🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 95 (from laksa171)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa095.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder","crawl_time":1775897474,"first_indexed_time":1606052210,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,sleepfoundation!www,\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder s443","src_root_hash":"1916647574837971495","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Periodic Limb Movement Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments","meta_descriptions":["Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder that causes repeated movements like kicking or ankle-flexing during sleep that disrupt sleep."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Skip to content\nWhen you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity.\nLearn more.\nTable of Contents\nKey Takeaways\nWhat It Is:\nPeriodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder that causes repetitive limb movements like kicking or ankle-flexing during sleep that can wake you up or disrupt deeper sleep stages.\nCauses and Risk Factors:\nExperts aren’t sure what causes PLMD, but risk factors include low iron levels, family history of PLMD, older age, neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, other sleep disorders, and some medications, such as antidepressants.\nDiagnosis:\nDoctors can diagnose PLMD based on sleep study results and a description of your symptoms.\nTreatment:\nTreatment can include iron replacement, medications, lifestyle changes, and good sleep hygiene.\nSome movement during sleep is normal, especially as you get comfortable or start to fall asleep. For example, most people have experienced “sleep starts” or\nhypnic jerks\n, a harmless phenomenon that causes their body to jolt suddenly as they fall asleep.\nBut once you enter deeper stages of sleep, your body should stay mostly still. Repeated episodes of twitching, kicking, or flailing, especially at regular intervals, may indicate a\nsleep-related movement disorder\nlike periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD).\nLooking to improve your sleep? Try upgrading your mattress.\nWhen you have periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), your limbs twitch and jerk in a repetitive pattern while you sleep. These movements are called periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) and, while they can happen in the arms, they most often affect the legs. These movements usually happen every 20 to 40 seconds and can include:\nFlexing the ankle so your big toe pulls up and back toward your leg\nBending the legs at the knees or hips\nTwitching or kicking the legs\nMost people don’t wake up when they move, but the movements can still disrupt sleep. These movements mostly occur during lighter stages of sleep. They may fragment sleep without fully waking you up, which can reduce deep, restorative slow wave sleep.\nHow Common Is PLMD?\nPeriodic limb movement disorder happens in 5 to 8% of children and 4 to 11% of adults.\nUnder age 40, having more than five limb movements per hour is rare. The prevalence increases with age, especially after the age of 65, where PLMD may affect up to 25 to 30% of individuals.\nExperts don’t know the exact cause of periodic limb movement disorder, but some research suggests low iron levels could play a part.\nProblems with dopamine, an important brain messenger (neurotransmitter) may also prompt movements during sleep. Having too little dopamine can make your spinal nerves more sensitive and excitable, which creates a pathway for movement, especially during\nnon-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep\n.\nPLMD may also be linked to disruptions in the brain’s central nervous system pathways that control motor activity. In some cases, PLMD appears after spinal cord injury or other neurological changes.\nRisk Factors for PLMD\nAlthough the causes of PLMD are still theoretical, studies have revealed that some factors can increase your risk for this movement disorder:\nRestless legs syndrome (RLS):\nOver 30% of people with\nrestless legs syndrome\nalso have PLMD.\nNeurological conditions:\nParkinson’s disease\ncan increase your risk for PLMD.\nSleep disorders:\nPLMD is more common in people with\nnarcolepsy\n,\nrapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder\n, and\nobstructive sleep apnea\n(OSA).\nFamily history:\nPLMD may have a genetic component and runs in families.\nMedications:\nSome antidepressants and antipsychotics can cause PLMS.\nAge:\nLimb movements in PLMD can happen more often with age.\nInactivity and obesity:\nPeople who are overweight or sit down for much of the day may experience more nocturnal movement. \nComplications of PLMD\nWhen periodic limb movements interrupt your sleep throughout the night, they can lead to complications. People with PLMD have more mood disorders, anxiety, attention problems, oppositional behavior, and\nparasomnias\n(like sleep talking or walking).\nIn children, missing sleep from PLMD can lead to hyperactivity and developmental delays. In adults, studies suggest PLMD is associated with a four-fold increased risk of dementia.\n“Untreated PLMD can also contribute towards cardiovascular strain due to repeated micro-arousals and surges in blood pressure during the night. This may increase long-term risk of hypertension or heart disease.”\nBeyond the movements themselves, periodic leg movement disorder can cause other symptoms:\nDisturbed sleep\nWaking up with movement\nInsomnia\nExcessive daytime sleepiness\nBed partner disruptions\nAnxiety\nAttention difficulties\nPoor performance at work or school\nDoctors diagnose periodic limb movement disorder by confirming a high number of periodic limb movements during sleep on a sleep study and ruling out other conditions that could cause those movements. If you suspect you have PLMD, your doctor may begin by asking questions about daytime tiredness, reports from your sleeping partner, and other indicators of PLMD.\nTo diagnose PLMD, you must have the following characteristics:\nMore than 15 limb movements per hour during sleep (adults)\nMore than 5 limb movements per hour during sleep (children)\nAssociated daytime sleepiness or functional impairment for example poor performance at work or school or in social settings\nTo see how many movements you have each night, your doctor may recommend a\nsleep study\n(polysomnography). During a sleep study, you will spend the night in a medical office, and the clinical staff will observe your movements. With these results and your other reported symptoms, they can then give you a PLMD diagnosis after ruling out any other potential causes, like low iron levels (\nanemia\n).\n“Video monitoring during a sleep study may also reveal movements and help distinguish PLMD from seizure disorder or other other sleep related movement disorders.”\nLulu Guo, MD\nSleep Medicine Physician\nTreatments for PLMD depend on the cause, and research is limited on treatment for PLMD on its own. For example, periodic leg movements of sleep associated with RLS follow\nRLS treatments\n. Sometimes, PLMD doesn’t need treatment at all. \nIf your iron levels come back low, your doctor may prescribe iron replacement. Some limited sleep study research has shown fewer nighttime movements with these medications that affect dopamine and nerve activity:\nPramipexole (Mirapex)\nRopinirole (Requip)\nRotigotine (Neupro)\nGabapentin (Neurontin)\nPregabalin (Lyrica)\nOther studies suggest that clonazepam (Klonopin), valproate (Depakote), and selegiline (Zelapar) may lessen nighttime waking, but more research is needed to prove the effectiveness of these medications against PLMD. \nSome research suggests exercise therapy and psychotherapies like\ncognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)\ncan also improve PLMD symptoms.\nIn addition to other treatments, you can improve your sleep by adopting\ngood sleep hygiene\n, like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding alcohol and caffeine before bed, and making your sleep space cool, comfortable, quiet, and dark.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nWhat is the difference between RLS and periodic limb movement disorder?\nPeriodic limb movement disorder occurs only during sleep, but restless legs syndrome prompts an almost uncontrollable urge to move your legs to relieve uncomfortable sensations while awake. Periodic limb movements of sleep can happen when you have RLS, but PLMD and RLS are two separate disorders.\nDoes PLMD ever go away?\nPLMD has no cure, but medications and lifestyle changes can reduce symptoms and improve sleep.\nWhat makes PLMD worse?\nCertain factors can make PLMD symptoms worse, like smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough physical activity each day. Some medications (like antidepressants), alcohol, and stimulants (like caffeine) can also make PLMD worse.\nStill have questions? Ask our community!\nJoin our\nSleep Care Community\n— a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.\nWritten By\nAbby McCoy, RN,\nContributing Writer\nAbby McCoy is an experienced RN who has worked with adults and pediatric patients encompassing trauma, orthopedics, home care, transplant, and case management. She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis Univeristy and has practiced nursing all over the world from San Francisco, CA, to Tharaka, Kenya. She now writes health content for trusted health outlets like Everyday Health and Next Avenue.\nMedically Reviewed by\nLulu Guo, MD,\nSleep Medicine Physician\nDr. Lulu Guo is a graduate of the prestigious Medical Scholars program at Michigan State University and was admitted into medical school at the age of seventeen after completing undergraduate studies in two years. She is double board-certified in Family and Sleep Medicine.\nLearn more about our Editorial Team\nReferences\n7 Sources\nGamaldo, Charlene E., M.D. (2024, September 24). Polysomnography in the evaluation of abnormal movements during sleep. UpToDate.\nhttps:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/polysomnography-in-the-evaluation-of-abnormal-movements-during-sleep\nSchwab, R. J. (2024, June). Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Merck Manual Professional Version.\nhttps:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/neurologic-disorders\/sleep-and-wakefulness-disorders\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder-plmd-and-restless-legs-syndrome-rls\nDrakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(11):6476-6494. doi:10.21037\/jtd-21-1353\nhttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34992826\/\nCameli N, Beatrice A, Maria E, et al. Restless Sleep Disorder and the Role of Iron in Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders and ADHD. Clinical and translational neuroscience. 2023;7(3):18-18.\nhttps:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2514-183X\/7\/3\/18\nSilber, M. H. (2024, June 14). Management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate.\nhttps:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/management-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults\nOndo, W. G. (2023, July 17). Clinical features and diagnosis of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate.\nhttps:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults\nGupta, K. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Nonpharmacologic Therapy. Medscape.com. Published July 2025. Accessed September 5, 2025.\nhttps:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/1188558-treatment\nLearn More About Sleep Disorders","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#post_content)\n\n[![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n\n![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)\n\n![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)\n\nSLEEP PRODUCTS\n\n- Mattresses\n  Mattresses\n  \n  - [All Mattresses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - [Best Mattress of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - Best of\n    - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers)\n    - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-back-pain)\n    - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-hip-pain)\n    - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers)\n    - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-memory-foam-mattress)\n    - [Best Latex Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-latex-mattress)\n    - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-innerspring-mattress)\n    - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-hybrid-mattress)\n    - [Best Cooling Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-cooling-mattress)\n    - [Best Firm Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-firm-mattress)\n    - [Best Organic Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-organic-mattresses)\n    - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/most-comfortable-mattresses)\n    - [Best Mattress in a Box](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-in-a-box)\n    - [Best Affordable Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-cheap-mattress)\n    - [Best King Size Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-king-mattress)\n    - [Best Mattress for Kids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-kids)\n  - Reviews\n    - [Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/casper-mattress-review)\n    - [Saatva](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/saatva-mattress-review)\n    - [Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review)\n    - [Nectar Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/nectar-mattress-review)\n    - [Bear](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/bear-mattress-review)\n    - [Loom & Leaf](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review)\n    - [Tempur-Pedic](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review)\n    - [Helix Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/helix-mattress-review)\n    - [DreamCloud Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/dreamcloud-mattress-review)\n    - [WinkBed Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/winkbed-mattress-review)\n  - Compare\n    - [Mattress Finder Tool](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)\n    - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz)\n    - [Nectar vs. Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/nectar-vs-casper)\n    - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number)\n    - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/do-you-need-a-box-spring)\n    - [What is Memory Foam?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/what-is-memory-foam)\n- Bedding\n  Bedding\n  \n  - [All Bedding](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n  - Pillows & Bedding\n    - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows)\n    - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers)\n    - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-neck-pain)\n    - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets)\n    - [Best Cooling Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets\/best-cooling-sheets)\n    - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-weighted-blankets)\n    - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n    - [The Best Comforters](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-comforter)\n  - Mattress Toppers & More\n    - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers)\n    - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-cooling-mattress-topper)\n    - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper)\n    - [Best Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads)\n    - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads\/best-cooling-mattress-pad)\n    - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors)\n    - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors\/best-mattress-encasements)\n- Sleep Solutions\n  Sleep Solutions\n  \n  - [All Solutions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n  - Get Sleep Tested\n    - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n    - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/at-home-sleep-study)\n    - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-does-a-sleep-study-work)\n    - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost)\n  - Sleep Therapy\n    - [The Best CPAP Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n    - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-mask)\n    - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n    - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards)\n    - [Mouth Taping](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/snoring\/mouth-taping-for-sleep)\n    - [CPAP Alternatives](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/alternatives-to-cpap)\n    - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-apps)\n    - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/magnesium\/best-magnesium-for-sleep)\n    - [Best Sleep Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids\/natural-sleep-aids)\n  - Sleep Environment\n    - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-trackers)\n    - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-white-noise-machines)\n    - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-adjustable-bed)\n    - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bed-frames)\n    - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses)\n    - [Wake-Up Lights](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-wake-up-lights)\n    - [Sleep Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-sleep-masks)\n\nSLEEP HEALTH & WELLNESS\n\n- Mattresses\n  Mattresses\n  \n  - [All](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - [Best Mattress of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - Best of\n    - SLEEPER TYPE\n      - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers)\n      - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-back-pain)\n      - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-hip-pain)\n      - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers)\n    - MATERIAL\n      - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-memory-foam-mattress)\n      - [Best Latex Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-latex-mattress)\n      - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-innerspring-mattress)\n      - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-hybrid-mattress)\n    - COMFORT\n      - [Best Cooling Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-cooling-mattress)\n      - [Best Firm Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-firm-mattress)\n      - [Best Organic Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-organic-mattresses)\n      - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/most-comfortable-mattresses)\n    - OTHER\n      - [Best Mattress in a Box](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-in-a-box)\n      - [Best Affordable Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-cheap-mattress)\n      - [Best King Size Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-king-mattress)\n      - [Best Mattress for Kids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-kids)\n    - [![Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)   [![mattress sizes](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-sizes)\n  - Reviews\n    - POPULAR BRANDS\n      - [Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/casper-mattress-review)\n      - [Saatva](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/saatva-mattress-review)\n      - [Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review)\n    - FOAM\n      - [Nectar Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/nectar-mattress-review)\n      - [Bear](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/bear-mattress-review)\n      - [Loom & Leaf](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review)\n      - [Tempur-Pedic](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review)\n    - HYBRID\n      - [Helix Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/helix-mattress-review)\n      - [DreamCloud Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/dreamcloud-mattress-review)\n      - [WinkBed Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/winkbed-mattress-review)\n    - [![Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)   [![mattress sizes](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-sizes)\n  - Compare\n    - MATTRESS MATCH\n      - [Mattress Finder Tool](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)\n      - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz)\n    - POPULAR BRANDS\n      - [Nectar vs. Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/nectar-vs-casper)\n      - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number)\n    - LEARN\n      - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/do-you-need-a-box-spring)\n      - [What is Memory Foam?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/what-is-memory-foam)\n    - [![Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)   [![mattress sizes](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-sizes)\n  - [All Mattresses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n- Bedding\n  Bedding\n  \n  - [All](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n  - Pillows & Bedding\n    - PILLOWS\n      - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows)\n      - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers)\n      - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-neck-pain)\n    - SHEETS\n      - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets)\n      - [Best Cooling Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets\/best-cooling-sheets)\n    - BEDDING\n      - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-weighted-blankets)\n      - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n      - [The Best Comforters](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-comforter)\n    - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-cooling-comforter)\n  - Mattress Toppers & More\n    - MATTRESS TOPPERS\n      - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers)\n      - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-cooling-mattress-topper)\n      - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper)\n    - MATTRESS PADS\n      - [Best Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads)\n      - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads\/best-cooling-mattress-pad)\n    - PROTECTORS\n      - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors)\n      - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors\/best-mattress-encasements)\n    - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-cooling-comforter)\n  - [All Bedding](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n- Sleep Solutions\n  Sleep Solutions\n  \n  - [All Solutions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n  - Get Sleep Tested\n    - AT-HOME TESTING\n      - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n      - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/at-home-sleep-study)\n    - IN-LAB TESTING\n      - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-does-a-sleep-study-work)\n      - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - Sleep Therapy\n    - CPAP\n      - [The Best CPAP Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n      - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-mask)\n      - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n    - ANTI-SNORING\n      - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards)\n      - [Mouth Taping](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/snoring\/mouth-taping-for-sleep)\n      - [CPAP Alternatives](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/alternatives-to-cpap)\n    - SERVICES & SUPPLEMENTS\n      - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-apps)\n      - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/magnesium\/best-magnesium-for-sleep)\n      - [Best Sleep Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids\/natural-sleep-aids)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - Sleep Environment\n    - SLEEP TECH\n      - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-trackers)\n      - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-white-noise-machines)\n    - BED FRAMES\n      - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-adjustable-bed)\n      - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bed-frames)\n    - PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS\n      - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses)\n      - [Wake-Up Lights](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-wake-up-lights)\n      - [Sleep Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-sleep-masks)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - [All Solutions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n- Sleep Health\n  Sleep Health\n  \n  - [All Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n  - Sleep Disorders\n    - COMMON DISORDERS\n      - [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n      - [Parasomnias](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias)\n      - [Excessive Sleepiness](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/excessive-sleepiness)\n    - BREATHING-RELATED\n      - [Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea)\n      - [Obstructive Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/obstructive-sleep-apnea)\n      - [Central Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/central-sleep-apnea)\n    - MOVEMENT-RELATED\n      - [Sleepwalking](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleepwalking)\n      - [Bruxism](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/bruxism)\n      - [Restless Legs Syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome)\n    - TESTING & TREATMENTS\n      - [CPAP](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/cpap)\n      - [Home Sleep Test](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/at-home-sleep-study)\n      - [What to Do When You Can't Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - Improve Your Sleep\n    - SLEEP HABITS\n      - [The Ultimate Sleep Improvement Plan](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-habits)\n      - [The 20 Most Proven Sleep Tips](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-hygiene\/healthy-sleep-tips)\n      - [Sleep Hygiene](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-hygiene)\n    - SLEEP AIDS\n      - [Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin)\n      - [Magnesium](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/magnesium)\n      - [The Most Effective Sleep Aids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids)\n    - TOOLS & PRODUCTS\n      - [Sleep Calculator](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-calculator)\n      - [7 Nights to Better Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-habits\/7-night-sleep-habit-builder)\n      - [Submit Your Sleep Story](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/submit-your-sleep-story)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - Understand Your Sleep\n    - SCIENCE OF SLEEP\n      - [How Sleep Works](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works)\n      - [Circadian Rhythm](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/circadian-rhythm)\n      - [The Stages of Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/stages-of-sleep)\n    - IMPACTS\n      - [Snoring](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/snoring)\n      - [Sleep Deprivation](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-deprivation)\n      - [How Electronics Affect Your Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-electronics-affect-sleep)\n    - STATISTICS\n      - [Sleep Data & Research](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/sleep-facts-statistics)\n      - [How Much Sleep Do We Need?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - [All Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n- About Us\n  About Us\n  \n  - Who We Are\n    - OUR MISSION\n      - [What We Do](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n      - [Our Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are)\n    - OUR MEDICAL TEAM\n      - [Medical Advisory Board](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#medical-advisory-board)\n    - OUR PROCESS\n      - [Editorial Policy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy)\n      - [How We Review Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)\n    - [![Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Bedroom-Environment-1-300x125.jpg) Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)   [![Sleep Video Library](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/best_clips.00_09_45_18.still029_720-300x169.jpg) Sleep Video Library](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/video)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/contact)\n- [Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n- [Sleep Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-quiz)\n\n- [![Facebook Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-facebook.svg)](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sleepisthefoundation\/)\n- [![Twitter Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/sf-twitter.svg)](https:\/\/twitter.com\/sleepisthefound)\n- [![YouTube Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/social_youtube.svg)](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/SleepIsTheFoundation)\n- [![Instagram Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/sf-instagram.svg)](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/sleepisthefoundation)\n- [![LinkedIn Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-linkedin.svg)](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/showcase\/sleepisthefoundation)\n- [![TikTok Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-tiktok.svg)](https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@sleepisthefoundation)\n\n- Share\n- [![Share on Facebook](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Facebook.svg)](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dialog\/feed?app_id=495325298308657&link=https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder)\n- [![Share on Twitter](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Twitter.svg)](https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Periodic%20Limb%20Movement%20Disorder&url=https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder&original_referer=https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder)\n- [![Email](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Email.svg)](<mailto:?subject=I wanted you to see this site&body=Check out this site https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder> \"Share by Email\")\n- [![Print](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Print.svg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder)\n- ![Copy Link](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Link.svg)\n  Url copied\n\nWhen you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/advertising-disclosure)\n\n[\/](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)  [Sleep-Related Movement Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-movement-disorders)\n\n# Periodic Limb Movement Disorder\nUpdated September 5, 2025\n\n![Abby McCoy, RN](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/unnamed-e1755799481924-150x150.jpg)\n\nContributing Writer Abby McCoy, RN\n\n![Abby McCoy, RN](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/unnamed-e1755799481924-150x150.jpg)\n\nAbby McCoy, RN\n\nContributing Writer\n\nAbby McCoy is an experienced RN who has worked with adults and pediatric patients encompassing trauma, orthopedics, home care, transplant, and case management. She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis Univeristy and has practiced nursing all over the world from San Francisco, CA, to Tharaka, Kenya. She now writes health content for trusted health outlets like Everyday Health and Next Avenue.\n\n[Read Full Bio](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#abby_mccoy,_rn)\n\nWant to read more about all our experts in the field?\n\n[Learn About The Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n![Lulu Guo, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg)\n\nMedically Reviewed by  Lulu Guo, MD\n\n![Lulu Guo, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg)\n\nLulu Guo, MD\n\nSleep Medicine Physician\n\nDr. Lulu Guo is a graduate of the prestigious Medical Scholars program at Michigan State University and was admitted into medical school at the age of seventeen after completing undergraduate studies in two years. She is double board-certified in Family and Sleep Medicine.\n\n[Read Full Bio](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#lulu_guo,_md)\n\nWant to read more about all our experts in the field?\n\n[Learn About The Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n**Fact-Checked**\n\nSleep Foundation\n\nFact-Checking: Our Process\n***\n\nThe Sleep Foundation editorial team is dedicated to providing content that meets the highest standards for accuracy and objectivity. Our editors and medical experts rigorously evaluate every article and guide to ensure the information is factual, up-to-date, and free of bias.\n\nThe Sleep Foundation fact-checking guidelines are as follows:\n\n- We only cite reputable sources when researching our guides and articles. These include peer-reviewed journals, government reports, academic and medical associations, and interviews with credentialed medical experts and practitioners.\n- All scientific data and information must be backed up by at least one reputable source. Each guide and article includes a comprehensive bibliography with full citations and links to the original sources.\n- Some guides and articles feature links to other relevant Sleep Foundation pages. These internal links are intended to improve ease of navigation across the site, and are never used as original sources for scientific data or information.\n- A member of our medical expert team provides a final review of the content and sources cited for every guide, article, and product review concerning medical- and health-related topics. Inaccurate or unverifiable information will be removed prior to publication.\n- Plagiarism is never tolerated. Writers and editors caught stealing content or improperly citing sources are immediately terminated, and we will work to rectify the situation with the original publisher(s)\n- Although Sleep Foundation maintains affiliate partnerships with brands and e-commerce portals, these relationships never have any bearing on our product reviews or recommendations. Read our full [Advertising Disclosure](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/advertising-disclosure) for more information.\n\n**Up-to-Date**\n\nTable of Contents\n\nTable of Contents\n\n- [What Is PLMD?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#what-is-plmd)\n- [What Causes PLMD?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#what-causes-plmd)\n- [What Are the Symptoms of PLMD?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#what-are-the-symptoms-of-plmd)\n- [How Is PLMD Diagnosed?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#how-is-plmd-diagnosed)\n- [What Are the Treatments for PLMD?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#what-are-the-treatments-for-plmd)\n\nKey Takeaways\n\n- **What It Is:** Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder that causes repetitive limb movements like kicking or ankle-flexing during sleep that can wake you up or disrupt deeper sleep stages.\n- **Causes and Risk Factors:** Experts aren’t sure what causes PLMD, but risk factors include low iron levels, family history of PLMD, older age, neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, other sleep disorders, and some medications, such as antidepressants.\n- **Diagnosis:** Doctors can diagnose PLMD based on sleep study results and a description of your symptoms.\n- **Treatment:** Treatment can include iron replacement, medications, lifestyle changes, and good sleep hygiene.\n\nSome movement during sleep is normal, especially as you get comfortable or start to fall asleep. For example, most people have experienced “sleep starts” or [hypnic jerks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/hypnic-jerks), a harmless phenomenon that causes their body to jolt suddenly as they fall asleep.  [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) UpToDateMore than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-284557)\n\nBut once you enter deeper stages of sleep, your body should stay mostly still. Repeated episodes of twitching, kicking, or flailing, especially at regular intervals, may indicate a [sleep-related movement disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-movement-disorders) like periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD).\n\n### Looking to improve your sleep? Try upgrading your mattress.\n[![Helix Midnight Luxe Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/SF_HelixMidnightLuxe_1-1-768x406.jpg)Our 2026 Best Mattress Pick Helix Midnight Luxe A pressure-relieving hybrid mattress that’s well-suited to side and back sleepers. 20% off with code: NYS20 Shop Now](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/go\/helix-midnight-luxe-periodic-limb-movement-disorder)\n\n## What Is Periodic Limb Movement Disorder?\nWhen you have periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), your limbs twitch and jerk in a repetitive pattern while you sleep. These movements are called periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) and, while they can happen in the arms, they most often affect the legs. These movements usually happen every 20 to 40 seconds and can include:  [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) Merck ManualFirst published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-264886)\n\n- Flexing the ankle so your big toe pulls up and back toward your leg\n- Bending the legs at the knees or hips\n- Twitching or kicking the legs\n\nMost people don’t wake up when they move, but the movements can still disrupt sleep. These movements mostly occur during lighter stages of sleep. They may fragment sleep without fully waking you up, which can reduce deep, restorative slow wave sleep.\n\n### How Common Is PLMD?\nPeriodic limb movement disorder happens in 5 to 8% of children and 4 to 11% of adults.  Under age 40, having more than five limb movements per hour is rare. The prevalence increases with age, especially after the age of 65, where PLMD may affect up to 25 to 30% of individuals.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/person-stretch.png)\n\n## **What Causes PLMD?**\nExperts don’t know the exact cause of periodic limb movement disorder, but some research suggests low iron levels could play a part.  [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) Clinical and Translational Neuroscience[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-284561) Problems with dopamine, an important brain messenger (neurotransmitter) may also prompt movements during sleep. Having too little dopamine can make your spinal nerves more sensitive and excitable, which creates a pathway for movement, especially during [non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/stages-of-sleep\/nrem-sleep).\n\nPLMD may also be linked to disruptions in the brain’s central nervous system pathways that control motor activity. In some cases, PLMD appears after spinal cord injury or other neurological changes.\n\n### Risk Factors for PLMD\nAlthough the causes of PLMD are still theoretical, studies have revealed that some factors can increase your risk for this movement disorder:  [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) UpToDateMore than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-264900)\n\n- **Restless legs syndrome (RLS):** Over 30% of people with [restless legs syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome) also have PLMD.\n- **Neurological conditions:**[Parkinson’s disease](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/physical-health\/parkinsons-disease-and-sleep) can increase your risk for PLMD.\n- **Sleep disorders:** PLMD is more common in people with [narcolepsy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy), [rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder), and [obstructive sleep apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/obstructive-sleep-apnea) (OSA).\n- **Family history:** PLMD may have a genetic component and runs in families.\n- **Medications:** Some antidepressants and antipsychotics can cause PLMS.\n- **Age:** Limb movements in PLMD can happen more often with age.\n- **Inactivity and obesity:** People who are overweight or sit down for much of the day may experience more nocturnal movement.\n### Complications of PLMD\nWhen periodic limb movements interrupt your sleep throughout the night, they can lead to complications. People with PLMD have more mood disorders, anxiety, attention problems, oppositional behavior, and [parasomnias](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias) (like sleep talking or walking).\n\nIn children, missing sleep from PLMD can lead to hyperactivity and developmental delays. In adults, studies suggest PLMD is associated with a four-fold increased risk of dementia.\n\n“Untreated PLMD can also contribute towards cardiovascular strain due to repeated micro-arousals and surges in blood pressure during the night. This may increase long-term risk of hypertension or heart disease.”\n\n![Lulu Guo, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg)\n\nLulu Guo, MD\n\nSleep Medicine Physician\n## **What Are the Symptoms of PLMD?**\nBeyond the movements themselves, periodic leg movement disorder can cause other symptoms:\n\n- Disturbed sleep\n- Waking up with movement\n- [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n- Excessive daytime sleepiness\n- Bed partner disruptions\n- [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/anxiety-and-sleep)\n- Attention difficulties\n- Poor performance at work or school\n## **How Is PLMD Diagnosed?**\nDoctors diagnose periodic limb movement disorder by confirming a high number of periodic limb movements during sleep on a sleep study and ruling out other conditions that could cause those movements. If you suspect you have PLMD, your doctor may begin by asking questions about daytime tiredness, reports from your sleeping partner, and other indicators of PLMD.\n\nTo diagnose PLMD, you must have the following characteristics:  [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) UpToDateMore than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-264888)\n\n- More than 15 limb movements per hour during sleep (adults)\n- More than 5 limb movements per hour during sleep (children)\n- Associated daytime sleepiness or functional impairment for example poor performance at work or school or in social settings\n\nTo see how many movements you have each night, your doctor may recommend a [sleep study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies) (polysomnography). During a sleep study, you will spend the night in a medical office, and the clinical staff will observe your movements. With these results and your other reported symptoms, they can then give you a PLMD diagnosis after ruling out any other potential causes, like low iron levels ([anemia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/physical-health\/anemia-and-sleep)).\n\n“Video monitoring during a sleep study may also reveal movements and help distinguish PLMD from seizure disorder or other other sleep related movement disorders.”\n\n![Lulu Guo, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg)\n\nLulu Guo, MD\n\nSleep Medicine Physician\n## **What Are the Treatments for PLMD?**\nTreatments for PLMD depend on the cause, and research is limited on treatment for PLMD on its own. For example, periodic leg movements of sleep associated with RLS follow [RLS treatments](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome\/treatment). Sometimes, PLMD doesn’t need treatment at all.\n\nIf your iron levels come back low, your doctor may prescribe iron replacement. Some limited sleep study research has shown fewer nighttime movements with these medications that affect dopamine and nerve activity:\n\n- Pramipexole (Mirapex)\n- Ropinirole (Requip)\n- Rotigotine (Neupro)\n- Gabapentin (Neurontin)\n- Pregabalin (Lyrica)\n\nOther studies suggest that clonazepam (Klonopin), valproate (Depakote), and selegiline (Zelapar) may lessen nighttime waking, but more research is needed to prove the effectiveness of these medications against PLMD.\n\nSome research suggests exercise therapy and psychotherapies like [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) can also improve PLMD symptoms.  [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) MedscapeMedscape is on online destination for healthcare professionals worldwide, offering expert perspectives, drug and disease information, and professional education.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-284563) In addition to other treatments, you can improve your sleep by adopting [good sleep hygiene](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-hygiene), like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding alcohol and caffeine before bed, and making your sleep space cool, comfortable, quiet, and dark.\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n### What is the difference between RLS and periodic limb movement disorder?\nPeriodic limb movement disorder occurs only during sleep, but restless legs syndrome prompts an almost uncontrollable urge to move your legs to relieve uncomfortable sensations while awake. Periodic limb movements of sleep can happen when you have RLS, but PLMD and RLS are two separate disorders.\n\n### Does PLMD ever go away?\nPLMD has no cure, but medications and lifestyle changes can reduce symptoms and improve sleep.\n\n### What makes PLMD worse?\nCertain factors can make PLMD symptoms worse, like smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough physical activity each day. Some medications (like antidepressants), alcohol, and stimulants (like caffeine) can also make PLMD worse.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/themes\/onecaremedia-child\/assets\/images\/sf-question-bubble.svg)\n\n### Still have questions? Ask our community\\!\nJoin our [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.\n\n[About Our Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n![Abby McCoy, RN](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/unnamed-e1755799481924-150x150.jpg)\n\nWritten By\n\n### Abby McCoy, RN,  Contributing Writer\n\nAbby McCoy is an experienced RN who has worked with adults and pediatric patients encompassing trauma, orthopedics, home care, transplant, and case management. She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis Univeristy and has practiced nursing all over the world from San Francisco, CA, to Tharaka, Kenya. She now writes health content for trusted health outlets like Everyday Health and Next Avenue.\n\n![Lulu Guo, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg)\n\nMedically Reviewed by\n\n### Lulu Guo, MD,  Sleep Medicine Physician\n\nDr. Lulu Guo is a graduate of the prestigious Medical Scholars program at Michigan State University and was admitted into medical school at the age of seventeen after completing undergraduate studies in two years. She is double board-certified in Family and Sleep Medicine.\n\n[Learn more about our Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#team)\n\n- Share\n- [![Share on Facebook](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Facebook.svg)](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dialog\/feed?app_id=495325298308657&link=https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder)\n- [![Share on Twitter](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Twitter.svg)](https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Periodic%20Limb%20Movement%20Disorder&url=https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder&original_referer=https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder)\n- [![Email](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Email.svg)](<mailto:?subject=I wanted you to see this site&body=Check out this site https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder> \"Share by Email\")\n- [![Print](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Print.svg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder)\n- ![Copy Link](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ocm-social-networks-shortcode\/assets\/images\/Link.svg)\n  Url copied\n\n## References 7 Sources\n1. Gamaldo, Charlene E., M.D. (2024, September 24). Polysomnography in the evaluation of abnormal movements during sleep. UpToDate.\n   <https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/polysomnography-in-the-evaluation-of-abnormal-movements-during-sleep>\n2. Schwab, R. J. (2024, June). Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Merck Manual Professional Version.\n   <https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/neurologic-disorders\/sleep-and-wakefulness-disorders\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder-plmd-and-restless-legs-syndrome-rls>\n3. Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(11):6476-6494. doi:10.21037\/jtd-21-1353\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34992826\/>\n4. Cameli N, Beatrice A, Maria E, et al. Restless Sleep Disorder and the Role of Iron in Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders and ADHD. Clinical and translational neuroscience. 2023;7(3):18-18.\n   <https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2514-183X\/7\/3\/18>\n5. Silber, M. H. (2024, June 14). Management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate.\n   <https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/management-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults>\n6. Ondo, W. G. (2023, July 17). Clinical features and diagnosis of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate.\n   <https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults>\n7. Gupta, K. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Nonpharmacologic Therapy. Medscape.com. Published July 2025. Accessed September 5, 2025.\n   <https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/1188558-treatment>\n\n## Learn More About Sleep Disorders\n[![Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/NSF-3-F_What-Restless-Sleep_purchased_900x560.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome)\n\n[Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome)\n\nBy Abby McCoy, RN  April 8, 2026\n***\n\n[![Person's legs showing outside sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Restless-Legs-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome\/treatment)\n\n[Treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome\/treatment)\n\nBy Abby McCoy, RN  April 8, 2026\n***\n\n[![Young woman massaging her foot on the bed](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/sleep-related-movement-disorders-1-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-movement-disorders)\n\n[Sleep-Related Movement Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-movement-disorders)\n\nBy Abby McCoy, RN  September 5, 2025\n***\n\n[![doctor and patient](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/doctor-and-patient-300x184.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome\/diagnosis)\n\n[Diagnosing Restless Legs Syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome\/diagnosis)\n\nBy Abby McCoy, RN  August 27, 2025\n***\n\n[![A woman sits on the edge of a bed unable to sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/interrupted-sleep-update--300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-deprivation\/interrupted-sleep)\n\n[Interrupted Sleep: Causes & Helpful Tips](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-deprivation\/interrupted-sleep)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 29, 2025\n***\n\n[![man falling asleep at his desk](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1692360406-300x175.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/treatments)\n\n[Narcolepsy Treatment](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/treatments)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 29, 2025\n***\n\n[![sleepy guy rubbing his eyes in the car](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1275314326-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/symptoms)\n\n[Narcolepsy Symptoms](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/symptoms)\n\nBy Rob Newsom  July 29, 2025\n***\n\n[![woman looking tired](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1383610118-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/diagnosis)\n\n[Diagnosing Narcolepsy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/diagnosis)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 29, 2025\n***\n\n[![Can You Drive With Narcolepsy?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Can-You-Drive-With-Narcolepsy-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/can-you-drive-with-narcolepsy)\n\n[Can You Drive With Narcolepsy?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/can-you-drive-with-narcolepsy)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  July 29, 2025\n***\n\n[![Stressed And Overworked Nurse Wearing Scrubs Sitting On Floor In Hospital Corridor](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/health-care_tired-300x197.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder)\n\n[Shift Work Disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder)\n\nBy Lauren Fountain  July 25, 2025\n***\n\n[![What is Shift Work?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ShiftWorkDisorder_1440x360_21.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder\/what-shift-work)\n\n[What is Shift Work?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder\/what-shift-work)\n\nBy Daniel Noyed  July 25, 2025\n***\n\n[![Sleep Study diagnostic](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Diagnosing-Shift-Work-Disorder-300x225.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder\/diagnosis)\n\n[Diagnosing Shift Work Disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder\/diagnosis)\n\nBy Lauren Fountain  July 25, 2025\n***\n\n[![Young man experiencing sleep paralysis.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/sleep-paralysis-300x169.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleep-paralysis)\n\n[Sleep Paralysis](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleep-paralysis)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 25, 2025\n***\n\n[![A woman stands in front of an open refridgerator in the evening](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Night-Eating-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nutrition\/night-eating-syndrome)\n\n[Night Eating Syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nutrition\/night-eating-syndrome)\n\nBy Danielle Pacheco  July 16, 2025\n***\n\n[![Woman of color sleeping in bed](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/What%E2%80%99s-the-Connection-Between-Race-and-Sleep-Disorders-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/whats-connection-between-race-and-sleep-disorders)\n\n[What’s the Connection Between Race and Sleep Disorders?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/whats-connection-between-race-and-sleep-disorders)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![A young man struggling to sleep in bed.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/sleep-disorders-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-disorders)\n\n[Sleep Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-disorders)\n\nBy Logan Foley  May 7, 2024\n***\n\n[![Hypersomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/04\/iStock_93446439_LARGE.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/hypersomnia)\n\n[Hypersomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/hypersomnia)\n\nBy Rob Newsom  May 7, 2024\n***\n\n[![Hypersomnia Tests and Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/hypersomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/hypersomnia\/tests-and-diagnosis)\n\n[Hypersomnia Tests and Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/hypersomnia\/tests-and-diagnosis)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  May 7, 2024\n***\n\n[![doctor speaking to patient](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1706565550-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/symptoms-diagnosis)\n\n[Non-24 Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder Symptoms & Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/symptoms-diagnosis)\n\nBy Alexa Fry  December 22, 2023\n***\n\n[![man walking through the park with his dog](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_341367500-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/living-managing)\n\n[Living With and Managing Non-24 Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/living-managing)\n\nBy Danielle Pacheco  December 22, 2023\n***\n\n[![Stock image of a Doctor in a medical facility](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/How-to-Find-a-Sleep-Doctor-Near-You--300x202.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-clinics\/how-to-find-sleep-doctor)\n\n[How to Find a Sleep Doctor Near You](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-clinics\/how-to-find-sleep-doctor)\n\nBy Sarah Shoen  December 22, 2023\n***\n\n[![Worried man sitting up in bed at night while holding his head.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Dyssomnia-Causes-Types-and-Symptoms-1-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/dyssomnia)\n\n[Dyssomnia: Causes, Types, and Symptoms](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/dyssomnia)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  December 22, 2023\n***\n\n[![Young woman in bed holding her head to her temples in exhaustion](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/non-24-hour-sleep-300x225.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder)\n\n[Non-24-Hour Sleep Wake Disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder)\n\nBy Danielle Pacheco  November 16, 2023\n***\n\n[![Man with sleep apnea sleeping in bed.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1405587290-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-breathing-disorders)\n\n[Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-breathing-disorders)\n\nBy Eric Suni  November 16, 2023\n***\n\n[![Teenage boy sleeping during day](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Kleine-Levin-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/kleine-levin-syndrome)\n\n[Kleine-Levin Syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/kleine-levin-syndrome)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  November 16, 2023\n***\n\n[![woman with inhaler](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1017802081-300x225.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-breathing-disorders\/asthma-and-sleep)\n\n[Nocturnal Asthma](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-breathing-disorders\/asthma-and-sleep)\n\nBy Rob Newsom  February 3, 2023\n***\n\n[![Person sleeping with a sleep tracker on their wrist](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Orthosomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/orthosomnia)\n\n[What is Orthosomnia?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/orthosomnia)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  June 3, 2022\n***\n\n[![woman speaking to doctor about treatment options](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_110078714-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/treatment-care)\n\n[Treatment for Non-24-Hour Sleep Wake Disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/treatment-care)\n\nBy Danielle Pacheco  May 13, 2022\n\n[Load More Articles]()\n\n[![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo-footer.svg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n\n**Sleep Foundation** and **SleepFoundation.org** are not affiliated with the National Sleep Foundation, an independent nonprofit based in Washington, DC.\n\nThe content on this website is for informational purposes only. SleepFoundation.org does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment options.\n\nSleep Information\n\n- [Sleep Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n- [Sleep Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n- [Sleep Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-disorders)\n- [Sleep News](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news)\n\nSleep Foundation\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/contact)\n- [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n- [How We Review Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)\n\nSleep Profile\n\nYour daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep. Take the Sleep Quiz to help inform your sleep improvement journey.\n\n[Take the Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-quiz)\n### Explore Sleep Foundation\n\n- [Editorial Policy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy)\n- [Advertising Disclosure](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/advertising-disclosure)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/privacy-policy)\n- [Terms & Conditions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/terms-of-use)\n- [Accessibility Statement](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/accessibility-statement)\n- [Your Privacy Choices](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder)\n\n© 2026 [Sleep Doctor Holdings](https:\/\/corporate.sleepdoctor.com\/), LLC. All rights reserved.","attrs_readable_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#post_content)\n\nWhen you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/advertising-disclosure)\n\nTable of Contents\n\nKey Takeaways\n\n- **What It Is:** Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder that causes repetitive limb movements like kicking or ankle-flexing during sleep that can wake you up or disrupt deeper sleep stages.\n- **Causes and Risk Factors:** Experts aren’t sure what causes PLMD, but risk factors include low iron levels, family history of PLMD, older age, neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, other sleep disorders, and some medications, such as antidepressants.\n- **Diagnosis:** Doctors can diagnose PLMD based on sleep study results and a description of your symptoms.\n- **Treatment:** Treatment can include iron replacement, medications, lifestyle changes, and good sleep hygiene.\n\nSome movement during sleep is normal, especially as you get comfortable or start to fall asleep. For example, most people have experienced “sleep starts” or [hypnic jerks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/hypnic-jerks), a harmless phenomenon that causes their body to jolt suddenly as they fall asleep.\n\nBut once you enter deeper stages of sleep, your body should stay mostly still. Repeated episodes of twitching, kicking, or flailing, especially at regular intervals, may indicate a [sleep-related movement disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-movement-disorders) like periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD).\n\n### Looking to improve your sleep? Try upgrading your mattress.\nWhen you have periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), your limbs twitch and jerk in a repetitive pattern while you sleep. These movements are called periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) and, while they can happen in the arms, they most often affect the legs. These movements usually happen every 20 to 40 seconds and can include:\n\n- Flexing the ankle so your big toe pulls up and back toward your leg\n- Bending the legs at the knees or hips\n- Twitching or kicking the legs\n\nMost people don’t wake up when they move, but the movements can still disrupt sleep. These movements mostly occur during lighter stages of sleep. They may fragment sleep without fully waking you up, which can reduce deep, restorative slow wave sleep.\n\n### How Common Is PLMD?\nPeriodic limb movement disorder happens in 5 to 8% of children and 4 to 11% of adults.  Under age 40, having more than five limb movements per hour is rare. The prevalence increases with age, especially after the age of 65, where PLMD may affect up to 25 to 30% of individuals.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/person-stretch.png)\n\nExperts don’t know the exact cause of periodic limb movement disorder, but some research suggests low iron levels could play a part.  Problems with dopamine, an important brain messenger (neurotransmitter) may also prompt movements during sleep. Having too little dopamine can make your spinal nerves more sensitive and excitable, which creates a pathway for movement, especially during [non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/stages-of-sleep\/nrem-sleep).\n\nPLMD may also be linked to disruptions in the brain’s central nervous system pathways that control motor activity. In some cases, PLMD appears after spinal cord injury or other neurological changes.\n\n### Risk Factors for PLMD\nAlthough the causes of PLMD are still theoretical, studies have revealed that some factors can increase your risk for this movement disorder:\n\n- **Restless legs syndrome (RLS):** Over 30% of people with [restless legs syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome) also have PLMD.\n- **Neurological conditions:**[Parkinson’s disease](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/physical-health\/parkinsons-disease-and-sleep) can increase your risk for PLMD.\n- **Sleep disorders:** PLMD is more common in people with [narcolepsy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy), [rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder), and [obstructive sleep apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/obstructive-sleep-apnea) (OSA).\n- **Family history:** PLMD may have a genetic component and runs in families.\n- **Medications:** Some antidepressants and antipsychotics can cause PLMS.\n- **Age:** Limb movements in PLMD can happen more often with age.\n- **Inactivity and obesity:** People who are overweight or sit down for much of the day may experience more nocturnal movement.\n### Complications of PLMD\nWhen periodic limb movements interrupt your sleep throughout the night, they can lead to complications. People with PLMD have more mood disorders, anxiety, attention problems, oppositional behavior, and [parasomnias](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias) (like sleep talking or walking).\n\nIn children, missing sleep from PLMD can lead to hyperactivity and developmental delays. In adults, studies suggest PLMD is associated with a four-fold increased risk of dementia.\n\n“Untreated PLMD can also contribute towards cardiovascular strain due to repeated micro-arousals and surges in blood pressure during the night. This may increase long-term risk of hypertension or heart disease.”\n\nBeyond the movements themselves, periodic leg movement disorder can cause other symptoms:\n\n- Disturbed sleep\n- Waking up with movement\n- [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n- Excessive daytime sleepiness\n- Bed partner disruptions\n- [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/anxiety-and-sleep)\n- Attention difficulties\n- Poor performance at work or school\n\nDoctors diagnose periodic limb movement disorder by confirming a high number of periodic limb movements during sleep on a sleep study and ruling out other conditions that could cause those movements. If you suspect you have PLMD, your doctor may begin by asking questions about daytime tiredness, reports from your sleeping partner, and other indicators of PLMD.\n\nTo diagnose PLMD, you must have the following characteristics:\n\n- More than 15 limb movements per hour during sleep (adults)\n- More than 5 limb movements per hour during sleep (children)\n- Associated daytime sleepiness or functional impairment for example poor performance at work or school or in social settings\n\nTo see how many movements you have each night, your doctor may recommend a [sleep study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies) (polysomnography). During a sleep study, you will spend the night in a medical office, and the clinical staff will observe your movements. With these results and your other reported symptoms, they can then give you a PLMD diagnosis after ruling out any other potential causes, like low iron levels ([anemia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/physical-health\/anemia-and-sleep)).\n\n“Video monitoring during a sleep study may also reveal movements and help distinguish PLMD from seizure disorder or other other sleep related movement disorders.”\n\n![Lulu Guo, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg)\n\nLulu Guo, MD\n\nSleep Medicine Physician\n\nTreatments for PLMD depend on the cause, and research is limited on treatment for PLMD on its own. For example, periodic leg movements of sleep associated with RLS follow [RLS treatments](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome\/treatment). Sometimes, PLMD doesn’t need treatment at all.\n\nIf your iron levels come back low, your doctor may prescribe iron replacement. Some limited sleep study research has shown fewer nighttime movements with these medications that affect dopamine and nerve activity:\n\n- Pramipexole (Mirapex)\n- Ropinirole (Requip)\n- Rotigotine (Neupro)\n- Gabapentin (Neurontin)\n- Pregabalin (Lyrica)\n\nOther studies suggest that clonazepam (Klonopin), valproate (Depakote), and selegiline (Zelapar) may lessen nighttime waking, but more research is needed to prove the effectiveness of these medications against PLMD.\n\nSome research suggests exercise therapy and psychotherapies like [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) can also improve PLMD symptoms.  In addition to other treatments, you can improve your sleep by adopting [good sleep hygiene](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-hygiene), like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding alcohol and caffeine before bed, and making your sleep space cool, comfortable, quiet, and dark.\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n### What is the difference between RLS and periodic limb movement disorder?\nPeriodic limb movement disorder occurs only during sleep, but restless legs syndrome prompts an almost uncontrollable urge to move your legs to relieve uncomfortable sensations while awake. Periodic limb movements of sleep can happen when you have RLS, but PLMD and RLS are two separate disorders.\n\n### Does PLMD ever go away?\nPLMD has no cure, but medications and lifestyle changes can reduce symptoms and improve sleep.\n\n### What makes PLMD worse?\nCertain factors can make PLMD symptoms worse, like smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough physical activity each day. Some medications (like antidepressants), alcohol, and stimulants (like caffeine) can also make PLMD worse.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/themes\/onecaremedia-child\/assets\/images\/sf-question-bubble.svg)\n\n### Still have questions? Ask our community\\!\nJoin our [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.\n\n![Abby McCoy, RN](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/unnamed-e1755799481924-150x150.jpg)\n\nWritten By\n\n### Abby McCoy, RN,  Contributing Writer\n\nAbby McCoy is an experienced RN who has worked with adults and pediatric patients encompassing trauma, orthopedics, home care, transplant, and case management. She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis Univeristy and has practiced nursing all over the world from San Francisco, CA, to Tharaka, Kenya. She now writes health content for trusted health outlets like Everyday Health and Next Avenue.\n\n![Lulu Guo, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg)\n\nMedically Reviewed by\n\n### Lulu Guo, MD,  Sleep Medicine Physician\n\nDr. Lulu Guo is a graduate of the prestigious Medical Scholars program at Michigan State University and was admitted into medical school at the age of seventeen after completing undergraduate studies in two years. She is double board-certified in Family and Sleep Medicine.\n\n[Learn more about our Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#team)\n\n## References 7 Sources\n1. Gamaldo, Charlene E., M.D. (2024, September 24). Polysomnography in the evaluation of abnormal movements during sleep. UpToDate.\n   <https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/polysomnography-in-the-evaluation-of-abnormal-movements-during-sleep>\n2. Schwab, R. J. (2024, June). Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Merck Manual Professional Version.\n   <https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/neurologic-disorders\/sleep-and-wakefulness-disorders\/periodic-limb-movement-disorder-plmd-and-restless-legs-syndrome-rls>\n3. Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(11):6476-6494. doi:10.21037\/jtd-21-1353\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34992826\/>\n4. Cameli N, Beatrice A, Maria E, et al. Restless Sleep Disorder and the Role of Iron in Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders and ADHD. Clinical and translational neuroscience. 2023;7(3):18-18.\n   <https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2514-183X\/7\/3\/18>\n5. Silber, M. H. (2024, June 14). Management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate.\n   <https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/management-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults>\n6. Ondo, W. G. (2023, July 17). Clinical features and diagnosis of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate.\n   <https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults>\n7. Gupta, K. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Nonpharmacologic Therapy. Medscape.com. Published July 2025. Accessed September 5, 2025.\n   <https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/1188558-treatment>\n\nLearn More About Sleep Disorders\n\n[![Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/NSF-3-F_What-Restless-Sleep_purchased_900x560.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome)\n\n[![Person's legs showing outside sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Restless-Legs-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome\/treatment)\n\n[![Young woman massaging her foot on the bed](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/sleep-related-movement-disorders-1-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-movement-disorders)\n\n[![doctor and patient](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/doctor-and-patient-300x184.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome\/diagnosis)\n\n[![A woman sits on the edge of a bed unable to sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/interrupted-sleep-update--300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-deprivation\/interrupted-sleep)\n\n[![man falling asleep at his desk](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1692360406-300x175.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/treatments)\n\n[![sleepy guy rubbing his eyes in the car](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1275314326-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/symptoms)\n\n[![woman looking tired](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1383610118-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/diagnosis)\n\n[![Can You Drive With Narcolepsy?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Can-You-Drive-With-Narcolepsy-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/narcolepsy\/can-you-drive-with-narcolepsy)\n\n[![Stressed And Overworked Nurse Wearing Scrubs Sitting On Floor In Hospital Corridor](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/health-care_tired-300x197.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder)\n\n[![What is Shift Work?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ShiftWorkDisorder_1440x360_21.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder\/what-shift-work)\n\n[![Sleep Study diagnostic](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Diagnosing-Shift-Work-Disorder-300x225.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder\/diagnosis)\n\n[![Young man experiencing sleep paralysis.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/sleep-paralysis-300x169.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleep-paralysis)\n\n[![A woman stands in front of an open refridgerator in the evening](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Night-Eating-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nutrition\/night-eating-syndrome)\n\n[![Woman of color sleeping in bed](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/What%E2%80%99s-the-Connection-Between-Race-and-Sleep-Disorders-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/whats-connection-between-race-and-sleep-disorders)\n\n[![A young man struggling to sleep in bed.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/sleep-disorders-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-disorders)\n\n[![Hypersomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/04\/iStock_93446439_LARGE.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/hypersomnia)\n\n[![Hypersomnia Tests and Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/hypersomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/hypersomnia\/tests-and-diagnosis)\n\n[![doctor speaking to patient](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1706565550-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/symptoms-diagnosis)\n\n[![man walking through the park with his dog](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_341367500-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/living-managing)\n\n[![Stock image of a Doctor in a medical facility](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/How-to-Find-a-Sleep-Doctor-Near-You--300x202.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-clinics\/how-to-find-sleep-doctor)\n\n[![Worried man sitting up in bed at night while holding his head.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Dyssomnia-Causes-Types-and-Symptoms-1-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/dyssomnia)\n\n[![Young woman in bed holding her head to her temples in exhaustion](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/non-24-hour-sleep-300x225.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder)\n\n[![Man with sleep apnea sleeping in bed.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1405587290-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-breathing-disorders)\n\n[![Teenage boy sleeping during day](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Kleine-Levin-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/kleine-levin-syndrome)\n\n[![woman with inhaler](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1017802081-300x225.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-related-breathing-disorders\/asthma-and-sleep)\n\n[![Person sleeping with a sleep tracker on their wrist](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Orthosomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/orthosomnia)\n\n[![woman speaking to doctor about treatment options](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_110078714-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder\/treatment-care)","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

21 hours ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder
Last Crawled	2026-04-11 08:51:14 (21 hours ago)
First Indexed	2020-11-22 13:36:50 (5 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Periodic Limb Movement Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments
Meta Description	Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder that causes repeated movements like kicking or ankle-flexing during sleep that disrupt sleep.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Skip to content When you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. Learn more. Table of Contents Key Takeaways What It Is: Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder that causes repetitive limb movements like kicking or ankle-flexing during sleep that can wake you up or disrupt deeper sleep stages. Causes and Risk Factors: Experts aren’t sure what causes PLMD, but risk factors include low iron levels, family history of PLMD, older age, neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, other sleep disorders, and some medications, such as antidepressants. Diagnosis: Doctors can diagnose PLMD based on sleep study results and a description of your symptoms. Treatment: Treatment can include iron replacement, medications, lifestyle changes, and good sleep hygiene. Some movement during sleep is normal, especially as you get comfortable or start to fall asleep. For example, most people have experienced “sleep starts” or hypnic jerks , a harmless phenomenon that causes their body to jolt suddenly as they fall asleep. But once you enter deeper stages of sleep, your body should stay mostly still. Repeated episodes of twitching, kicking, or flailing, especially at regular intervals, may indicate a sleep-related movement disorder like periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). Looking to improve your sleep? Try upgrading your mattress. When you have periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), your limbs twitch and jerk in a repetitive pattern while you sleep. These movements are called periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) and, while they can happen in the arms, they most often affect the legs. These movements usually happen every 20 to 40 seconds and can include: Flexing the ankle so your big toe pulls up and back toward your leg Bending the legs at the knees or hips Twitching or kicking the legs Most people don’t wake up when they move, but the movements can still disrupt sleep. These movements mostly occur during lighter stages of sleep. They may fragment sleep without fully waking you up, which can reduce deep, restorative slow wave sleep. How Common Is PLMD? Periodic limb movement disorder happens in 5 to 8% of children and 4 to 11% of adults. Under age 40, having more than five limb movements per hour is rare. The prevalence increases with age, especially after the age of 65, where PLMD may affect up to 25 to 30% of individuals. Experts don’t know the exact cause of periodic limb movement disorder, but some research suggests low iron levels could play a part. Problems with dopamine, an important brain messenger (neurotransmitter) may also prompt movements during sleep. Having too little dopamine can make your spinal nerves more sensitive and excitable, which creates a pathway for movement, especially during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep . PLMD may also be linked to disruptions in the brain’s central nervous system pathways that control motor activity. In some cases, PLMD appears after spinal cord injury or other neurological changes. Risk Factors for PLMD Although the causes of PLMD are still theoretical, studies have revealed that some factors can increase your risk for this movement disorder: Restless legs syndrome (RLS): Over 30% of people with restless legs syndrome also have PLMD. Neurological conditions: Parkinson’s disease can increase your risk for PLMD. Sleep disorders: PLMD is more common in people with narcolepsy , rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder , and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Family history: PLMD may have a genetic component and runs in families. Medications: Some antidepressants and antipsychotics can cause PLMS. Age: Limb movements in PLMD can happen more often with age. Inactivity and obesity: People who are overweight or sit down for much of the day may experience more nocturnal movement. Complications of PLMD When periodic limb movements interrupt your sleep throughout the night, they can lead to complications. People with PLMD have more mood disorders, anxiety, attention problems, oppositional behavior, and parasomnias (like sleep talking or walking). In children, missing sleep from PLMD can lead to hyperactivity and developmental delays. In adults, studies suggest PLMD is associated with a four-fold increased risk of dementia. “Untreated PLMD can also contribute towards cardiovascular strain due to repeated micro-arousals and surges in blood pressure during the night. This may increase long-term risk of hypertension or heart disease.” Beyond the movements themselves, periodic leg movement disorder can cause other symptoms: Disturbed sleep Waking up with movement Insomnia Excessive daytime sleepiness Bed partner disruptions Anxiety Attention difficulties Poor performance at work or school Doctors diagnose periodic limb movement disorder by confirming a high number of periodic limb movements during sleep on a sleep study and ruling out other conditions that could cause those movements. If you suspect you have PLMD, your doctor may begin by asking questions about daytime tiredness, reports from your sleeping partner, and other indicators of PLMD. To diagnose PLMD, you must have the following characteristics: More than 15 limb movements per hour during sleep (adults) More than 5 limb movements per hour during sleep (children) Associated daytime sleepiness or functional impairment for example poor performance at work or school or in social settings To see how many movements you have each night, your doctor may recommend a sleep study (polysomnography). During a sleep study, you will spend the night in a medical office, and the clinical staff will observe your movements. With these results and your other reported symptoms, they can then give you a PLMD diagnosis after ruling out any other potential causes, like low iron levels ( anemia ). “Video monitoring during a sleep study may also reveal movements and help distinguish PLMD from seizure disorder or other other sleep related movement disorders.” Lulu Guo, MD Sleep Medicine Physician Treatments for PLMD depend on the cause, and research is limited on treatment for PLMD on its own. For example, periodic leg movements of sleep associated with RLS follow RLS treatments . Sometimes, PLMD doesn’t need treatment at all. If your iron levels come back low, your doctor may prescribe iron replacement. Some limited sleep study research has shown fewer nighttime movements with these medications that affect dopamine and nerve activity: Pramipexole (Mirapex) Ropinirole (Requip) Rotigotine (Neupro) Gabapentin (Neurontin) Pregabalin (Lyrica) Other studies suggest that clonazepam (Klonopin), valproate (Depakote), and selegiline (Zelapar) may lessen nighttime waking, but more research is needed to prove the effectiveness of these medications against PLMD. Some research suggests exercise therapy and psychotherapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can also improve PLMD symptoms. In addition to other treatments, you can improve your sleep by adopting good sleep hygiene , like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding alcohol and caffeine before bed, and making your sleep space cool, comfortable, quiet, and dark. Frequently Asked Questions What is the difference between RLS and periodic limb movement disorder? Periodic limb movement disorder occurs only during sleep, but restless legs syndrome prompts an almost uncontrollable urge to move your legs to relieve uncomfortable sensations while awake. Periodic limb movements of sleep can happen when you have RLS, but PLMD and RLS are two separate disorders. Does PLMD ever go away? PLMD has no cure, but medications and lifestyle changes can reduce symptoms and improve sleep. What makes PLMD worse? Certain factors can make PLMD symptoms worse, like smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough physical activity each day. Some medications (like antidepressants), alcohol, and stimulants (like caffeine) can also make PLMD worse. Still have questions? Ask our community! Join our Sleep Care Community — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best. Written By Abby McCoy, RN, Contributing Writer Abby McCoy is an experienced RN who has worked with adults and pediatric patients encompassing trauma, orthopedics, home care, transplant, and case management. She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis Univeristy and has practiced nursing all over the world from San Francisco, CA, to Tharaka, Kenya. She now writes health content for trusted health outlets like Everyday Health and Next Avenue. Medically Reviewed by Lulu Guo, MD, Sleep Medicine Physician Dr. Lulu Guo is a graduate of the prestigious Medical Scholars program at Michigan State University and was admitted into medical school at the age of seventeen after completing undergraduate studies in two years. She is double board-certified in Family and Sleep Medicine. Learn more about our Editorial Team References 7 Sources Gamaldo, Charlene E., M.D. (2024, September 24). Polysomnography in the evaluation of abnormal movements during sleep. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polysomnography-in-the-evaluation-of-abnormal-movements-during-sleep Schwab, R. J. (2024, June). Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/sleep-and-wakefulness-disorders/periodic-limb-movement-disorder-plmd-and-restless-legs-syndrome-rls Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(11):6476-6494. doi:10.21037/jtd-21-1353 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34992826/ Cameli N, Beatrice A, Maria E, et al. Restless Sleep Disorder and the Role of Iron in Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders and ADHD. Clinical and translational neuroscience. 2023;7(3):18-18. https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/7/3/18 Silber, M. H. (2024, June 14). Management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults Ondo, W. G. (2023, July 17). Clinical features and diagnosis of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults Gupta, K. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Nonpharmacologic Therapy. Medscape.com. Published July 2025. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188558-treatment Learn More About Sleep Disorders
Markdown	[Skip to content](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#post_content) [![Sleep Foundation Logo](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sd-logo.svg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/) ![Sleep Foundation Logo](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sd-logo.svg) ![Sleep Foundation Logo](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sd-logo.svg) SLEEP PRODUCTS - Mattresses Mattresses - [All Mattresses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - [Best Mattress of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - Best of - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers) - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-back-pain) - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-hip-pain) - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers) - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-memory-foam-mattress) - [Best Latex Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-latex-mattress) - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-innerspring-mattress) - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-hybrid-mattress) - [Best Cooling Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cooling-mattress) - [Best Firm Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-firm-mattress) - [Best Organic Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-organic-mattresses) - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/most-comfortable-mattresses) - [Best Mattress in a Box](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-in-a-box) - [Best Affordable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cheap-mattress) - [Best King Size Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-king-mattress) - [Best Mattress for Kids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-kids) - Reviews - [Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/casper-mattress-review) - [Saatva](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/saatva-mattress-review) - [Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review) - [Nectar Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/nectar-mattress-review) - [Bear](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/bear-mattress-review) - [Loom & Leaf](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review) - [Tempur-Pedic](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review) - [Helix Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/helix-mattress-review) - [DreamCloud Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/dreamcloud-mattress-review) - [WinkBed Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/winkbed-mattress-review) - Compare - [Mattress Finder Tool](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz) - [Nectar vs. Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/nectar-vs-casper) - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number) - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/do-you-need-a-box-spring) - [What is Memory Foam?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/what-is-memory-foam) - Bedding Bedding - [All Bedding](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - Pillows & Bedding - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows) - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers) - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-neck-pain) - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets) - [Best Cooling Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets/best-cooling-sheets) - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-weighted-blankets) - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - [The Best Comforters](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-comforter) - Mattress Toppers & More - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers) - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-cooling-mattress-topper) - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper) - [Best Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads) - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads/best-cooling-mattress-pad) - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors) - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors/best-mattress-encasements) - Sleep Solutions Sleep Solutions - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Get Sleep Tested - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-does-a-sleep-study-work) - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost) - Sleep Therapy - [The Best CPAP Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-mask) - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards) - [Mouth Taping](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring/mouth-taping-for-sleep) - [CPAP Alternatives](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/alternatives-to-cpap) - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-apps) - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium/best-magnesium-for-sleep) - [Best Sleep Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids/natural-sleep-aids) - Sleep Environment - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-trackers) - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-white-noise-machines) - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-adjustable-bed) - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bed-frames) - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses) - [Wake-Up Lights](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-wake-up-lights) - [Sleep Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-sleep-masks) SLEEP HEALTH & WELLNESS - Mattresses Mattresses - [All](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - [Best Mattress of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - Best of - SLEEPER TYPE - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers) - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-back-pain) - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-hip-pain) - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers) - MATERIAL - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-memory-foam-mattress) - [Best Latex Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-latex-mattress) - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-innerspring-mattress) - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-hybrid-mattress) - COMFORT - [Best Cooling Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cooling-mattress) - [Best Firm Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-firm-mattress) - [Best Organic Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-organic-mattresses) - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/most-comfortable-mattresses) - OTHER - [Best Mattress in a Box](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-in-a-box) - [Best Affordable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cheap-mattress) - [Best King Size Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-king-mattress) - [Best Mattress for Kids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-kids) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - Reviews - POPULAR BRANDS - [Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/casper-mattress-review) - [Saatva](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/saatva-mattress-review) - [Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review) - FOAM - [Nectar Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/nectar-mattress-review) - [Bear](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/bear-mattress-review) - [Loom & Leaf](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review) - [Tempur-Pedic](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review) - HYBRID - [Helix Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/helix-mattress-review) - [DreamCloud Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/dreamcloud-mattress-review) - [WinkBed Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/winkbed-mattress-review) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - Compare - MATTRESS MATCH - [Mattress Finder Tool](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz) - POPULAR BRANDS - [Nectar vs. Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/nectar-vs-casper) - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number) - LEARN - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/do-you-need-a-box-spring) - [What is Memory Foam?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/what-is-memory-foam) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - [All Mattresses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - Bedding Bedding - [All](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - Pillows & Bedding - PILLOWS - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows) - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers) - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-neck-pain) - SHEETS - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets) - [Best Cooling Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets/best-cooling-sheets) - BEDDING - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-weighted-blankets) - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - [The Best Comforters](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-comforter) - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-cooling-comforter) - Mattress Toppers & More - MATTRESS TOPPERS - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers) - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-cooling-mattress-topper) - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper) - MATTRESS PADS - [Best Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads) - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads/best-cooling-mattress-pad) - PROTECTORS - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors) - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors/best-mattress-encasements) - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-cooling-comforter) - [All Bedding](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - Sleep Solutions Sleep Solutions - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Get Sleep Tested - AT-HOME TESTING - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - IN-LAB TESTING - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-does-a-sleep-study-work) - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - Sleep Therapy - CPAP - [The Best CPAP Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-mask) - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - ANTI-SNORING - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards) - [Mouth Taping](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring/mouth-taping-for-sleep) - [CPAP Alternatives](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/alternatives-to-cpap) - SERVICES & SUPPLEMENTS - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-apps) - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium/best-magnesium-for-sleep) - [Best Sleep Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids/natural-sleep-aids) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - Sleep Environment - SLEEP TECH - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-trackers) - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-white-noise-machines) - BED FRAMES - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-adjustable-bed) - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bed-frames) - PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses) - [Wake-Up Lights](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-wake-up-lights) - [Sleep Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-sleep-masks) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Sleep Health Sleep Health - [All Health](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics) - Sleep Disorders - COMMON DISORDERS - [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) - [Parasomnias](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias) - [Excessive Sleepiness](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/excessive-sleepiness) - BREATHING-RELATED - [Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea) - [Obstructive Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea) - [Central Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea) - MOVEMENT-RELATED - [Sleepwalking](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleepwalking) - [Bruxism](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/bruxism) - [Restless Legs Syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) - TESTING & TREATMENTS - [CPAP](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/cpap) - [Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - [What to Do When You Can't Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - Improve Your Sleep - SLEEP HABITS - [The Ultimate Sleep Improvement Plan](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-habits) - [The 20 Most Proven Sleep Tips](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene/healthy-sleep-tips) - [Sleep Hygiene](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene) - SLEEP AIDS - [Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin) - [Magnesium](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium) - [The Most Effective Sleep Aids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids) - TOOLS & PRODUCTS - [Sleep Calculator](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-calculator) - [7 Nights to Better Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-habits/7-night-sleep-habit-builder) - [Submit Your Sleep Story](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/submit-your-sleep-story) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - Understand Your Sleep - SCIENCE OF SLEEP - [How Sleep Works](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works) - [Circadian Rhythm](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/circadian-rhythm) - [The Stages of Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/stages-of-sleep) - IMPACTS - [Snoring](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring) - [Sleep Deprivation](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation) - [How Electronics Affect Your Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-electronics-affect-sleep) - STATISTICS - [Sleep Data & Research](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-facts-statistics) - [How Much Sleep Do We Need?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - [All Health](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics) - About Us About Us - Who We Are - OUR MISSION - [What We Do](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) - [Our Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are) - OUR MEDICAL TEAM - [Medical Advisory Board](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#medical-advisory-board) - OUR PROCESS - [Editorial Policy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) - [How We Review Products](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/research-methodology) - [![Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Bedroom-Environment-1-300x125.jpg) Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/research-methodology) [![Sleep Video Library](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/best_clips.00_09_45_18.still029_720-300x169.jpg) Sleep Video Library](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/video) - [Contact Us](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/contact) - [Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) - [Sleep Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-quiz) - [![Facebook Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/sf-facebook.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sleepisthefoundation/) - [![Twitter Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sf-twitter.svg)](https://twitter.com/sleepisthefound) - [![YouTube Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/social_youtube.svg)](https://www.youtube.com/c/SleepIsTheFoundation) - [![Instagram Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sf-instagram.svg)](https://www.instagram.com/sleepisthefoundation) - [![LinkedIn Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/sf-linkedin.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/sleepisthefoundation) - [![TikTok Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/sf-tiktok.svg)](https://www.tiktok.com/@sleepisthefoundation) - Share - [![Share on Facebook](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Facebook.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/dialog/feed?app_id=495325298308657&link=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder) - [![Share on Twitter](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Twitter.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Periodic%20Limb%20Movement%20Disorder&url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder&original_referer=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder) - [![Email](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Email.svg)](<mailto:?subject=I wanted you to see this site&body=Check out this site https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder> "Share by Email") - [![Print](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Print.svg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder) - ![Copy Link](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Link.svg) Url copied When you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. [Learn more.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/advertising-disclosure) [/](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/) [Sleep-Related Movement Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-movement-disorders) # Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Updated September 5, 2025 ![Abby McCoy, RN](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/unnamed-e1755799481924-150x150.jpg) Contributing Writer Abby McCoy, RN ![Abby McCoy, RN](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/unnamed-e1755799481924-150x150.jpg) Abby McCoy, RN Contributing Writer Abby McCoy is an experienced RN who has worked with adults and pediatric patients encompassing trauma, orthopedics, home care, transplant, and case management. She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis Univeristy and has practiced nursing all over the world from San Francisco, CA, to Tharaka, Kenya. She now writes health content for trusted health outlets like Everyday Health and Next Avenue. [Read Full Bio](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#abby_mccoy,_rn) Want to read more about all our experts in the field? [Learn About The Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) ![Lulu Guo, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg) Medically Reviewed by Lulu Guo, MD ![Lulu Guo, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg) Lulu Guo, MD Sleep Medicine Physician Dr. Lulu Guo is a graduate of the prestigious Medical Scholars program at Michigan State University and was admitted into medical school at the age of seventeen after completing undergraduate studies in two years. She is double board-certified in Family and Sleep Medicine. [Read Full Bio](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#lulu_guo,_md) Want to read more about all our experts in the field? [Learn About The Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) Fact-Checked Sleep Foundation Fact-Checking: Our Process * The Sleep Foundation editorial team is dedicated to providing content that meets the highest standards for accuracy and objectivity. Our editors and medical experts rigorously evaluate every article and guide to ensure the information is factual, up-to-date, and free of bias. The Sleep Foundation fact-checking guidelines are as follows: - We only cite reputable sources when researching our guides and articles. These include peer-reviewed journals, government reports, academic and medical associations, and interviews with credentialed medical experts and practitioners. - All scientific data and information must be backed up by at least one reputable source. Each guide and article includes a comprehensive bibliography with full citations and links to the original sources. - Some guides and articles feature links to other relevant Sleep Foundation pages. These internal links are intended to improve ease of navigation across the site, and are never used as original sources for scientific data or information. - A member of our medical expert team provides a final review of the content and sources cited for every guide, article, and product review concerning medical- and health-related topics. Inaccurate or unverifiable information will be removed prior to publication. - Plagiarism is never tolerated. Writers and editors caught stealing content or improperly citing sources are immediately terminated, and we will work to rectify the situation with the original publisher(s) - Although Sleep Foundation maintains affiliate partnerships with brands and e-commerce portals, these relationships never have any bearing on our product reviews or recommendations. Read our full [Advertising Disclosure](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/advertising-disclosure) for more information. Up-to-Date Table of Contents Table of Contents - [What Is PLMD?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#what-is-plmd) - [What Causes PLMD?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#what-causes-plmd) - [What Are the Symptoms of PLMD?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#what-are-the-symptoms-of-plmd) - [How Is PLMD Diagnosed?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#how-is-plmd-diagnosed) - [What Are the Treatments for PLMD?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#what-are-the-treatments-for-plmd) Key Takeaways - What It Is: Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder that causes repetitive limb movements like kicking or ankle-flexing during sleep that can wake you up or disrupt deeper sleep stages. - Causes and Risk Factors: Experts aren’t sure what causes PLMD, but risk factors include low iron levels, family history of PLMD, older age, neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, other sleep disorders, and some medications, such as antidepressants. - Diagnosis: Doctors can diagnose PLMD based on sleep study results and a description of your symptoms. - Treatment: Treatment can include iron replacement, medications, lifestyle changes, and good sleep hygiene. Some movement during sleep is normal, especially as you get comfortable or start to fall asleep. For example, most people have experienced “sleep starts” or [hypnic jerks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/hypnic-jerks), a harmless phenomenon that causes their body to jolt suddenly as they fall asleep. [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) UpToDateMore than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-284557) But once you enter deeper stages of sleep, your body should stay mostly still. Repeated episodes of twitching, kicking, or flailing, especially at regular intervals, may indicate a [sleep-related movement disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-movement-disorders) like periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). ### Looking to improve your sleep? Try upgrading your mattress. [![Helix Midnight Luxe Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/SF_HelixMidnightLuxe_1-1-768x406.jpg)Our 2026 Best Mattress Pick Helix Midnight Luxe A pressure-relieving hybrid mattress that’s well-suited to side and back sleepers. 20% off with code: NYS20 Shop Now](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/go/helix-midnight-luxe-periodic-limb-movement-disorder) ## What Is Periodic Limb Movement Disorder? When you have periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), your limbs twitch and jerk in a repetitive pattern while you sleep. These movements are called periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) and, while they can happen in the arms, they most often affect the legs. These movements usually happen every 20 to 40 seconds and can include: [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) Merck ManualFirst published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-264886) - Flexing the ankle so your big toe pulls up and back toward your leg - Bending the legs at the knees or hips - Twitching or kicking the legs Most people don’t wake up when they move, but the movements can still disrupt sleep. These movements mostly occur during lighter stages of sleep. They may fragment sleep without fully waking you up, which can reduce deep, restorative slow wave sleep. ### How Common Is PLMD? Periodic limb movement disorder happens in 5 to 8% of children and 4 to 11% of adults. Under age 40, having more than five limb movements per hour is rare. The prevalence increases with age, especially after the age of 65, where PLMD may affect up to 25 to 30% of individuals. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/person-stretch.png) ## What Causes PLMD? Experts don’t know the exact cause of periodic limb movement disorder, but some research suggests low iron levels could play a part. [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) Clinical and Translational Neuroscience[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-284561) Problems with dopamine, an important brain messenger (neurotransmitter) may also prompt movements during sleep. Having too little dopamine can make your spinal nerves more sensitive and excitable, which creates a pathway for movement, especially during [non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/stages-of-sleep/nrem-sleep). PLMD may also be linked to disruptions in the brain’s central nervous system pathways that control motor activity. In some cases, PLMD appears after spinal cord injury or other neurological changes. ### Risk Factors for PLMD Although the causes of PLMD are still theoretical, studies have revealed that some factors can increase your risk for this movement disorder: [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) UpToDateMore than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-264900) - Restless legs syndrome (RLS): Over 30% of people with [restless legs syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) also have PLMD. - Neurological conditions:[Parkinson’s disease](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-health/parkinsons-disease-and-sleep) can increase your risk for PLMD. - Sleep disorders: PLMD is more common in people with [narcolepsy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy), [rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder), and [obstructive sleep apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea) (OSA). - Family history: PLMD may have a genetic component and runs in families. - Medications: Some antidepressants and antipsychotics can cause PLMS. - Age: Limb movements in PLMD can happen more often with age. - Inactivity and obesity: People who are overweight or sit down for much of the day may experience more nocturnal movement. ### Complications of PLMD When periodic limb movements interrupt your sleep throughout the night, they can lead to complications. People with PLMD have more mood disorders, anxiety, attention problems, oppositional behavior, and [parasomnias](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias) (like sleep talking or walking). In children, missing sleep from PLMD can lead to hyperactivity and developmental delays. In adults, studies suggest PLMD is associated with a four-fold increased risk of dementia. “Untreated PLMD can also contribute towards cardiovascular strain due to repeated micro-arousals and surges in blood pressure during the night. This may increase long-term risk of hypertension or heart disease.” ![Lulu Guo, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg) Lulu Guo, MD Sleep Medicine Physician ## What Are the Symptoms of PLMD? Beyond the movements themselves, periodic leg movement disorder can cause other symptoms: - Disturbed sleep - Waking up with movement - [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) - Excessive daytime sleepiness - Bed partner disruptions - [Anxiety](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/anxiety-and-sleep) - Attention difficulties - Poor performance at work or school ## How Is PLMD Diagnosed? Doctors diagnose periodic limb movement disorder by confirming a high number of periodic limb movements during sleep on a sleep study and ruling out other conditions that could cause those movements. If you suspect you have PLMD, your doctor may begin by asking questions about daytime tiredness, reports from your sleeping partner, and other indicators of PLMD. To diagnose PLMD, you must have the following characteristics: [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) UpToDateMore than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-264888) - More than 15 limb movements per hour during sleep (adults) - More than 5 limb movements per hour during sleep (children) - Associated daytime sleepiness or functional impairment for example poor performance at work or school or in social settings To see how many movements you have each night, your doctor may recommend a [sleep study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies) (polysomnography). During a sleep study, you will spend the night in a medical office, and the clinical staff will observe your movements. With these results and your other reported symptoms, they can then give you a PLMD diagnosis after ruling out any other potential causes, like low iron levels ([anemia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-health/anemia-and-sleep)). “Video monitoring during a sleep study may also reveal movements and help distinguish PLMD from seizure disorder or other other sleep related movement disorders.” ![Lulu Guo, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg) Lulu Guo, MD Sleep Medicine Physician ## What Are the Treatments for PLMD? Treatments for PLMD depend on the cause, and research is limited on treatment for PLMD on its own. For example, periodic leg movements of sleep associated with RLS follow [RLS treatments](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome/treatment). Sometimes, PLMD doesn’t need treatment at all. If your iron levels come back low, your doctor may prescribe iron replacement. Some limited sleep study research has shown fewer nighttime movements with these medications that affect dopamine and nerve activity: - Pramipexole (Mirapex) - Ropinirole (Requip) - Rotigotine (Neupro) - Gabapentin (Neurontin) - Pregabalin (Lyrica) Other studies suggest that clonazepam (Klonopin), valproate (Depakote), and selegiline (Zelapar) may lessen nighttime waking, but more research is needed to prove the effectiveness of these medications against PLMD. Some research suggests exercise therapy and psychotherapies like [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) can also improve PLMD symptoms. [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) MedscapeMedscape is on online destination for healthcare professionals worldwide, offering expert perspectives, drug and disease information, and professional education.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#references-284563) In addition to other treatments, you can improve your sleep by adopting [good sleep hygiene](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene), like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding alcohol and caffeine before bed, and making your sleep space cool, comfortable, quiet, and dark. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the difference between RLS and periodic limb movement disorder? Periodic limb movement disorder occurs only during sleep, but restless legs syndrome prompts an almost uncontrollable urge to move your legs to relieve uncomfortable sensations while awake. Periodic limb movements of sleep can happen when you have RLS, but PLMD and RLS are two separate disorders. ### Does PLMD ever go away? PLMD has no cure, but medications and lifestyle changes can reduce symptoms and improve sleep. ### What makes PLMD worse? Certain factors can make PLMD symptoms worse, like smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough physical activity each day. Some medications (like antidepressants), alcohol, and stimulants (like caffeine) can also make PLMD worse. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/themes/onecaremedia-child/assets/images/sf-question-bubble.svg) ### Still have questions? Ask our community\! Join our [Sleep Care Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best. [About Our Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) ![Abby McCoy, RN](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/unnamed-e1755799481924-150x150.jpg) Written By ### Abby McCoy, RN, Contributing Writer Abby McCoy is an experienced RN who has worked with adults and pediatric patients encompassing trauma, orthopedics, home care, transplant, and case management. She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis Univeristy and has practiced nursing all over the world from San Francisco, CA, to Tharaka, Kenya. She now writes health content for trusted health outlets like Everyday Health and Next Avenue. ![Lulu Guo, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg) Medically Reviewed by ### Lulu Guo, MD, Sleep Medicine Physician Dr. Lulu Guo is a graduate of the prestigious Medical Scholars program at Michigan State University and was admitted into medical school at the age of seventeen after completing undergraduate studies in two years. She is double board-certified in Family and Sleep Medicine. [Learn more about our Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#team) - Share - [![Share on Facebook](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Facebook.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/dialog/feed?app_id=495325298308657&link=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder) - [![Share on Twitter](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Twitter.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Periodic%20Limb%20Movement%20Disorder&url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder&original_referer=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder) - [![Email](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Email.svg)](<mailto:?subject=I wanted you to see this site&body=Check out this site https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder> "Share by Email") - [![Print](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Print.svg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder) - ![Copy Link](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/plugins/ocm-social-networks-shortcode/assets/images/Link.svg) Url copied ## References 7 Sources 1. Gamaldo, Charlene E., M.D. (2024, September 24). Polysomnography in the evaluation of abnormal movements during sleep. UpToDate. <https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polysomnography-in-the-evaluation-of-abnormal-movements-during-sleep> 2. Schwab, R. J. (2024, June). Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Merck Manual Professional Version. <https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/sleep-and-wakefulness-disorders/periodic-limb-movement-disorder-plmd-and-restless-legs-syndrome-rls> 3. Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(11):6476-6494. doi:10.21037/jtd-21-1353 <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34992826/> 4. Cameli N, Beatrice A, Maria E, et al. Restless Sleep Disorder and the Role of Iron in Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders and ADHD. Clinical and translational neuroscience. 2023;7(3):18-18. <https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/7/3/18> 5. Silber, M. H. (2024, June 14). Management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate. <https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults> 6. Ondo, W. G. (2023, July 17). Clinical features and diagnosis of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate. <https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults> 7. Gupta, K. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Nonpharmacologic Therapy. Medscape.com. Published July 2025. Accessed September 5, 2025. <https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188558-treatment> ## Learn More About Sleep Disorders [![Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NSF-3-F_What-Restless-Sleep_purchased_900x560.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) [Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) By Abby McCoy, RN April 8, 2026 * [![Person's legs showing outside sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Restless-Legs-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome/treatment) [Treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome/treatment) By Abby McCoy, RN April 8, 2026 * [![Young woman massaging her foot on the bed](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/sleep-related-movement-disorders-1-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-movement-disorders) [Sleep-Related Movement Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-movement-disorders) By Abby McCoy, RN September 5, 2025 * [![doctor and patient](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/doctor-and-patient-300x184.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome/diagnosis) [Diagnosing Restless Legs Syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome/diagnosis) By Abby McCoy, RN August 27, 2025 * [![A woman sits on the edge of a bed unable to sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/interrupted-sleep-update--300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation/interrupted-sleep) [Interrupted Sleep: Causes & Helpful Tips](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation/interrupted-sleep) By Eric Suni July 29, 2025 * [![man falling asleep at his desk](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1692360406-300x175.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/treatments) [Narcolepsy Treatment](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/treatments) By Eric Suni July 29, 2025 * [![sleepy guy rubbing his eyes in the car](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1275314326-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/symptoms) [Narcolepsy Symptoms](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/symptoms) By Rob Newsom July 29, 2025 * [![woman looking tired](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1383610118-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/diagnosis) [Diagnosing Narcolepsy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/diagnosis) By Eric Suni July 29, 2025 * [![Can You Drive With Narcolepsy?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Can-You-Drive-With-Narcolepsy-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/can-you-drive-with-narcolepsy) [Can You Drive With Narcolepsy?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/can-you-drive-with-narcolepsy) By Jay Vera Summer July 29, 2025 * [![Stressed And Overworked Nurse Wearing Scrubs Sitting On Floor In Hospital Corridor](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/health-care_tired-300x197.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder) [Shift Work Disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder) By Lauren Fountain July 25, 2025 * [![What is Shift Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ShiftWorkDisorder_1440x360_21.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder/what-shift-work) [What is Shift Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder/what-shift-work) By Daniel Noyed July 25, 2025 * [![Sleep Study diagnostic](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Diagnosing-Shift-Work-Disorder-300x225.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder/diagnosis) [Diagnosing Shift Work Disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder/diagnosis) By Lauren Fountain July 25, 2025 * [![Young man experiencing sleep paralysis.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/sleep-paralysis-300x169.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleep-paralysis) [Sleep Paralysis](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleep-paralysis) By Eric Suni July 25, 2025 * [![A woman stands in front of an open refridgerator in the evening](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Night-Eating-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nutrition/night-eating-syndrome) [Night Eating Syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nutrition/night-eating-syndrome) By Danielle Pacheco July 16, 2025 * [![Woman of color sleeping in bed](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/What%E2%80%99s-the-Connection-Between-Race-and-Sleep-Disorders-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/whats-connection-between-race-and-sleep-disorders) [What’s the Connection Between Race and Sleep Disorders?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/whats-connection-between-race-and-sleep-disorders) By Eric Suni July 10, 2025 * [![A young man struggling to sleep in bed.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/sleep-disorders-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders) [Sleep Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders) By Logan Foley May 7, 2024 * [![Hypersomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/iStock_93446439_LARGE.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/hypersomnia) [Hypersomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/hypersomnia) By Rob Newsom May 7, 2024 * [![Hypersomnia Tests and Diagnosis](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/hypersomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/hypersomnia/tests-and-diagnosis) [Hypersomnia Tests and Diagnosis](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/hypersomnia/tests-and-diagnosis) By Jay Vera Summer May 7, 2024 * [![doctor speaking to patient](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1706565550-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/symptoms-diagnosis) [Non-24 Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder Symptoms & Diagnosis](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/symptoms-diagnosis) By Alexa Fry December 22, 2023 * [![man walking through the park with his dog](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_341367500-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/living-managing) [Living With and Managing Non-24 Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/living-managing) By Danielle Pacheco December 22, 2023 * [![Stock image of a Doctor in a medical facility](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/How-to-Find-a-Sleep-Doctor-Near-You--300x202.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-clinics/how-to-find-sleep-doctor) [How to Find a Sleep Doctor Near You](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-clinics/how-to-find-sleep-doctor) By Sarah Shoen December 22, 2023 * [![Worried man sitting up in bed at night while holding his head.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dyssomnia-Causes-Types-and-Symptoms-1-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/dyssomnia) [Dyssomnia: Causes, Types, and Symptoms](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/dyssomnia) By Jay Vera Summer December 22, 2023 * [![Young woman in bed holding her head to her temples in exhaustion](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/non-24-hour-sleep-300x225.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder) [Non-24-Hour Sleep Wake Disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder) By Danielle Pacheco November 16, 2023 * [![Man with sleep apnea sleeping in bed.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/shutterstock_1405587290-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-breathing-disorders) [Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-breathing-disorders) By Eric Suni November 16, 2023 * [![Teenage boy sleeping during day](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Kleine-Levin-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/kleine-levin-syndrome) [Kleine-Levin Syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/kleine-levin-syndrome) By Jay Vera Summer November 16, 2023 * [![woman with inhaler](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1017802081-300x225.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-breathing-disorders/asthma-and-sleep) [Nocturnal Asthma](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-breathing-disorders/asthma-and-sleep) By Rob Newsom February 3, 2023 * [![Person sleeping with a sleep tracker on their wrist](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Orthosomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/orthosomnia) [What is Orthosomnia?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/orthosomnia) By Jay Vera Summer June 3, 2022 * [![woman speaking to doctor about treatment options](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_110078714-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/treatment-care) [Treatment for Non-24-Hour Sleep Wake Disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/treatment-care) By Danielle Pacheco May 13, 2022 [Load More Articles]() [![Sleep Foundation Logo](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sd-logo-footer.svg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/) Sleep Foundation and SleepFoundation.org are not affiliated with the National Sleep Foundation, an independent nonprofit based in Washington, DC. The content on this website is for informational purposes only. SleepFoundation.org does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment options. Sleep Information - [Sleep Products](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - [Sleep Health](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics) - [Sleep Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders) - [Sleep News](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news) Sleep Foundation - [About Us](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) - [Contact Us](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/contact) - [Sleep Care Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) - [How We Review Products](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/research-methodology) Sleep Profile Your daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep. Take the Sleep Quiz to help inform your sleep improvement journey. [Take the Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-quiz) ### Explore Sleep Foundation - [Editorial Policy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) - [Advertising Disclosure](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/advertising-disclosure) - [Privacy Policy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/privacy-policy) - [Terms & Conditions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/terms-of-use) - [Accessibility Statement](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/accessibility-statement) - [Your Privacy Choices](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder) © 2026 [Sleep Doctor Holdings](https://corporate.sleepdoctor.com/), LLC. All rights reserved.
Readable Markdown	[Skip to content](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/periodic-limb-movement-disorder#post_content) When you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. [Learn more.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/advertising-disclosure) Table of Contents Key Takeaways - What It Is: Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder that causes repetitive limb movements like kicking or ankle-flexing during sleep that can wake you up or disrupt deeper sleep stages. - Causes and Risk Factors: Experts aren’t sure what causes PLMD, but risk factors include low iron levels, family history of PLMD, older age, neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, other sleep disorders, and some medications, such as antidepressants. - Diagnosis: Doctors can diagnose PLMD based on sleep study results and a description of your symptoms. - Treatment: Treatment can include iron replacement, medications, lifestyle changes, and good sleep hygiene. Some movement during sleep is normal, especially as you get comfortable or start to fall asleep. For example, most people have experienced “sleep starts” or [hypnic jerks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/hypnic-jerks), a harmless phenomenon that causes their body to jolt suddenly as they fall asleep. But once you enter deeper stages of sleep, your body should stay mostly still. Repeated episodes of twitching, kicking, or flailing, especially at regular intervals, may indicate a [sleep-related movement disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-movement-disorders) like periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). ### Looking to improve your sleep? Try upgrading your mattress. When you have periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), your limbs twitch and jerk in a repetitive pattern while you sleep. These movements are called periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) and, while they can happen in the arms, they most often affect the legs. These movements usually happen every 20 to 40 seconds and can include: - Flexing the ankle so your big toe pulls up and back toward your leg - Bending the legs at the knees or hips - Twitching or kicking the legs Most people don’t wake up when they move, but the movements can still disrupt sleep. These movements mostly occur during lighter stages of sleep. They may fragment sleep without fully waking you up, which can reduce deep, restorative slow wave sleep. ### How Common Is PLMD? Periodic limb movement disorder happens in 5 to 8% of children and 4 to 11% of adults. Under age 40, having more than five limb movements per hour is rare. The prevalence increases with age, especially after the age of 65, where PLMD may affect up to 25 to 30% of individuals. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/person-stretch.png) Experts don’t know the exact cause of periodic limb movement disorder, but some research suggests low iron levels could play a part. Problems with dopamine, an important brain messenger (neurotransmitter) may also prompt movements during sleep. Having too little dopamine can make your spinal nerves more sensitive and excitable, which creates a pathway for movement, especially during [non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/stages-of-sleep/nrem-sleep). PLMD may also be linked to disruptions in the brain’s central nervous system pathways that control motor activity. In some cases, PLMD appears after spinal cord injury or other neurological changes. ### Risk Factors for PLMD Although the causes of PLMD are still theoretical, studies have revealed that some factors can increase your risk for this movement disorder: - Restless legs syndrome (RLS): Over 30% of people with [restless legs syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) also have PLMD. - Neurological conditions:[Parkinson’s disease](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-health/parkinsons-disease-and-sleep) can increase your risk for PLMD. - Sleep disorders: PLMD is more common in people with [narcolepsy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy), [rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder), and [obstructive sleep apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea) (OSA). - Family history: PLMD may have a genetic component and runs in families. - Medications: Some antidepressants and antipsychotics can cause PLMS. - Age: Limb movements in PLMD can happen more often with age. - Inactivity and obesity: People who are overweight or sit down for much of the day may experience more nocturnal movement. ### Complications of PLMD When periodic limb movements interrupt your sleep throughout the night, they can lead to complications. People with PLMD have more mood disorders, anxiety, attention problems, oppositional behavior, and [parasomnias](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias) (like sleep talking or walking). In children, missing sleep from PLMD can lead to hyperactivity and developmental delays. In adults, studies suggest PLMD is associated with a four-fold increased risk of dementia. “Untreated PLMD can also contribute towards cardiovascular strain due to repeated micro-arousals and surges in blood pressure during the night. This may increase long-term risk of hypertension or heart disease.” Beyond the movements themselves, periodic leg movement disorder can cause other symptoms: - Disturbed sleep - Waking up with movement - [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) - Excessive daytime sleepiness - Bed partner disruptions - [Anxiety](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/anxiety-and-sleep) - Attention difficulties - Poor performance at work or school Doctors diagnose periodic limb movement disorder by confirming a high number of periodic limb movements during sleep on a sleep study and ruling out other conditions that could cause those movements. If you suspect you have PLMD, your doctor may begin by asking questions about daytime tiredness, reports from your sleeping partner, and other indicators of PLMD. To diagnose PLMD, you must have the following characteristics: - More than 15 limb movements per hour during sleep (adults) - More than 5 limb movements per hour during sleep (children) - Associated daytime sleepiness or functional impairment for example poor performance at work or school or in social settings To see how many movements you have each night, your doctor may recommend a [sleep study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies) (polysomnography). During a sleep study, you will spend the night in a medical office, and the clinical staff will observe your movements. With these results and your other reported symptoms, they can then give you a PLMD diagnosis after ruling out any other potential causes, like low iron levels ([anemia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-health/anemia-and-sleep)). “Video monitoring during a sleep study may also reveal movements and help distinguish PLMD from seizure disorder or other other sleep related movement disorders.” ![Lulu Guo, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg) Lulu Guo, MD Sleep Medicine Physician Treatments for PLMD depend on the cause, and research is limited on treatment for PLMD on its own. For example, periodic leg movements of sleep associated with RLS follow [RLS treatments](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome/treatment). Sometimes, PLMD doesn’t need treatment at all. If your iron levels come back low, your doctor may prescribe iron replacement. Some limited sleep study research has shown fewer nighttime movements with these medications that affect dopamine and nerve activity: - Pramipexole (Mirapex) - Ropinirole (Requip) - Rotigotine (Neupro) - Gabapentin (Neurontin) - Pregabalin (Lyrica) Other studies suggest that clonazepam (Klonopin), valproate (Depakote), and selegiline (Zelapar) may lessen nighttime waking, but more research is needed to prove the effectiveness of these medications against PLMD. Some research suggests exercise therapy and psychotherapies like [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) can also improve PLMD symptoms. In addition to other treatments, you can improve your sleep by adopting [good sleep hygiene](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene), like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding alcohol and caffeine before bed, and making your sleep space cool, comfortable, quiet, and dark. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the difference between RLS and periodic limb movement disorder? Periodic limb movement disorder occurs only during sleep, but restless legs syndrome prompts an almost uncontrollable urge to move your legs to relieve uncomfortable sensations while awake. Periodic limb movements of sleep can happen when you have RLS, but PLMD and RLS are two separate disorders. ### Does PLMD ever go away? PLMD has no cure, but medications and lifestyle changes can reduce symptoms and improve sleep. ### What makes PLMD worse? Certain factors can make PLMD symptoms worse, like smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough physical activity each day. Some medications (like antidepressants), alcohol, and stimulants (like caffeine) can also make PLMD worse. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/themes/onecaremedia-child/assets/images/sf-question-bubble.svg) ### Still have questions? Ask our community\! Join our [Sleep Care Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best. ![Abby McCoy, RN](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/unnamed-e1755799481924-150x150.jpg) Written By ### Abby McCoy, RN, Contributing Writer Abby McCoy is an experienced RN who has worked with adults and pediatric patients encompassing trauma, orthopedics, home care, transplant, and case management. She holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis Univeristy and has practiced nursing all over the world from San Francisco, CA, to Tharaka, Kenya. She now writes health content for trusted health outlets like Everyday Health and Next Avenue. ![Lulu Guo, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/dr-lulu-guo-150x150.jpg) Medically Reviewed by ### Lulu Guo, MD, Sleep Medicine Physician Dr. Lulu Guo is a graduate of the prestigious Medical Scholars program at Michigan State University and was admitted into medical school at the age of seventeen after completing undergraduate studies in two years. She is double board-certified in Family and Sleep Medicine. [Learn more about our Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#team) ## References 7 Sources 1. Gamaldo, Charlene E., M.D. (2024, September 24). Polysomnography in the evaluation of abnormal movements during sleep. UpToDate. <https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polysomnography-in-the-evaluation-of-abnormal-movements-during-sleep> 2. Schwab, R. J. (2024, June). Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Merck Manual Professional Version. <https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/sleep-and-wakefulness-disorders/periodic-limb-movement-disorder-plmd-and-restless-legs-syndrome-rls> 3. Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(11):6476-6494. doi:10.21037/jtd-21-1353 <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34992826/> 4. Cameli N, Beatrice A, Maria E, et al. Restless Sleep Disorder and the Role of Iron in Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders and ADHD. Clinical and translational neuroscience. 2023;7(3):18-18. <https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/7/3/18> 5. Silber, M. H. (2024, June 14). Management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate. <https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults> 6. Ondo, W. G. (2023, July 17). Clinical features and diagnosis of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults. UpToDate. <https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults> 7. Gupta, K. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Nonpharmacologic Therapy. Medscape.com. Published July 2025. Accessed September 5, 2025. <https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188558-treatment> Learn More About Sleep Disorders [![Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NSF-3-F_What-Restless-Sleep_purchased_900x560.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) [![Person's legs showing outside sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Restless-Legs-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome/treatment) [![Young woman massaging her foot on the bed](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/sleep-related-movement-disorders-1-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-movement-disorders) [![doctor and patient](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/doctor-and-patient-300x184.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome/diagnosis) [![A woman sits on the edge of a bed unable to sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/interrupted-sleep-update--300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation/interrupted-sleep) [![man falling asleep at his desk](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1692360406-300x175.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/treatments) [![sleepy guy rubbing his eyes in the car](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1275314326-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/symptoms) [![woman looking tired](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1383610118-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/diagnosis) [![Can You Drive With Narcolepsy?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Can-You-Drive-With-Narcolepsy-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/can-you-drive-with-narcolepsy) [![Stressed And Overworked Nurse Wearing Scrubs Sitting On Floor In Hospital Corridor](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/health-care_tired-300x197.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder) [![What is Shift Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ShiftWorkDisorder_1440x360_21.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder/what-shift-work) [![Sleep Study diagnostic](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Diagnosing-Shift-Work-Disorder-300x225.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder/diagnosis) [![Young man experiencing sleep paralysis.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/sleep-paralysis-300x169.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleep-paralysis) [![A woman stands in front of an open refridgerator in the evening](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Night-Eating-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nutrition/night-eating-syndrome) [![Woman of color sleeping in bed](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/What%E2%80%99s-the-Connection-Between-Race-and-Sleep-Disorders-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/whats-connection-between-race-and-sleep-disorders) [![A young man struggling to sleep in bed.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/sleep-disorders-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders) [![Hypersomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/iStock_93446439_LARGE.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/hypersomnia) [![Hypersomnia Tests and Diagnosis](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/hypersomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/hypersomnia/tests-and-diagnosis) [![doctor speaking to patient](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1706565550-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/symptoms-diagnosis) [![man walking through the park with his dog](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_341367500-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/living-managing) [![Stock image of a Doctor in a medical facility](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/How-to-Find-a-Sleep-Doctor-Near-You--300x202.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-clinics/how-to-find-sleep-doctor) [![Worried man sitting up in bed at night while holding his head.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dyssomnia-Causes-Types-and-Symptoms-1-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/dyssomnia) [![Young woman in bed holding her head to her temples in exhaustion](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/non-24-hour-sleep-300x225.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder) [![Man with sleep apnea sleeping in bed.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/shutterstock_1405587290-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-breathing-disorders) [![Teenage boy sleeping during day](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Kleine-Levin-Syndrome-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/kleine-levin-syndrome) [![woman with inhaler](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_1017802081-300x225.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-related-breathing-disorders/asthma-and-sleep) [![Person sleeping with a sleep tracker on their wrist](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Orthosomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/orthosomnia) [![woman speaking to doctor about treatment options](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_110078714-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder/treatment-care)
Shard	95 (laksa)
Root Hash	1916647574837971495
Unparsed URL	org,sleepfoundation!www,/periodic-limb-movement-disorder s443