🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 21 (from laksa009)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa021.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/09/pfizer-ceo-vaccine-young-children-2-4/620236/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/09/pfizer-ceo-vaccine-young-children-2-4/620236/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2021\/09\/pfizer-ceo-vaccine-young-children-2-4\/620236\/","crawl_time":1776302663,"first_indexed_time":1632875462,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,theatlantic!www,\/science\/archive\/2021\/09\/pfizer-ceo-vaccine-young-children-2-4\/620236\/ s443","src_root_hash":"13119341252700813021","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Pfizer CEO: When to Expect Vaccines for Children 2-4 - The Atlantic","meta_descriptions":["Pfizer’s CEO set a timeline for when Americans can expect the earliest news about shots for young children."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Pfizer’s CEO set a timeline for when Americans can expect the earliest news about shots for young children.\nDrew Angerer \/ Getty ; The Atlantic\nSeptember 28, 2021\nEditor’s Note:\nThis article is part of our coverage of The Atlantic Festival. Learn more and watch festival sessions\nhere\n.\nThe vaccine timeline for young kids is looking a little more solid. This morning, Pfizer\nsubmitted data to the FDA\nshowing that its COVID-19 vaccine is effective and safe for children ages 5 to 11. And this afternoon, the company’s CEO, Albert Bourla, said that trial results for even younger kids, aged 2 to 4, will be available in a couple months’ time. “Before the end of the year,” he confirmed in an interview with Craig Melvin, the\nToday\nnews anchor and MSNBC anchor, at The Atlantic Festival. Submission to the FDA will follow soon thereafter, Bourla said.\nThe wait for COVID-19 vaccines comes during an ongoing\nsurge of cases among children\n. Vaccines are taking this\nlong to reach kids\nbecause the trials follow the classic strategy of age de-escalation. Manufacturers first tested their shots in adults, then teens, and most recently kids as young as 2. Pfizer is also running a pediatric trial for the youngest children, aged six months up to 2 years old. Bourla did not specify a timeline for this cohort, but expect results sometime after those from the 2-to-4-year-old group.\nOnce the results for each age cohort are collected, Pfizer will submit them to the FDA to review for safety and efficacy. The agency doesn’t work on a set timeline, but for context, emergency use of Pfizer’s vaccine took 21 days from filing to authorization for adults and 31 days for teens age 12 to 15. If that precedence holds, then kids 5 to 11 will likely be able to get shots\naround Halloween\nand those 2 to 4 will be eligible by early next year. (Don’t be surprised if those\ntimelines stretch\n, however.)\nAll eyes are on Pfizer’s vaccine because its pediatric trials are furthest along. Moderna and Johnson & Johnson, the two other companies whose COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized in the United States, haven’t yet released any data from their trials running in children under 12. (Like Pfizer’s trial, these also go down to children as young as six months.) The first shot available to kids will almost certainly come from Pfizer.\nThe adult and pediatric trials of COVID-19 vaccines do differ in a couple of key ways. First of all, Pfizer is testing a smaller dose in kids. For adults and teens, each shot of Pfizer’s two-dose regimen contained a 30-microgram dose. For kids 11 and under, the dose was reduced to only\n10 micrograms a shot\n, and then reduced even further to\n3 micrograms\nfor kids six months up to 2 years of age. Based on Pfizer’s announcements, the data the company has collected so far suggest that the smaller dose is indeed safe and coaxes a strong immune response out of the 5-to-11-year-old cohort; their antibody responses are similar to that of adults who got the higher dose.\nSpeaking of that immune response, scientists are evaluating the vaccine’s efficacy in kids somewhat indirectly—this is another way these adult and kid trials differ. The COVID-19 vaccine is already known to be effective in adults, so researchers are looking at antibody responses rather than counting the number of vaccinated versus unvaccinated people who get COVID-19, as they did in the original adult trial. Studying efficacy by waiting for enough kids in a trial to get COVID-19 would require a much larger trial—and much more time to complete it. These trials that focus on antibody response are called\n“immunobridging” studies\nand are standard in studying vaccines.\nEven when young kids are able to be vaccinated, however—and\npolls right now\nsuggest that many parents are still hesitant—the coronavirus is\nunlikely to go away\n. This is why pharmaceutical companies including Merck, Roche, and Pfizer are also racing to develop antivirals to treat patients with COVID-19. This week,\nPfizer announced\nthat it is studying an oral pill that could block the replication of the coronavirus. Trials are “ongoing right now” to see whether the pill can mitigate or prevent COVID-19, Bourla told Melvin, and the first results are expected before the end of the year. The world is heading into a third year with the coronavirus, but this time with many more pharmaceutical defenses in the arsenal.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2021\/09\/pfizer-ceo-vaccine-young-children-2-4\/620236\/#main-content)\n\n## Site Navigation\n- [Popular](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/most-popular\/)[Latest](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/latest\/)[Newsletters](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/newsletters\/)\n  \n  ## Sections\n  - [Ideas](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/)\n  - [Politics](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/)\n  - [Economy](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/economy\/)\n  - [Global](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/)\n  - [National Security](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/national-security\/)\n  - [Washington Week](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/category\/washington-week-atlantic\/)\n  - [Features](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/category\/features\/)\n  - [Technology](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/)\n  - [AI Watchdog](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/category\/ai-watchdog\/)\n  - [Science](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/)\n  - [Planet](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/projects\/planet\/)\n  - [Health](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/)\n  - [Philosophy](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/category\/philosophy\/)\n  - [Education](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/education\/)\n  - [Culture](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/culture\/)\n  - [Comedy](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/category\/comedy\/)\n  - [Family](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/family\/)\n  - [Books](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/books\/)\n  - [Fiction](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/category\/fiction\/)\n  - [Photography](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/photo\/)\n  - [Events](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/atlantic-across-america\/)\n  \n  - [![](https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/_next\/static\/images\/nav-archive-promo-5541b02ae92f1a9276249e1c6c2534ee.png)Explore The Atlantic Archive](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/archive\/)\n  - [![games promo icon](https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/media\/games\/games_promo_color.png)Play The Atlantic Games](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/games\/)\n  - [Listen to Podcasts and Articles](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/audio\/)\n  \n  ## The Print Edition\n  [![View the current print edition](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/images\/current-issue.420.jpg)](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/)\n  \n  [Latest Issue](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/)[Past Issues](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/backissues\/)\n  ***\n  [Give a Gift](https:\/\/accounts.theatlantic.com\/products\/gift)\n- [Popular](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/most-popular\/)\n- [Latest](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/latest\/)\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/newsletters\/)\n\n- [Sign In](https:\/\/accounts.theatlantic.com\/login\/)\n- [Subscribe](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/subscribe\/navbar\/)\n\n[Science](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/)\n\n# Vaccine Data for Kids Under 5 Are Coming ‘Before the End of the Year’\nPfizer’s CEO set a timeline for when Americans can expect the earliest news about shots for young children.\n\nBy [Sarah Zhang](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/author\/sarah-zhang\/)\n\n![Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla](https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/v_gUc9cco6txDeRp5e5xD_X5IV0=\/0x0:4800x2700\/960x540\/media\/img\/mt\/2021\/09\/TAF_Bourla_01\/original.jpg)\n\nDrew Angerer \/ Getty ; The Atlantic\n\nSeptember 28, 2021\n\nShare\n\nSave\n\nEditor’s Note: This article is part of our coverage of The Atlantic Festival. Learn more and watch festival sessions [here](http:\/\/www.theatlanticfestival.com\/).\n\nThe vaccine timeline for young kids is looking a little more solid. This morning, Pfizer [submitted data to the FDA](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/coronavirus-live-updates\/2021\/09\/28\/1041100773\/pfizer-fda-kids-covid-coronavirus-vaccine-authorization-results) showing that its COVID-19 vaccine is effective and safe for children ages 5 to 11. And this afternoon, the company’s CEO, Albert Bourla, said that trial results for even younger kids, aged 2 to 4, will be available in a couple months’ time. “Before the end of the year,” he confirmed in an interview with Craig Melvin, the *Today* news anchor and MSNBC anchor, at The Atlantic Festival. Submission to the FDA will follow soon thereafter, Bourla said.\n\nThe wait for COVID-19 vaccines comes during an ongoing [surge of cases among children](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/news-perspective\/2021\/09\/pediatric-covid-19-case-surge-continues-across-us). Vaccines are taking this [long to reach kids](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2021\/08\/covid-vaccination-timeline-children\/619729\/) because the trials follow the classic strategy of age de-escalation. Manufacturers first tested their shots in adults, then teens, and most recently kids as young as 2. Pfizer is also running a pediatric trial for the youngest children, aged six months up to 2 years old. Bourla did not specify a timeline for this cohort, but expect results sometime after those from the 2-to-4-year-old group.\n\nOnce the results for each age cohort are collected, Pfizer will submit them to the FDA to review for safety and efficacy. The agency doesn’t work on a set timeline, but for context, emergency use of Pfizer’s vaccine took 21 days from filing to authorization for adults and 31 days for teens age 12 to 15. If that precedence holds, then kids 5 to 11 will likely be able to get shots [around Halloween](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-09-20\/fauci-says-children-could-get-shots-by-halloween-virus-update) and those 2 to 4 will be eligible by early next year. (Don’t be surprised if those [timelines stretch](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-for-kids-may-not-be-fda-authorized-before-november-11632856430), however.)\n\nAll eyes are on Pfizer’s vaccine because its pediatric trials are furthest along. Moderna and Johnson & Johnson, the two other companies whose COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized in the United States, haven’t yet released any data from their trials running in children under 12. (Like Pfizer’s trial, these also go down to children as young as six months.) The first shot available to kids will almost certainly come from Pfizer.\n\nThe adult and pediatric trials of COVID-19 vaccines do differ in a couple of key ways. First of all, Pfizer is testing a smaller dose in kids. For adults and teens, each shot of Pfizer’s two-dose regimen contained a 30-microgram dose. For kids 11 and under, the dose was reduced to only [10 micrograms a shot](https:\/\/www.pfizer.com\/news\/press-release\/press-release-detail\/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-positive-topline-results), and then reduced even further to [3 micrograms](https:\/\/www.pfizer.com\/news\/press-release\/press-release-detail\/pfizer-and-biontech-submit-initial-data-us-fda-pivotal) for kids six months up to 2 years of age. Based on Pfizer’s announcements, the data the company has collected so far suggest that the smaller dose is indeed safe and coaxes a strong immune response out of the 5-to-11-year-old cohort; their antibody responses are similar to that of adults who got the higher dose.\n\nSpeaking of that immune response, scientists are evaluating the vaccine’s efficacy in kids somewhat indirectly—this is another way these adult and kid trials differ. The COVID-19 vaccine is already known to be effective in adults, so researchers are looking at antibody responses rather than counting the number of vaccinated versus unvaccinated people who get COVID-19, as they did in the original adult trial. Studying efficacy by waiting for enough kids in a trial to get COVID-19 would require a much larger trial—and much more time to complete it. These trials that focus on antibody response are called [“immunobridging” studies](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/global-quest-underway-speed-covid-19-vaccine-trials-2021-07-20\/) and are standard in studying vaccines.\n\nEven when young kids are able to be vaccinated, however—and [polls right now](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2021\/09\/how-many-vaccinated-parents-will-vaccinate-their-kids\/620191\/) suggest that many parents are still hesitant—the coronavirus is [unlikely to go away](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2021\/08\/how-we-live-coronavirus-forever\/619783\/). This is why pharmaceutical companies including Merck, Roche, and Pfizer are also racing to develop antivirals to treat patients with COVID-19. This week, [Pfizer announced](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/pfizer-begins-study-covid-19-antiviral-drug-2021-09-27\/) that it is studying an oral pill that could block the replication of the coronavirus. Trials are “ongoing right now” to see whether the pill can mitigate or prevent COVID-19, Bourla told Melvin, and the first results are expected before the end of the year. The world is heading into a third year with the coronavirus, but this time with many more pharmaceutical defenses in the arsenal.\n\n### About the Author\n[![](https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/WEhXN4sTyIcsmQLhbQC3MPotwqQ=\/1064x0:3850x2786\/120x120\/media\/None\/IMG_9300_copy\/original.jpg)](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/author\/sarah-zhang\/)\n\n[Sarah Zhang](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/author\/sarah-zhang\/)\n\nFollow\n\n[Sarah Zhang](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/author\/sarah-zhang\/) is a staff writer at *The Atlantic.*\n\nExplore More Topics\n\n[COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/tag\/general\/covid-19-vaccine\/), [vaccine](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/tag\/general\/vaccine\/), [Pfizer](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/tag\/organization\/pfizer\/)\n\n## Popular Links\n- ### About\n  - [Our History](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/history\/)\n  - [Careers](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/jobs\/)\n- ### Contact\n  - [Help Center](https:\/\/support.theatlantic.com\/)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/contact\/)\n  - [Atlantic Brand Partners](https:\/\/atlanticbrandpartners.com\/)\n  - [Press](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/press-releases\/)\n  - [Reprints & Permissions](https:\/\/support.theatlantic.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/360011460753-Permissions-to-reprint-or-reproduce-content-from-The-Atlantic)\n- ### Podcasts\n  - [Radio Atlantic](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/radio-atlantic\/)\n  - [The David Frum Show](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/the-david-frum-show\/)\n  - [Galaxy Brain](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/galaxy-brain\/)\n  - [Autocracy in America](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/autocracy-in-america\/)\n  - [How to Age Up](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/how-to-build-a-happy-life\/)\n- ### Subscription\n  - [Purchase](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/subscribe\/footer-cover\/)\n  - [Give a Gift](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/subscribe\/footer-gift\/)\n  - [Manage Subscription](https:\/\/accounts.theatlantic.com\/)\n  - [Group Subscriptions](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/group-subscriptions\/)\n  - [Atlantic Editions](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/atlantic-editions\/)\n  - [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/newsletters\/)\n- ### Follow\n\n### About\n- [Our History](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/history\/)\n- [Careers](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/jobs\/)\n\n### Contact\n- [Help Center](https:\/\/support.theatlantic.com\/)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/contact\/)\n- [Atlantic Brand Partners](https:\/\/atlanticbrandpartners.com\/)\n- [Press](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/press-releases\/)\n- [Reprints & Permissions](https:\/\/support.theatlantic.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/360011460753-Permissions-to-reprint-or-reproduce-content-from-The-Atlantic)\n\n### Podcasts\n- [Radio Atlantic](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/radio-atlantic\/)\n- [The David Frum Show](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/the-david-frum-show\/)\n- [Galaxy Brain](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/galaxy-brain\/)\n- [Autocracy in America](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/autocracy-in-america\/)\n- [How to Age Up](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/how-to-build-a-happy-life\/)\n\n### Subscription\n- [Purchase](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/subscribe\/footer-cover\/)\n- [Give a Gift](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/subscribe\/footer-gift\/)\n- [Manage Subscription](https:\/\/accounts.theatlantic.com\/)\n- [Group Subscriptions](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/group-subscriptions\/)\n- [Atlantic Editions](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/atlantic-editions\/)\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/newsletters\/)\n### Follow\n\n## Site Information\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/privacy-policy\/)\n- [Your Privacy Choices](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/do-not-sell-my-personal-information\/)\n- [Advertising Guidelines](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/advertising-guidelines\/)\n- [Terms & Conditions](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/terms-and-conditions\/)\n- [Terms of Sale](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/terms-of-sale\/)\n- [Responsible Disclosure](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/responsible-disclosure-policy\/)\n- [Site Map](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/site-map\/)\n\nTheAtlantic.com © 2026 The Atlantic Monthly Group. All Rights Reserved.\n\nThis site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy) and [Terms of Service](https:\/\/policies.google.com\/terms) apply","attrs_readable_markdown":"Pfizer’s CEO set a timeline for when Americans can expect the earliest news about shots for young children.\n\n![Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla](https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/v_gUc9cco6txDeRp5e5xD_X5IV0=\/0x0:4800x2700\/960x540\/media\/img\/mt\/2021\/09\/TAF_Bourla_01\/original.jpg)\n\nDrew Angerer \/ Getty ; The Atlantic\n\nSeptember 28, 2021\n\nEditor’s Note: This article is part of our coverage of The Atlantic Festival. Learn more and watch festival sessions [here](http:\/\/www.theatlanticfestival.com\/).\n\nThe vaccine timeline for young kids is looking a little more solid. This morning, Pfizer [submitted data to the FDA](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/coronavirus-live-updates\/2021\/09\/28\/1041100773\/pfizer-fda-kids-covid-coronavirus-vaccine-authorization-results) showing that its COVID-19 vaccine is effective and safe for children ages 5 to 11. And this afternoon, the company’s CEO, Albert Bourla, said that trial results for even younger kids, aged 2 to 4, will be available in a couple months’ time. “Before the end of the year,” he confirmed in an interview with Craig Melvin, the *Today* news anchor and MSNBC anchor, at The Atlantic Festival. Submission to the FDA will follow soon thereafter, Bourla said.\n\nThe wait for COVID-19 vaccines comes during an ongoing [surge of cases among children](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/news-perspective\/2021\/09\/pediatric-covid-19-case-surge-continues-across-us). Vaccines are taking this [long to reach kids](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2021\/08\/covid-vaccination-timeline-children\/619729\/) because the trials follow the classic strategy of age de-escalation. Manufacturers first tested their shots in adults, then teens, and most recently kids as young as 2. Pfizer is also running a pediatric trial for the youngest children, aged six months up to 2 years old. Bourla did not specify a timeline for this cohort, but expect results sometime after those from the 2-to-4-year-old group.\n\nOnce the results for each age cohort are collected, Pfizer will submit them to the FDA to review for safety and efficacy. The agency doesn’t work on a set timeline, but for context, emergency use of Pfizer’s vaccine took 21 days from filing to authorization for adults and 31 days for teens age 12 to 15. If that precedence holds, then kids 5 to 11 will likely be able to get shots [around Halloween](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-09-20\/fauci-says-children-could-get-shots-by-halloween-virus-update) and those 2 to 4 will be eligible by early next year. (Don’t be surprised if those [timelines stretch](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-for-kids-may-not-be-fda-authorized-before-november-11632856430), however.)\n\nAll eyes are on Pfizer’s vaccine because its pediatric trials are furthest along. Moderna and Johnson & Johnson, the two other companies whose COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized in the United States, haven’t yet released any data from their trials running in children under 12. (Like Pfizer’s trial, these also go down to children as young as six months.) The first shot available to kids will almost certainly come from Pfizer.\n\nThe adult and pediatric trials of COVID-19 vaccines do differ in a couple of key ways. First of all, Pfizer is testing a smaller dose in kids. For adults and teens, each shot of Pfizer’s two-dose regimen contained a 30-microgram dose. For kids 11 and under, the dose was reduced to only [10 micrograms a shot](https:\/\/www.pfizer.com\/news\/press-release\/press-release-detail\/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-positive-topline-results), and then reduced even further to [3 micrograms](https:\/\/www.pfizer.com\/news\/press-release\/press-release-detail\/pfizer-and-biontech-submit-initial-data-us-fda-pivotal) for kids six months up to 2 years of age. Based on Pfizer’s announcements, the data the company has collected so far suggest that the smaller dose is indeed safe and coaxes a strong immune response out of the 5-to-11-year-old cohort; their antibody responses are similar to that of adults who got the higher dose.\n\nSpeaking of that immune response, scientists are evaluating the vaccine’s efficacy in kids somewhat indirectly—this is another way these adult and kid trials differ. The COVID-19 vaccine is already known to be effective in adults, so researchers are looking at antibody responses rather than counting the number of vaccinated versus unvaccinated people who get COVID-19, as they did in the original adult trial. Studying efficacy by waiting for enough kids in a trial to get COVID-19 would require a much larger trial—and much more time to complete it. These trials that focus on antibody response are called [“immunobridging” studies](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/global-quest-underway-speed-covid-19-vaccine-trials-2021-07-20\/) and are standard in studying vaccines.\n\nEven when young kids are able to be vaccinated, however—and [polls right now](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2021\/09\/how-many-vaccinated-parents-will-vaccinate-their-kids\/620191\/) suggest that many parents are still hesitant—the coronavirus is [unlikely to go away](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2021\/08\/how-we-live-coronavirus-forever\/619783\/). This is why pharmaceutical companies including Merck, Roche, and Pfizer are also racing to develop antivirals to treat patients with COVID-19. This week, [Pfizer announced](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/pfizer-begins-study-covid-19-antiviral-drug-2021-09-27\/) that it is studying an oral pill that could block the replication of the coronavirus. Trials are “ongoing right now” to see whether the pill can mitigate or prevent COVID-19, Bourla told Melvin, and the first results are expected before the end of the year. The world is heading into a third year with the coronavirus, but this time with many more pharmaceutical defenses in the arsenal.","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

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4. Spam/Ban Check

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5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

3 hours ago

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ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
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Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
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Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

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Last Crawled	2026-04-16 01:24:23 (3 hours ago)
First Indexed	2021-09-29 00:31:02 (4 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Pfizer CEO: When to Expect Vaccines for Children 2-4 - The Atlantic
Meta Description	Pfizer’s CEO set a timeline for when Americans can expect the earliest news about shots for young children.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Pfizer’s CEO set a timeline for when Americans can expect the earliest news about shots for young children. Drew Angerer / Getty ; The Atlantic September 28, 2021 Editor’s Note: This article is part of our coverage of The Atlantic Festival. Learn more and watch festival sessions here . The vaccine timeline for young kids is looking a little more solid. This morning, Pfizer submitted data to the FDA showing that its COVID-19 vaccine is effective and safe for children ages 5 to 11. And this afternoon, the company’s CEO, Albert Bourla, said that trial results for even younger kids, aged 2 to 4, will be available in a couple months’ time. “Before the end of the year,” he confirmed in an interview with Craig Melvin, the Today news anchor and MSNBC anchor, at The Atlantic Festival. Submission to the FDA will follow soon thereafter, Bourla said. The wait for COVID-19 vaccines comes during an ongoing surge of cases among children . Vaccines are taking this long to reach kids because the trials follow the classic strategy of age de-escalation. Manufacturers first tested their shots in adults, then teens, and most recently kids as young as 2. Pfizer is also running a pediatric trial for the youngest children, aged six months up to 2 years old. Bourla did not specify a timeline for this cohort, but expect results sometime after those from the 2-to-4-year-old group. Once the results for each age cohort are collected, Pfizer will submit them to the FDA to review for safety and efficacy. The agency doesn’t work on a set timeline, but for context, emergency use of Pfizer’s vaccine took 21 days from filing to authorization for adults and 31 days for teens age 12 to 15. If that precedence holds, then kids 5 to 11 will likely be able to get shots around Halloween and those 2 to 4 will be eligible by early next year. (Don’t be surprised if those timelines stretch , however.) All eyes are on Pfizer’s vaccine because its pediatric trials are furthest along. Moderna and Johnson & Johnson, the two other companies whose COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized in the United States, haven’t yet released any data from their trials running in children under 12. (Like Pfizer’s trial, these also go down to children as young as six months.) The first shot available to kids will almost certainly come from Pfizer. The adult and pediatric trials of COVID-19 vaccines do differ in a couple of key ways. First of all, Pfizer is testing a smaller dose in kids. For adults and teens, each shot of Pfizer’s two-dose regimen contained a 30-microgram dose. For kids 11 and under, the dose was reduced to only 10 micrograms a shot , and then reduced even further to 3 micrograms for kids six months up to 2 years of age. Based on Pfizer’s announcements, the data the company has collected so far suggest that the smaller dose is indeed safe and coaxes a strong immune response out of the 5-to-11-year-old cohort; their antibody responses are similar to that of adults who got the higher dose. Speaking of that immune response, scientists are evaluating the vaccine’s efficacy in kids somewhat indirectly—this is another way these adult and kid trials differ. The COVID-19 vaccine is already known to be effective in adults, so researchers are looking at antibody responses rather than counting the number of vaccinated versus unvaccinated people who get COVID-19, as they did in the original adult trial. Studying efficacy by waiting for enough kids in a trial to get COVID-19 would require a much larger trial—and much more time to complete it. These trials that focus on antibody response are called “immunobridging” studies and are standard in studying vaccines. Even when young kids are able to be vaccinated, however—and polls right now suggest that many parents are still hesitant—the coronavirus is unlikely to go away . This is why pharmaceutical companies including Merck, Roche, and Pfizer are also racing to develop antivirals to treat patients with COVID-19. This week, Pfizer announced that it is studying an oral pill that could block the replication of the coronavirus. Trials are “ongoing right now” to see whether the pill can mitigate or prevent COVID-19, Bourla told Melvin, and the first results are expected before the end of the year. The world is heading into a third year with the coronavirus, but this time with many more pharmaceutical defenses in the arsenal.
Markdown	[Skip to content](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/09/pfizer-ceo-vaccine-young-children-2-4/620236/#main-content) ## Site Navigation - [Popular](https://www.theatlantic.com/most-popular/)[Latest](https://www.theatlantic.com/latest/)[Newsletters](https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/) ## Sections - [Ideas](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/) - [Politics](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/) - [Economy](https://www.theatlantic.com/economy/) - [Global](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/) - [National Security](https://www.theatlantic.com/national-security/) - [Washington Week](https://www.theatlantic.com/category/washington-week-atlantic/) - [Features](https://www.theatlantic.com/category/features/) - [Technology](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/) - [AI Watchdog](https://www.theatlantic.com/category/ai-watchdog/) - [Science](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/) - [Planet](https://www.theatlantic.com/projects/planet/) - [Health](https://www.theatlantic.com/health/) - [Philosophy](https://www.theatlantic.com/category/philosophy/) - [Education](https://www.theatlantic.com/education/) - [Culture](https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/) - [Comedy](https://www.theatlantic.com/category/comedy/) - [Family](https://www.theatlantic.com/family/) - [Books](https://www.theatlantic.com/books/) - [Fiction](https://www.theatlantic.com/category/fiction/) - [Photography](https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/) - [Events](https://www.theatlantic.com/atlantic-across-america/) - [![](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/_next/static/images/nav-archive-promo-5541b02ae92f1a9276249e1c6c2534ee.png)Explore The Atlantic Archive](https://www.theatlantic.com/archive/) - [![games promo icon](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/games/games_promo_color.png)Play The Atlantic Games](https://www.theatlantic.com/games/) - [Listen to Podcasts and Articles](https://www.theatlantic.com/audio/) ## The Print Edition [![View the current print edition](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/images/current-issue.420.jpg)](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/) [Latest Issue](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/)[Past Issues](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/backissues/) *** [Give a Gift](https://accounts.theatlantic.com/products/gift) - [Popular](https://www.theatlantic.com/most-popular/) - [Latest](https://www.theatlantic.com/latest/) - [Newsletters](https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/) - [Sign In](https://accounts.theatlantic.com/login/) - [Subscribe](https://www.theatlantic.com/subscribe/navbar/) [Science](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/) # Vaccine Data for Kids Under 5 Are Coming ‘Before the End of the Year’ Pfizer’s CEO set a timeline for when Americans can expect the earliest news about shots for young children. By [Sarah Zhang](https://www.theatlantic.com/author/sarah-zhang/) ![Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/v_gUc9cco6txDeRp5e5xD_X5IV0=/0x0:4800x2700/960x540/media/img/mt/2021/09/TAF_Bourla_01/original.jpg) Drew Angerer / Getty ; The Atlantic September 28, 2021 Share Save Editor’s Note: This article is part of our coverage of The Atlantic Festival. Learn more and watch festival sessions [here](http://www.theatlanticfestival.com/). The vaccine timeline for young kids is looking a little more solid. This morning, Pfizer [submitted data to the FDA](https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/09/28/1041100773/pfizer-fda-kids-covid-coronavirus-vaccine-authorization-results) showing that its COVID-19 vaccine is effective and safe for children ages 5 to 11. And this afternoon, the company’s CEO, Albert Bourla, said that trial results for even younger kids, aged 2 to 4, will be available in a couple months’ time. “Before the end of the year,” he confirmed in an interview with Craig Melvin, the Today news anchor and MSNBC anchor, at The Atlantic Festival. Submission to the FDA will follow soon thereafter, Bourla said. The wait for COVID-19 vaccines comes during an ongoing [surge of cases among children](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/09/pediatric-covid-19-case-surge-continues-across-us). Vaccines are taking this [long to reach kids](https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/08/covid-vaccination-timeline-children/619729/) because the trials follow the classic strategy of age de-escalation. Manufacturers first tested their shots in adults, then teens, and most recently kids as young as 2. Pfizer is also running a pediatric trial for the youngest children, aged six months up to 2 years old. Bourla did not specify a timeline for this cohort, but expect results sometime after those from the 2-to-4-year-old group. Once the results for each age cohort are collected, Pfizer will submit them to the FDA to review for safety and efficacy. The agency doesn’t work on a set timeline, but for context, emergency use of Pfizer’s vaccine took 21 days from filing to authorization for adults and 31 days for teens age 12 to 15. If that precedence holds, then kids 5 to 11 will likely be able to get shots [around Halloween](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-20/fauci-says-children-could-get-shots-by-halloween-virus-update) and those 2 to 4 will be eligible by early next year. (Don’t be surprised if those [timelines stretch](https://www.wsj.com/articles/pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-for-kids-may-not-be-fda-authorized-before-november-11632856430), however.) All eyes are on Pfizer’s vaccine because its pediatric trials are furthest along. Moderna and Johnson & Johnson, the two other companies whose COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized in the United States, haven’t yet released any data from their trials running in children under 12. (Like Pfizer’s trial, these also go down to children as young as six months.) The first shot available to kids will almost certainly come from Pfizer. The adult and pediatric trials of COVID-19 vaccines do differ in a couple of key ways. First of all, Pfizer is testing a smaller dose in kids. For adults and teens, each shot of Pfizer’s two-dose regimen contained a 30-microgram dose. For kids 11 and under, the dose was reduced to only [10 micrograms a shot](https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-positive-topline-results), and then reduced even further to [3 micrograms](https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-submit-initial-data-us-fda-pivotal) for kids six months up to 2 years of age. Based on Pfizer’s announcements, the data the company has collected so far suggest that the smaller dose is indeed safe and coaxes a strong immune response out of the 5-to-11-year-old cohort; their antibody responses are similar to that of adults who got the higher dose. Speaking of that immune response, scientists are evaluating the vaccine’s efficacy in kids somewhat indirectly—this is another way these adult and kid trials differ. The COVID-19 vaccine is already known to be effective in adults, so researchers are looking at antibody responses rather than counting the number of vaccinated versus unvaccinated people who get COVID-19, as they did in the original adult trial. Studying efficacy by waiting for enough kids in a trial to get COVID-19 would require a much larger trial—and much more time to complete it. These trials that focus on antibody response are called [“immunobridging” studies](https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/global-quest-underway-speed-covid-19-vaccine-trials-2021-07-20/) and are standard in studying vaccines. Even when young kids are able to be vaccinated, however—and [polls right now](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/09/how-many-vaccinated-parents-will-vaccinate-their-kids/620191/) suggest that many parents are still hesitant—the coronavirus is [unlikely to go away](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/08/how-we-live-coronavirus-forever/619783/). This is why pharmaceutical companies including Merck, Roche, and Pfizer are also racing to develop antivirals to treat patients with COVID-19. This week, [Pfizer announced](https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/pfizer-begins-study-covid-19-antiviral-drug-2021-09-27/) that it is studying an oral pill that could block the replication of the coronavirus. Trials are “ongoing right now” to see whether the pill can mitigate or prevent COVID-19, Bourla told Melvin, and the first results are expected before the end of the year. The world is heading into a third year with the coronavirus, but this time with many more pharmaceutical defenses in the arsenal. ### About the Author [![](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/WEhXN4sTyIcsmQLhbQC3MPotwqQ=/1064x0:3850x2786/120x120/media/None/IMG_9300_copy/original.jpg)](https://www.theatlantic.com/author/sarah-zhang/) [Sarah Zhang](https://www.theatlantic.com/author/sarah-zhang/) Follow [Sarah Zhang](https://www.theatlantic.com/author/sarah-zhang/) is a staff writer at The Atlantic. Explore More Topics [COVID-19 vaccine](https://www.theatlantic.com/tag/general/covid-19-vaccine/), [vaccine](https://www.theatlantic.com/tag/general/vaccine/), [Pfizer](https://www.theatlantic.com/tag/organization/pfizer/) ## Popular Links - ### About - [Our History](https://www.theatlantic.com/history/) - [Careers](https://www.theatlantic.com/jobs/) - ### Contact - [Help Center](https://support.theatlantic.com/) - [Contact Us](https://www.theatlantic.com/contact/) - [Atlantic Brand Partners](https://atlanticbrandpartners.com/) - [Press](https://www.theatlantic.com/press-releases/) - [Reprints & Permissions](https://support.theatlantic.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011460753-Permissions-to-reprint-or-reproduce-content-from-The-Atlantic) - ### Podcasts - [Radio Atlantic](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/radio-atlantic/) - [The David Frum Show](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/the-david-frum-show/) - [Galaxy Brain](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/galaxy-brain/) - [Autocracy in America](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/autocracy-in-america/) - [How to Age Up](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/how-to-build-a-happy-life/) - ### Subscription - [Purchase](https://www.theatlantic.com/subscribe/footer-cover/) - [Give a Gift](https://www.theatlantic.com/subscribe/footer-gift/) - [Manage Subscription](https://accounts.theatlantic.com/) - [Group Subscriptions](https://www.theatlantic.com/group-subscriptions/) - [Atlantic Editions](https://www.theatlantic.com/atlantic-editions/) - [Newsletters](https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/) - ### Follow ### About - [Our History](https://www.theatlantic.com/history/) - [Careers](https://www.theatlantic.com/jobs/) ### Contact - [Help Center](https://support.theatlantic.com/) - [Contact Us](https://www.theatlantic.com/contact/) - [Atlantic Brand Partners](https://atlanticbrandpartners.com/) - [Press](https://www.theatlantic.com/press-releases/) - [Reprints & Permissions](https://support.theatlantic.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011460753-Permissions-to-reprint-or-reproduce-content-from-The-Atlantic) ### Podcasts - [Radio Atlantic](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/radio-atlantic/) - [The David Frum Show](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/the-david-frum-show/) - [Galaxy Brain](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/galaxy-brain/) - [Autocracy in America](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/autocracy-in-america/) - [How to Age Up](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/how-to-build-a-happy-life/) ### Subscription - [Purchase](https://www.theatlantic.com/subscribe/footer-cover/) - [Give a Gift](https://www.theatlantic.com/subscribe/footer-gift/) - [Manage Subscription](https://accounts.theatlantic.com/) - [Group Subscriptions](https://www.theatlantic.com/group-subscriptions/) - [Atlantic Editions](https://www.theatlantic.com/atlantic-editions/) - [Newsletters](https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/) ### Follow ## Site Information - [Privacy Policy](https://www.theatlantic.com/privacy-policy/) - [Your Privacy Choices](https://www.theatlantic.com/do-not-sell-my-personal-information/) - [Advertising Guidelines](https://www.theatlantic.com/advertising-guidelines/) - [Terms & Conditions](https://www.theatlantic.com/terms-and-conditions/) - [Terms of Sale](https://www.theatlantic.com/terms-of-sale/) - [Responsible Disclosure](https://www.theatlantic.com/responsible-disclosure-policy/) - [Site Map](https://www.theatlantic.com/site-map/) TheAtlantic.com © 2026 The Atlantic Monthly Group. 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Readable Markdown	Pfizer’s CEO set a timeline for when Americans can expect the earliest news about shots for young children. ![Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/v_gUc9cco6txDeRp5e5xD_X5IV0=/0x0:4800x2700/960x540/media/img/mt/2021/09/TAF_Bourla_01/original.jpg) Drew Angerer / Getty ; The Atlantic September 28, 2021 Editor’s Note: This article is part of our coverage of The Atlantic Festival. Learn more and watch festival sessions [here](http://www.theatlanticfestival.com/). The vaccine timeline for young kids is looking a little more solid. This morning, Pfizer [submitted data to the FDA](https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/09/28/1041100773/pfizer-fda-kids-covid-coronavirus-vaccine-authorization-results) showing that its COVID-19 vaccine is effective and safe for children ages 5 to 11. And this afternoon, the company’s CEO, Albert Bourla, said that trial results for even younger kids, aged 2 to 4, will be available in a couple months’ time. “Before the end of the year,” he confirmed in an interview with Craig Melvin, the Today news anchor and MSNBC anchor, at The Atlantic Festival. Submission to the FDA will follow soon thereafter, Bourla said. The wait for COVID-19 vaccines comes during an ongoing [surge of cases among children](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/09/pediatric-covid-19-case-surge-continues-across-us). Vaccines are taking this [long to reach kids](https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/08/covid-vaccination-timeline-children/619729/) because the trials follow the classic strategy of age de-escalation. Manufacturers first tested their shots in adults, then teens, and most recently kids as young as 2. Pfizer is also running a pediatric trial for the youngest children, aged six months up to 2 years old. Bourla did not specify a timeline for this cohort, but expect results sometime after those from the 2-to-4-year-old group. Once the results for each age cohort are collected, Pfizer will submit them to the FDA to review for safety and efficacy. The agency doesn’t work on a set timeline, but for context, emergency use of Pfizer’s vaccine took 21 days from filing to authorization for adults and 31 days for teens age 12 to 15. If that precedence holds, then kids 5 to 11 will likely be able to get shots [around Halloween](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-20/fauci-says-children-could-get-shots-by-halloween-virus-update) and those 2 to 4 will be eligible by early next year. (Don’t be surprised if those [timelines stretch](https://www.wsj.com/articles/pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-for-kids-may-not-be-fda-authorized-before-november-11632856430), however.) All eyes are on Pfizer’s vaccine because its pediatric trials are furthest along. Moderna and Johnson & Johnson, the two other companies whose COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized in the United States, haven’t yet released any data from their trials running in children under 12. (Like Pfizer’s trial, these also go down to children as young as six months.) The first shot available to kids will almost certainly come from Pfizer. The adult and pediatric trials of COVID-19 vaccines do differ in a couple of key ways. First of all, Pfizer is testing a smaller dose in kids. For adults and teens, each shot of Pfizer’s two-dose regimen contained a 30-microgram dose. For kids 11 and under, the dose was reduced to only [10 micrograms a shot](https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-positive-topline-results), and then reduced even further to [3 micrograms](https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-submit-initial-data-us-fda-pivotal) for kids six months up to 2 years of age. Based on Pfizer’s announcements, the data the company has collected so far suggest that the smaller dose is indeed safe and coaxes a strong immune response out of the 5-to-11-year-old cohort; their antibody responses are similar to that of adults who got the higher dose. Speaking of that immune response, scientists are evaluating the vaccine’s efficacy in kids somewhat indirectly—this is another way these adult and kid trials differ. The COVID-19 vaccine is already known to be effective in adults, so researchers are looking at antibody responses rather than counting the number of vaccinated versus unvaccinated people who get COVID-19, as they did in the original adult trial. Studying efficacy by waiting for enough kids in a trial to get COVID-19 would require a much larger trial—and much more time to complete it. These trials that focus on antibody response are called [“immunobridging” studies](https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/global-quest-underway-speed-covid-19-vaccine-trials-2021-07-20/) and are standard in studying vaccines. Even when young kids are able to be vaccinated, however—and [polls right now](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/09/how-many-vaccinated-parents-will-vaccinate-their-kids/620191/) suggest that many parents are still hesitant—the coronavirus is [unlikely to go away](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/08/how-we-live-coronavirus-forever/619783/). This is why pharmaceutical companies including Merck, Roche, and Pfizer are also racing to develop antivirals to treat patients with COVID-19. This week, [Pfizer announced](https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/pfizer-begins-study-covid-19-antiviral-drug-2021-09-27/) that it is studying an oral pill that could block the replication of the coronavirus. Trials are “ongoing right now” to see whether the pill can mitigate or prevent COVID-19, Bourla told Melvin, and the first results are expected before the end of the year. The world is heading into a third year with the coronavirus, but this time with many more pharmaceutical defenses in the arsenal.
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