about-us/news/foods-promote-vascular-health "Foods To Promote Vascular Health") with a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins and reduce the amount of high-fat, sugary and processed foods that are high in salt and added sugars. Avoid saturated and trans fats found in fatty beef, butter and fried foods. Don’t forget about controlling your portions and [eating mindfully](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/nutrition "Nutrition"), which will help you control your weight and lessen the strain on your heart. #### Stay active Physical activity is one of the best ways to avoid weight gain and prevent heart attacks. It’s important to move your body every day either by walking, jogging, biking, swimming, group exercise or playing sports. Aim to exercise for at least 150 minutes (moderate intensity) or 75 minutes (vigorous intensity) per week. #### Manage your stress levels Stress plays a big role in your overall physical health and your heart health. [Reducing stress](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/behavioral-health "Behavioral Health") is key to keeping your heart happy. There are ways to manage physical stress such as deep breathing exercises, yoga and mindfulness techniques, but it’s also important to manage mental stress. Spending time with supportive friends and family, finding new hobbies and activities and talking to a mental health professional can help lower stress levels. #### Quit smoking Smoking is harmful to your health and is bad for your heart and blood vessels. If you smoke, make it a priority to quit. If you don’t, avoid second-hand smoke. There are options to help you quit smoking and resist cravings including nicotine replacement, free smoking cessation programs and support groups. The following resources can help you quit today: - [Mass.gov – 1-800-QUIT-NOW](https://www.mass.gov/info-details/about-1-800-quit-now?utm_source=google&utm_campaign=Quitting_Winter&utm_medium=paidsearch&utm_term=rsa&utm_content=general_english&gad_source=1) - [Centers for Disease Control – Free Help to Quit Smoking](https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/index.html?s_cid=OSH_tips_GL0008&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=TipsRegular+2021%3BS%3BWL%3BBR%3BIMM%3BDTC%3BCO&utm_content=Tobacco_E&utm_term=tobacco+cessation&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw1920BhA3EiwAJT3lSfRydwxZRjV0XrFXtclq6cOcm7edxrAebGNKSQsGWP_AYHrY4sjYexoC1FUQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds) - [American Lung Association – Freedom From Smoking Program](https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/join-freedom-from-smoking) - [American Heart Association – Help! I Want to Quit Smoking American Cancer Society – Empowered to Quit](https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/quit-smoking-tobacco/help-i-want-to-quit-smoking) - [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration – National Helpline](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline) #### Manage cholesterol When you have high cholesterol, fat can accumulate in your blood vessels, damaging them and causing atherosclerosis, a common cause of heart attacks. One of the best ways to lower your cholesterol is by eating a diet low in saturated fats, trans fats and sugars. Increasing fiber and adding plant-based food like nuts, seeds and vegetable oil to your diet can help lower cholesterol levels. If you have high cholesterol, heart disease or have had a heart attack, your doctor may prescribe a medication called a statin. Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol your liver produces and help remove cholesterol from your blood. Your doctor will likely want you to remain on statins long-term to keep your blood pressure low. #### Maintain a healthy weight If you’re obese (defined as having a body mass index of 30 or higher) you are more likely to develop high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes which are linked to a higher risk of heart attack. Maintaining a [healthy weight](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/weight-wellness "Weight + Wellness") will lower your risk of developing heart disease. Setting realistic weight loss goals and developing healthy exercise and eating habits will help you stay on track. #### Limit alcohol Drinking too much alcohol can lead to high blood pressure and increase your risk for heart disease. Heavy, excessive drinking or long-term alcohol use weakens your heart muscle and damages your heart. To keep your heart healthy, limit your daily alcohol intake. #### Get regulars screenings Getting regular blood pressure and cholesterol screenings is one of the most important ways to manage your [heart health](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care "Cardiovascular Care"). If your blood pressure or cholesterol is elevated, you have a greater chance of having a heart attack. High blood glucose can cause serious health issues like type 2 diabetes and can lead to heart disease and stroke. A [blood glucose test](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism "Endocrinology, Diabetes + Metabolism") measures your “blood sugar” levels and [screen for diabetes](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism/diabetes "Diabetes"). ### Heart attack prevention + treatments at Tufts Medicine At Tufts Medicine, we are focused on [preventing heart attacks](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care/preventive-cardiology "Preventive Cardiology") by keeping your heart healthy. We offer education on lifestyle changes, [regular screenings](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care/cardiovascular-imaging-noninvasive-testing "Cardiovascular Imaging + Noninvasive Testing ") and risk factor management for hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes. We also provide state-of-the-art treatments, minimally invasive procedures, innovative surgical techniques and customized treatment plans. [Start your journey to a healthier heart](https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care "Cardiovascular Care")
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