🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 95 (from laksa120)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa095.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia","crawl_time":1775469867,"first_indexed_time":1549491315,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,sleepfoundation!www,\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia s443","src_root_hash":"1916647574837971495","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"What Causes Insomnia?","meta_descriptions":["Trying to find out why you have sleeping problems? Learn about the general causes of insomnia and how it can arise in the elderly, teens, and pregnant women."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Insomnia is a sleep disorder that affects as many as 35% of adults. It is marked by problems getting to sleep, staying asleep through the night, and sleeping as long as you would like into the morning. It can have serious effects, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness, a higher risk of auto accidents, and widespread health effects from sleep deprivation.\nCommon causes of insomnia include stress, an irregular sleep schedule, poor sleeping habits,\nmental health disorders\n, physical illnesses and pain, medications, neurological problems, and specific sleep disorders. For many people, a combination of these factors can initiate and exacerbate insomnia.\nCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)\n– a common treatment method – helps people understand and restructure the different factors contributing to their insomnia.\nNot all\ninsomnia\nis the same; people can\nexperience the condition in distinct ways\n. How a person is affected by insomnia can vary significantly based on its cause, severity, and how it is influenced by underlying health conditions.\nStress\ncan provoke a\nprofound reaction in the body\nthat poses a challenge to quality sleep. This stress response can come from work, school, and social relationships. Exposure to traumatic situations can create chronic stress, including\npost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)\n.\nThe body’s physical response to stress contributes to hyperarousal, and mental stress can have the same effect. The inability to sleep may itself become a source of stress, making it increasingly harder to break the cycle of stress and insomnia.\nResearchers believe that some individuals are more vulnerable to stress-induced sleeping problems. These people are considered to have high\n“sleep reactivity,”\nwhich is tied to other issues affecting their sleep and their physical and mental health.\nIn an ideal world, the body’s internal clock, known as its\ncircadian rhythm\n, closely follows the daily pattern of day and night. In reality, many people have sleep schedules that cause misalignment of their circadian rhythm.\nTwo well-known examples are\njet lag\nand\nshift work\n. Jet lag disturbs sleep because a person’s body can’t adjust to a rapid change in time zone. Shift work requires a person to work through the night and sleep during the day. Both can give rise to a disrupted circadian rhythm and insomnia.\nIn some people, circadian rhythms can be shifted forward or backward without a clear cause, resulting in persistent difficulties in sleep timing and overall sleep quality.\nUnhealthy habits and routines related to lifestyle and food and drink can increase a person’s risk of insomnia. Various lifestyle choices can bring about sleeping problems:\nKeeping the brain stimulated until late in the evening, such as by working late, playing video games, or using other\nelectronic devices\n.\nNapping late in the afternoon can throw off your sleep timing and make it hard to fall asleep at night.\nSleeping in later to make up for lost sleep can confuse your body’s internal clock and make it difficult to establish a healthy sleep schedule.\nUsing your\nbed\nfor activities besides sleep can create mental associations between your bed and wakefulness.\nThough often overlooked, choices about your diet can play a role in sleeping problems like insomnia. Eating heavy meals and spicy foods can be hard on your digestive process and have the potential to generate sleeping problems when consumed later in the evening.\nCaffeine\nis a stimulant that can stay in your system for hours, making it harder to get to sleep and potentially contributing to insomnia when used in the afternoon and evening. Nicotine is another stimulant that can negatively affect sleep.\nAlcohol\n, which is a sedative that can make you feel sleepy, can actually worsen your sleep by disturbing your sleep cycle and causing fragmented, non-restorative sleep.\nMental health conditions like\nanxiety\n,\ndepression\n, and bipolar disorder frequently give rise to serious sleeping problems. It is estimated that\n40% of people with insomnia\nhave a mental health disorder.\nThese conditions can incite pervasive negative thoughts and mental hyperarousal that disturbs sleep. In addition, poor sleep can trigger or worsen existing conditions, creating a complex chain of cause-and-effect for insomnia. Studies indicate that insomnia\nexacerbates mood and anxiety disorder\nsymptoms and even\nincreases the risk of suicide\nin people with depression.\nPhysical Illness and Pain\nAlmost any condition that causes pain\ncan disrupt sleep\nby making it harder to lie comfortably in bed. Dwelling on pain when sleepless in bed may amplify it,\nincreasing stress and sleeping problems\n. If you do suffer from pain while laying in bed, it’s important to pick the\nbest mattress\nfor your needs, as beds with good pressure relief can ease troublesome pain points.\nHealth complications related to Type II diabetes can be part of an\nunderlying cause of insomnia\n. Pain from peripheral neuropathy, more frequent need for hydration and urination, and rapid blood sugar changes can interrupt sleep. There is also a\ncorrelation between diabetes and other health conditions\nthat are known to interfere with sleep including\nobstructive sleep apnea (OSA)\nand\ndepression\n.\nOther types of physical illness or pain such as after a\nsurgery\n, including those affecting the respiratory or nervous system, may pose challenges to sleep that can culminate in short-term or chronic insomnia.\nSleeping problems and insomnia can be\nside effects of many types of medications\n. Examples include blood pressure drugs, anti-asthma medications, and antidepressants. Other drugs may cause daytime drowsiness that can throw off a person’s sleep schedule.\nIt’s not just taking medications that can interrupt sleep. When someone stops taking a drug, withdrawal or other aspects of the body’s reaction can create difficulties for sleep.\nProblems affecting the brain, including\nneurodegenerative\nand neurodevelopmental disorders, have been found to be associated with an elevated risk of insomnia.\nNeurodegenerative disorders, such as\ndementia\nand Alzheimers dementia, can throw off a person’s circadian rhythm and perception of daily cues that drive the sleep-wake cycle. Nighttime confusion can further worsen sleep quality.\nNeurodevelopmental disorders like\nattention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)\ncan cause hyperarousal that makes it\nhard for people to get the sleep they need\n. Sleeping problems are\ncommon for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder\n(ASD) and may persist into adulthood.\nSpecific sleep disorders can be a cause of insomnia. Obstructive sleep apnea, which causes numerous breathing lapses and temporary sleep interruptions, affects\nup to 20% of people\nand can be an underlying factor causing insomnia and daytime sleepiness.\nRestless legs syndrome\n(RLS) detracts from sleep by causing a powerful urge to move the legs. Abnormal behaviors during sleep, known as parasomnias, can interfere with sleep. Some well-known examples of parasomnias include\nsleepwalking\n,\nnightmares\n, and\nsleep paralysis\n.\nStress, physical ailments, mental health problems, and poor sleep habits can cause insomnia at any age. However,\nteens\nmay be especially susceptible to stress from school, work, and social obligations. Insomnia has been estimated to affect\nup to 23.8% of teens\n. Biological changes push teens toward a later,\n“night owl” sleep schedule\n, which usually does not complement\nschool start times\n.\nInsomnia also occurs in\n30-48% of older adults\n. Elderly people have less sleep efficiency and are often more sensitive to symptoms of insomnia due to chronic health conditions, social isolation, and an increased use of prescription drugs. For elderly people in managed care settings, a decrease in daylight exposure can affect circadian rhythm.\nSay Goodbye to Insomnia\nSign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep,\u2028as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook.\nMultiple factors can\ncause\ninsomnia during pregnancy\n:\nDiscomfort:\nIncreased weight and changed body composition can affect positioning and comfort in bed.\nDisrupted Breathing:\nGrowth of the uterus places pressure on the lungs, creating potential for breathing problems during sleep. Hormonal changes can increase snoring and the risk of central sleep apnea, which involves brief lapses in breath.\nReflux:\nSlower digestion can prompt disruptive gastroesophageal reflux in the evening.\nNocturia:\nGreater urinary frequency can create the need to get out of bed to go to the bathroom.\nRestless Leg Syndrome:\nThe exact cause is unknown, but pregnant women have a greater risk of RLS even if they have never had symptoms before becoming pregnant.\nStudies have found that\nmore than half of pregnant women\nreport sleeping problems consistent with insomnia. In the first trimester, pregnant women frequently sleep more total hours, but the quality of their sleep decreases. After the first trimester, total sleep time decreases, with the most significant sleeping problems occurring during the third trimester.\nStill have questions? Ask our community!\nJoin our\nSleep Care Community\n— a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#post_content)\n\n[![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n\n![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)\n\n![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)\n\nSLEEP PRODUCTS\n\n- Mattresses\n  Mattresses\n  \n  - [All Mattresses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - [Best Mattress of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - Best of\n    - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers)\n    - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-back-pain)\n    - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-hip-pain)\n    - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers)\n    - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-memory-foam-mattress)\n    - [Best Latex Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-latex-mattress)\n    - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-innerspring-mattress)\n    - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-hybrid-mattress)\n    - [Best Cooling Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-cooling-mattress)\n    - [Best Firm Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-firm-mattress)\n    - [Best Organic Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-organic-mattresses)\n    - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/most-comfortable-mattresses)\n    - [Best Mattress in a Box](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-in-a-box)\n    - [Best Affordable Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-cheap-mattress)\n    - [Best King Size Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-king-mattress)\n    - [Best Mattress for Kids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-kids)\n  - Reviews\n    - [Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/casper-mattress-review)\n    - [Saatva](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/saatva-mattress-review)\n    - [Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review)\n    - [Nectar Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/nectar-mattress-review)\n    - [Bear](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/bear-mattress-review)\n    - [Loom & Leaf](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review)\n    - [Tempur-Pedic](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review)\n    - [Helix Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/helix-mattress-review)\n    - [DreamCloud Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/dreamcloud-mattress-review)\n    - [WinkBed Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/winkbed-mattress-review)\n  - Compare\n    - [Mattress Finder Tool](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)\n    - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz)\n    - [Nectar vs. Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/nectar-vs-casper)\n    - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number)\n    - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/do-you-need-a-box-spring)\n    - [What is Memory Foam?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/what-is-memory-foam)\n- Bedding\n  Bedding\n  \n  - [All Bedding](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n  - Pillows & Bedding\n    - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows)\n    - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers)\n    - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-neck-pain)\n    - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets)\n    - [Best Cooling Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets\/best-cooling-sheets)\n    - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-weighted-blankets)\n    - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n    - [The Best Comforters](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-comforter)\n  - Mattress Toppers & More\n    - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers)\n    - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-cooling-mattress-topper)\n    - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper)\n    - [Best Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads)\n    - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads\/best-cooling-mattress-pad)\n    - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors)\n    - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors\/best-mattress-encasements)\n- Sleep Solutions\n  Sleep Solutions\n  \n  - [All Solutions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n  - Get Sleep Tested\n    - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n    - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/at-home-sleep-study)\n    - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-does-a-sleep-study-work)\n    - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost)\n  - Sleep Therapy\n    - [The Best CPAP Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n    - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-mask)\n    - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n    - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards)\n    - [Mouth Taping](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/snoring\/mouth-taping-for-sleep)\n    - [CPAP Alternatives](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/alternatives-to-cpap)\n    - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-apps)\n    - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/magnesium\/best-magnesium-for-sleep)\n    - [Best Sleep Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids\/natural-sleep-aids)\n  - Sleep Environment\n    - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-trackers)\n    - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-white-noise-machines)\n    - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-adjustable-bed)\n    - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bed-frames)\n    - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses)\n    - [Wake-Up Lights](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-wake-up-lights)\n    - [Sleep Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-sleep-masks)\n\nSLEEP HEALTH & WELLNESS\n\n- Mattresses\n  Mattresses\n  \n  - [All](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - [Best Mattress of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - Best of\n    - SLEEPER TYPE\n      - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers)\n      - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-back-pain)\n      - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-hip-pain)\n      - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers)\n    - MATERIAL\n      - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-memory-foam-mattress)\n      - [Best Latex Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-latex-mattress)\n      - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-innerspring-mattress)\n      - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-hybrid-mattress)\n    - COMFORT\n      - [Best Cooling Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-cooling-mattress)\n      - [Best Firm Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-firm-mattress)\n      - [Best Organic Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-organic-mattresses)\n      - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/most-comfortable-mattresses)\n    - OTHER\n      - [Best Mattress in a Box](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-in-a-box)\n      - [Best Affordable Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-cheap-mattress)\n      - [Best King Size Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-king-mattress)\n      - [Best Mattress for Kids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-kids)\n    - [![Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)   [![mattress sizes](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-sizes)\n  - Reviews\n    - POPULAR BRANDS\n      - [Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/casper-mattress-review)\n      - [Saatva](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/saatva-mattress-review)\n      - [Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review)\n    - FOAM\n      - [Nectar Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/nectar-mattress-review)\n      - [Bear](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/bear-mattress-review)\n      - [Loom & Leaf](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review)\n      - [Tempur-Pedic](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review)\n    - HYBRID\n      - [Helix Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/helix-mattress-review)\n      - [DreamCloud Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/dreamcloud-mattress-review)\n      - [WinkBed Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/winkbed-mattress-review)\n    - [![Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)   [![mattress sizes](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-sizes)\n  - Compare\n    - MATTRESS MATCH\n      - [Mattress Finder Tool](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)\n      - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz)\n    - POPULAR BRANDS\n      - [Nectar vs. Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/nectar-vs-casper)\n      - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number)\n    - LEARN\n      - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/do-you-need-a-box-spring)\n      - [What is Memory Foam?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/what-is-memory-foam)\n    - [![Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)   [![mattress sizes](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-sizes)\n  - [All Mattresses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n- Bedding\n  Bedding\n  \n  - [All](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n  - Pillows & Bedding\n    - PILLOWS\n      - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows)\n      - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers)\n      - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-neck-pain)\n    - SHEETS\n      - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets)\n      - [Best Cooling Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets\/best-cooling-sheets)\n    - BEDDING\n      - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-weighted-blankets)\n      - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n      - [The Best Comforters](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-comforter)\n    - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-cooling-comforter)\n  - Mattress Toppers & More\n    - MATTRESS TOPPERS\n      - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers)\n      - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-cooling-mattress-topper)\n      - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper)\n    - MATTRESS PADS\n      - [Best Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads)\n      - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads\/best-cooling-mattress-pad)\n    - PROTECTORS\n      - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors)\n      - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors\/best-mattress-encasements)\n    - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-cooling-comforter)\n  - [All Bedding](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n- Sleep Solutions\n  Sleep Solutions\n  \n  - [All Solutions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n  - Get Sleep Tested\n    - AT-HOME TESTING\n      - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n      - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/at-home-sleep-study)\n    - IN-LAB TESTING\n      - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-does-a-sleep-study-work)\n      - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - Sleep Therapy\n    - CPAP\n      - [The Best CPAP Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n      - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-mask)\n      - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n    - ANTI-SNORING\n      - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards)\n      - [Mouth Taping](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/snoring\/mouth-taping-for-sleep)\n      - [CPAP Alternatives](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/alternatives-to-cpap)\n    - SERVICES & SUPPLEMENTS\n      - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-apps)\n      - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/magnesium\/best-magnesium-for-sleep)\n      - [Best Sleep Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids\/natural-sleep-aids)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - Sleep Environment\n    - SLEEP TECH\n      - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-trackers)\n      - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-white-noise-machines)\n    - BED FRAMES\n      - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-adjustable-bed)\n      - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bed-frames)\n    - PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS\n      - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses)\n      - [Wake-Up Lights](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-wake-up-lights)\n      - [Sleep Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-sleep-masks)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - [All Solutions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n- Sleep Health\n  Sleep Health\n  \n  - [All Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n  - Sleep Disorders\n    - COMMON DISORDERS\n      - [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n      - [Parasomnias](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias)\n      - [Excessive Sleepiness](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/excessive-sleepiness)\n    - BREATHING-RELATED\n      - [Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea)\n      - [Obstructive Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/obstructive-sleep-apnea)\n      - [Central Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/central-sleep-apnea)\n    - MOVEMENT-RELATED\n      - [Sleepwalking](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleepwalking)\n      - [Bruxism](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/bruxism)\n      - [Restless Legs Syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome)\n    - TESTING & TREATMENTS\n      - [CPAP](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/cpap)\n      - [Home Sleep Test](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/at-home-sleep-study)\n      - [What to Do When You Can't Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - Improve Your Sleep\n    - SLEEP HABITS\n      - [The Ultimate Sleep Improvement Plan](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-habits)\n      - [The 20 Most Proven Sleep Tips](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-hygiene\/healthy-sleep-tips)\n      - [Sleep Hygiene](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-hygiene)\n    - SLEEP AIDS\n      - [Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin)\n      - [Magnesium](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/magnesium)\n      - [The Most Effective Sleep Aids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids)\n    - TOOLS & PRODUCTS\n      - [Sleep Calculator](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-calculator)\n      - [7 Nights to Better Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-habits\/7-night-sleep-habit-builder)\n      - [Submit Your Sleep Story](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/submit-your-sleep-story)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - Understand Your Sleep\n    - SCIENCE OF SLEEP\n      - [How Sleep Works](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works)\n      - [Circadian Rhythm](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/circadian-rhythm)\n      - [The Stages of Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/stages-of-sleep)\n    - IMPACTS\n      - [Snoring](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/snoring)\n      - [Sleep Deprivation](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-deprivation)\n      - [How Electronics Affect Your Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-electronics-affect-sleep)\n    - STATISTICS\n      - [Sleep Data & Research](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/sleep-facts-statistics)\n      - [How Much Sleep Do We Need?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - [All Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n- About Us\n  About Us\n  \n  - Who We Are\n    - OUR MISSION\n      - [What We Do](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n      - [Our Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are)\n    - OUR MEDICAL TEAM\n      - [Medical Advisory Board](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#medical-advisory-board)\n    - OUR PROCESS\n      - [Editorial Policy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy)\n      - [How We Review Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)\n    - [![Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Bedroom-Environment-1-300x125.jpg) Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)   [![Sleep Video Library](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/best_clips.00_09_45_18.still029_720-300x169.jpg) Sleep Video Library](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/video)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/contact)\n- [Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n- [Sleep Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-quiz)\n\n- [![Facebook Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-facebook.svg)](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sleepisthefoundation\/)\n- [![Twitter Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/sf-twitter.svg)](https:\/\/twitter.com\/sleepisthefound)\n- [![YouTube Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/social_youtube.svg)](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/SleepIsTheFoundation)\n- [![Instagram Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/sf-instagram.svg)](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/sleepisthefoundation)\n- [![LinkedIn Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-linkedin.svg)](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/showcase\/sleepisthefoundation)\n- [![TikTok Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-tiktok.svg)](https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@sleepisthefoundation)\n\n[![:sleepfoundation-rotate:](https:\/\/emoji.slack-edge.com\/T01ANHP2LNB\/sleepfoundation-rotate\/039f7faf8dfca979.gif) 10% off Home Sleep Tests ![:sleepfoundation-rotate:](https:\/\/emoji.slack-edge.com\/T01ANHP2LNB\/sleepfoundation-rotate\/039f7faf8dfca979.gif)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?utm_cta_location=announcement_bar)\n\nWhen you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/advertising-disclosure)\n\n[\/](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)  [Sleep Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-disorders) \/ [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n\n![Main Intro Section Image](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Header-Image-1.svg)\n\n# What Causes Insomnia?\nUpdated July 10, 2025\n\nWritten by Eric Suni\n\n![Eric Suni](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Eric-Suni-Headshot-150x150.jpg)\n\nEric Suni\n\nContributing Writer\n\nEric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute.\n\n[Read Full Bio](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/eric-suni)\n\nWant to read more about all our experts in the field?\n\n[Learn About The Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n\\| Medically Reviewed by Alex Dimitriu, MD\n\n![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg)\n\nAlex Dimitriu, MD\n\nPsychiatrist\n\nDr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine.\n\n[Read Full Bio](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#alex_dimitriu,_md)\n\nWant to read more about all our experts in the field?\n\n[Learn About The Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n[![Side rail CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Side-Rail-Add.png)](https:\/\/sleepdoctor.com\/products\/nightly-sleep-stack?utm_campaign=sf&utm_cta_location=side_rail&page_path=what-causes-insomnia)\n\n- [Stress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Stress)\n- [Irregular Sleep Schedules](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Irregular-Sleep-Schedules)\n- [Lifestyle](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Lifestyle)\n- [Mental Health Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Mental-Health-Disorders)\n- [Physical Illness and Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Physical-Illness-and-Pain)\n- [Medications](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Medications)\n- [Neurological Problems](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Neurological-Problems)\n- [Specific Sleep Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Specific-Sleep-Disorders)\n- [Age](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Age)\n- [Pregnancy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#Pregnancy)\n\nInsomnia is a sleep disorder that affects as many as 35% of adults. It is marked by problems getting to sleep, staying asleep through the night, and sleeping as long as you would like into the morning. It can have serious effects, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness, a higher risk of auto accidents, and widespread health effects from sleep deprivation.\n\nCommon causes of insomnia include stress, an irregular sleep schedule, poor sleeping habits, [mental health disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health), physical illnesses and pain, medications, neurological problems, and specific sleep disorders. For many people, a combination of these factors can initiate and exacerbate insomnia. [Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) – a common treatment method – helps people understand and restructure the different factors contributing to their insomnia.\n\nNot all [insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia) is the same; people can experience the condition in distinct ways. How a person is affected by insomnia can vary significantly based on its cause, severity, and how it is influenced by underlying health conditions.\n\n![Infographic explaining possible causes of insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SF-23-112_Insomnia_Causes_Graphic-1024x717.png)\n\n## Stress\n[Stress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/stress-and-insomnia) can provoke a profound reaction in the body that poses a challenge to quality sleep. This stress response can come from work, school, and social relationships. Exposure to traumatic situations can create chronic stress, including [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/ptsd-and-sleep).\n\nThe body’s physical response to stress contributes to hyperarousal, and mental stress can have the same effect. The inability to sleep may itself become a source of stress, making it increasingly harder to break the cycle of stress and insomnia.\n\nResearchers believe that some individuals are more vulnerable to stress-induced sleeping problems. These people are considered to have high “sleep reactivity,” [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#references-79095) which is tied to other issues affecting their sleep and their physical and mental health.\n\n## One-on-one sleep coaching with a licensed sleep expert\nStructured sleep coaching designed to meet you where you are, identify what’s disrupting your nights, and show you how to fix it — no guessing, no frustration.\n\n[Get Started](https:\/\/sleepdoctor.com\/products\/sleep-consult)\n\n![SF\\_HST\\_CTA\\_Image-1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1.png)\n## Irregular Sleep Schedules\nIn an ideal world, the body’s internal clock, known as its [circadian rhythm](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/circadian-rhythm), closely follows the daily pattern of day and night. In reality, many people have sleep schedules that cause misalignment of their circadian rhythm.\n\nTwo well-known examples are [jet lag](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/travel-and-sleep\/jet-lag) and [shift work](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder\/what-shift-work). Jet lag disturbs sleep because a person’s body can’t adjust to a rapid change in time zone. Shift work requires a person to work through the night and sleep during the day. Both can give rise to a disrupted circadian rhythm and insomnia.\n\nIn some people, circadian rhythms can be shifted forward or backward without a clear cause, resulting in persistent difficulties in sleep timing and overall sleep quality.\n\n## Lifestyle\nUnhealthy habits and routines related to lifestyle and food and drink can increase a person’s risk of insomnia. Various lifestyle choices can bring about sleeping problems:\n\n- Keeping the brain stimulated until late in the evening, such as by working late, playing video games, or using other [electronic devices](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-electronics-affect-sleep).\n- Napping late in the afternoon can throw off your sleep timing and make it hard to fall asleep at night.\n- Sleeping in later to make up for lost sleep can confuse your body’s internal clock and make it difficult to establish a healthy sleep schedule.\n- Using your [bed](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress) for activities besides sleep can create mental associations between your bed and wakefulness.\n\nThough often overlooked, choices about your diet can play a role in sleeping problems like insomnia. Eating heavy meals and spicy foods can be hard on your digestive process and have the potential to generate sleeping problems when consumed later in the evening.\n\n[Caffeine](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nutrition\/caffeine-and-sleep) is a stimulant that can stay in your system for hours, making it harder to get to sleep and potentially contributing to insomnia when used in the afternoon and evening. Nicotine is another stimulant that can negatively affect sleep.\n\n[Alcohol](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nutrition\/alcohol-and-sleep), which is a sedative that can make you feel sleepy, can actually worsen your sleep by disturbing your sleep cycle and causing fragmented, non-restorative sleep.\n\n## Mental Health Disorders\nMental health conditions like [anxiety](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/anxiety-and-sleep), [depression](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/depression-and-sleep), and bipolar disorder frequently give rise to serious sleeping problems. It is estimated that 40% of people with insomnia [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) MSD ManualsFirst published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#references-82687) have a mental health disorder.\n\nThese conditions can incite pervasive negative thoughts and mental hyperarousal that disturbs sleep. In addition, poor sleep can trigger or worsen existing conditions, creating a complex chain of cause-and-effect for insomnia. Studies indicate that insomnia exacerbates mood and anxiety disorder symptoms and even increases the risk of suicide in people with depression.\n\n![Pie chart explaining the amount of the population with comorbid insomnia and mental health disorders.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SF-23-112_Insomnia_Stats_Graphic-1-1024x796.png)\n\n## Physical Illness and Pain\nAlmost any condition that causes pain can disrupt sleep by making it harder to lie comfortably in bed. Dwelling on pain when sleepless in bed may amplify it, increasing stress and sleeping problems. If you do suffer from pain while laying in bed, it’s important to pick the [best mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress) for your needs, as beds with good pressure relief can ease troublesome pain points.\n\nHealth complications related to Type II diabetes can be part of an underlying cause of insomnia. Pain from peripheral neuropathy, more frequent need for hydration and urination, and rapid blood sugar changes can interrupt sleep. There is also a correlation between diabetes and other health conditions [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) American Diabetes Association JournalsThe American Diabetes Association is a non-profit that seeks to educate the public about diabetes and to help those affected by it through funding research to manage, cure and prevent diabetes.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#references-79460) that are known to interfere with sleep including [obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea) and depression.\n\nOther types of physical illness or pain such as after a [surgery](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/insomnia-after-surgery), including those affecting the respiratory or nervous system, may pose challenges to sleep that can culminate in short-term or chronic insomnia.\n\n## Medications\nSleeping problems and insomnia can be [side effects of many types of medications](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids\/side-effects-of-sleeping-pills). Examples include blood pressure drugs, anti-asthma medications, and antidepressants. Other drugs may cause daytime drowsiness that can throw off a person’s sleep schedule.\n\nIt’s not just taking medications that can interrupt sleep. When someone stops taking a drug, withdrawal or other aspects of the body’s reaction can create difficulties for sleep.\n\n[![Commercial CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CBT-i-2-1024x356.png)![Commercial CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CBT-i-2-Mobile.png)](https:\/\/sleepdoctor.com\/products\/cbt-i-sleep-based-program)\n\n## Neurological Problems\nProblems affecting the brain, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, have been found to be associated with an elevated risk of insomnia.\n\nNeurodegenerative disorders, such as [dementia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/dementia-and-sleep) and Alzheimers dementia, can throw off a person’s circadian rhythm and perception of daily cues that drive the sleep-wake cycle. Nighttime confusion can further worsen sleep quality.\n\nNeurodevelopmental disorders like [attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/adhd-and-sleep) can cause hyperarousal that makes it hard for people to get the sleep they need. Sleeping problems are common for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and may persist into adulthood.\n\n## Specific Sleep Disorders\nSpecific sleep disorders can be a cause of insomnia. Obstructive sleep apnea, which causes numerous breathing lapses and temporary sleep interruptions, affects up to 20% of people [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#references-79563) and can be an underlying factor causing insomnia and daytime sleepiness.\n\n[Restless legs syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome) (RLS) detracts from sleep by causing a powerful urge to move the legs. Abnormal behaviors during sleep, known as parasomnias, can interfere with sleep. Some well-known examples of parasomnias include [sleepwalking](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleepwalking), [nightmares](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nightmares), and [sleep paralysis](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleep-paralysis).\n\n## Age\nStress, physical ailments, mental health problems, and poor sleep habits can cause insomnia at any age. However, [teens](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/teens-and-sleep) may be especially susceptible to stress from school, work, and social obligations. Insomnia has been estimated to affect up to 23.8% of teens [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#references-79533). Biological changes push teens toward a later, “night owl” sleep schedule, which usually does not complement [school start times](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/school-and-sleep\/later-school-start-times).\n\nInsomnia also occurs in 30-48% of older adults [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#references-79631). Elderly people have less sleep efficiency and are often more sensitive to symptoms of insomnia due to chronic health conditions, social isolation, and an increased use of prescription drugs. For elderly people in managed care settings, a decrease in daylight exposure can affect circadian rhythm.\n\n## Say Goodbye to Insomnia\nSign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Email-Capture-Icon.svg)\n## Pregnancy\nMultiple factors can cause [insomnia during pregnancy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/pregnancy\/pregnancy-insomnia):\n\n- **Discomfort:** Increased weight and changed body composition can affect positioning and comfort in bed.\n- **Disrupted Breathing:** Growth of the uterus places pressure on the lungs, creating potential for breathing problems during sleep. Hormonal changes can increase snoring and the risk of central sleep apnea, which involves brief lapses in breath.\n- **Reflux:** Slower digestion can prompt disruptive gastroesophageal reflux in the evening.\n- **Nocturia:** Greater urinary frequency can create the need to get out of bed to go to the bathroom.\n- **Restless Leg Syndrome:** The exact cause is unknown, but pregnant women have a greater risk of RLS even if they have never had symptoms before becoming pregnant.\n\nStudies have found that more than half of pregnant women [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia#references-79027) report sleeping problems consistent with insomnia. In the first trimester, pregnant women frequently sleep more total hours, but the quality of their sleep decreases. After the first trimester, total sleep time decreases, with the most significant sleeping problems occurring during the third trimester.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/themes\/onecaremedia-child\/assets\/images\/sf-question-bubble.svg)\n\n### Still have questions? Ask our community\\!\nJoin our [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.\n\n[About Our Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n![Eric Suni](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Eric-Suni-Headshot-150x150.jpg)\n\nWritten By\n\n### Eric Suni,  Contributing Writer\n\nEric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute.\n\n![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg)\n\nMedically Reviewed by\n\n### Alex Dimitriu, MD,  Psychiatrist   MD\n\nDr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine.\n\n[Learn more about our Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#team)\n\n## References 7 Sources\n1. Kalmbach, D. A., Anderson, J. R., & Drake, C. L. (2018). The impact of stress on sleep: Pathogenic sleep reactivity as a vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(6), e12710.\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29797753\/>\n2. Schwab, R. J. (2020a, June). MSD Manual Consumer Version: Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS)., Retrieved July 20, 2020.\n   <https:\/\/www.msdmanuals.com\/home\/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders\/sleep-disorders\/insomnia-and-excessive-daytime-sleepiness-eds>\n3. Resnick, H. E., Redline, S., Shahar, E., Gilpin, A., Newman, A., Walter, R., Ewy, G. A., Howard, B. V., Punjabi, N. M., & Sleep Heart Health Study (2003). Diabetes and sleep disturbances: findings from the Sleep Heart Health Study. Diabetes care, 26(3), 702–709.\n   <https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/26\/3\/702\/29232\/Diabetes-and-Sleep-DisturbancesFindings-from-the>\n4. Franklin, K. A., & Lindberg, E. (2015). Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population-a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea. Journal of thoracic disease, 7(8), 1311–1322.\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26380759\/>\n5. Donskoy, I., & Loghmanee, D. (2018). Insomnia in Adolescence. Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 6(3), 72.\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30200388\/>\n6. Patel, D., Steinberg, J., & Patel, P. (2018). Insomnia in the Elderly: A Review. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 14(6), 1017–1024.\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29852897\/>\n7. Kızılırmak, A., Timur, S., & Kartal, B. (2012). Insomnia in pregnancy and factors related to insomnia. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2012, 197093.\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22623880\/>\n\n## Learn More About Insomnia\n[![Early-Morning Shiftwork Affects Overnight Blood Pressure, Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Disease](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Symptoms-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/symptoms)\n\n[Symptoms of Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/symptoms)\n\nBy Daniel Noyed  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Diagnosing Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Diganosing-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/diagnosis)\n\n[Diagnosing Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/diagnosis)\n\nBy Lauren Fountain  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Treatments for Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Treatments-for-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment)\n\n[Treatments for Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment)\n\nBy Logan Foley  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Stock photo of woman listening to guided meditation before sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Sleep-Meditation-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep)\n\n[Can’t Sleep? 9 Techniques to Try](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep)\n\nBy Lucy Bryan  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Woman seated in bed suffering from insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Insomnia-and-Women-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/insomnia-women)\n\n[Insomnia and Women](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/insomnia-women)\n\nBy Lucy Bryan  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![senior sleeping](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/senior-sleeping-300x199.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/older-adults)\n\n[Insomnia and Older Adults](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/older-adults)\n\nBy Alexa Fry  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Woman with Insomnia lying in bed looking at clock](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Types-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/types-of-insomnia)\n\n[What Are the Different Types of Insomnia?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/types-of-insomnia)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): An Overview](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/14-NSF-9-L-Woman-sleeping-lying-on-pebbles_2880x1400.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia)\n\n[Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): An Overview](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia)\n\nBy Rob Newsom  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Stressed woman rubbing temples](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Stress-and-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/stress-and-insomnia)\n\n[Stress and Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/stress-and-insomnia)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Postpartum Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/postpartum-depression-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/postpartum-insomnia)\n\n[Postpartum Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/postpartum-insomnia)\n\nBy Lucy Bryan  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![woman lying awake in bed](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1481305928-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/pms-and-insomnia)\n\n[Period Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/pms-and-insomnia)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Woman Exercising Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/insomnia-exercise-300x184.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/exercise-and-insomnia)\n\n[Exercise and Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/exercise-and-insomnia)\n\nBy Daniel Noyed  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Woman of color lying in bed with eyes open](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Is-Insomnia-Genetic-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/is-insomnia-genetic)\n\n[Is Insomnia Genetic?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/is-insomnia-genetic)\n\nBy Logan Foley  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Worried woman lying in bed with eyes open](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Fatal-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/fatal-insomnia)\n\n[Fatal Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/fatal-insomnia)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![A woman lies awake in bed.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/shutterstock_1160037781-300x192.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/paradoxical-insomnia)\n\n[Paradoxical Insomnia: The Misperception of Your Sleep State](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/paradoxical-insomnia)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![stock photo of a man experiencing insomnia in a hospital](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/man-in-hospital-bed-300x169.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/insomnia-after-surgery)\n\n[Insomnia After Surgery](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/insomnia-after-surgery)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![woman eating healthy meal](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Keto-Insomnia-Is-It-Real--300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/keto-insomnia)\n\n[Keto Insomnia: Is It Real?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/keto-insomnia)\n\nBy Jay Vera Summer  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Acupuncture for Insomnia: Everything You Need to Know](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/acupuncture-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/acupuncture-for-insomnia)\n\n[Acupuncture for Insomnia: Everything You Need to Know](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/acupuncture-for-insomnia)\n\nBy Lucy Bryan  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![image of a woman writing in a notebook](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/woman-writing-in-notebook-300x169.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/sleep-restriction-therapy)\n\n[Sleep Restriction Therapy: Everything You Need to Know](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/sleep-restriction-therapy)\n\nBy Lucy Bryan  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Natural Cures for Insomnia: From Acupressure to Yoga](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Natural-Cures-for-Insomnia-300x194.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/natural-cures-for-insomnia)\n\n[Natural Cures for Insomnia: From Acupressure to Yoga](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/natural-cures-for-insomnia)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Woman with Insomnia lying in bed looking at clock](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Types-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/psychophysiological-insomnia)\n\n[Psychophysiological Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/psychophysiological-insomnia)\n\nBy Danielle Pacheco  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![A Woman Trying to Sleep while Her Husband is Snoring](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pexels-kampus-7556636-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/sleep-apnea-vs-insomnia\/)\n\n[Sleep Apnea vs. Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/sleep-apnea-vs-insomnia\/)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![stock photo of a woman who cant sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/woman-cant-sleep-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n\n[Insomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 4, 2025\n***\n\n[![Woman Light Therapy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/light-therapy-woman-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/light-therapy)\n\n[Light Therapy for Insomnia Sufferers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/light-therapy)\n\nBy Logan Foley  November 16, 2023\n\n[Load More Articles]()\n\n## Other Articles of Interest\n### How Sleep Works\n[How to Lucid Dream?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/dreams\/lucid-dreams)   [Recommended Sleep Times](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need)   [Why Do We Need Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/why-do-we-need-sleep)   [Can You Catch Up On Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/sleep-debt-and-catch-up-sleep)   [What Happens When You Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/what-happens-when-you-sleep)\n\n### Children, Teens & Sleep\n[When Do Kids Stop Napping?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/children-and-sleep\/when-do-kids-stop-napping)   [Why is Sleep Important For Children?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/children-and-sleep)   [Bedtime Routines for Kids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/children-and-sleep\/bedtime-routine)   [How Does Blue Light Affect Kids Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/children-and-sleep\/how-blue-light-affects-kids-sleep)   [Sleep Strategies for Kids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/children-and-sleep\/sleep-strategies-kids)\n\n### Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders\n[Non-24 Sleep Wake Disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder)   [Shift Work Disorder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder)   [Learn About Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/circadian-rhythm-sleep-disorders)   [Jet Lag](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/travel-and-sleep\/jet-lag)\n\n### Sleep Solutions\n[Best Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)   [Mattress Reviews](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews)   [Best Pillows](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows)   [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers)   [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-back-pain)\n\n[![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo-footer.svg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n\n**Sleep Foundation** and **SleepFoundation.org** are not affiliated with the National Sleep Foundation, an independent nonprofit based in Washington, DC.\n\nThe content on this website is for informational purposes only. SleepFoundation.org does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment options.\n\nSleep Information\n\n- [Sleep Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n- [Sleep Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n- [Sleep Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-disorders)\n- [Sleep News](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news)\n\nSleep Foundation\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/contact)\n- [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n- [How We Review Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)\n\nSleep Profile\n\nYour daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep. Take the Sleep Quiz to help inform your sleep improvement journey.\n\n[Take the Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-quiz)\n### Explore Sleep Foundation\n\n- [Editorial Policy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy)\n- [Advertising Disclosure](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/advertising-disclosure)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/privacy-policy)\n- [Terms & Conditions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/terms-of-use)\n- [Accessibility Statement](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/accessibility-statement)\n- [Your Privacy Choices](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia)\n\n© 2026 [Sleep Doctor Holdings](https:\/\/corporate.sleepdoctor.com\/), LLC. All rights reserved.","attrs_readable_markdown":"Insomnia is a sleep disorder that affects as many as 35% of adults. It is marked by problems getting to sleep, staying asleep through the night, and sleeping as long as you would like into the morning. It can have serious effects, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness, a higher risk of auto accidents, and widespread health effects from sleep deprivation.\n\nCommon causes of insomnia include stress, an irregular sleep schedule, poor sleeping habits, [mental health disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health), physical illnesses and pain, medications, neurological problems, and specific sleep disorders. For many people, a combination of these factors can initiate and exacerbate insomnia. [Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) – a common treatment method – helps people understand and restructure the different factors contributing to their insomnia.\n\nNot all [insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia) is the same; people can experience the condition in distinct ways. How a person is affected by insomnia can vary significantly based on its cause, severity, and how it is influenced by underlying health conditions.\n\n![Infographic explaining possible causes of insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SF-23-112_Insomnia_Causes_Graphic-1024x717.png)\n\n[Stress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/stress-and-insomnia) can provoke a profound reaction in the body that poses a challenge to quality sleep. This stress response can come from work, school, and social relationships. Exposure to traumatic situations can create chronic stress, including [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/ptsd-and-sleep).\n\nThe body’s physical response to stress contributes to hyperarousal, and mental stress can have the same effect. The inability to sleep may itself become a source of stress, making it increasingly harder to break the cycle of stress and insomnia.\n\nResearchers believe that some individuals are more vulnerable to stress-induced sleeping problems. These people are considered to have high “sleep reactivity,” which is tied to other issues affecting their sleep and their physical and mental health.\n\nIn an ideal world, the body’s internal clock, known as its [circadian rhythm](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/circadian-rhythm), closely follows the daily pattern of day and night. In reality, many people have sleep schedules that cause misalignment of their circadian rhythm.\n\nTwo well-known examples are [jet lag](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/travel-and-sleep\/jet-lag) and [shift work](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/shift-work-disorder\/what-shift-work). Jet lag disturbs sleep because a person’s body can’t adjust to a rapid change in time zone. Shift work requires a person to work through the night and sleep during the day. Both can give rise to a disrupted circadian rhythm and insomnia.\n\nIn some people, circadian rhythms can be shifted forward or backward without a clear cause, resulting in persistent difficulties in sleep timing and overall sleep quality.\n\nUnhealthy habits and routines related to lifestyle and food and drink can increase a person’s risk of insomnia. Various lifestyle choices can bring about sleeping problems:\n\n- Keeping the brain stimulated until late in the evening, such as by working late, playing video games, or using other [electronic devices](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-electronics-affect-sleep).\n- Napping late in the afternoon can throw off your sleep timing and make it hard to fall asleep at night.\n- Sleeping in later to make up for lost sleep can confuse your body’s internal clock and make it difficult to establish a healthy sleep schedule.\n- Using your [bed](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress) for activities besides sleep can create mental associations between your bed and wakefulness.\n\nThough often overlooked, choices about your diet can play a role in sleeping problems like insomnia. Eating heavy meals and spicy foods can be hard on your digestive process and have the potential to generate sleeping problems when consumed later in the evening.\n\n[Caffeine](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nutrition\/caffeine-and-sleep) is a stimulant that can stay in your system for hours, making it harder to get to sleep and potentially contributing to insomnia when used in the afternoon and evening. Nicotine is another stimulant that can negatively affect sleep.\n\n[Alcohol](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nutrition\/alcohol-and-sleep), which is a sedative that can make you feel sleepy, can actually worsen your sleep by disturbing your sleep cycle and causing fragmented, non-restorative sleep.\n\nMental health conditions like [anxiety](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/anxiety-and-sleep), [depression](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/depression-and-sleep), and bipolar disorder frequently give rise to serious sleeping problems. It is estimated that 40% of people with insomnia have a mental health disorder.\n\nThese conditions can incite pervasive negative thoughts and mental hyperarousal that disturbs sleep. In addition, poor sleep can trigger or worsen existing conditions, creating a complex chain of cause-and-effect for insomnia. Studies indicate that insomnia exacerbates mood and anxiety disorder symptoms and even increases the risk of suicide in people with depression.\n\n![Pie chart explaining the amount of the population with comorbid insomnia and mental health disorders.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SF-23-112_Insomnia_Stats_Graphic-1-1024x796.png)\n\n## Physical Illness and Pain\nAlmost any condition that causes pain can disrupt sleep by making it harder to lie comfortably in bed. Dwelling on pain when sleepless in bed may amplify it, increasing stress and sleeping problems. If you do suffer from pain while laying in bed, it’s important to pick the [best mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress) for your needs, as beds with good pressure relief can ease troublesome pain points.\n\nHealth complications related to Type II diabetes can be part of an underlying cause of insomnia. Pain from peripheral neuropathy, more frequent need for hydration and urination, and rapid blood sugar changes can interrupt sleep. There is also a correlation between diabetes and other health conditions that are known to interfere with sleep including [obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea) and depression.\n\nOther types of physical illness or pain such as after a [surgery](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/insomnia-after-surgery), including those affecting the respiratory or nervous system, may pose challenges to sleep that can culminate in short-term or chronic insomnia.\n\nSleeping problems and insomnia can be [side effects of many types of medications](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids\/side-effects-of-sleeping-pills). Examples include blood pressure drugs, anti-asthma medications, and antidepressants. Other drugs may cause daytime drowsiness that can throw off a person’s sleep schedule.\n\nIt’s not just taking medications that can interrupt sleep. When someone stops taking a drug, withdrawal or other aspects of the body’s reaction can create difficulties for sleep.\n\n[![Commercial CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CBT-i-2-1024x356.png)![Commercial CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CBT-i-2-Mobile.png)](https:\/\/sleepdoctor.com\/products\/cbt-i-sleep-based-program)\n\nProblems affecting the brain, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, have been found to be associated with an elevated risk of insomnia.\n\nNeurodegenerative disorders, such as [dementia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/dementia-and-sleep) and Alzheimers dementia, can throw off a person’s circadian rhythm and perception of daily cues that drive the sleep-wake cycle. Nighttime confusion can further worsen sleep quality.\n\nNeurodevelopmental disorders like [attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/adhd-and-sleep) can cause hyperarousal that makes it hard for people to get the sleep they need. Sleeping problems are common for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and may persist into adulthood.\n\nSpecific sleep disorders can be a cause of insomnia. Obstructive sleep apnea, which causes numerous breathing lapses and temporary sleep interruptions, affects up to 20% of people and can be an underlying factor causing insomnia and daytime sleepiness.\n\n[Restless legs syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome) (RLS) detracts from sleep by causing a powerful urge to move the legs. Abnormal behaviors during sleep, known as parasomnias, can interfere with sleep. Some well-known examples of parasomnias include [sleepwalking](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleepwalking), [nightmares](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/nightmares), and [sleep paralysis](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleep-paralysis).\n\nStress, physical ailments, mental health problems, and poor sleep habits can cause insomnia at any age. However, [teens](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/teens-and-sleep) may be especially susceptible to stress from school, work, and social obligations. Insomnia has been estimated to affect up to 23.8% of teens. Biological changes push teens toward a later, “night owl” sleep schedule, which usually does not complement [school start times](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/school-and-sleep\/later-school-start-times).\n\nInsomnia also occurs in 30-48% of older adults. Elderly people have less sleep efficiency and are often more sensitive to symptoms of insomnia due to chronic health conditions, social isolation, and an increased use of prescription drugs. For elderly people in managed care settings, a decrease in daylight exposure can affect circadian rhythm.\n\n## Say Goodbye to Insomnia\nSign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Email-Capture-Icon.svg)\n\nMultiple factors can cause [insomnia during pregnancy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/pregnancy\/pregnancy-insomnia):\n\n- **Discomfort:** Increased weight and changed body composition can affect positioning and comfort in bed.\n- **Disrupted Breathing:** Growth of the uterus places pressure on the lungs, creating potential for breathing problems during sleep. Hormonal changes can increase snoring and the risk of central sleep apnea, which involves brief lapses in breath.\n- **Reflux:** Slower digestion can prompt disruptive gastroesophageal reflux in the evening.\n- **Nocturia:** Greater urinary frequency can create the need to get out of bed to go to the bathroom.\n- **Restless Leg Syndrome:** The exact cause is unknown, but pregnant women have a greater risk of RLS even if they have never had symptoms before becoming pregnant.\n\nStudies have found that more than half of pregnant women report sleeping problems consistent with insomnia. In the first trimester, pregnant women frequently sleep more total hours, but the quality of their sleep decreases. After the first trimester, total sleep time decreases, with the most significant sleeping problems occurring during the third trimester.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/themes\/onecaremedia-child\/assets\/images\/sf-question-bubble.svg)\n\n### Still have questions? Ask our community\\!\nJoin our [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

19 hours ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia
Last Crawled	2026-04-06 10:04:27 (19 hours ago)
First Indexed	2019-02-06 22:15:15 (7 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	What Causes Insomnia?
Meta Description	Trying to find out why you have sleeping problems? Learn about the general causes of insomnia and how it can arise in the elderly, teens, and pregnant women.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Insomnia is a sleep disorder that affects as many as 35% of adults. It is marked by problems getting to sleep, staying asleep through the night, and sleeping as long as you would like into the morning. It can have serious effects, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness, a higher risk of auto accidents, and widespread health effects from sleep deprivation. Common causes of insomnia include stress, an irregular sleep schedule, poor sleeping habits, mental health disorders , physical illnesses and pain, medications, neurological problems, and specific sleep disorders. For many people, a combination of these factors can initiate and exacerbate insomnia. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) – a common treatment method – helps people understand and restructure the different factors contributing to their insomnia. Not all insomnia is the same; people can experience the condition in distinct ways . How a person is affected by insomnia can vary significantly based on its cause, severity, and how it is influenced by underlying health conditions. Stress can provoke a profound reaction in the body that poses a challenge to quality sleep. This stress response can come from work, school, and social relationships. Exposure to traumatic situations can create chronic stress, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . The body’s physical response to stress contributes to hyperarousal, and mental stress can have the same effect. The inability to sleep may itself become a source of stress, making it increasingly harder to break the cycle of stress and insomnia. Researchers believe that some individuals are more vulnerable to stress-induced sleeping problems. These people are considered to have high “sleep reactivity,” which is tied to other issues affecting their sleep and their physical and mental health. In an ideal world, the body’s internal clock, known as its circadian rhythm , closely follows the daily pattern of day and night. In reality, many people have sleep schedules that cause misalignment of their circadian rhythm. Two well-known examples are jet lag and shift work . Jet lag disturbs sleep because a person’s body can’t adjust to a rapid change in time zone. Shift work requires a person to work through the night and sleep during the day. Both can give rise to a disrupted circadian rhythm and insomnia. In some people, circadian rhythms can be shifted forward or backward without a clear cause, resulting in persistent difficulties in sleep timing and overall sleep quality. Unhealthy habits and routines related to lifestyle and food and drink can increase a person’s risk of insomnia. Various lifestyle choices can bring about sleeping problems: Keeping the brain stimulated until late in the evening, such as by working late, playing video games, or using other electronic devices . Napping late in the afternoon can throw off your sleep timing and make it hard to fall asleep at night. Sleeping in later to make up for lost sleep can confuse your body’s internal clock and make it difficult to establish a healthy sleep schedule. Using your bed for activities besides sleep can create mental associations between your bed and wakefulness. Though often overlooked, choices about your diet can play a role in sleeping problems like insomnia. Eating heavy meals and spicy foods can be hard on your digestive process and have the potential to generate sleeping problems when consumed later in the evening. Caffeine is a stimulant that can stay in your system for hours, making it harder to get to sleep and potentially contributing to insomnia when used in the afternoon and evening. Nicotine is another stimulant that can negatively affect sleep. Alcohol , which is a sedative that can make you feel sleepy, can actually worsen your sleep by disturbing your sleep cycle and causing fragmented, non-restorative sleep. Mental health conditions like anxiety , depression , and bipolar disorder frequently give rise to serious sleeping problems. It is estimated that 40% of people with insomnia have a mental health disorder. These conditions can incite pervasive negative thoughts and mental hyperarousal that disturbs sleep. In addition, poor sleep can trigger or worsen existing conditions, creating a complex chain of cause-and-effect for insomnia. Studies indicate that insomnia exacerbates mood and anxiety disorder symptoms and even increases the risk of suicide in people with depression. Physical Illness and Pain Almost any condition that causes pain can disrupt sleep by making it harder to lie comfortably in bed. Dwelling on pain when sleepless in bed may amplify it, increasing stress and sleeping problems . If you do suffer from pain while laying in bed, it’s important to pick the best mattress for your needs, as beds with good pressure relief can ease troublesome pain points. Health complications related to Type II diabetes can be part of an underlying cause of insomnia . Pain from peripheral neuropathy, more frequent need for hydration and urination, and rapid blood sugar changes can interrupt sleep. There is also a correlation between diabetes and other health conditions that are known to interfere with sleep including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depression . Other types of physical illness or pain such as after a surgery , including those affecting the respiratory or nervous system, may pose challenges to sleep that can culminate in short-term or chronic insomnia. Sleeping problems and insomnia can be side effects of many types of medications . Examples include blood pressure drugs, anti-asthma medications, and antidepressants. Other drugs may cause daytime drowsiness that can throw off a person’s sleep schedule. It’s not just taking medications that can interrupt sleep. When someone stops taking a drug, withdrawal or other aspects of the body’s reaction can create difficulties for sleep. Problems affecting the brain, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, have been found to be associated with an elevated risk of insomnia. Neurodegenerative disorders, such as dementia and Alzheimers dementia, can throw off a person’s circadian rhythm and perception of daily cues that drive the sleep-wake cycle. Nighttime confusion can further worsen sleep quality. Neurodevelopmental disorders like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can cause hyperarousal that makes it hard for people to get the sleep they need . Sleeping problems are common for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and may persist into adulthood. Specific sleep disorders can be a cause of insomnia. Obstructive sleep apnea, which causes numerous breathing lapses and temporary sleep interruptions, affects up to 20% of people and can be an underlying factor causing insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) detracts from sleep by causing a powerful urge to move the legs. Abnormal behaviors during sleep, known as parasomnias, can interfere with sleep. Some well-known examples of parasomnias include sleepwalking , nightmares , and sleep paralysis . Stress, physical ailments, mental health problems, and poor sleep habits can cause insomnia at any age. However, teens may be especially susceptible to stress from school, work, and social obligations. Insomnia has been estimated to affect up to 23.8% of teens . Biological changes push teens toward a later, “night owl” sleep schedule , which usually does not complement school start times . Insomnia also occurs in 30-48% of older adults . Elderly people have less sleep efficiency and are often more sensitive to symptoms of insomnia due to chronic health conditions, social isolation, and an increased use of prescription drugs. For elderly people in managed care settings, a decrease in daylight exposure can affect circadian rhythm. Say Goodbye to Insomnia Sign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook. Multiple factors can cause insomnia during pregnancy : Discomfort: Increased weight and changed body composition can affect positioning and comfort in bed. Disrupted Breathing: Growth of the uterus places pressure on the lungs, creating potential for breathing problems during sleep. Hormonal changes can increase snoring and the risk of central sleep apnea, which involves brief lapses in breath. Reflux: Slower digestion can prompt disruptive gastroesophageal reflux in the evening. Nocturia: Greater urinary frequency can create the need to get out of bed to go to the bathroom. Restless Leg Syndrome: The exact cause is unknown, but pregnant women have a greater risk of RLS even if they have never had symptoms before becoming pregnant. Studies have found that more than half of pregnant women report sleeping problems consistent with insomnia. In the first trimester, pregnant women frequently sleep more total hours, but the quality of their sleep decreases. After the first trimester, total sleep time decreases, with the most significant sleeping problems occurring during the third trimester. Still have questions? Ask our community! Join our Sleep Care Community — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.
Markdown	[Skip to content](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#post_content) [![Sleep Foundation Logo](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sd-logo.svg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/) ![Sleep Foundation Logo](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sd-logo.svg) ![Sleep Foundation Logo](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sd-logo.svg) SLEEP PRODUCTS - Mattresses Mattresses - [All Mattresses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - [Best Mattress of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - Best of - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers) - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-back-pain) - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-hip-pain) - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers) - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-memory-foam-mattress) - [Best Latex Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-latex-mattress) - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-innerspring-mattress) - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-hybrid-mattress) - [Best Cooling Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cooling-mattress) - [Best Firm Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-firm-mattress) - [Best Organic Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-organic-mattresses) - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/most-comfortable-mattresses) - [Best Mattress in a Box](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-in-a-box) - [Best Affordable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cheap-mattress) - [Best King Size Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-king-mattress) - [Best Mattress for Kids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-kids) - Reviews - [Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/casper-mattress-review) - [Saatva](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/saatva-mattress-review) - [Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review) - [Nectar Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/nectar-mattress-review) - [Bear](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/bear-mattress-review) - [Loom & Leaf](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review) - [Tempur-Pedic](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review) - [Helix Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/helix-mattress-review) - [DreamCloud Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/dreamcloud-mattress-review) - [WinkBed Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/winkbed-mattress-review) - Compare - [Mattress Finder Tool](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz) - [Nectar vs. Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/nectar-vs-casper) - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number) - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/do-you-need-a-box-spring) - [What is Memory Foam?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/what-is-memory-foam) - Bedding Bedding - [All Bedding](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - Pillows & Bedding - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows) - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers) - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-neck-pain) - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets) - [Best Cooling Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets/best-cooling-sheets) - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-weighted-blankets) - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - [The Best Comforters](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-comforter) - Mattress Toppers & More - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers) - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-cooling-mattress-topper) - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper) - [Best Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads) - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads/best-cooling-mattress-pad) - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors) - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors/best-mattress-encasements) - Sleep Solutions Sleep Solutions - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Get Sleep Tested - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-does-a-sleep-study-work) - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost) - Sleep Therapy - [The Best CPAP Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-mask) - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards) - [Mouth Taping](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring/mouth-taping-for-sleep) - [CPAP Alternatives](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/alternatives-to-cpap) - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-apps) - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium/best-magnesium-for-sleep) - [Best Sleep Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids/natural-sleep-aids) - Sleep Environment - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-trackers) - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-white-noise-machines) - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-adjustable-bed) - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bed-frames) - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses) - [Wake-Up Lights](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-wake-up-lights) - [Sleep Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-sleep-masks) SLEEP HEALTH & WELLNESS - Mattresses Mattresses - [All](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - [Best Mattress of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - Best of - SLEEPER TYPE - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers) - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-back-pain) - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-hip-pain) - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers) - MATERIAL - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-memory-foam-mattress) - [Best Latex Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-latex-mattress) - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-innerspring-mattress) - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-hybrid-mattress) - COMFORT - [Best Cooling Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cooling-mattress) - [Best Firm Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-firm-mattress) - [Best Organic Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-organic-mattresses) - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/most-comfortable-mattresses) - OTHER - [Best Mattress in a Box](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-in-a-box) - [Best Affordable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cheap-mattress) - [Best King Size Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-king-mattress) - [Best Mattress for Kids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-kids) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - Reviews - POPULAR BRANDS - [Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/casper-mattress-review) - [Saatva](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/saatva-mattress-review) - [Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review) - FOAM - [Nectar Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/nectar-mattress-review) - [Bear](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/bear-mattress-review) - [Loom & Leaf](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review) - [Tempur-Pedic](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review) - HYBRID - [Helix Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/helix-mattress-review) - [DreamCloud Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/dreamcloud-mattress-review) - [WinkBed Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/winkbed-mattress-review) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - Compare - MATTRESS MATCH - [Mattress Finder Tool](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz) - POPULAR BRANDS - [Nectar vs. Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/nectar-vs-casper) - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number) - LEARN - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/do-you-need-a-box-spring) - [What is Memory Foam?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/what-is-memory-foam) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - [All Mattresses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - Bedding Bedding - [All](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - Pillows & Bedding - PILLOWS - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows) - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers) - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-neck-pain) - SHEETS - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets) - [Best Cooling Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets/best-cooling-sheets) - BEDDING - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-weighted-blankets) - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - [The Best Comforters](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-comforter) - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-cooling-comforter) - Mattress Toppers & More - MATTRESS TOPPERS - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers) - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-cooling-mattress-topper) - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper) - MATTRESS PADS - [Best Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads) - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads/best-cooling-mattress-pad) - PROTECTORS - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors) - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors/best-mattress-encasements) - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-cooling-comforter) - [All Bedding](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - Sleep Solutions Sleep Solutions - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Get Sleep Tested - AT-HOME TESTING - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - IN-LAB TESTING - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-does-a-sleep-study-work) - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - Sleep Therapy - CPAP - [The Best CPAP Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-mask) - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - ANTI-SNORING - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards) - [Mouth Taping](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring/mouth-taping-for-sleep) - [CPAP Alternatives](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/alternatives-to-cpap) - SERVICES & SUPPLEMENTS - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-apps) - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium/best-magnesium-for-sleep) - [Best Sleep Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids/natural-sleep-aids) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - Sleep Environment - SLEEP TECH - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-trackers) - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-white-noise-machines) - BED FRAMES - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-adjustable-bed) - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bed-frames) - PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses) - [Wake-Up Lights](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-wake-up-lights) - [Sleep Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-sleep-masks) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Sleep Health Sleep Health - [All Health](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics) - Sleep Disorders - COMMON DISORDERS - [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) - [Parasomnias](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias) - [Excessive Sleepiness](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/excessive-sleepiness) - BREATHING-RELATED - [Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea) - [Obstructive Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea) - [Central Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea) - MOVEMENT-RELATED - [Sleepwalking](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleepwalking) - [Bruxism](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/bruxism) - [Restless Legs Syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) - TESTING & TREATMENTS - [CPAP](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/cpap) - [Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - [What to Do When You Can't Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - Improve Your Sleep - SLEEP HABITS - [The Ultimate Sleep Improvement Plan](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-habits) - [The 20 Most Proven Sleep Tips](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene/healthy-sleep-tips) - [Sleep Hygiene](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene) - SLEEP AIDS - [Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin) - [Magnesium](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium) - [The Most Effective Sleep Aids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids) - TOOLS & PRODUCTS - [Sleep Calculator](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-calculator) - [7 Nights to Better Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-habits/7-night-sleep-habit-builder) - [Submit Your Sleep Story](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/submit-your-sleep-story) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - Understand Your Sleep - SCIENCE OF SLEEP - [How Sleep Works](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works) - [Circadian Rhythm](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/circadian-rhythm) - [The Stages of Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/stages-of-sleep) - IMPACTS - [Snoring](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring) - [Sleep Deprivation](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation) - [How Electronics Affect Your Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-electronics-affect-sleep) - STATISTICS - [Sleep Data & Research](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-facts-statistics) - [How Much Sleep Do We Need?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - [All Health](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics) - About Us About Us - Who We Are - OUR MISSION - [What We Do](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) - [Our Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are) - OUR MEDICAL TEAM - [Medical Advisory Board](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#medical-advisory-board) - OUR PROCESS - [Editorial Policy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) - [How We Review Products](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/research-methodology) - [![Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Bedroom-Environment-1-300x125.jpg) Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/research-methodology) [![Sleep Video Library](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/best_clips.00_09_45_18.still029_720-300x169.jpg) Sleep Video Library](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/video) - [Contact Us](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/contact) - [Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) - [Sleep Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-quiz) - [![Facebook Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/sf-facebook.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sleepisthefoundation/) - [![Twitter Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sf-twitter.svg)](https://twitter.com/sleepisthefound) - [![YouTube Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/social_youtube.svg)](https://www.youtube.com/c/SleepIsTheFoundation) - [![Instagram Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sf-instagram.svg)](https://www.instagram.com/sleepisthefoundation) - [![LinkedIn Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/sf-linkedin.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/sleepisthefoundation) - [![TikTok Icon](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/sf-tiktok.svg)](https://www.tiktok.com/@sleepisthefoundation) [![:sleepfoundation-rotate:](https://emoji.slack-edge.com/T01ANHP2LNB/sleepfoundation-rotate/039f7faf8dfca979.gif) 10% off Home Sleep Tests ![:sleepfoundation-rotate:](https://emoji.slack-edge.com/T01ANHP2LNB/sleepfoundation-rotate/039f7faf8dfca979.gif)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?utm_cta_location=announcement_bar) When you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. [Learn more.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/advertising-disclosure) [/](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/) [Sleep Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders) / [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) ![Main Intro Section Image](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Header-Image-1.svg) # What Causes Insomnia? Updated July 10, 2025 Written by Eric Suni ![Eric Suni](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Eric-Suni-Headshot-150x150.jpg) Eric Suni Contributing Writer Eric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute. [Read Full Bio](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/eric-suni) Want to read more about all our experts in the field? [Learn About The Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) \\| Medically Reviewed by Alex Dimitriu, MD ![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg) Alex Dimitriu, MD Psychiatrist Dr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. [Read Full Bio](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#alex_dimitriu,_md) Want to read more about all our experts in the field? [Learn About The Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) [![Side rail CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Side-Rail-Add.png)](https://sleepdoctor.com/products/nightly-sleep-stack?utm_campaign=sf&utm_cta_location=side_rail&page_path=what-causes-insomnia) - [Stress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Stress) - [Irregular Sleep Schedules](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Irregular-Sleep-Schedules) - [Lifestyle](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Lifestyle) - [Mental Health Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Mental-Health-Disorders) - [Physical Illness and Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Physical-Illness-and-Pain) - [Medications](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Medications) - [Neurological Problems](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Neurological-Problems) - [Specific Sleep Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Specific-Sleep-Disorders) - [Age](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Age) - [Pregnancy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#Pregnancy) Insomnia is a sleep disorder that affects as many as 35% of adults. It is marked by problems getting to sleep, staying asleep through the night, and sleeping as long as you would like into the morning. It can have serious effects, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness, a higher risk of auto accidents, and widespread health effects from sleep deprivation. Common causes of insomnia include stress, an irregular sleep schedule, poor sleeping habits, [mental health disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health), physical illnesses and pain, medications, neurological problems, and specific sleep disorders. For many people, a combination of these factors can initiate and exacerbate insomnia. [Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) – a common treatment method – helps people understand and restructure the different factors contributing to their insomnia. Not all [insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) is the same; people can experience the condition in distinct ways. How a person is affected by insomnia can vary significantly based on its cause, severity, and how it is influenced by underlying health conditions. ![Infographic explaining possible causes of insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/SF-23-112_Insomnia_Causes_Graphic-1024x717.png) ## Stress [Stress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/stress-and-insomnia) can provoke a profound reaction in the body that poses a challenge to quality sleep. This stress response can come from work, school, and social relationships. Exposure to traumatic situations can create chronic stress, including [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/ptsd-and-sleep). The body’s physical response to stress contributes to hyperarousal, and mental stress can have the same effect. The inability to sleep may itself become a source of stress, making it increasingly harder to break the cycle of stress and insomnia. Researchers believe that some individuals are more vulnerable to stress-induced sleeping problems. These people are considered to have high “sleep reactivity,” [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#references-79095) which is tied to other issues affecting their sleep and their physical and mental health. ## One-on-one sleep coaching with a licensed sleep expert Structured sleep coaching designed to meet you where you are, identify what’s disrupting your nights, and show you how to fix it — no guessing, no frustration. [Get Started](https://sleepdoctor.com/products/sleep-consult) ![SF\_HST\_CTA\_Image-1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1.png) ## Irregular Sleep Schedules In an ideal world, the body’s internal clock, known as its [circadian rhythm](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/circadian-rhythm), closely follows the daily pattern of day and night. In reality, many people have sleep schedules that cause misalignment of their circadian rhythm. Two well-known examples are [jet lag](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/travel-and-sleep/jet-lag) and [shift work](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder/what-shift-work). Jet lag disturbs sleep because a person’s body can’t adjust to a rapid change in time zone. Shift work requires a person to work through the night and sleep during the day. Both can give rise to a disrupted circadian rhythm and insomnia. In some people, circadian rhythms can be shifted forward or backward without a clear cause, resulting in persistent difficulties in sleep timing and overall sleep quality. ## Lifestyle Unhealthy habits and routines related to lifestyle and food and drink can increase a person’s risk of insomnia. Various lifestyle choices can bring about sleeping problems: - Keeping the brain stimulated until late in the evening, such as by working late, playing video games, or using other [electronic devices](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-electronics-affect-sleep). - Napping late in the afternoon can throw off your sleep timing and make it hard to fall asleep at night. - Sleeping in later to make up for lost sleep can confuse your body’s internal clock and make it difficult to establish a healthy sleep schedule. - Using your [bed](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) for activities besides sleep can create mental associations between your bed and wakefulness. Though often overlooked, choices about your diet can play a role in sleeping problems like insomnia. Eating heavy meals and spicy foods can be hard on your digestive process and have the potential to generate sleeping problems when consumed later in the evening. [Caffeine](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nutrition/caffeine-and-sleep) is a stimulant that can stay in your system for hours, making it harder to get to sleep and potentially contributing to insomnia when used in the afternoon and evening. Nicotine is another stimulant that can negatively affect sleep. [Alcohol](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nutrition/alcohol-and-sleep), which is a sedative that can make you feel sleepy, can actually worsen your sleep by disturbing your sleep cycle and causing fragmented, non-restorative sleep. ## Mental Health Disorders Mental health conditions like [anxiety](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/anxiety-and-sleep), [depression](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/depression-and-sleep), and bipolar disorder frequently give rise to serious sleeping problems. It is estimated that 40% of people with insomnia [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) MSD ManualsFirst published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#references-82687) have a mental health disorder. These conditions can incite pervasive negative thoughts and mental hyperarousal that disturbs sleep. In addition, poor sleep can trigger or worsen existing conditions, creating a complex chain of cause-and-effect for insomnia. Studies indicate that insomnia exacerbates mood and anxiety disorder symptoms and even increases the risk of suicide in people with depression. ![Pie chart explaining the amount of the population with comorbid insomnia and mental health disorders.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/SF-23-112_Insomnia_Stats_Graphic-1-1024x796.png) ## Physical Illness and Pain Almost any condition that causes pain can disrupt sleep by making it harder to lie comfortably in bed. Dwelling on pain when sleepless in bed may amplify it, increasing stress and sleeping problems. If you do suffer from pain while laying in bed, it’s important to pick the [best mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) for your needs, as beds with good pressure relief can ease troublesome pain points. Health complications related to Type II diabetes can be part of an underlying cause of insomnia. Pain from peripheral neuropathy, more frequent need for hydration and urination, and rapid blood sugar changes can interrupt sleep. There is also a correlation between diabetes and other health conditions [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) American Diabetes Association JournalsThe American Diabetes Association is a non-profit that seeks to educate the public about diabetes and to help those affected by it through funding research to manage, cure and prevent diabetes.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#references-79460) that are known to interfere with sleep including [obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea) and depression. Other types of physical illness or pain such as after a [surgery](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/insomnia-after-surgery), including those affecting the respiratory or nervous system, may pose challenges to sleep that can culminate in short-term or chronic insomnia. ## Medications Sleeping problems and insomnia can be [side effects of many types of medications](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids/side-effects-of-sleeping-pills). Examples include blood pressure drugs, anti-asthma medications, and antidepressants. Other drugs may cause daytime drowsiness that can throw off a person’s sleep schedule. It’s not just taking medications that can interrupt sleep. When someone stops taking a drug, withdrawal or other aspects of the body’s reaction can create difficulties for sleep. [![Commercial CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBT-i-2-1024x356.png)![Commercial CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBT-i-2-Mobile.png)](https://sleepdoctor.com/products/cbt-i-sleep-based-program) ## Neurological Problems Problems affecting the brain, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, have been found to be associated with an elevated risk of insomnia. Neurodegenerative disorders, such as [dementia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/dementia-and-sleep) and Alzheimers dementia, can throw off a person’s circadian rhythm and perception of daily cues that drive the sleep-wake cycle. Nighttime confusion can further worsen sleep quality. Neurodevelopmental disorders like [attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/adhd-and-sleep) can cause hyperarousal that makes it hard for people to get the sleep they need. Sleeping problems are common for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and may persist into adulthood. ## Specific Sleep Disorders Specific sleep disorders can be a cause of insomnia. Obstructive sleep apnea, which causes numerous breathing lapses and temporary sleep interruptions, affects up to 20% of people [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#references-79563) and can be an underlying factor causing insomnia and daytime sleepiness. [Restless legs syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) (RLS) detracts from sleep by causing a powerful urge to move the legs. Abnormal behaviors during sleep, known as parasomnias, can interfere with sleep. Some well-known examples of parasomnias include [sleepwalking](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleepwalking), [nightmares](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares), and [sleep paralysis](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleep-paralysis). ## Age Stress, physical ailments, mental health problems, and poor sleep habits can cause insomnia at any age. However, [teens](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/teens-and-sleep) may be especially susceptible to stress from school, work, and social obligations. Insomnia has been estimated to affect up to 23.8% of teens [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#references-79533). Biological changes push teens toward a later, “night owl” sleep schedule, which usually does not complement [school start times](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/school-and-sleep/later-school-start-times). Insomnia also occurs in 30-48% of older adults [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#references-79631). Elderly people have less sleep efficiency and are often more sensitive to symptoms of insomnia due to chronic health conditions, social isolation, and an increased use of prescription drugs. For elderly people in managed care settings, a decrease in daylight exposure can affect circadian rhythm. ## Say Goodbye to Insomnia Sign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Email-Capture-Icon.svg) ## Pregnancy Multiple factors can cause [insomnia during pregnancy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/pregnancy/pregnancy-insomnia): - Discomfort: Increased weight and changed body composition can affect positioning and comfort in bed. - Disrupted Breathing: Growth of the uterus places pressure on the lungs, creating potential for breathing problems during sleep. Hormonal changes can increase snoring and the risk of central sleep apnea, which involves brief lapses in breath. - Reflux: Slower digestion can prompt disruptive gastroesophageal reflux in the evening. - Nocturia: Greater urinary frequency can create the need to get out of bed to go to the bathroom. - Restless Leg Syndrome: The exact cause is unknown, but pregnant women have a greater risk of RLS even if they have never had symptoms before becoming pregnant. Studies have found that more than half of pregnant women [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#references-79027) report sleeping problems consistent with insomnia. In the first trimester, pregnant women frequently sleep more total hours, but the quality of their sleep decreases. After the first trimester, total sleep time decreases, with the most significant sleeping problems occurring during the third trimester. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/themes/onecaremedia-child/assets/images/sf-question-bubble.svg) ### Still have questions? Ask our community\! Join our [Sleep Care Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best. [About Our Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) ![Eric Suni](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Eric-Suni-Headshot-150x150.jpg) Written By ### Eric Suni, Contributing Writer Eric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute. ![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg) Medically Reviewed by ### Alex Dimitriu, MD, Psychiatrist MD Dr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. [Learn more about our Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#team) ## References 7 Sources 1. Kalmbach, D. A., Anderson, J. R., & Drake, C. L. (2018). The impact of stress on sleep: Pathogenic sleep reactivity as a vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(6), e12710. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29797753/> 2. Schwab, R. J. (2020a, June). MSD Manual Consumer Version: Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS)., Retrieved July 20, 2020. <https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/sleep-disorders/insomnia-and-excessive-daytime-sleepiness-eds> 3. Resnick, H. E., Redline, S., Shahar, E., Gilpin, A., Newman, A., Walter, R., Ewy, G. A., Howard, B. V., Punjabi, N. M., & Sleep Heart Health Study (2003). Diabetes and sleep disturbances: findings from the Sleep Heart Health Study. Diabetes care, 26(3), 702–709. <https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/26/3/702/29232/Diabetes-and-Sleep-DisturbancesFindings-from-the> 4. Franklin, K. A., & Lindberg, E. (2015). Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population-a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea. Journal of thoracic disease, 7(8), 1311–1322. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26380759/> 5. Donskoy, I., & Loghmanee, D. (2018). Insomnia in Adolescence. Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 6(3), 72. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30200388/> 6. Patel, D., Steinberg, J., & Patel, P. (2018). Insomnia in the Elderly: A Review. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 14(6), 1017–1024. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29852897/> 7. Kızılırmak, A., Timur, S., & Kartal, B. (2012). Insomnia in pregnancy and factors related to insomnia. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2012, 197093. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22623880/> ## Learn More About Insomnia [![Early-Morning Shiftwork Affects Overnight Blood Pressure, Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Disease](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Symptoms-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/symptoms) [Symptoms of Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/symptoms) By Daniel Noyed July 10, 2025 * [![Diagnosing Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Diganosing-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/diagnosis) [Diagnosing Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/diagnosis) By Lauren Fountain July 10, 2025 * [![Treatments for Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Treatments-for-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment) [Treatments for Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment) By Logan Foley July 10, 2025 * [![Stock photo of woman listening to guided meditation before sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Sleep-Meditation-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep) [Can’t Sleep? 9 Techniques to Try](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep) By Lucy Bryan July 10, 2025 * [![Woman seated in bed suffering from insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Insomnia-and-Women-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/insomnia-women) [Insomnia and Women](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/insomnia-women) By Lucy Bryan July 10, 2025 * [![senior sleeping](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/senior-sleeping-300x199.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/older-adults) [Insomnia and Older Adults](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/older-adults) By Alexa Fry July 10, 2025 * [![Woman with Insomnia lying in bed looking at clock](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Types-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/types-of-insomnia) [What Are the Different Types of Insomnia?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/types-of-insomnia) By Eric Suni July 10, 2025 * [![Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): An Overview](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/14-NSF-9-L-Woman-sleeping-lying-on-pebbles_2880x1400.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): An Overview](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) By Rob Newsom July 10, 2025 * [![Stressed woman rubbing temples](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Stress-and-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/stress-and-insomnia) [Stress and Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/stress-and-insomnia) By Eric Suni July 10, 2025 * [![Postpartum Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/postpartum-depression-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/postpartum-insomnia) [Postpartum Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/postpartum-insomnia) By Lucy Bryan July 10, 2025 * [![woman lying awake in bed](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/shutterstock_1481305928-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/pms-and-insomnia) [Period Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/pms-and-insomnia) By Jay Vera Summer July 10, 2025 * [![Woman Exercising Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/insomnia-exercise-300x184.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/exercise-and-insomnia) [Exercise and Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/exercise-and-insomnia) By Daniel Noyed July 10, 2025 * [![Woman of color lying in bed with eyes open](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Is-Insomnia-Genetic-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/is-insomnia-genetic) [Is Insomnia Genetic?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/is-insomnia-genetic) By Logan Foley July 10, 2025 * [![Worried woman lying in bed with eyes open](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Fatal-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/fatal-insomnia) [Fatal Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/fatal-insomnia) By Jay Vera Summer July 10, 2025 * [![A woman lies awake in bed.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/shutterstock_1160037781-300x192.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/paradoxical-insomnia) [Paradoxical Insomnia: The Misperception of Your Sleep State](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/paradoxical-insomnia) By Jay Vera Summer July 10, 2025 * [![stock photo of a man experiencing insomnia in a hospital](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/man-in-hospital-bed-300x169.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/insomnia-after-surgery) [Insomnia After Surgery](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/insomnia-after-surgery) By Jay Vera Summer July 10, 2025 * [![woman eating healthy meal](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Keto-Insomnia-Is-It-Real--300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/keto-insomnia) [Keto Insomnia: Is It Real?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/keto-insomnia) By Jay Vera Summer July 10, 2025 * [![Acupuncture for Insomnia: Everything You Need to Know](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/acupuncture-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/acupuncture-for-insomnia) [Acupuncture for Insomnia: Everything You Need to Know](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/acupuncture-for-insomnia) By Lucy Bryan July 10, 2025 * [![image of a woman writing in a notebook](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/woman-writing-in-notebook-300x169.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/sleep-restriction-therapy) [Sleep Restriction Therapy: Everything You Need to Know](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/sleep-restriction-therapy) By Lucy Bryan July 10, 2025 * [![Natural Cures for Insomnia: From Acupressure to Yoga](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Natural-Cures-for-Insomnia-300x194.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/natural-cures-for-insomnia) [Natural Cures for Insomnia: From Acupressure to Yoga](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/natural-cures-for-insomnia) By Eric Suni July 10, 2025 * [![Woman with Insomnia lying in bed looking at clock](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Types-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/psychophysiological-insomnia) [Psychophysiological Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/psychophysiological-insomnia) By Danielle Pacheco July 10, 2025 * [![A Woman Trying to Sleep while Her Husband is Snoring](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/pexels-kampus-7556636-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/sleep-apnea-vs-insomnia/) [Sleep Apnea vs. Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/sleep-apnea-vs-insomnia/) By Eric Suni July 10, 2025 * [![stock photo of a woman who cant sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/woman-cant-sleep-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) [Insomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) By Eric Suni July 4, 2025 * [![Woman Light Therapy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/light-therapy-woman-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/light-therapy) [Light Therapy for Insomnia Sufferers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/light-therapy) By Logan Foley November 16, 2023 [Load More Articles]() ## Other Articles of Interest ### How Sleep Works [How to Lucid Dream?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/dreams/lucid-dreams) [Recommended Sleep Times](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need) [Why Do We Need Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/why-do-we-need-sleep) [Can You Catch Up On Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-debt-and-catch-up-sleep) [What Happens When You Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/what-happens-when-you-sleep) ### Children, Teens & Sleep [When Do Kids Stop Napping?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/children-and-sleep/when-do-kids-stop-napping) [Why is Sleep Important For Children?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/children-and-sleep) [Bedtime Routines for Kids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/children-and-sleep/bedtime-routine) [How Does Blue Light Affect Kids Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/children-and-sleep/how-blue-light-affects-kids-sleep) [Sleep Strategies for Kids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/children-and-sleep/sleep-strategies-kids) ### Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders [Non-24 Sleep Wake Disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/non-24-sleep-wake-disorder) [Shift Work Disorder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder) [Learn About Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/circadian-rhythm-sleep-disorders) [Jet Lag](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/travel-and-sleep/jet-lag) ### Sleep Solutions [Best Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) [Mattress Reviews](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews) [Best Pillows](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows) [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers) [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-back-pain) [![Sleep Foundation Logo](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sd-logo-footer.svg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/) Sleep Foundation and SleepFoundation.org** are not affiliated with the National Sleep Foundation, an independent nonprofit based in Washington, DC. The content on this website is for informational purposes only. SleepFoundation.org does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment options. Sleep Information - [Sleep Products](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - [Sleep Health](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics) - [Sleep Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders) - [Sleep News](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news) Sleep Foundation - [About Us](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) - [Contact Us](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/contact) - [Sleep Care Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) - [How We Review Products](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/research-methodology) Sleep Profile Your daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep. Take the Sleep Quiz to help inform your sleep improvement journey. [Take the Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-quiz) ### Explore Sleep Foundation - [Editorial Policy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) - [Advertising Disclosure](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/advertising-disclosure) - [Privacy Policy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/privacy-policy) - [Terms & Conditions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/terms-of-use) - [Accessibility Statement](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/accessibility-statement) - [Your Privacy Choices](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia) © 2026 [Sleep Doctor Holdings](https://corporate.sleepdoctor.com/), LLC. All rights reserved.
Readable Markdown	Insomnia is a sleep disorder that affects as many as 35% of adults. It is marked by problems getting to sleep, staying asleep through the night, and sleeping as long as you would like into the morning. It can have serious effects, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness, a higher risk of auto accidents, and widespread health effects from sleep deprivation. Common causes of insomnia include stress, an irregular sleep schedule, poor sleeping habits, [mental health disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health), physical illnesses and pain, medications, neurological problems, and specific sleep disorders. For many people, a combination of these factors can initiate and exacerbate insomnia. [Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia) – a common treatment method – helps people understand and restructure the different factors contributing to their insomnia. Not all [insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) is the same; people can experience the condition in distinct ways. How a person is affected by insomnia can vary significantly based on its cause, severity, and how it is influenced by underlying health conditions. ![Infographic explaining possible causes of insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/SF-23-112_Insomnia_Causes_Graphic-1024x717.png) [Stress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/stress-and-insomnia) can provoke a profound reaction in the body that poses a challenge to quality sleep. This stress response can come from work, school, and social relationships. Exposure to traumatic situations can create chronic stress, including [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/ptsd-and-sleep). The body’s physical response to stress contributes to hyperarousal, and mental stress can have the same effect. The inability to sleep may itself become a source of stress, making it increasingly harder to break the cycle of stress and insomnia. Researchers believe that some individuals are more vulnerable to stress-induced sleeping problems. These people are considered to have high “sleep reactivity,” which is tied to other issues affecting their sleep and their physical and mental health. In an ideal world, the body’s internal clock, known as its [circadian rhythm](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/circadian-rhythm), closely follows the daily pattern of day and night. In reality, many people have sleep schedules that cause misalignment of their circadian rhythm. Two well-known examples are [jet lag](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/travel-and-sleep/jet-lag) and [shift work](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/shift-work-disorder/what-shift-work). Jet lag disturbs sleep because a person’s body can’t adjust to a rapid change in time zone. Shift work requires a person to work through the night and sleep during the day. Both can give rise to a disrupted circadian rhythm and insomnia. In some people, circadian rhythms can be shifted forward or backward without a clear cause, resulting in persistent difficulties in sleep timing and overall sleep quality. Unhealthy habits and routines related to lifestyle and food and drink can increase a person’s risk of insomnia. Various lifestyle choices can bring about sleeping problems: - Keeping the brain stimulated until late in the evening, such as by working late, playing video games, or using other [electronic devices](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-electronics-affect-sleep). - Napping late in the afternoon can throw off your sleep timing and make it hard to fall asleep at night. - Sleeping in later to make up for lost sleep can confuse your body’s internal clock and make it difficult to establish a healthy sleep schedule. - Using your [bed](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) for activities besides sleep can create mental associations between your bed and wakefulness. Though often overlooked, choices about your diet can play a role in sleeping problems like insomnia. Eating heavy meals and spicy foods can be hard on your digestive process and have the potential to generate sleeping problems when consumed later in the evening. [Caffeine](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nutrition/caffeine-and-sleep) is a stimulant that can stay in your system for hours, making it harder to get to sleep and potentially contributing to insomnia when used in the afternoon and evening. Nicotine is another stimulant that can negatively affect sleep. [Alcohol](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nutrition/alcohol-and-sleep), which is a sedative that can make you feel sleepy, can actually worsen your sleep by disturbing your sleep cycle and causing fragmented, non-restorative sleep. Mental health conditions like [anxiety](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/anxiety-and-sleep), [depression](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/depression-and-sleep), and bipolar disorder frequently give rise to serious sleeping problems. It is estimated that 40% of people with insomnia have a mental health disorder. These conditions can incite pervasive negative thoughts and mental hyperarousal that disturbs sleep. In addition, poor sleep can trigger or worsen existing conditions, creating a complex chain of cause-and-effect for insomnia. Studies indicate that insomnia exacerbates mood and anxiety disorder symptoms and even increases the risk of suicide in people with depression. ![Pie chart explaining the amount of the population with comorbid insomnia and mental health disorders.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/SF-23-112_Insomnia_Stats_Graphic-1-1024x796.png) ## Physical Illness and Pain Almost any condition that causes pain can disrupt sleep by making it harder to lie comfortably in bed. Dwelling on pain when sleepless in bed may amplify it, increasing stress and sleeping problems. If you do suffer from pain while laying in bed, it’s important to pick the [best mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) for your needs, as beds with good pressure relief can ease troublesome pain points. Health complications related to Type II diabetes can be part of an underlying cause of insomnia. Pain from peripheral neuropathy, more frequent need for hydration and urination, and rapid blood sugar changes can interrupt sleep. There is also a correlation between diabetes and other health conditions that are known to interfere with sleep including [obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea) and depression. Other types of physical illness or pain such as after a [surgery](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/insomnia-after-surgery), including those affecting the respiratory or nervous system, may pose challenges to sleep that can culminate in short-term or chronic insomnia. Sleeping problems and insomnia can be [side effects of many types of medications](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids/side-effects-of-sleeping-pills). Examples include blood pressure drugs, anti-asthma medications, and antidepressants. Other drugs may cause daytime drowsiness that can throw off a person’s sleep schedule. It’s not just taking medications that can interrupt sleep. When someone stops taking a drug, withdrawal or other aspects of the body’s reaction can create difficulties for sleep. [![Commercial CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBT-i-2-1024x356.png)![Commercial CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBT-i-2-Mobile.png)](https://sleepdoctor.com/products/cbt-i-sleep-based-program) Problems affecting the brain, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, have been found to be associated with an elevated risk of insomnia. Neurodegenerative disorders, such as [dementia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/dementia-and-sleep) and Alzheimers dementia, can throw off a person’s circadian rhythm and perception of daily cues that drive the sleep-wake cycle. Nighttime confusion can further worsen sleep quality. Neurodevelopmental disorders like [attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/adhd-and-sleep) can cause hyperarousal that makes it hard for people to get the sleep they need. Sleeping problems are common for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and may persist into adulthood. Specific sleep disorders can be a cause of insomnia. Obstructive sleep apnea, which causes numerous breathing lapses and temporary sleep interruptions, affects up to 20% of people and can be an underlying factor causing insomnia and daytime sleepiness. [Restless legs syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) (RLS) detracts from sleep by causing a powerful urge to move the legs. Abnormal behaviors during sleep, known as parasomnias, can interfere with sleep. Some well-known examples of parasomnias include [sleepwalking](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleepwalking), [nightmares](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/nightmares), and [sleep paralysis](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleep-paralysis). Stress, physical ailments, mental health problems, and poor sleep habits can cause insomnia at any age. However, [teens](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/teens-and-sleep) may be especially susceptible to stress from school, work, and social obligations. Insomnia has been estimated to affect up to 23.8% of teens. Biological changes push teens toward a later, “night owl” sleep schedule, which usually does not complement [school start times](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/school-and-sleep/later-school-start-times). Insomnia also occurs in 30-48% of older adults. Elderly people have less sleep efficiency and are often more sensitive to symptoms of insomnia due to chronic health conditions, social isolation, and an increased use of prescription drugs. For elderly people in managed care settings, a decrease in daylight exposure can affect circadian rhythm. ## Say Goodbye to Insomnia Sign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Email-Capture-Icon.svg) Multiple factors can cause [insomnia during pregnancy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/pregnancy/pregnancy-insomnia): - Discomfort: Increased weight and changed body composition can affect positioning and comfort in bed. - Disrupted Breathing: Growth of the uterus places pressure on the lungs, creating potential for breathing problems during sleep. Hormonal changes can increase snoring and the risk of central sleep apnea, which involves brief lapses in breath. - Reflux: Slower digestion can prompt disruptive gastroesophageal reflux in the evening. - Nocturia: Greater urinary frequency can create the need to get out of bed to go to the bathroom. - Restless Leg Syndrome: The exact cause is unknown, but pregnant women have a greater risk of RLS even if they have never had symptoms before becoming pregnant. Studies have found that more than half of pregnant women report sleeping problems consistent with insomnia. In the first trimester, pregnant women frequently sleep more total hours, but the quality of their sleep decreases. After the first trimester, total sleep time decreases, with the most significant sleeping problems occurring during the third trimester. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/themes/onecaremedia-child/assets/images/sf-question-bubble.svg) ### Still have questions? Ask our community\! Join our [Sleep Care Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.
Shard	95 (laksa)
Root Hash	1916647574837971495
Unparsed URL	org,sleepfoundation!www,/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia s443