🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 62 (from laksa129)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa062.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.spacefoundation.org/space_brief/space-stations/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.spacefoundation.org/space_brief/space-stations/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/space_brief\/space-stations\/","crawl_time":1775691350,"first_indexed_time":1571103379,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,spacefoundation!www,\/space_brief\/space-stations\/ s443","src_root_hash":"11748606026624159462","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Space Stations - Space Foundation","meta_descriptions":["Space stations allow astronauts to conduct research and experiments over a long duration, and the largest is the International Space Station."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Space Stations\nWritten by: Space Foundation Editorial Team\nSpace stations allow astronauts to conduct research and experiments in space over a long duration. The largest and most sophisticated of these is the\nInternational Space Station (ISS)\n. Since the first module was launched into low Earth orbit in 1998, the ISS has grown with modular additions from the principal space agencies involved in building and operating the space station: NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). To date,\n237 astronauts from 18 countries\nhave visited the ISS.\nComponents of the ISS\nComponents of the International Space Station. Credit: NASA\nThe ISS is composed of numerous modules and research tools that allow astronauts to work and live in space. Some of the core ISS components include:\nRemote Manipulator System\n:\nRobotic arm built by CSA, “Canadarm2.”\nColumbus Laboratory\n:\nESA-built and operated research module, shared with NASA.\nJapanese Experiment Module\n:\nThe JAXA-built and operated research module, “Kibo,” is the largest ISS module.\nZarya\nand\nZvezda\nModules:\nFunctional Cargo Block module (Zarya) launched in 1998; life-support system service module (Zvezda) launched in 2000.\nUnity\n,\nDestiny\n,\nHarmony\nand\nTranquility\nModules:\nUnity launch in 1998, Destiny lab in 2001, Harmony Node 2 utility hub in 2007, and Tranquility module in 2010.\nCupola Observational Module\n:\nThe observatory module with seven windows for direct observation of the station and Earth.\nSolar Array\n:\nEight solar array wings each 112 ft long, generating as much as 120 kilowatts.\nOther Space Stations\nNASA’s Skylab. Credit: NASA\nAside from the ISS, three nations (U.S., Russia and China) have independently launched and operated space stations.\nSoviet Space Program Salyut 1, 3-7:\nBeginning with Salyut 1 in 1971, the Soviet Space Program launched and operated six more stations, culminating in Salyut 7, which operated for nearly 9 years.\nNASA Skylab\n:\nThe United States’ first space station, Skylab was visited three times from 1973-1979.\nSoviet Space Program Mir\n: Mir was the first modular space station. Beginning in 1986, it remained in use for 15 years, first by the Soviet Space Program and later by the Russian space program.\nCNSA\nTiangong 1\nand 2\n: China’s first experimental space stations launched in 2011 and 2016, respectively.\nRelated Articles","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/space_brief\/space-stations\/#fl-main-content)\n\nVISIT OUR NETWORK:\n\n- [Space Foundation](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/)\n- [Space Symposium](https:\/\/www.spacesymposium.org\/)\n- [Discovery Center](https:\/\/discoverspace.org\/)\n- [Space Workforce for Tomorrow](https:\/\/swft.space\/)\n- [Donate](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/donate\/)\n\n- [Space Foundation](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/)\n- [Space Symposium](https:\/\/www.spacesymposium.org\/)\n- [Discovery Center](https:\/\/discoverspace.org\/)\n- [Space Workforce for Tomorrow](https:\/\/swft.space\/)\n- [Donate](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/donate\/)\n\n[![Space Foundation](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/space-foundation-logo.png)](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/)\n\nMenu\n\n- [Who We Are](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/who-we-are\/)\n  - [Leadership](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/who-we-are\/leadership\/)\n  - [About](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/who-we-are\/)\n- [What We Do](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/what-we-do\/)\n  - [Space Symposium](https:\/\/spacesymposium.org\/)\n  - [Events](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/events\/)\n    - [Space Symposium](https:\/\/www.spacesymposium.org\/)\n    - [Innovate Space: Global Economic Summit](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/innovate-space-global-economic-summit\/)\n    - [Innovate Space: Finance Forum](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/innovate-space-finance-forum\/)\n    - [Faga Forum Space Intelligence Conference](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/faga-forum-on-space-intelligence\/)\n  - [Space Education](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/education\/)\n    - [Students](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/education\/students\/)\n    - [Teachers](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/education\/teachers\/)\n    - [Entrepreneurs](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/education\/entrepreneurs\/)\n    - 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[Get Certified](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/get-certified\/)\n    - [Certified Products](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/space_certification_)\n    - [Certified Partners](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/what-we-do\/space-certification\/partners\/)\n  - [Space Technology Hall of Fame](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/what-we-do\/space-technology-hall-of-fame\/)\n    - [Nominate a Technology](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/nominate-a-technology\/)\n    - [Inducted Technologies](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/inducted-technologies\/)\n  - [Awards](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/what-we-do\/awards\/)\n- [Join Us](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/join-us\/)\n  - [Membership](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/space_brief\/space-stations\/)\n    - [Corporate Membership](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/membership\/)\n    - [Corporate Philanthropy](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/membership\/corporate-philanthropy\/)\n    - [Swigert Society](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/swigert-society\/)\n  - [Volunteer](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/who-we-are\/volunteer\/)\n  - [Career Opportunities](https:\/\/workforcenow.adp.com\/mascsr\/default\/mdf\/recruitment\/recruitment.html?cid=c5899b00-7a1c-4ba9-8034-872c8a2b681c&ccId=9201889745072_2&lang=en_US)\n- [News & Media](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/news\/)\n  - [Space Foundation News](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/category\/space-foundation-news\/)\n  - [Space Foundation Press Releases](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/category\/space-foundation-press-release\/)\n  - [Partner News](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/category\/partner-news\/)\n- [Space Foundation Discovery Center](https:\/\/discoverspace.org\/)\n- [Contact](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/contact\/)\n- [Donate](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/donate-together\/)\n  - [Individual Giving](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/individual-giving\/)\n  - [Corporate Philanthropy](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/membership\/corporate-philanthropy\/)\n- [Search](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/search\/)\n\n### Space Stations\n[SpaceFoundation.org \\>\\>](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/) [Space Briefing Book \\>\\>](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/briefingbook\/) [Space Stations \\>\\>](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/sections\/space-stations\/)\n\n###\n***\n# Space Stations\n*Written by: Space Foundation Editorial Team*\n\nSpace stations allow astronauts to conduct research and experiments in space over a long duration. The largest and most sophisticated of these is the [International Space Station (ISS)](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/main\/index.html). Since the first module was launched into low Earth orbit in 1998, the ISS has grown with modular additions from the principal space agencies involved in building and operating the space station: NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). To date, [237 astronauts from 18 countries](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/visitors-to-the-station-by-country\/) have visited the ISS.\n\n#### Components of the ISS\n[![Components of the International Space Station](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/International-Space-Station-exploded-view-NASA-1024x597.jpg)](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/thumbnails\/image\/iss_config_exploded_view_page_0.jpg)\n\nComponents of the International Space Station. Credit: NASA\n\nThe ISS is composed of numerous modules and research tools that allow astronauts to work and live in space. Some of the core ISS components include:\n\n**[Remote Manipulator System](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/remote-manipulator-system-canadarm2\/):** Robotic arm built by CSA, “Canadarm2.”\n\n**[Columbus Laboratory](https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration\/Columbus\/Columbus_laboratory):** ESA-built and operated research module, shared with NASA.\n\n**[Japanese Experiment Module](https:\/\/iss.jaxa.jp\/en\/kibo\/):** The JAXA-built and operated research module, “Kibo,” is the largest ISS module.\n\n**[Zarya](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/zarya-cargo-module) and [Zvezda](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/zvezda-service-module.html) Modules:** Functional Cargo Block module (Zarya) launched in 1998; life-support system service module (Zvezda) launched in 2000.\n\n**[Unity](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/unity), [Destiny](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/us-destiny-laboratory), [Harmony](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/harmony) and [Tranquility](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/tranquility) Modules:** Unity launch in 1998, Destiny lab in 2001, Harmony Node 2 utility hub in 2007, and Tranquility module in 2010.\n\n**[Cupola Observational Module](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/cupola.html):** The observatory module with seven windows for direct observation of the station and Earth.\n\n**[Solar Array](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/solar_arrays.html):** Eight solar array wings each 112 ft long, generating as much as 120 kilowatts.\n\n#### Other Space Stations\n[![NASA Skylab](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/NASA-Skylab-1024x696.jpg)](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/marshall\/history\/skylab.html)\n\nNASA’s Skylab. Credit: NASA\n\nAside from the ISS, three nations (U.S., Russia and China) have independently launched and operated space stations.\n\n**Soviet Space Program Salyut 1, 3-7:** Beginning with Salyut 1 in 1971, the Soviet Space Program launched and operated six more stations, culminating in Salyut 7, which operated for nearly 9 years.\n\n**[NASA Skylab](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/skylab):** The United States’ first space station, Skylab was visited three times from 1973-1979.\n\n[**Soviet Space Program Mir**](https:\/\/history.nasa.gov\/SP-4225\/mir\/mir.htm): Mir was the first modular space station. Beginning in 1986, it remained in use for 15 years, first by the Soviet Space Program and later by the Russian space program.\n\n**CNSA [Tiangong 1](https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/nmc\/spacecraft\/display.action?id=2011-053A) and 2**: China’s first experimental space stations launched in 2011 and 2016, respectively.\n***\n### Related Articles\n[Components of a Space Launch System](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/space_brief\/components-of-a-space-launch-system\/ \"Components of a Space Launch System\")\n\n![](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ares-Launch_NASA-150x150.jpg)\n\n[Space Situational Awareness](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/space_brief\/space-situational-awareness\/ \"Space Situational Awareness\")\n\n![Space Situational Awareness graphic](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/SSA_Space-Foundation-150x150.jpg)\n\n## The Latest\n### From Space Foundation\n\n### Space Foundation\n[Artemis II Sets Distance Record and Names Craters During Science Survey](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/2026\/04\/06\/artemis-ii-sets-distance-record-and-names-craters-during-science-survey\/)\n\nPublished: April 6, 2026\n\n[![Artemis II Sets Distance Record and Names Craters During Science Survey](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Artemis-crew-reacts-to-crater-naming-150x150.png)](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/2026\/04\/06\/artemis-ii-sets-distance-record-and-names-craters-during-science-survey\/)\n\n### Space Foundation\n[How the Artemis II Mission Lifted 6 Million Pounds Into Space](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/2026\/04\/02\/how-the-artemis-ii-mission-lifted-6-million-pounds-into-space\/)\n\nPublished: April 2, 2026\n\n[![How the Artemis II Mission Lifted 6 Million Pounds Into Space](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/L3RS25-150x150.jpg)](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/2026\/04\/02\/how-the-artemis-ii-mission-lifted-6-million-pounds-into-space\/)\n\n### THE VECTOR\n[Space Investment Analysis: Growth Across the Global Space Economy](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/video_post\/space-investment-analysis-growth-across-the-global-space-economy\/)\n\nPublished: November 10, 2025\n\n[![Space Investment Analysis: Growth Across the Global Space Economy](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/TheVector_LinkedInEvent-29-final-150x150.jpg)](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/video_post\/space-investment-analysis-growth-across-the-global-space-economy\/)\n\n### THE VECTOR\n[The Future of Space is Dual-Use: Unlocking Innovation and Visibility](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/video_post\/the-future-of-space-is-dual-use-unlocking-innovation-and-visibility\/)\n\nPublished: September 4, 2025\n\n[![The Future of Space is Dual-Use: Unlocking Innovation and Visibility](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/TheVector_LinkedInEvent-08-21-150x150.png)](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/video_post\/the-future-of-space-is-dual-use-unlocking-innovation-and-visibility\/)\n#### Categories\n![high-five-girl-logo](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/high-five-girl-logo.jpg)\n\nYour support enables education and workforce development programs for students and teachers, young leaders, entrepreneurs, and space professionals.\n\n[DONATE NOW](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/donate\/)\n\n## STAY CONNECTED WITH SPACE FOUNDATION\n### NEWS AND UPDATES DELIVERED TO YOUR INBOX\\!\n\n![Space Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/space-foundation-logo.png)  \n **Corporate Headquarters**  \n 4425 Arrowswest Drive  \n Colorado Springs, CO 80907  \n +1.800.691.4000  \n +1.719.576.8000\n\nStay Connected:\n\n[![Facebook](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/32-facebook.png)](http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Space-Foundation\/101353061895) [![Instagram](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/32-instagram.png)](http:\/\/instagram.com\/spacefoundation) [![X](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/X-icon-1.png)](http:\/\/x.com\/spacefoundation) [![YouTube](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/32-youtube.png)](http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/SpaceFoundation) [![LinkedIn](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/32-linkedin.png)](http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/65755?trk=tyah)\n\n- [**Who We Are**](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/who-we-are)\n- [**What We Do**](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/what-we-do)\n- [**News**](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/news)\n- [**Events**](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/events)\n- [**Membership**](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/membership)\n- [**Contact**](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/contact)\n- [Space Symposium](https:\/\/spacesymposium.org\/)\n- [Career Opportunities](https:\/\/workforcenow.adp.com\/mascsr\/default\/mdf\/recruitment\/recruitment.html?cid=c5899b00-7a1c-4ba9-8034-872c8a2b681c&ccId=9201889745072_2&lang=en_US)\n\n- [**Discovery Center**](https:\/\/www.discoverspace.org\/)\n- [**Donate**](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/donate)\n- [Volunteer](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/who-we-are\/volunteer)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/space-foundation-web-privacy-policy\/)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/terms-of-use\/)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/code-of-conduct\/)\n\n© 2026 Space Foundation\n\n[Scroll To Top](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/space_brief\/space-stations\/)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/tr?id=1056437178055266&ev=PageView&noscript=1)\n\n![](https:\/\/px.ads.linkedin.com\/collect\/?pid=25420&fmt=gif)","attrs_readable_markdown":"### Space Stations\n###\n***\n*Written by: Space Foundation Editorial Team*\n\nSpace stations allow astronauts to conduct research and experiments in space over a long duration. The largest and most sophisticated of these is the [International Space Station (ISS)](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/main\/index.html). Since the first module was launched into low Earth orbit in 1998, the ISS has grown with modular additions from the principal space agencies involved in building and operating the space station: NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). To date, [237 astronauts from 18 countries](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/visitors-to-the-station-by-country\/) have visited the ISS.\n\n#### Components of the ISS\n[![Components of the International Space Station](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/International-Space-Station-exploded-view-NASA-1024x597.jpg)](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/thumbnails\/image\/iss_config_exploded_view_page_0.jpg)\n\nComponents of the International Space Station. Credit: NASA\n\nThe ISS is composed of numerous modules and research tools that allow astronauts to work and live in space. Some of the core ISS components include:\n\n**[Remote Manipulator System](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/remote-manipulator-system-canadarm2\/):** Robotic arm built by CSA, “Canadarm2.”\n\n**[Columbus Laboratory](https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration\/Columbus\/Columbus_laboratory):** ESA-built and operated research module, shared with NASA.\n\n**[Japanese Experiment Module](https:\/\/iss.jaxa.jp\/en\/kibo\/):** The JAXA-built and operated research module, “Kibo,” is the largest ISS module.\n\n**[Zarya](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/zarya-cargo-module) and [Zvezda](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/zvezda-service-module.html) Modules:** Functional Cargo Block module (Zarya) launched in 1998; life-support system service module (Zvezda) launched in 2000.\n\n**[Unity](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/unity), [Destiny](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/us-destiny-laboratory), [Harmony](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/harmony) and [Tranquility](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/tranquility) Modules:** Unity launch in 1998, Destiny lab in 2001, Harmony Node 2 utility hub in 2007, and Tranquility module in 2010.\n\n**[Cupola Observational Module](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/cupola.html):** The observatory module with seven windows for direct observation of the station and Earth.\n\n**[Solar Array](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/solar_arrays.html):** Eight solar array wings each 112 ft long, generating as much as 120 kilowatts.\n\n#### Other Space Stations\n[![NASA Skylab](https:\/\/www.spacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/NASA-Skylab-1024x696.jpg)](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/marshall\/history\/skylab.html)\n\nNASA’s Skylab. Credit: NASA\n\nAside from the ISS, three nations (U.S., Russia and China) have independently launched and operated space stations.\n\n**Soviet Space Program Salyut 1, 3-7:** Beginning with Salyut 1 in 1971, the Soviet Space Program launched and operated six more stations, culminating in Salyut 7, which operated for nearly 9 years.\n\n**[NASA Skylab](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/skylab):** The United States’ first space station, Skylab was visited three times from 1973-1979.\n\n[**Soviet Space Program Mir**](https:\/\/history.nasa.gov\/SP-4225\/mir\/mir.htm): Mir was the first modular space station. Beginning in 1986, it remained in use for 15 years, first by the Soviet Space Program and later by the Russian space program.\n\n**CNSA [Tiangong 1](https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/nmc\/spacecraft\/display.action?id=2011-053A) and 2**: China’s first experimental space stations launched in 2011 and 2016, respectively.\n***\n### Related Articles","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

1 day ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.spacefoundation.org/space_brief/space-stations/
Last Crawled	2026-04-08 23:35:50 (1 day ago)
First Indexed	2019-10-15 01:36:19 (6 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Space Stations - Space Foundation
Meta Description	Space stations allow astronauts to conduct research and experiments over a long duration, and the largest is the International Space Station.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Space Stations Written by: Space Foundation Editorial Team Space stations allow astronauts to conduct research and experiments in space over a long duration. The largest and most sophisticated of these is the International Space Station (ISS) . Since the first module was launched into low Earth orbit in 1998, the ISS has grown with modular additions from the principal space agencies involved in building and operating the space station: NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). To date, 237 astronauts from 18 countries have visited the ISS. Components of the ISS Components of the International Space Station. Credit: NASA The ISS is composed of numerous modules and research tools that allow astronauts to work and live in space. Some of the core ISS components include: Remote Manipulator System : Robotic arm built by CSA, “Canadarm2.” Columbus Laboratory : ESA-built and operated research module, shared with NASA. Japanese Experiment Module : The JAXA-built and operated research module, “Kibo,” is the largest ISS module. Zarya and Zvezda Modules: Functional Cargo Block module (Zarya) launched in 1998; life-support system service module (Zvezda) launched in 2000. Unity , Destiny , Harmony and Tranquility Modules: Unity launch in 1998, Destiny lab in 2001, Harmony Node 2 utility hub in 2007, and Tranquility module in 2010. Cupola Observational Module : The observatory module with seven windows for direct observation of the station and Earth. Solar Array : Eight solar array wings each 112 ft long, generating as much as 120 kilowatts. Other Space Stations NASA’s Skylab. Credit: NASA Aside from the ISS, three nations (U.S., Russia and China) have independently launched and operated space stations. Soviet Space Program Salyut 1, 3-7: Beginning with Salyut 1 in 1971, the Soviet Space Program launched and operated six more stations, culminating in Salyut 7, which operated for nearly 9 years. NASA Skylab : The United States’ first space station, Skylab was visited three times from 1973-1979. Soviet Space Program Mir : Mir was the first modular space station. Beginning in 1986, it remained in use for 15 years, first by the Soviet Space Program and later by the Russian space program. CNSA Tiangong 1 and 2 : China’s first experimental space stations launched in 2011 and 2016, respectively. Related Articles
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The largest and most sophisticated of these is the [International Space Station (ISS)](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html). Since the first module was launched into low Earth orbit in 1998, the ISS has grown with modular additions from the principal space agencies involved in building and operating the space station: NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). To date, [237 astronauts from 18 countries](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/visitors-to-the-station-by-country/) have visited the ISS. #### Components of the ISS [![Components of the International Space Station](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/International-Space-Station-exploded-view-NASA-1024x597.jpg)](https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/iss_config_exploded_view_page_0.jpg) Components of the International Space Station. Credit: NASA The ISS is composed of numerous modules and research tools that allow astronauts to work and live in space. Some of the core ISS components include: [Remote Manipulator System](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/remote-manipulator-system-canadarm2/): Robotic arm built by CSA, “Canadarm2.” [Columbus Laboratory](https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Columbus/Columbus_laboratory): ESA-built and operated research module, shared with NASA. [Japanese Experiment Module](https://iss.jaxa.jp/en/kibo/): The JAXA-built and operated research module, “Kibo,” is the largest ISS module. [Zarya](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/zarya-cargo-module) and [Zvezda](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/zvezda-service-module.html) Modules: Functional Cargo Block module (Zarya) launched in 1998; life-support system service module (Zvezda) launched in 2000. [Unity](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/unity), [Destiny](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/us-destiny-laboratory), [Harmony](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/harmony) and [Tranquility](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/tranquility) Modules: Unity launch in 1998, Destiny lab in 2001, Harmony Node 2 utility hub in 2007, and Tranquility module in 2010. [Cupola Observational Module](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/cupola.html): The observatory module with seven windows for direct observation of the station and Earth. [Solar Array](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/solar_arrays.html): Eight solar array wings each 112 ft long, generating as much as 120 kilowatts. #### Other Space Stations [![NASA Skylab](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/NASA-Skylab-1024x696.jpg)](https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/skylab.html) NASA’s Skylab. Credit: NASA Aside from the ISS, three nations (U.S., Russia and China) have independently launched and operated space stations. Soviet Space Program Salyut 1, 3-7: Beginning with Salyut 1 in 1971, the Soviet Space Program launched and operated six more stations, culminating in Salyut 7, which operated for nearly 9 years. [NASA Skylab](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/skylab): The United States’ first space station, Skylab was visited three times from 1973-1979. [Soviet Space Program Mir](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/mir/mir.htm): Mir was the first modular space station. Beginning in 1986, it remained in use for 15 years, first by the Soviet Space Program and later by the Russian space program. CNSA [Tiangong 1](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-053A) and 2: China’s first experimental space stations launched in 2011 and 2016, respectively. * ### Related Articles [Components of a Space Launch System](https://www.spacefoundation.org/space_brief/components-of-a-space-launch-system/ "Components of a Space Launch System") ![](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Ares-Launch_NASA-150x150.jpg) [Space Situational Awareness](https://www.spacefoundation.org/space_brief/space-situational-awareness/ "Space Situational Awareness") ![Space Situational Awareness graphic](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/SSA_Space-Foundation-150x150.jpg) ## The Latest ### From Space Foundation ### Space Foundation [Artemis II Sets Distance Record and Names Craters During Science Survey](https://www.spacefoundation.org/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-sets-distance-record-and-names-craters-during-science-survey/) Published: April 6, 2026 [![Artemis II Sets Distance Record and Names Craters During Science Survey](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Artemis-crew-reacts-to-crater-naming-150x150.png)](https://www.spacefoundation.org/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-sets-distance-record-and-names-craters-during-science-survey/) ### Space Foundation [How the Artemis II Mission Lifted 6 Million Pounds Into Space](https://www.spacefoundation.org/2026/04/02/how-the-artemis-ii-mission-lifted-6-million-pounds-into-space/) Published: April 2, 2026 [![How the Artemis II Mission Lifted 6 Million Pounds Into Space](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/L3RS25-150x150.jpg)](https://www.spacefoundation.org/2026/04/02/how-the-artemis-ii-mission-lifted-6-million-pounds-into-space/) ### THE VECTOR [Space Investment Analysis: Growth Across the Global Space Economy](https://www.spacefoundation.org/video_post/space-investment-analysis-growth-across-the-global-space-economy/) Published: November 10, 2025 [![Space Investment Analysis: Growth Across the Global Space Economy](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/TheVector_LinkedInEvent-29-final-150x150.jpg)](https://www.spacefoundation.org/video_post/space-investment-analysis-growth-across-the-global-space-economy/) ### THE VECTOR [The Future of Space is Dual-Use: Unlocking Innovation and Visibility](https://www.spacefoundation.org/video_post/the-future-of-space-is-dual-use-unlocking-innovation-and-visibility/) Published: September 4, 2025 [![The Future of Space is Dual-Use: Unlocking Innovation and Visibility](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/TheVector_LinkedInEvent-08-21-150x150.png)](https://www.spacefoundation.org/video_post/the-future-of-space-is-dual-use-unlocking-innovation-and-visibility/) #### Categories ![high-five-girl-logo](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/high-five-girl-logo.jpg) Your support enables education and workforce development programs for students and teachers, young leaders, entrepreneurs, and space professionals. 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Readable Markdown	### Space Stations ### *** Written by: Space Foundation Editorial Team Space stations allow astronauts to conduct research and experiments in space over a long duration. The largest and most sophisticated of these is the [International Space Station (ISS)](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html). Since the first module was launched into low Earth orbit in 1998, the ISS has grown with modular additions from the principal space agencies involved in building and operating the space station: NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). To date, [237 astronauts from 18 countries](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/visitors-to-the-station-by-country/) have visited the ISS. #### Components of the ISS [![Components of the International Space Station](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/International-Space-Station-exploded-view-NASA-1024x597.jpg)](https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/iss_config_exploded_view_page_0.jpg) Components of the International Space Station. Credit: NASA The ISS is composed of numerous modules and research tools that allow astronauts to work and live in space. Some of the core ISS components include: [Remote Manipulator System](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/remote-manipulator-system-canadarm2/): Robotic arm built by CSA, “Canadarm2.” [Columbus Laboratory](https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Columbus/Columbus_laboratory): ESA-built and operated research module, shared with NASA. [Japanese Experiment Module](https://iss.jaxa.jp/en/kibo/): The JAXA-built and operated research module, “Kibo,” is the largest ISS module. [Zarya](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/zarya-cargo-module) and [Zvezda](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/zvezda-service-module.html) Modules: Functional Cargo Block module (Zarya) launched in 1998; life-support system service module (Zvezda) launched in 2000. [Unity](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/unity), [Destiny](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/us-destiny-laboratory), [Harmony](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/harmony) and [Tranquility](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/tranquility) Modules: Unity launch in 1998, Destiny lab in 2001, Harmony Node 2 utility hub in 2007, and Tranquility module in 2010. [Cupola Observational Module](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/cupola.html): The observatory module with seven windows for direct observation of the station and Earth. [Solar Array](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/solar_arrays.html): Eight solar array wings each 112 ft long, generating as much as 120 kilowatts. #### Other Space Stations [![NASA Skylab](https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/NASA-Skylab-1024x696.jpg)](https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/skylab.html) NASA’s Skylab. Credit: NASA Aside from the ISS, three nations (U.S., Russia and China) have independently launched and operated space stations. Soviet Space Program Salyut 1, 3-7: Beginning with Salyut 1 in 1971, the Soviet Space Program launched and operated six more stations, culminating in Salyut 7, which operated for nearly 9 years. [NASA Skylab](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/skylab): The United States’ first space station, Skylab was visited three times from 1973-1979. [Soviet Space Program Mir](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/mir/mir.htm): Mir was the first modular space station. Beginning in 1986, it remained in use for 15 years, first by the Soviet Space Program and later by the Russian space program. CNSA [Tiangong 1](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-053A) and 2: China’s first experimental space stations launched in 2011 and 2016, respectively. *** ### Related Articles
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