🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 193 (from laksa074)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa193.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.statista.com/topics/2971/eu-referendum/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.statista.com/topics/2971/eu-referendum/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/2971\/eu-referendum\/","crawl_time":1774693288,"first_indexed_time":1472649840,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,statista!www,\/topics\/2971\/eu-referendum\/ s443","src_root_hash":"114095133448638793","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"The Brexit referendum - Statistics & Facts | Statista","meta_descriptions":["Find the most up-to-date statistics about the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom"],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"At 11pm on January 31, 2020 the United Kingdom officially left the European Union, ending a partnership that stretched back almost fifty years. Between the Brexit\nvote\nin 2016 and the eventual departure date, the UK witnessed three different Prime Ministers and two general elections, highlighting the political turmoil of those three and a half years. For the rest of 2020, the UK entered into a transition period whereby little changed in terms of travel restrictions or access to the single market. Arguably the real starting date of Brexit is January 1, 2021, as this is when the new EU-UK free trade agreement came into force, and virtually reset trade and travel relations between the two parties.\nThe build-up to Brexit\nThe UK first joined the European Economic Community (the forerunner organization to the EU) in 1973, after spending years on the sidelines of European integration. Due to political divisions about membership however, a\nreferendum\nwas held two years later in 1975, which was ultimately won by those campaigning to stay in the European community. Opposition to membership continued nonetheless, and expressed itself most obviously in the creation of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). In the 2014\nEuropean Elections\n, UKIP won the highest share of the vote, and probably forced the hand of the Conservative Prime Minister, David Cameron, to promise a referendum on Britain's EU membership should he win re-election in 2015. After winning a decisive majority in the\n2015 General Election\nCameron set out to renegotiate more favorable terms of with the EU, and then to hold a referendum on membership in 2016.\nAfter securing what he believed to be significant concessions from the EU, Cameron campaigned to remain in the organization, although the issue split his government down the middle, and key allies such as Boris Johnson notably joined the leave side. In the weeks leading up to the referendum,\nopinion polls\nindicated that the vote would be close, whoever should emerge victorious. While the remain camp focused on the economic impact of Brexit, leave campaigners highlighted the cost of EU membership, claiming that 350 million pounds a week in recuperated costs could be spent on the NHS, with this claim famously written on the side of giant red bus. One week before the vote, UKIP-leader Nigel Farage faced widespread criticism when he unveiled an anti-immigration poster which featured a picture of refugees and the words ‘breaking point’ on it. On the same day, the Labour MP Jo Cox was assassinated on the streets of her constituency by a far-right extremist, putting a temporary halt to the campaigning just one week before the referendum.\nBrexit becomes a reality\nOn June 23, 2016, the\nreferendum\nwent ahead as planned and attracted a huge voter\nturnout\n. As the results came in overnight, it became clear that leave had won a shock victory gaining 51.9 percent of the votes. Throughout England and Wales the leave vote was victorious, with London being the only\nregion\nwhere there were more remain voters. In Scotland and Northern Ireland, the reverse was true, giving fresh impetus to the question of Scottish Independence. A majority of 18 to 24-year-old's had also\nvoted\nto remain in the European Union, with older voters more likely to have voted to leave. Following the victory of the leave campaign, Brexit was now a reality, but how it would be executed was yet to be decided.\nThis text provides general information. Statista assumes no\n                    liability for the information given being complete or correct.\n                    Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date\n                    data than referenced in the text.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/2971\/eu-referendum\/#main-content)\n\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/)\n  - [All IndustriesGo to All Industries](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/)\n  - [Technology & TelecommunicationsGo to Technology & Telecommunications](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/418\/technology-telecommunications\/)\n  - [E-CommerceGo to E-Commerce](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/413\/e-commerce\/)\n  - [InternetGo to Internet](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/424\/internet\/)\n  - [Economy & PoliticsGo to Economy & Politics](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/2535\/economy-politics\/)\n  - [Consumer Goods & FMCGGo to Consumer Goods & FMCG](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/415\/consumer-goods-fmcg\/)\n  - [Transportation & LogisticsGo to Transportation & Logistics](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/419\/transportation-logistics\/)\n  - [SocietyGo to Society](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/411\/society\/)\n  - [MediaGo to Media](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/417\/media\/)\n  - [Finance & InsuranceGo to Finance & Insurance](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/414\/finance-insurance\/)\n  - [Health, Pharma & MedtechGo to Health, Pharma & Medtech](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/412\/health-pharma-medtech\/)\n  \n  Most viewed Statistics\n  \n  [Recent Statistics](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/recent\/)[Popular Statistics](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/popular\/)\n  \n  - [Global AI market size 2020-2031](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/forecasts\/1474143\/global-ai-market-size\/)\n  - [Social media users worldwide 2017-2030](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/forecasts\/278414\/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users\/)\n  - [Global retail e-commerce sales 2014-2027](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/379046\/worldwide-retail-e-commerce-sales\/)\n  - [Digital population worldwide 2025](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/617136\/digital-population-worldwide\/)\n  - [Data generation volume worldwide 2010-2029](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/871513\/worldwide-data-created\/)\n  \n  Topics\n  \n  [More Topics](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/)\n  \n  - [Electric vehicles worldwide - statistics & facts](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/1010\/electric-mobility\/)\n  - [Video gaming worldwide - Statistics & Facts](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/1680\/gaming\/)\n  \n  Top Report\n  \n  [![Medical Devices: market data & analysis](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Study\/105000\/107264-standard.avif)View Report](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/107264\/medical-devices-market-data-and-analysis\/)\n  \n  [Industry Overview](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/markets\/)\n  \n  Most viewed statistics\n  \n  [Recent Statistics](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/recent\/)[Popular Statistics](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/popular\/)\n  \n  - 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Between the Brexit [vote](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570124\/eu-referendum-results-number-of-voters\/)  in 2016 and the eventual departure date, the UK witnessed three different Prime Ministers and two general elections, highlighting the political turmoil of those three and a half years. For the rest of 2020, the UK entered into a transition period whereby little changed in terms of travel restrictions or access to the single market. Arguably the real starting date of Brexit is January 1, 2021, as this is when the new EU-UK free trade agreement came into force, and virtually reset trade and travel relations between the two parties.\n\n## The build-up to Brexit\nThe UK first joined the European Economic Community (the forerunner organization to the EU) in 1973, after spending years on the sidelines of European integration. Due to political divisions about membership however, a [referendum](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1043098\/eec-referendum-result\/) was held two years later in 1975, which was ultimately won by those campaigning to stay in the European community. Opposition to membership continued nonetheless, and expressed itself most obviously in the creation of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). In the 2014 [European Elections](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1057984\/uk-euro-election-results\/), UKIP won the highest share of the vote, and probably forced the hand of the Conservative Prime Minister, David Cameron, to promise a referendum on Britain's EU membership should he win re-election in 2015. After winning a decisive majority in the [2015 General Election](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/283622\/united-kingdom-uk-general-election-results-by-party\/) Cameron set out to renegotiate more favorable terms of with the EU, and then to hold a referendum on membership in 2016.   \n  \n After securing what he believed to be significant concessions from the EU, Cameron campaigned to remain in the organization, although the issue split his government down the middle, and key allies such as Boris Johnson notably joined the leave side. In the weeks leading up to the referendum, [opinion polls](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/517049\/uk-eu-referendum-voting-intention\/) indicated that the vote would be close, whoever should emerge victorious. While the remain camp focused on the economic impact of Brexit, leave campaigners highlighted the cost of EU membership, claiming that 350 million pounds a week in recuperated costs could be spent on the NHS, with this claim famously written on the side of giant red bus. One week before the vote, UKIP-leader Nigel Farage faced widespread criticism when he unveiled an anti-immigration poster which featured a picture of refugees and the words ‘breaking point’ on it. On the same day, the Labour MP Jo Cox was assassinated on the streets of her constituency by a far-right extremist, putting a temporary halt to the campaigning just one week before the referendum.\n\n## Brexit becomes a reality\nOn June 23, 2016, the [referendum](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570118\/eu-referendum-results\/) went ahead as planned and attracted a huge voter [turnout](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1050929\/voter-turnout-in-the-uk\/). As the results came in overnight, it became clear that leave had won a shock victory gaining 51.9 percent of the votes. Throughout England and Wales the leave vote was victorious, with London being the only [region](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/642636\/brexit-votes-by-region\/) where there were more remain voters. In Scotland and Northern Ireland, the reverse was true, giving fresh impetus to the question of Scottish Independence. A majority of 18 to 24-year-old's had also [voted](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/520954\/brexit-votes-by-age\/) to remain in the European Union, with older voters more likely to have voted to leave. Following the victory of the leave campaign, Brexit was now a reality, but how it would be executed was yet to be decided.\n\nThis text provides general information. Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date data than referenced in the text.\n\nShow more - Description\n\n![Einar H. Dyvik](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/CMS\/contactperson\/ERI3018_1704466579.png)\n\nEinar H. Dyvik\n\nResearch expert covering Nordics and global data for society, economy, and politics\n\nPublished by [Einar H. Dyvik](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/aboutus\/our-research-commitment\/3018\/einar-h-dyvik),\n\nDec 17, 2025\n\nAdvertisement\n\nSubscribe\n\n## Key insights\nShare of people voting to leave the EU\n\n[51\\.9%](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570118\/eu-referendum-results\/)\n\nLog in or register to access full data.\n\nGet access now\n\n![Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/570000\/570118-blank-100.png)\n\nDetailed statistics\n\nShare of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016\n\nOverall number of votes cast\n\n[33,551,983](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570124\/eu-referendum-results-number-of-voters\/)\n\nLog in or register to access full data.\n\nGet access now\n\n![Number of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/570000\/570124-blank-100.png)\n\nDetailed statistics\n\nNumber of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016\n\nVoter turnout\n\n[72\\.2%](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1050929\/voter-turnout-in-the-uk\/)\n\nLog in or register to access full data.\n\nGet access now\n\n![Voter turnout in general elections and in the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom from 1918 to 2024](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/1050000\/1050929-blank-100.png)\n\nDetailed statistics\n\nVoter turnout in UK elections 1918-2024\n\n[Get more insights](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/2971\/eu-referendum\/#topicInsights)\n\n## Editor’s PicksEditor’s Picks Current statistics on this topic\n[![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by age group](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/520000\/520954-blank-100.png)Elections Brexit votes in the UK by age 2016](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/520954\/brexit-votes-by-age\/)\n\n[![Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/570000\/570118-blank-100.png)Politics & Government Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570118\/eu-referendum-results\/)\n\n[![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by region](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/640000\/642636-blank-100.png)Elections Brexit votes in the UK by region 2016](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/642636\/brexit-votes-by-region\/)\n\nSubscribe\n\n## Key insights\nShare of people voting to leave the EU\n\n[51\\.9%](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570118\/eu-referendum-results\/)\n\nLog in or register to access full data.\n\nGet access now\n\n![Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/570000\/570118-blank-100.png)\n\nDetailed statistics\n\nShare of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016\n\nOverall number of votes cast\n\n[33,551,983](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570124\/eu-referendum-results-number-of-voters\/)\n\nLog in or register to access full data.\n\nGet access now\n\n![Number of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/570000\/570124-blank-100.png)\n\nDetailed statistics\n\nNumber of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016\n\nVoter turnout\n\n[72\\.2%](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1050929\/voter-turnout-in-the-uk\/)\n\nLog in or register to access full data.\n\nGet access now\n\n![Voter turnout in general elections and in the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom from 1918 to 2024](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/1050000\/1050929-blank-100.png)\n\nDetailed statistics\n\nVoter turnout in UK elections 1918-2024\n\n[Get more insights](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/2971\/eu-referendum\/#topicInsights)\n\n## Related topics\n## Related topics\n- [The United Kingdom](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/755\/uk\/)\n\n## Report on the topic\n[![The Brexit Factbook](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Study\/55000\/58259-retina.png) Top SellerExplore this report](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/58259\/the-brexit-factbook\/)\n\n## Report on the topic\n[![The Brexit Factbook](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Study\/55000\/58259-retina.png) Top SellerExplore this report](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/58259\/the-brexit-factbook\/)\n\n## Related topics\n## Related topics\n- [The United Kingdom](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/755\/uk\/)\n\n## Key figures\n## Key figures\nThe most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of \"The Brexit referendum\" and take you straight to the corresponding statistics.\n\n### Leave voters\n- Share of males voting to leave the EU\n  \n  [55%](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/567922\/brexit-votes-by-gender\/)\n  Log in or register to access full data.\n  \n  Get access now\n  ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by gender](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/565000\/567922-blank-100.png)\n  \n  Detailed statistics\n  \n  Brexit votes in the UK by gender 2016\n- Age group with highest share of leave voters\n  \n  [65 and over](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/520954\/brexit-votes-by-age\/)\n  Log in or register to access full data.\n  \n  Get access now\n  ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by age group](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/520000\/520954-blank-100.png)\n  \n  Detailed statistics\n  \n  Brexit votes in the UK by age 2016\n- Region with highest share of leave voters\n  \n  [West Midlands](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/642636\/brexit-votes-by-region\/)\n  Log in or register to access full data.\n  \n  Get access now\n  ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by region](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/640000\/642636-blank-100.png)\n  \n  Detailed statistics\n  \n  Brexit votes in the UK by region 2016\n- Share of working-class voting to leave the EU\n  \n  [64%](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/518395\/brexit-votes-by-social-class\/)\n  Log in or register to access full data.\n  \n  Get access now\n  ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by social grade ](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/515000\/518395-blank-100.png)\n  \n  Detailed statistics\n  \n  Brexit votes in the UK by social grade 2016\n\n### Remain voters\n- Share of females voting to remain in the EU\n  \n  [51%](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/567922\/brexit-votes-by-gender\/)\n  Log in or register to access full data.\n  \n  Get access now\n  ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by gender](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/565000\/567922-blank-100.png)\n  \n  Detailed statistics\n  \n  Brexit votes in the UK by gender 2016\n- Age group with the highest share of remain voters\n  \n  [18-24](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/520954\/brexit-votes-by-age\/)\n  Log in or register to access full data.\n  \n  Get access now\n  ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by age group](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/520000\/520954-blank-100.png)\n  \n  Detailed statistics\n  \n  Brexit votes in the UK by age 2016\n- Region with the highest share of remain voters\n  \n  [Scotland](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/642636\/brexit-votes-by-region\/)\n  Log in or register to access full data.\n  \n  Get access now\n  ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by region](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/640000\/642636-blank-100.png)\n  \n  Detailed statistics\n  \n  Brexit votes in the UK by region 2016\n- Share of upper-middle class votes to remain in the Eu\n  \n  [57%](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/518395\/brexit-votes-by-social-class\/)\n  Log in or register to access full data.\n  \n  Get access now\n  ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by social grade ](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Statistic\/515000\/518395-blank-100.png)\n  \n  Detailed statistics\n  \n  Brexit votes in the UK by social grade 2016\n\nAdvertisement\n\nYou need a **Statista Account** for unlimited access.\n\n- Full access to 1m statistics\n- Incl. source references\n- Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format\n\n[Get full access](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/accounts\/individuals?recommendation=discovery)\n\nAlready have an account?\n\n## Further reports\n### Get the best **reports** to understand your industry\n[European elections in the UK ![European elections in the UK](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Study\/35000\/36269-retina.png)](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/36269\/european-elections-in-the-uk\/)\n\n- [European elections in the UK ![European elections in the UK](https:\/\/cdn.statcdn.com\/Study\/35000\/36269-retina.png)](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/36269\/european-elections-in-the-uk\/)\n\nWe’re happy to help\n\n## Get in touch with us for additional information\nFeel free to contact us anytime. We will respond to your inquiry as quickly as possible.\n\n[Get in touch](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/contact\/)\n\nTo access this feature you need a **Statista Account**\n\n[Register for free](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/accounts\/individuals)\n\nAlready have an account?\n\nAdvertisement\n\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/)\n- [About Statista](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/business\/about-us)\n- [Career](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/working-at-statista\/)\n- [Contact](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/contact\/)\n- [Help & FAQ](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/help\/)\n- [Report Bug](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/bugreport\/)\n- [Privacy](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/imprint\/#privacy\/)\n- Cookie settings\n- [Imprint](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/imprint\/)","attrs_readable_markdown":"At 11pm on January 31, 2020 the United Kingdom officially left the European Union, ending a partnership that stretched back almost fifty years. Between the Brexit [vote](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570124\/eu-referendum-results-number-of-voters\/)  in 2016 and the eventual departure date, the UK witnessed three different Prime Ministers and two general elections, highlighting the political turmoil of those three and a half years. For the rest of 2020, the UK entered into a transition period whereby little changed in terms of travel restrictions or access to the single market. Arguably the real starting date of Brexit is January 1, 2021, as this is when the new EU-UK free trade agreement came into force, and virtually reset trade and travel relations between the two parties.\n\n## The build-up to Brexit\nThe UK first joined the European Economic Community (the forerunner organization to the EU) in 1973, after spending years on the sidelines of European integration. Due to political divisions about membership however, a [referendum](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1043098\/eec-referendum-result\/) was held two years later in 1975, which was ultimately won by those campaigning to stay in the European community. Opposition to membership continued nonetheless, and expressed itself most obviously in the creation of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). In the 2014 [European Elections](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1057984\/uk-euro-election-results\/), UKIP won the highest share of the vote, and probably forced the hand of the Conservative Prime Minister, David Cameron, to promise a referendum on Britain's EU membership should he win re-election in 2015. After winning a decisive majority in the [2015 General Election](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/283622\/united-kingdom-uk-general-election-results-by-party\/) Cameron set out to renegotiate more favorable terms of with the EU, and then to hold a referendum on membership in 2016.\n\nAfter securing what he believed to be significant concessions from the EU, Cameron campaigned to remain in the organization, although the issue split his government down the middle, and key allies such as Boris Johnson notably joined the leave side. In the weeks leading up to the referendum, [opinion polls](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/517049\/uk-eu-referendum-voting-intention\/) indicated that the vote would be close, whoever should emerge victorious. While the remain camp focused on the economic impact of Brexit, leave campaigners highlighted the cost of EU membership, claiming that 350 million pounds a week in recuperated costs could be spent on the NHS, with this claim famously written on the side of giant red bus. One week before the vote, UKIP-leader Nigel Farage faced widespread criticism when he unveiled an anti-immigration poster which featured a picture of refugees and the words ‘breaking point’ on it. On the same day, the Labour MP Jo Cox was assassinated on the streets of her constituency by a far-right extremist, putting a temporary halt to the campaigning just one week before the referendum.\n\n## Brexit becomes a reality\nOn June 23, 2016, the [referendum](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/570118\/eu-referendum-results\/) went ahead as planned and attracted a huge voter [turnout](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1050929\/voter-turnout-in-the-uk\/). As the results came in overnight, it became clear that leave had won a shock victory gaining 51.9 percent of the votes. Throughout England and Wales the leave vote was victorious, with London being the only [region](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/642636\/brexit-votes-by-region\/) where there were more remain voters. In Scotland and Northern Ireland, the reverse was true, giving fresh impetus to the question of Scottish Independence. A majority of 18 to 24-year-old's had also [voted](https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/520954\/brexit-votes-by-age\/) to remain in the European Union, with older voters more likely to have voted to leave. Following the victory of the leave campaign, Brexit was now a reality, but how it would be executed was yet to be decided.\n\nThis text provides general information. Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date data than referenced in the text.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	The Brexit referendum - Statistics & Facts \| Statista
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Boilerpipe Text	At 11pm on January 31, 2020 the United Kingdom officially left the European Union, ending a partnership that stretched back almost fifty years. Between the Brexit vote in 2016 and the eventual departure date, the UK witnessed three different Prime Ministers and two general elections, highlighting the political turmoil of those three and a half years. For the rest of 2020, the UK entered into a transition period whereby little changed in terms of travel restrictions or access to the single market. Arguably the real starting date of Brexit is January 1, 2021, as this is when the new EU-UK free trade agreement came into force, and virtually reset trade and travel relations between the two parties. The build-up to Brexit The UK first joined the European Economic Community (the forerunner organization to the EU) in 1973, after spending years on the sidelines of European integration. Due to political divisions about membership however, a referendum was held two years later in 1975, which was ultimately won by those campaigning to stay in the European community. Opposition to membership continued nonetheless, and expressed itself most obviously in the creation of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). In the 2014 European Elections , UKIP won the highest share of the vote, and probably forced the hand of the Conservative Prime Minister, David Cameron, to promise a referendum on Britain's EU membership should he win re-election in 2015. After winning a decisive majority in the 2015 General Election Cameron set out to renegotiate more favorable terms of with the EU, and then to hold a referendum on membership in 2016. After securing what he believed to be significant concessions from the EU, Cameron campaigned to remain in the organization, although the issue split his government down the middle, and key allies such as Boris Johnson notably joined the leave side. In the weeks leading up to the referendum, opinion polls indicated that the vote would be close, whoever should emerge victorious. While the remain camp focused on the economic impact of Brexit, leave campaigners highlighted the cost of EU membership, claiming that 350 million pounds a week in recuperated costs could be spent on the NHS, with this claim famously written on the side of giant red bus. One week before the vote, UKIP-leader Nigel Farage faced widespread criticism when he unveiled an anti-immigration poster which featured a picture of refugees and the words ‘breaking point’ on it. On the same day, the Labour MP Jo Cox was assassinated on the streets of her constituency by a far-right extremist, putting a temporary halt to the campaigning just one week before the referendum. Brexit becomes a reality On June 23, 2016, the referendum went ahead as planned and attracted a huge voter turnout . As the results came in overnight, it became clear that leave had won a shock victory gaining 51.9 percent of the votes. Throughout England and Wales the leave vote was victorious, with London being the only region where there were more remain voters. In Scotland and Northern Ireland, the reverse was true, giving fresh impetus to the question of Scottish Independence. A majority of 18 to 24-year-old's had also voted to remain in the European Union, with older voters more likely to have voted to leave. Following the victory of the leave campaign, Brexit was now a reality, but how it would be executed was yet to be decided. This text provides general information. Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date data than referenced in the text.
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Between the Brexit [vote](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570124/eu-referendum-results-number-of-voters/) in 2016 and the eventual departure date, the UK witnessed three different Prime Ministers and two general elections, highlighting the political turmoil of those three and a half years. For the rest of 2020, the UK entered into a transition period whereby little changed in terms of travel restrictions or access to the single market. Arguably the real starting date of Brexit is January 1, 2021, as this is when the new EU-UK free trade agreement came into force, and virtually reset trade and travel relations between the two parties. ## The build-up to Brexit The UK first joined the European Economic Community (the forerunner organization to the EU) in 1973, after spending years on the sidelines of European integration. Due to political divisions about membership however, a [referendum](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1043098/eec-referendum-result/) was held two years later in 1975, which was ultimately won by those campaigning to stay in the European community. Opposition to membership continued nonetheless, and expressed itself most obviously in the creation of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). In the 2014 [European Elections](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1057984/uk-euro-election-results/), UKIP won the highest share of the vote, and probably forced the hand of the Conservative Prime Minister, David Cameron, to promise a referendum on Britain's EU membership should he win re-election in 2015. After winning a decisive majority in the [2015 General Election](https://www.statista.com/statistics/283622/united-kingdom-uk-general-election-results-by-party/) Cameron set out to renegotiate more favorable terms of with the EU, and then to hold a referendum on membership in 2016. After securing what he believed to be significant concessions from the EU, Cameron campaigned to remain in the organization, although the issue split his government down the middle, and key allies such as Boris Johnson notably joined the leave side. In the weeks leading up to the referendum, [opinion polls](https://www.statista.com/statistics/517049/uk-eu-referendum-voting-intention/) indicated that the vote would be close, whoever should emerge victorious. While the remain camp focused on the economic impact of Brexit, leave campaigners highlighted the cost of EU membership, claiming that 350 million pounds a week in recuperated costs could be spent on the NHS, with this claim famously written on the side of giant red bus. One week before the vote, UKIP-leader Nigel Farage faced widespread criticism when he unveiled an anti-immigration poster which featured a picture of refugees and the words ‘breaking point’ on it. On the same day, the Labour MP Jo Cox was assassinated on the streets of her constituency by a far-right extremist, putting a temporary halt to the campaigning just one week before the referendum. ## Brexit becomes a reality On June 23, 2016, the [referendum](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570118/eu-referendum-results/) went ahead as planned and attracted a huge voter [turnout](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1050929/voter-turnout-in-the-uk/). As the results came in overnight, it became clear that leave had won a shock victory gaining 51.9 percent of the votes. Throughout England and Wales the leave vote was victorious, with London being the only [region](https://www.statista.com/statistics/642636/brexit-votes-by-region/) where there were more remain voters. In Scotland and Northern Ireland, the reverse was true, giving fresh impetus to the question of Scottish Independence. A majority of 18 to 24-year-old's had also [voted](https://www.statista.com/statistics/520954/brexit-votes-by-age/) to remain in the European Union, with older voters more likely to have voted to leave. Following the victory of the leave campaign, Brexit was now a reality, but how it would be executed was yet to be decided. This text provides general information. Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date data than referenced in the text. Show more - Description ![Einar H. Dyvik](https://cdn.statcdn.com/CMS/contactperson/ERI3018_1704466579.png) Einar H. Dyvik Research expert covering Nordics and global data for society, economy, and politics Published by [Einar H. Dyvik](https://www.statista.com/aboutus/our-research-commitment/3018/einar-h-dyvik), Dec 17, 2025 Advertisement Subscribe ## Key insights Share of people voting to leave the EU [51\.9%](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570118/eu-referendum-results/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/570000/570118-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016 Overall number of votes cast [33,551,983](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570124/eu-referendum-results-number-of-voters/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Number of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/570000/570124-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Number of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016 Voter turnout [72\.2%](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1050929/voter-turnout-in-the-uk/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Voter turnout in general elections and in the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom from 1918 to 2024](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/1050000/1050929-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Voter turnout in UK elections 1918-2024 [Get more insights](https://www.statista.com/topics/2971/eu-referendum/#topicInsights) ## Editor’s PicksEditor’s Picks Current statistics on this topic [![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by age group](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/520000/520954-blank-100.png)Elections Brexit votes in the UK by age 2016](https://www.statista.com/statistics/520954/brexit-votes-by-age/) [![Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/570000/570118-blank-100.png)Politics & Government Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570118/eu-referendum-results/) [![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by region](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/640000/642636-blank-100.png)Elections Brexit votes in the UK by region 2016](https://www.statista.com/statistics/642636/brexit-votes-by-region/) Subscribe ## Key insights Share of people voting to leave the EU [51\.9%](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570118/eu-referendum-results/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/570000/570118-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Share of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016 Overall number of votes cast [33,551,983](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570124/eu-referendum-results-number-of-voters/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Number of votes won in the Brexit referendum in 2016](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/570000/570124-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Number of votes won in the Brexit referendum 2016 Voter turnout [72\.2%](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1050929/voter-turnout-in-the-uk/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Voter turnout in general elections and in the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom from 1918 to 2024](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/1050000/1050929-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Voter turnout in UK elections 1918-2024 [Get more insights](https://www.statista.com/topics/2971/eu-referendum/#topicInsights) ## Related topics ## Related topics - [The United Kingdom](https://www.statista.com/topics/755/uk/) ## Report on the topic [![The Brexit Factbook](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Study/55000/58259-retina.png) Top SellerExplore this report](https://www.statista.com/study/58259/the-brexit-factbook/) ## Report on the topic [![The Brexit Factbook](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Study/55000/58259-retina.png) Top SellerExplore this report](https://www.statista.com/study/58259/the-brexit-factbook/) ## Related topics ## Related topics - [The United Kingdom](https://www.statista.com/topics/755/uk/) ## Key figures ## Key figures The most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of "The Brexit referendum" and take you straight to the corresponding statistics. ### Leave voters - Share of males voting to leave the EU [55%](https://www.statista.com/statistics/567922/brexit-votes-by-gender/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by gender](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/565000/567922-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Brexit votes in the UK by gender 2016 - Age group with highest share of leave voters [65 and over](https://www.statista.com/statistics/520954/brexit-votes-by-age/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by age group](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/520000/520954-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Brexit votes in the UK by age 2016 - Region with highest share of leave voters [West Midlands](https://www.statista.com/statistics/642636/brexit-votes-by-region/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by region](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/640000/642636-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Brexit votes in the UK by region 2016 - Share of working-class voting to leave the EU [64%](https://www.statista.com/statistics/518395/brexit-votes-by-social-class/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by social grade ](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/515000/518395-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Brexit votes in the UK by social grade 2016 ### Remain voters - Share of females voting to remain in the EU [51%](https://www.statista.com/statistics/567922/brexit-votes-by-gender/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by gender](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/565000/567922-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Brexit votes in the UK by gender 2016 - Age group with the highest share of remain voters [18-24](https://www.statista.com/statistics/520954/brexit-votes-by-age/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by age group](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/520000/520954-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Brexit votes in the UK by age 2016 - Region with the highest share of remain voters [Scotland](https://www.statista.com/statistics/642636/brexit-votes-by-region/) Log in or register to access full data. Get access now ![Share of votes in the Brexit referendum of 2016 in the United Kingdom, by region](https://cdn.statcdn.com/Statistic/640000/642636-blank-100.png) Detailed statistics Brexit votes in the UK by region 2016 - Share of upper-middle class votes to remain in the Eu [57%](https://www.statista.com/statistics/518395/brexit-votes-by-social-class/) Log in or register to access full data. 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Readable Markdown	At 11pm on January 31, 2020 the United Kingdom officially left the European Union, ending a partnership that stretched back almost fifty years. Between the Brexit [vote](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570124/eu-referendum-results-number-of-voters/) in 2016 and the eventual departure date, the UK witnessed three different Prime Ministers and two general elections, highlighting the political turmoil of those three and a half years. For the rest of 2020, the UK entered into a transition period whereby little changed in terms of travel restrictions or access to the single market. Arguably the real starting date of Brexit is January 1, 2021, as this is when the new EU-UK free trade agreement came into force, and virtually reset trade and travel relations between the two parties. ## The build-up to Brexit The UK first joined the European Economic Community (the forerunner organization to the EU) in 1973, after spending years on the sidelines of European integration. Due to political divisions about membership however, a [referendum](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1043098/eec-referendum-result/) was held two years later in 1975, which was ultimately won by those campaigning to stay in the European community. Opposition to membership continued nonetheless, and expressed itself most obviously in the creation of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). In the 2014 [European Elections](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1057984/uk-euro-election-results/), UKIP won the highest share of the vote, and probably forced the hand of the Conservative Prime Minister, David Cameron, to promise a referendum on Britain's EU membership should he win re-election in 2015. After winning a decisive majority in the [2015 General Election](https://www.statista.com/statistics/283622/united-kingdom-uk-general-election-results-by-party/) Cameron set out to renegotiate more favorable terms of with the EU, and then to hold a referendum on membership in 2016. After securing what he believed to be significant concessions from the EU, Cameron campaigned to remain in the organization, although the issue split his government down the middle, and key allies such as Boris Johnson notably joined the leave side. In the weeks leading up to the referendum, [opinion polls](https://www.statista.com/statistics/517049/uk-eu-referendum-voting-intention/) indicated that the vote would be close, whoever should emerge victorious. While the remain camp focused on the economic impact of Brexit, leave campaigners highlighted the cost of EU membership, claiming that 350 million pounds a week in recuperated costs could be spent on the NHS, with this claim famously written on the side of giant red bus. One week before the vote, UKIP-leader Nigel Farage faced widespread criticism when he unveiled an anti-immigration poster which featured a picture of refugees and the words ‘breaking point’ on it. On the same day, the Labour MP Jo Cox was assassinated on the streets of her constituency by a far-right extremist, putting a temporary halt to the campaigning just one week before the referendum. ## Brexit becomes a reality On June 23, 2016, the [referendum](https://www.statista.com/statistics/570118/eu-referendum-results/) went ahead as planned and attracted a huge voter [turnout](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1050929/voter-turnout-in-the-uk/). As the results came in overnight, it became clear that leave had won a shock victory gaining 51.9 percent of the votes. Throughout England and Wales the leave vote was victorious, with London being the only [region](https://www.statista.com/statistics/642636/brexit-votes-by-region/) where there were more remain voters. In Scotland and Northern Ireland, the reverse was true, giving fresh impetus to the question of Scottish Independence. A majority of 18 to 24-year-old's had also [voted](https://www.statista.com/statistics/520954/brexit-votes-by-age/) to remain in the European Union, with older voters more likely to have voted to leave. Following the victory of the leave campaign, Brexit was now a reality, but how it would be executed was yet to be decided. This text provides general information. Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date data than referenced in the text.
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