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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 95 (from laksa165)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa095.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment","crawl_time":1775779526,"first_indexed_time":1538418239,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,sleepfoundation!www,\/insomnia\/treatment s443","src_root_hash":"1916647574837971495","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Treatments for Insomnia | Sleep Foundation","meta_descriptions":["Want to learn more about how to treat insomnia? Our insomnia treatment guide covers medications, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, and more."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Skip to content\nInsomnia\nis a disorder characterized by\npersistent difficulty\nwith sleep onset, maintenance, consolidation, or quality. People who have insomnia struggle with sleep despite adequate opportunities for sleep, and also experience excessive daytime sleepiness and other dysfunctions when they are awake. Based on various studies and surveys, today’s sleep experts estimate\n10% to 30% of adults\nlive with some form of insomnia.\nTreating insomnia typically involves sleep-inducing medication,\ncognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)\n, or a combination of both of these measures. Positive lifestyle changes may alleviate symptoms for some people, as well. There is no “best treatment for insomnia.” Specific treatment recommendations depend on whether the patient has short-term or chronic insomnia, as well as their medical history.\nBefore insomnia treatment can begin, you should meet with your doctor or another credentialed physician to discuss symptoms and receive a diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria for insomnia includes difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up earlier than desired, and resistance going to bed at a reasonable hour. These symptoms must occur for at least 3 months despite adequate opportunities for sleep on a nightly basis. Additionally, you must experience one or more of the following daytime symptoms to receive an insomnia diagnosis:\nFatigue or malaise\nImpairments with memory, concentration, or attention\nNegative impacts on social, family, occupational, or academic performance\nIrritability or disturbed mood\nExcessive daytime sleepiness\nHyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression, or other behavioral problems\nIncreased risk for errors and accidents\nLack of motivation or energy\nAn insomnia diagnosis will include a standard medical exam and questionnaire. These procedures allow your doctor to determine whether the insomnia is an isolated condition, or if you’re experiencing insomnia symptoms due to an underlying disease or medical disorder. Documenting your nightly sleep patterns, waking episodes, and alcohol and caffeine intake in a\nsleep diary\nfor one to two weeks prior to this appointment can help your doctor with the diagnosis.\nDepending on the outcomes of this initial exam and questionnaire, your doctor may recommend an\novernight sleep study\nconducted either at home or a dedicated sleep center. These tests may also be conducted during the day to measure your sleep latency, or how long it takes to fall asleep, and how you feel and perform during the day. Additionally, your doctor may prescribe actigraphy, a monitoring test that requires you to wear a body sensor while you sleep for up to two weeks. Blood tests can also be prescribed to rule out underlying medical conditions that cause insomnia symptoms.\nTreating insomnia\nincludes two main objectives: improving sleep quality and duration, and reducing associated daytime impairments.\nCBT-I is considered a\nfirst-line treatment for insomnia\nbecause it does not carry the\nhealth risks\nassociated with sleep medication. In most cases, CBT-I is provided by a licensed psychologist who has received training for this type of treatment. CBT-I focuses on pinpointing the anxieties people with insomnia often have about sleep, and then replacing these anxieties with healthier beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, this type of therapy may consist of one or more of the following components:\nSleep education and hygiene:\nEducating patients about healthy sleep patterns and lifestyle habits can help them understand why they experience insomnia symptoms. Specifically, sleep hygiene focuses on increasing behaviors that improve sleep quality and quantity while eliminating behaviors that cause sleep problems. For example, a therapist may suggest falling asleep and getting up at the same times each day while discouraging alcohol and caffeine consumption in the hours leading up to bedtime.\nStimulus control:\nMany people with insomnia experience anxiety at the mere prospect of falling asleep, which can exacerbate and prolong their symptoms. Stimulus control involves a series of steps you can take to reduce these anxieties and develop a positive relationship with your sleep area. These include lying down only when you feel tired, using a bed only for sleep and sex, and setting an alarm for the same time each morning. CBT-i practitioners often encourage sleepers to get up if they are unable to fall asleep after 10 minutes of lying in bed, and to only return to bed when they feel tired. Stimulus control also discourages daytime napping.\nSleep restriction and compression:\nThese two methods aim to improve sleep quality and quantity by reducing the amount of time a person lies in bed. A CBT-i practitioner can use records from a patient’s sleep diary to determine how much time they sleep each night compared to the amount of time they lie in bed awake. Sleep restriction involves a sharp curtailing of time in bed while sleep compression is a more gradual process, but both techniques are intended to achieve the same goal: less time in bed awake each night.\nRelaxation\n: Sleep experts have identified a handful of relaxation techniques that can benefit people with insomnia. These include breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, and meditation.\nBiofeedback\n– which helps you control different bodily functions based on your blood pressure, breathing and heart rates, and other metrics – can also be effective for reducing insomnia symptoms and improving sleep.\nThe number of qualified behavioral sleep medicine therapists in the U.S. is fairly limited. You can locate CBT-i providers and verify their credentials through certain professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association, American Board of Sleep Medicine, Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine.\nSay Goodbye to Insomnia\nSign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep,\u2028as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook.\nBefore taking any medication for insomnia, be sure to consult with your doctor or another credentialed physician. For many people, medication is a last resort after stimulus control, relaxation techniques, and other CBT-i methods have not been effective at improving their sleep. Medications for insomnia fall into several different categories, including:\nBenzodiazepines:\nKnown as BZD for short, benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs. A total of five BZDs have been approved for treating insomnia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including those with short-, intermediate-, and long-acting effects. However, BZDs are normally not recommended for long-term insomnia treatment because there is a high potential for abuse and dependence; all five insomnia BZDs are classified as\nSchedule IV controlled substances\nunder the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Additionally, people who take these drugs often develop a tolerance for their sedative effects.\nNonbenzodiazepines:\nThis class of drugs – known as Z drugs for short – was created to provide the same relief as BZDs while reducing the adverse effects and abuse potential. That said, Z drugs (like Ambien) also require a prescription and the DEA has classified them as Schedule IV controlled substances.\nMelatonin agonist:\nIn the evening as natural light begins to fade, the pineal gland of your brain produces melatonin, a hormone that induces feelings of sleepiness and relaxation. The medication known as ramelteon acts as a melatonin receptor agonist, and can be used to treat insomnia related to sleep onset, or falling asleep. The effects of ramelteon tend to be less severe compared to BZDs and Z drugs, though patients often experience dizziness, nausea, and fatigue.\nOrexin receptor antagonist:\nOrexins are neurotransmitters in the body that regulate feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness. The drug known as suvorexant acts as an orexin receptor antagonist, and can be used as a sleep onset or sleep maintenance insomnia treatment. Suvorexant is a Schedule IV controlled substance.\nOff-label treatments:\nCertain medications primarily intended to treat other conditions may also reduce insomnia symptoms. These include certain antidepressants and antipsychotic medications. They may be prescribed in some cases.\nOver-the-counter medications:\nCertain over-the-counter antihistamines have sedating properties and can serve as sleep aids. Melatonin supplements intended to help balance the levels of melatonin in your body are also available. While they don’t require prescriptions, always speak to a doctor before trying an over-the-counter option.\nLastly, a word about natural treatment for insomnia options. Historically people have used herbal supplements such as valerian and kava to reduce insomnia symptoms and improve their sleep. Some recent findings indicate these supplements may not be as safe as once thought. Both valerian and kava have been linked to adverse side effects, and are generally not recommended to treat insomnia.\nStill have questions? Ask our community!\nJoin our\nSleep Care Community\n— a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.\nWritten By\nLogan Foley,\nEditorial Director\nLogan is a Certified Sleep Science Coach with a deep understanding of what it means to struggle with sleep. Her years of experience researching and testing sleep products – including mattresses, natural sleep aids, and bedding – are critical to her role helping lead the editorial team. When she’s not testing mattresses or researching CBT-I, she enjoys spending time in the sunshine with her husband and her dogs Pepper and Winston.\nMedically Reviewed by\nAlex Dimitriu, MD,\nPsychiatrist\nMD\nDr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine.\nLearn more about our Editorial Team\nReferences\n8 Sources\nAmerican Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders – Third Edition (ICSD-3). Darien, IL.\nhttps:\/\/aasm.org\/\nBhaskar, S., Hemavathy, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5(4), 780–784.\nhttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28348990\/\nNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). Sleep studies., Retrieved  September 9, 2020, from\nhttps:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/sleep-studies\nLie, J., Tu, K., Shen, D., & Wong, B. (2015). Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(11), 759–768.\nhttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4634348\/\nSiebhern, A. (2019, April 21). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia (CBTi) Defined. Psychology Today., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\nhttps:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/sleep-health-and-wellness\/201904\/cognitive-behavioral-treatment-insomnia-cbti-defined\nWilliams, J., Roth, A., Vatthauer, K., & McCrae, C. (2013). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia. Chest, 143(2), 554–565.\nhttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4694188\/\nU.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, August 25). Biofeedback. MedlinePlus., Retrieved  September 9, 2020, from\nhttps:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/002241.htm\nU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Drug Scheduling., Retrieved  September 9, 2020, from\nhttps:\/\/www.dea.gov\/drug-scheduling\nLearn More About Insomnia","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#post_content)\n\n[![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n\n![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)\n\n![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo.svg)\n\nSLEEP PRODUCTS\n\n- Mattresses\n  Mattresses\n  \n  - [All Mattresses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - [Best Mattress of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n  - Best of\n    - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers)\n    - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-back-pain)\n    - 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[Saatva](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/saatva-mattress-review)\n      - [Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review)\n    - FOAM\n      - [Nectar Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/nectar-mattress-review)\n      - [Bear](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/bear-mattress-review)\n      - [Loom & Leaf](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review)\n      - [Tempur-Pedic](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review)\n    - HYBRID\n      - [Helix Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/helix-mattress-review)\n      - [DreamCloud Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/dreamcloud-mattress-review)\n      - [WinkBed Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews\/winkbed-mattress-review)\n    - [![Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)   [![mattress sizes](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-sizes)\n  - Compare\n    - MATTRESS MATCH\n      - [Mattress Finder Tool](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)\n      - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz)\n    - POPULAR BRANDS\n      - [Nectar vs. Casper](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/nectar-vs-casper)\n      - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-comparisons\/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number)\n    - LEARN\n      - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/do-you-need-a-box-spring)\n      - [What is Memory Foam?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-information\/what-is-memory-foam)\n    - [![Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-quiz\/results)   [![mattress sizes](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-sizes)\n  - [All Mattresses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)\n- Bedding\n  Bedding\n  \n  - [All](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n  - Pillows & Bedding\n    - PILLOWS\n      - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows)\n      - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers)\n      - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows\/best-pillow-for-neck-pain)\n    - SHEETS\n      - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets)\n      - [Best Cooling Sheets](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sheets\/best-cooling-sheets)\n    - BEDDING\n      - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-weighted-blankets)\n      - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n      - [The Best Comforters](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-comforter)\n    - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-cooling-comforter)\n  - Mattress Toppers & More\n    - MATTRESS TOPPERS\n      - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers)\n      - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-cooling-mattress-topper)\n      - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-toppers\/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper)\n    - MATTRESS PADS\n      - [Best Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads)\n      - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-pads\/best-cooling-mattress-pad)\n    - PROTECTORS\n      - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors)\n      - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress-protectors\/best-mattress-encasements)\n    - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding\/best-cooling-comforter)\n  - [All Bedding](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bedding)\n- Sleep Solutions\n  Sleep Solutions\n  \n  - [All Solutions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n  - Get Sleep Tested\n    - AT-HOME TESTING\n      - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n      - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/at-home-sleep-study)\n    - IN-LAB TESTING\n      - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-does-a-sleep-study-work)\n      - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - Sleep Therapy\n    - CPAP\n      - [The Best CPAP Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n      - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-mask)\n      - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu)\n    - ANTI-SNORING\n      - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards)\n      - [Mouth Taping](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/snoring\/mouth-taping-for-sleep)\n      - [CPAP Alternatives](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/alternatives-to-cpap)\n    - SERVICES & SUPPLEMENTS\n      - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-apps)\n      - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/magnesium\/best-magnesium-for-sleep)\n      - [Best Sleep Supplements](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids\/natural-sleep-aids)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - Sleep Environment\n    - SLEEP TECH\n      - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-trackers)\n      - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-white-noise-machines)\n    - BED FRAMES\n      - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-adjustable-bed)\n      - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-bed-frames)\n    - PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS\n      - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses)\n      - [Wake-Up Lights](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-wake-up-lights)\n      - [Sleep Masks](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-sleep-products\/best-sleep-masks)\n    - [![At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test)   [![ResMed\\_AirSense\\_11\\_Machine\\_Package\\_1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-cpap-machines)\n  - [All Solutions](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n- Sleep Health\n  Sleep Health\n  \n  - [All Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n  - Sleep Disorders\n    - COMMON DISORDERS\n      - [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n      - [Parasomnias](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias)\n      - [Excessive Sleepiness](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/excessive-sleepiness)\n    - BREATHING-RELATED\n      - [Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea)\n      - [Obstructive Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/obstructive-sleep-apnea)\n      - [Central Sleep Apnea](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-apnea\/central-sleep-apnea)\n    - MOVEMENT-RELATED\n      - [Sleepwalking](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/parasomnias\/sleepwalking)\n      - [Bruxism](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/bruxism)\n      - [Restless Legs Syndrome](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/restless-legs-syndrome)\n    - TESTING & TREATMENTS\n      - [CPAP](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/cpap)\n      - [Home Sleep Test](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-studies\/at-home-sleep-study)\n      - [What to Do When You Can't Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - Improve Your Sleep\n    - SLEEP HABITS\n      - [The Ultimate Sleep Improvement Plan](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-habits)\n      - [The 20 Most Proven Sleep Tips](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-hygiene\/healthy-sleep-tips)\n      - [Sleep Hygiene](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-hygiene)\n    - SLEEP AIDS\n      - [Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin)\n      - [Magnesium](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/magnesium)\n      - [The Most Effective Sleep Aids](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-aids)\n    - TOOLS & PRODUCTS\n      - [Sleep Calculator](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-calculator)\n      - [7 Nights to Better Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-habits\/7-night-sleep-habit-builder)\n      - [Submit Your Sleep Story](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/submit-your-sleep-story)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - Understand Your Sleep\n    - SCIENCE OF SLEEP\n      - [How Sleep Works](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works)\n      - [Circadian Rhythm](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/circadian-rhythm)\n      - [The Stages of Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/stages-of-sleep)\n    - IMPACTS\n      - [Snoring](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/snoring)\n      - [Sleep Deprivation](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-deprivation)\n      - [How Electronics Affect Your Sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-electronics-affect-sleep)\n    - STATISTICS\n      - [Sleep Data & Research](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/sleep-facts-statistics)\n      - [How Much Sleep Do We Need?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need)\n    - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take)   [![group of people drinking coffee](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news\/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages)\n  - [All Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n- About Us\n  About Us\n  \n  - Who We Are\n    - OUR MISSION\n      - [What We Do](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n      - [Our Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are)\n    - OUR MEDICAL TEAM\n      - [Medical Advisory Board](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#medical-advisory-board)\n    - OUR PROCESS\n      - [Editorial Policy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy)\n      - [How We Review Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)\n    - [![Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Bedroom-Environment-1-300x125.jpg) Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)   [![Sleep Video Library](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/best_clips.00_09_45_18.still029_720-300x169.jpg) Sleep Video Library](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/video)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/contact)\n- [Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n- [Sleep Quiz](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-quiz)\n\n- [![Facebook Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-facebook.svg)](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sleepisthefoundation\/)\n- [![Twitter Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/sf-twitter.svg)](https:\/\/twitter.com\/sleepisthefound)\n- [![YouTube Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/social_youtube.svg)](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/SleepIsTheFoundation)\n- [![Instagram Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/sf-instagram.svg)](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/sleepisthefoundation)\n- [![LinkedIn Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-linkedin.svg)](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/showcase\/sleepisthefoundation)\n- [![TikTok Icon](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/sf-tiktok.svg)](https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@sleepisthefoundation)\n\n[![:sleepfoundation-rotate:](https:\/\/emoji.slack-edge.com\/T01ANHP2LNB\/sleepfoundation-rotate\/039f7faf8dfca979.gif) 10% off Home Sleep Tests ![:sleepfoundation-rotate:](https:\/\/emoji.slack-edge.com\/T01ANHP2LNB\/sleepfoundation-rotate\/039f7faf8dfca979.gif)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/home-sleep-test?utm_cta_location=announcement_bar)\n\nWhen you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/advertising-disclosure)\n\n[\/](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)  [Sleep Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-disorders) \/ [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia)\n\n![Main Intro Section Image](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Header-Image-1.svg)\n\n# Treatments for Insomnia\nUpdated July 10, 2025\n\nWritten by Logan Foley\n\n![Logan Foley](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/logan-headshot-150x150.jpg)\n\nLogan Foley\n\nEditorial Director\n\nLogan is a Certified Sleep Science Coach with a deep understanding of what it means to struggle with sleep. Her years of experience researching and testing sleep products – including mattresses, natural sleep aids, and bedding – are critical to her role helping lead the editorial team. When she’s not testing mattresses or researching CBT-I, she enjoys spending time in the sunshine with her husband and her dogs Pepper and Winston.\n\n[Read Full Bio](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/logan-foley)\n\nWant to read more about all our experts in the field?\n\n[Learn About The Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n\\| Medically Reviewed by Alex Dimitriu, MD\n\n![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg)\n\nAlex Dimitriu, MD\n\nPsychiatrist\n\nDr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine.\n\n[Read Full Bio](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#alex_dimitriu,_md)\n\nWant to read more about all our experts in the field?\n\n[Learn About The Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n[![Side rail CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Side-Rail-Add.png)](https:\/\/sleepdoctor.com\/products\/nightly-sleep-stack?utm_campaign=sf&utm_cta_location=side_rail&page_path=treatment)\n\n- [Diagnosing Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#Diagnosing-Insomnia)\n- [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#Cognitive-Behavioral-Therapy-for-Insomnia)\n- [Medications for Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#Medications-for-Insomnia)\n\n[Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia) is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)AASM sets standards and promotes excellence in sleep medicine health care, education, and research.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#references-78259) with sleep onset, maintenance, consolidation, or quality. People who have insomnia struggle with sleep despite adequate opportunities for sleep, and also experience excessive daytime sleepiness and other dysfunctions when they are awake. Based on various studies and surveys, today’s sleep experts estimate 10% to 30% of adults [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#references-79579) live with some form of insomnia.\n\nTreating insomnia typically involves sleep-inducing medication, [cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia), or a combination of both of these measures. Positive lifestyle changes may alleviate symptoms for some people, as well. There is no “best treatment for insomnia.” Specific treatment recommendations depend on whether the patient has short-term or chronic insomnia, as well as their medical history.\n\n## One-on-one sleep coaching with a licensed sleep expert\nStructured sleep coaching designed to meet you where you are, identify what’s disrupting your nights, and show you how to fix it — no guessing, no frustration.\n\n[Get Started](https:\/\/sleepdoctor.com\/products\/sleep-consult)\n\n![SF\\_HST\\_CTA\\_Image-1](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1.png)\n## Diagnosing Insomnia\nBefore insomnia treatment can begin, you should meet with your doctor or another credentialed physician to discuss symptoms and receive a diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria for insomnia includes difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up earlier than desired, and resistance going to bed at a reasonable hour. These symptoms must occur for at least 3 months despite adequate opportunities for sleep on a nightly basis. Additionally, you must experience one or more of the following daytime symptoms to receive an insomnia diagnosis:\n\n- Fatigue or malaise\n- Impairments with memory, concentration, or attention\n- Negative impacts on social, family, occupational, or academic performance\n- Irritability or disturbed mood\n- Excessive daytime sleepiness\n- Hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression, or other behavioral problems\n- Increased risk for errors and accidents\n- Lack of motivation or energy\n\nAn insomnia diagnosis will include a standard medical exam and questionnaire. These procedures allow your doctor to determine whether the insomnia is an isolated condition, or if you’re experiencing insomnia symptoms due to an underlying disease or medical disorder. Documenting your nightly sleep patterns, waking episodes, and alcohol and caffeine intake in a [sleep diary](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/SleepFoundation_SleepDiary.pdf) for one to two weeks prior to this appointment can help your doctor with the diagnosis.\n\nDepending on the outcomes of this initial exam and questionnaire, your doctor may recommend an overnight sleep study [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)The NHLBI is the nation's leader in the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#references-83547) conducted either at home or a dedicated sleep center. These tests may also be conducted during the day to measure your sleep latency, or how long it takes to fall asleep, and how you feel and perform during the day. Additionally, your doctor may prescribe actigraphy, a monitoring test that requires you to wear a body sensor while you sleep for up to two weeks. Blood tests can also be prescribed to rule out underlying medical conditions that cause insomnia symptoms.\n\n## Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia\nTreating insomnia [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) National Center for Biotechnology InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#references-83528) includes two main objectives: improving sleep quality and duration, and reducing associated daytime impairments.\n\nCBT-I is considered a first-line treatment for insomnia because it does not carry the health risks [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) Chest[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#references-82824) associated with sleep medication. In most cases, CBT-I is provided by a licensed psychologist who has received training for this type of treatment. CBT-I focuses on pinpointing the anxieties people with insomnia often have about sleep, and then replacing these anxieties with healthier beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, this type of therapy may consist of one or more of the following components:\n\n[![Commercial CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CBT-i-1-1024x356.png)![Commercial CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CBT-i-Mobile-1.png)](https:\/\/sleepdoctor.com\/products\/cbt-i-sleep-based-program)\n\n- **Sleep education and hygiene:** Educating patients about healthy sleep patterns and lifestyle habits can help them understand why they experience insomnia symptoms. Specifically, sleep hygiene focuses on increasing behaviors that improve sleep quality and quantity while eliminating behaviors that cause sleep problems. For example, a therapist may suggest falling asleep and getting up at the same times each day while discouraging alcohol and caffeine consumption in the hours leading up to bedtime.\n- **Stimulus control:** Many people with insomnia experience anxiety at the mere prospect of falling asleep, which can exacerbate and prolong their symptoms. Stimulus control involves a series of steps you can take to reduce these anxieties and develop a positive relationship with your sleep area. These include lying down only when you feel tired, using a bed only for sleep and sex, and setting an alarm for the same time each morning. CBT-i practitioners often encourage sleepers to get up if they are unable to fall asleep after 10 minutes of lying in bed, and to only return to bed when they feel tired. Stimulus control also discourages daytime napping.\n- **Sleep restriction and compression:** These two methods aim to improve sleep quality and quantity by reducing the amount of time a person lies in bed. A CBT-i practitioner can use records from a patient’s sleep diary to determine how much time they sleep each night compared to the amount of time they lie in bed awake. Sleep restriction involves a sharp curtailing of time in bed while sleep compression is a more gradual process, but both techniques are intended to achieve the same goal: less time in bed awake each night.\n- **Relaxation**: Sleep experts have identified a handful of relaxation techniques that can benefit people with insomnia. These include breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, and meditation. Biofeedback [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) Medline PlusMedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#references-79855) – which helps you control different bodily functions based on your blood pressure, breathing and heart rates, and other metrics – can also be effective for reducing insomnia symptoms and improving sleep.\n\nThe number of qualified behavioral sleep medicine therapists in the U.S. is fairly limited. You can locate CBT-i providers and verify their credentials through certain professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association, American Board of Sleep Medicine, Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine.\n\n## Say Goodbye to Insomnia\nSign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Email-Capture-Icon.svg)\n## Medications for Insomnia\nBefore taking any medication for insomnia, be sure to consult with your doctor or another credentialed physician. For many people, medication is a last resort after stimulus control, relaxation techniques, and other CBT-i methods have not been effective at improving their sleep. Medications for insomnia fall into several different categories, including:\n\n- **Benzodiazepines:** Known as BZD for short, benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs. A total of five BZDs have been approved for treating insomnia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including those with short-, intermediate-, and long-acting effects. However, BZDs are normally not recommended for long-term insomnia treatment because there is a high potential for abuse and dependence; all five insomnia BZDs are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances [Trusted Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/editorial-policy) United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)The mission of the DEA is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States.[View Source](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#references-82466) under the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Additionally, people who take these drugs often develop a tolerance for their sedative effects.\n- **Nonbenzodiazepines:** This class of drugs – known as Z drugs for short – was created to provide the same relief as BZDs while reducing the adverse effects and abuse potential. That said, Z drugs (like Ambien) also require a prescription and the DEA has classified them as Schedule IV controlled substances.\n- **Melatonin agonist:** In the evening as natural light begins to fade, the pineal gland of your brain produces melatonin, a hormone that induces feelings of sleepiness and relaxation. The medication known as ramelteon acts as a melatonin receptor agonist, and can be used to treat insomnia related to sleep onset, or falling asleep. The effects of ramelteon tend to be less severe compared to BZDs and Z drugs, though patients often experience dizziness, nausea, and fatigue.\n- **Orexin receptor antagonist:** Orexins are neurotransmitters in the body that regulate feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness. The drug known as suvorexant acts as an orexin receptor antagonist, and can be used as a sleep onset or sleep maintenance insomnia treatment. Suvorexant is a Schedule IV controlled substance.\n- **Off-label treatments:** Certain medications primarily intended to treat other conditions may also reduce insomnia symptoms. These include certain antidepressants and antipsychotic medications. They may be prescribed in some cases.\n- **Over-the-counter medications:** Certain over-the-counter antihistamines have sedating properties and can serve as sleep aids. Melatonin supplements intended to help balance the levels of melatonin in your body are also available. While they don’t require prescriptions, always speak to a doctor before trying an over-the-counter option.\n\nLastly, a word about natural treatment for insomnia options. Historically people have used herbal supplements such as valerian and kava to reduce insomnia symptoms and improve their sleep. Some recent findings indicate these supplements may not be as safe as once thought. Both valerian and kava have been linked to adverse side effects, and are generally not recommended to treat insomnia.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/themes\/onecaremedia-child\/assets\/images\/sf-question-bubble.svg)\n\n### Still have questions? Ask our community\\!\nJoin our [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.\n\n[About Our Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n\n![Logan Foley](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/logan-headshot-150x150.jpg)\n\nWritten By\n\n### Logan Foley,  Editorial Director\n\nLogan is a Certified Sleep Science Coach with a deep understanding of what it means to struggle with sleep. Her years of experience researching and testing sleep products – including mattresses, natural sleep aids, and bedding – are critical to her role helping lead the editorial team. When she’s not testing mattresses or researching CBT-I, she enjoys spending time in the sunshine with her husband and her dogs Pepper and Winston.\n\n![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg)\n\nMedically Reviewed by\n\n### Alex Dimitriu, MD,  Psychiatrist   MD\n\nDr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine.\n\n[Learn more about our Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#team)\n\n## References 8 Sources\n1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders – Third Edition (ICSD-3). Darien, IL.\n   <https:\/\/aasm.org\/>\n2. Bhaskar, S., Hemavathy, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5(4), 780–784.\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28348990\/>\n3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). Sleep studies., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\n   <https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/sleep-studies>\n4. Lie, J., Tu, K., Shen, D., & Wong, B. (2015). Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(11), 759–768.\n   <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4634348\/>\n5. Siebhern, A. (2019, April 21). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia (CBTi) Defined. Psychology Today., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\n   <https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/sleep-health-and-wellness\/201904\/cognitive-behavioral-treatment-insomnia-cbti-defined>\n6. Williams, J., Roth, A., Vatthauer, K., & McCrae, C. (2013). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia. Chest, 143(2), 554–565.\n   <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4694188\/>\n7. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, August 25). Biofeedback. MedlinePlus., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\n   <https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/002241.htm>\n8. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Drug Scheduling., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\n   <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/drug-scheduling>\n\n## Learn More About Insomnia\n[![Woman in bed unable to sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/woman-sleeping-insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia)\n\n[What Causes Insomnia?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia)\n\nBy Eric Suni  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Early-Morning Shiftwork Affects Overnight Blood Pressure, Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Disease](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Symptoms-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/symptoms)\n\n[Symptoms of Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/symptoms)\n\nBy Daniel Noyed  July 10, 2025\n***\n\n[![Diagnosing 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Eric Suni  July 4, 2025\n***\n\n[![Woman Light Therapy](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/light-therapy-woman-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/light-therapy)\n\n[Light Therapy for Insomnia Sufferers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/light-therapy)\n\nBy Logan Foley  November 16, 2023\n\n[Load More Articles]()\n\n## Other Articles of Interest\n### How Sleep Works\n[How to Lucid Dream?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/dreams\/lucid-dreams)   [Recommended Sleep Times](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need)   [Why Do We Need Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/why-do-we-need-sleep)   [Can You Catch Up On Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/sleep-debt-and-catch-up-sleep)   [What Happens When You Sleep?](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/how-sleep-works\/what-happens-when-you-sleep)\n\n### Children, Teens & Sleep\n[When Do Kids Stop 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Mattress](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress)   [Mattress Reviews](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mattress-reviews)   [Best Pillows](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-pillows)   [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers)   [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/best-mattress\/best-mattress-for-back-pain)\n\n[![Sleep Foundation Logo](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/sd-logo-footer.svg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n\n**Sleep Foundation** and **SleepFoundation.org** are not affiliated with the National Sleep Foundation, an independent nonprofit based in Washington, DC.\n\nThe content on this website is for informational purposes only. SleepFoundation.org does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment options.\n\nSleep Information\n\n- [Sleep Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-solutions)\n- [Sleep Health](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-topics)\n- [Sleep Disorders](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-disorders)\n- [Sleep News](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/sleep-news)\n\nSleep Foundation\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/contact)\n- [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/)\n- [How We Review Products](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/research-methodology)\n\nSleep Profile\n\nYour daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep. 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All rights reserved.","attrs_readable_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment#post_content)\n\n[Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia) is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty with sleep onset, maintenance, consolidation, or quality. People who have insomnia struggle with sleep despite adequate opportunities for sleep, and also experience excessive daytime sleepiness and other dysfunctions when they are awake. Based on various studies and surveys, today’s sleep experts estimate 10% to 30% of adults live with some form of insomnia.\n\nTreating insomnia typically involves sleep-inducing medication, [cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia), or a combination of both of these measures. Positive lifestyle changes may alleviate symptoms for some people, as well. There is no “best treatment for insomnia.” Specific treatment recommendations depend on whether the patient has short-term or chronic insomnia, as well as their medical history.\n\nBefore insomnia treatment can begin, you should meet with your doctor or another credentialed physician to discuss symptoms and receive a diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria for insomnia includes difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up earlier than desired, and resistance going to bed at a reasonable hour. These symptoms must occur for at least 3 months despite adequate opportunities for sleep on a nightly basis. Additionally, you must experience one or more of the following daytime symptoms to receive an insomnia diagnosis:\n\n- Fatigue or malaise\n- Impairments with memory, concentration, or attention\n- Negative impacts on social, family, occupational, or academic performance\n- Irritability or disturbed mood\n- Excessive daytime sleepiness\n- Hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression, or other behavioral problems\n- Increased risk for errors and accidents\n- Lack of motivation or energy\n\nAn insomnia diagnosis will include a standard medical exam and questionnaire. These procedures allow your doctor to determine whether the insomnia is an isolated condition, or if you’re experiencing insomnia symptoms due to an underlying disease or medical disorder. Documenting your nightly sleep patterns, waking episodes, and alcohol and caffeine intake in a [sleep diary](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/SleepFoundation_SleepDiary.pdf) for one to two weeks prior to this appointment can help your doctor with the diagnosis.\n\nDepending on the outcomes of this initial exam and questionnaire, your doctor may recommend an overnight sleep study conducted either at home or a dedicated sleep center. These tests may also be conducted during the day to measure your sleep latency, or how long it takes to fall asleep, and how you feel and perform during the day. Additionally, your doctor may prescribe actigraphy, a monitoring test that requires you to wear a body sensor while you sleep for up to two weeks. Blood tests can also be prescribed to rule out underlying medical conditions that cause insomnia symptoms.\n\nTreating insomnia includes two main objectives: improving sleep quality and duration, and reducing associated daytime impairments.\n\nCBT-I is considered a first-line treatment for insomnia because it does not carry the health risks associated with sleep medication. In most cases, CBT-I is provided by a licensed psychologist who has received training for this type of treatment. CBT-I focuses on pinpointing the anxieties people with insomnia often have about sleep, and then replacing these anxieties with healthier beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, this type of therapy may consist of one or more of the following components:\n\n[![Commercial CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CBT-i-1-1024x356.png)![Commercial CTA](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CBT-i-Mobile-1.png)](https:\/\/sleepdoctor.com\/products\/cbt-i-sleep-based-program)\n\n- **Sleep education and hygiene:** Educating patients about healthy sleep patterns and lifestyle habits can help them understand why they experience insomnia symptoms. Specifically, sleep hygiene focuses on increasing behaviors that improve sleep quality and quantity while eliminating behaviors that cause sleep problems. For example, a therapist may suggest falling asleep and getting up at the same times each day while discouraging alcohol and caffeine consumption in the hours leading up to bedtime.\n- **Stimulus control:** Many people with insomnia experience anxiety at the mere prospect of falling asleep, which can exacerbate and prolong their symptoms. Stimulus control involves a series of steps you can take to reduce these anxieties and develop a positive relationship with your sleep area. These include lying down only when you feel tired, using a bed only for sleep and sex, and setting an alarm for the same time each morning. CBT-i practitioners often encourage sleepers to get up if they are unable to fall asleep after 10 minutes of lying in bed, and to only return to bed when they feel tired. Stimulus control also discourages daytime napping.\n- **Sleep restriction and compression:** These two methods aim to improve sleep quality and quantity by reducing the amount of time a person lies in bed. A CBT-i practitioner can use records from a patient’s sleep diary to determine how much time they sleep each night compared to the amount of time they lie in bed awake. Sleep restriction involves a sharp curtailing of time in bed while sleep compression is a more gradual process, but both techniques are intended to achieve the same goal: less time in bed awake each night.\n- **Relaxation**: Sleep experts have identified a handful of relaxation techniques that can benefit people with insomnia. These include breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, and meditation. Biofeedback – which helps you control different bodily functions based on your blood pressure, breathing and heart rates, and other metrics – can also be effective for reducing insomnia symptoms and improving sleep.\n\nThe number of qualified behavioral sleep medicine therapists in the U.S. is fairly limited. You can locate CBT-i providers and verify their credentials through certain professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association, American Board of Sleep Medicine, Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine.\n\n## Say Goodbye to Insomnia\nSign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Email-Capture-Icon.svg)\n\nBefore taking any medication for insomnia, be sure to consult with your doctor or another credentialed physician. For many people, medication is a last resort after stimulus control, relaxation techniques, and other CBT-i methods have not been effective at improving their sleep. Medications for insomnia fall into several different categories, including:\n\n- **Benzodiazepines:** Known as BZD for short, benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs. A total of five BZDs have been approved for treating insomnia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including those with short-, intermediate-, and long-acting effects. However, BZDs are normally not recommended for long-term insomnia treatment because there is a high potential for abuse and dependence; all five insomnia BZDs are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances under the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Additionally, people who take these drugs often develop a tolerance for their sedative effects.\n- **Nonbenzodiazepines:** This class of drugs – known as Z drugs for short – was created to provide the same relief as BZDs while reducing the adverse effects and abuse potential. That said, Z drugs (like Ambien) also require a prescription and the DEA has classified them as Schedule IV controlled substances.\n- **Melatonin agonist:** In the evening as natural light begins to fade, the pineal gland of your brain produces melatonin, a hormone that induces feelings of sleepiness and relaxation. The medication known as ramelteon acts as a melatonin receptor agonist, and can be used to treat insomnia related to sleep onset, or falling asleep. The effects of ramelteon tend to be less severe compared to BZDs and Z drugs, though patients often experience dizziness, nausea, and fatigue.\n- **Orexin receptor antagonist:** Orexins are neurotransmitters in the body that regulate feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness. The drug known as suvorexant acts as an orexin receptor antagonist, and can be used as a sleep onset or sleep maintenance insomnia treatment. Suvorexant is a Schedule IV controlled substance.\n- **Off-label treatments:** Certain medications primarily intended to treat other conditions may also reduce insomnia symptoms. These include certain antidepressants and antipsychotic medications. They may be prescribed in some cases.\n- **Over-the-counter medications:** Certain over-the-counter antihistamines have sedating properties and can serve as sleep aids. Melatonin supplements intended to help balance the levels of melatonin in your body are also available. While they don’t require prescriptions, always speak to a doctor before trying an over-the-counter option.\n\nLastly, a word about natural treatment for insomnia options. Historically people have used herbal supplements such as valerian and kava to reduce insomnia symptoms and improve their sleep. Some recent findings indicate these supplements may not be as safe as once thought. Both valerian and kava have been linked to adverse side effects, and are generally not recommended to treat insomnia.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/themes\/onecaremedia-child\/assets\/images\/sf-question-bubble.svg)\n\n### Still have questions? Ask our community\\!\nJoin our [Sleep Care Community](https:\/\/community.sleepfoundation.org\/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best.\n\n![Logan Foley](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/logan-headshot-150x150.jpg)\n\nWritten By\n\n### Logan Foley,  Editorial Director\n\nLogan is a Certified Sleep Science Coach with a deep understanding of what it means to struggle with sleep. Her years of experience researching and testing sleep products – including mattresses, natural sleep aids, and bedding – are critical to her role helping lead the editorial team. When she’s not testing mattresses or researching CBT-I, she enjoys spending time in the sunshine with her husband and her dogs Pepper and Winston.\n\n![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg)\n\nMedically Reviewed by\n\n### Alex Dimitriu, MD,  Psychiatrist   MD\n\nDr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine.\n\n[Learn more about our Editorial Team](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/about-us\/who-we-are#team)\n\n## References 8 Sources\n1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders – Third Edition (ICSD-3). Darien, IL.\n   <https:\/\/aasm.org\/>\n2. Bhaskar, S., Hemavathy, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5(4), 780–784.\n   <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28348990\/>\n3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). Sleep studies., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\n   <https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/sleep-studies>\n4. Lie, J., Tu, K., Shen, D., & Wong, B. (2015). Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(11), 759–768.\n   <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4634348\/>\n5. Siebhern, A. (2019, April 21). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia (CBTi) Defined. Psychology Today., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\n   <https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/sleep-health-and-wellness\/201904\/cognitive-behavioral-treatment-insomnia-cbti-defined>\n6. Williams, J., Roth, A., Vatthauer, K., & McCrae, C. (2013). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia. Chest, 143(2), 554–565.\n   <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4694188\/>\n7. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, August 25). Biofeedback. MedlinePlus., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\n   <https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/002241.htm>\n8. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Drug Scheduling., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from\n   <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/drug-scheduling>\n\nLearn More About Insomnia\n\n[![Woman in bed unable to sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/woman-sleeping-insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/what-causes-insomnia)\n\n[![Early-Morning Shiftwork Affects Overnight Blood Pressure, Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Disease](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Symptoms-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/symptoms)\n\n[![Diagnosing Insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Diganosing-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/diagnosis)\n\n[![Stock photo of woman listening to guided meditation before sleep](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Sleep-Meditation-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/treatment\/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep)\n\n[![Woman seated in bed suffering from insomnia](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Insomnia-and-Women-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/insomnia-women)\n\n[![senior sleeping](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/senior-sleeping-300x199.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/older-adults)\n\n[![Woman with Insomnia lying in bed looking at clock](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Types-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/insomnia\/types-of-insomnia)\n\n[![Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): An 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Boilerpipe Text	Skip to content Insomnia is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty with sleep onset, maintenance, consolidation, or quality. People who have insomnia struggle with sleep despite adequate opportunities for sleep, and also experience excessive daytime sleepiness and other dysfunctions when they are awake. Based on various studies and surveys, today’s sleep experts estimate 10% to 30% of adults live with some form of insomnia. Treating insomnia typically involves sleep-inducing medication, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) , or a combination of both of these measures. Positive lifestyle changes may alleviate symptoms for some people, as well. There is no “best treatment for insomnia.” Specific treatment recommendations depend on whether the patient has short-term or chronic insomnia, as well as their medical history. Before insomnia treatment can begin, you should meet with your doctor or another credentialed physician to discuss symptoms and receive a diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria for insomnia includes difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up earlier than desired, and resistance going to bed at a reasonable hour. These symptoms must occur for at least 3 months despite adequate opportunities for sleep on a nightly basis. Additionally, you must experience one or more of the following daytime symptoms to receive an insomnia diagnosis: Fatigue or malaise Impairments with memory, concentration, or attention Negative impacts on social, family, occupational, or academic performance Irritability or disturbed mood Excessive daytime sleepiness Hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression, or other behavioral problems Increased risk for errors and accidents Lack of motivation or energy An insomnia diagnosis will include a standard medical exam and questionnaire. These procedures allow your doctor to determine whether the insomnia is an isolated condition, or if you’re experiencing insomnia symptoms due to an underlying disease or medical disorder. Documenting your nightly sleep patterns, waking episodes, and alcohol and caffeine intake in a sleep diary for one to two weeks prior to this appointment can help your doctor with the diagnosis. Depending on the outcomes of this initial exam and questionnaire, your doctor may recommend an overnight sleep study conducted either at home or a dedicated sleep center. These tests may also be conducted during the day to measure your sleep latency, or how long it takes to fall asleep, and how you feel and perform during the day. Additionally, your doctor may prescribe actigraphy, a monitoring test that requires you to wear a body sensor while you sleep for up to two weeks. Blood tests can also be prescribed to rule out underlying medical conditions that cause insomnia symptoms. Treating insomnia includes two main objectives: improving sleep quality and duration, and reducing associated daytime impairments. CBT-I is considered a first-line treatment for insomnia because it does not carry the health risks associated with sleep medication. In most cases, CBT-I is provided by a licensed psychologist who has received training for this type of treatment. CBT-I focuses on pinpointing the anxieties people with insomnia often have about sleep, and then replacing these anxieties with healthier beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, this type of therapy may consist of one or more of the following components: Sleep education and hygiene: Educating patients about healthy sleep patterns and lifestyle habits can help them understand why they experience insomnia symptoms. Specifically, sleep hygiene focuses on increasing behaviors that improve sleep quality and quantity while eliminating behaviors that cause sleep problems. For example, a therapist may suggest falling asleep and getting up at the same times each day while discouraging alcohol and caffeine consumption in the hours leading up to bedtime. Stimulus control: Many people with insomnia experience anxiety at the mere prospect of falling asleep, which can exacerbate and prolong their symptoms. Stimulus control involves a series of steps you can take to reduce these anxieties and develop a positive relationship with your sleep area. These include lying down only when you feel tired, using a bed only for sleep and sex, and setting an alarm for the same time each morning. CBT-i practitioners often encourage sleepers to get up if they are unable to fall asleep after 10 minutes of lying in bed, and to only return to bed when they feel tired. Stimulus control also discourages daytime napping. Sleep restriction and compression: These two methods aim to improve sleep quality and quantity by reducing the amount of time a person lies in bed. A CBT-i practitioner can use records from a patient’s sleep diary to determine how much time they sleep each night compared to the amount of time they lie in bed awake. Sleep restriction involves a sharp curtailing of time in bed while sleep compression is a more gradual process, but both techniques are intended to achieve the same goal: less time in bed awake each night. Relaxation : Sleep experts have identified a handful of relaxation techniques that can benefit people with insomnia. These include breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, and meditation. Biofeedback – which helps you control different bodily functions based on your blood pressure, breathing and heart rates, and other metrics – can also be effective for reducing insomnia symptoms and improving sleep. The number of qualified behavioral sleep medicine therapists in the U.S. is fairly limited. You can locate CBT-i providers and verify their credentials through certain professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association, American Board of Sleep Medicine, Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine. Say Goodbye to Insomnia Sign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook. Before taking any medication for insomnia, be sure to consult with your doctor or another credentialed physician. For many people, medication is a last resort after stimulus control, relaxation techniques, and other CBT-i methods have not been effective at improving their sleep. Medications for insomnia fall into several different categories, including: Benzodiazepines: Known as BZD for short, benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs. A total of five BZDs have been approved for treating insomnia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including those with short-, intermediate-, and long-acting effects. However, BZDs are normally not recommended for long-term insomnia treatment because there is a high potential for abuse and dependence; all five insomnia BZDs are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances under the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Additionally, people who take these drugs often develop a tolerance for their sedative effects. Nonbenzodiazepines: This class of drugs – known as Z drugs for short – was created to provide the same relief as BZDs while reducing the adverse effects and abuse potential. That said, Z drugs (like Ambien) also require a prescription and the DEA has classified them as Schedule IV controlled substances. Melatonin agonist: In the evening as natural light begins to fade, the pineal gland of your brain produces melatonin, a hormone that induces feelings of sleepiness and relaxation. The medication known as ramelteon acts as a melatonin receptor agonist, and can be used to treat insomnia related to sleep onset, or falling asleep. The effects of ramelteon tend to be less severe compared to BZDs and Z drugs, though patients often experience dizziness, nausea, and fatigue. Orexin receptor antagonist: Orexins are neurotransmitters in the body that regulate feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness. The drug known as suvorexant acts as an orexin receptor antagonist, and can be used as a sleep onset or sleep maintenance insomnia treatment. Suvorexant is a Schedule IV controlled substance. Off-label treatments: Certain medications primarily intended to treat other conditions may also reduce insomnia symptoms. These include certain antidepressants and antipsychotic medications. They may be prescribed in some cases. Over-the-counter medications: Certain over-the-counter antihistamines have sedating properties and can serve as sleep aids. Melatonin supplements intended to help balance the levels of melatonin in your body are also available. While they don’t require prescriptions, always speak to a doctor before trying an over-the-counter option. Lastly, a word about natural treatment for insomnia options. Historically people have used herbal supplements such as valerian and kava to reduce insomnia symptoms and improve their sleep. Some recent findings indicate these supplements may not be as safe as once thought. Both valerian and kava have been linked to adverse side effects, and are generally not recommended to treat insomnia. Still have questions? Ask our community! Join our Sleep Care Community — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best. Written By Logan Foley, Editorial Director Logan is a Certified Sleep Science Coach with a deep understanding of what it means to struggle with sleep. Her years of experience researching and testing sleep products – including mattresses, natural sleep aids, and bedding – are critical to her role helping lead the editorial team. When she’s not testing mattresses or researching CBT-I, she enjoys spending time in the sunshine with her husband and her dogs Pepper and Winston. Medically Reviewed by Alex Dimitriu, MD, Psychiatrist MD Dr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. Learn more about our Editorial Team References 8 Sources American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders – Third Edition (ICSD-3). Darien, IL. https://aasm.org/ Bhaskar, S., Hemavathy, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5(4), 780–784. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28348990/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). Sleep studies., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-studies Lie, J., Tu, K., Shen, D., & Wong, B. (2015). Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(11), 759–768. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4634348/ Siebhern, A. (2019, April 21). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia (CBTi) Defined. Psychology Today., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-health-and-wellness/201904/cognitive-behavioral-treatment-insomnia-cbti-defined Williams, J., Roth, A., Vatthauer, K., & McCrae, C. (2013). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia. Chest, 143(2), 554–565. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694188/ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, August 25). Biofeedback. MedlinePlus., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002241.htm U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Drug Scheduling., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling Learn More About Insomnia
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[Best Cooling Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets/best-cooling-sheets) - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-weighted-blankets) - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - [The Best Comforters](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-comforter) - Mattress Toppers & More - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers) - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-cooling-mattress-topper) - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper) - [Best Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads) - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads/best-cooling-mattress-pad) - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors) - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors/best-mattress-encasements) - Sleep Solutions Sleep Solutions - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Get Sleep Tested - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-does-a-sleep-study-work) - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost) - Sleep Therapy - [The Best CPAP Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-mask) - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards) - [Mouth Taping](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring/mouth-taping-for-sleep) - [CPAP Alternatives](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/alternatives-to-cpap) - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-apps) - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium/best-magnesium-for-sleep) - [Best Sleep Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids/natural-sleep-aids) - Sleep Environment - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-trackers) - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-white-noise-machines) - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-adjustable-bed) - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bed-frames) - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses) - [Wake-Up Lights](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-wake-up-lights) - [Sleep Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-sleep-masks) SLEEP HEALTH & WELLNESS - Mattresses Mattresses - [All](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - [Best Mattress of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - Best of - SLEEPER TYPE - [Best Mattress for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-side-sleepers) - [Best Mattress for Back Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-back-pain) - [Best Mattress for Hip Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-hip-pain) - [Best Mattress for Heavy People](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-heavy-sleepers) - MATERIAL - [Best Memory Foam Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-memory-foam-mattress) - [Best Latex Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-latex-mattress) - [Best Innerspring Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-innerspring-mattress) - [Best Hybrid Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-hybrid-mattress) - COMFORT - [Best Cooling Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cooling-mattress) - [Best Firm Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-firm-mattress) - [Best Organic Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-organic-mattresses) - [Most Comfortable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/most-comfortable-mattresses) - OTHER - [Best Mattress in a Box](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-in-a-box) - [Best Affordable Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-cheap-mattress) - [Best King Size Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-king-mattress) - [Best Mattress for Kids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-mattress-for-kids) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - Reviews - POPULAR BRANDS - [Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/casper-mattress-review) - [Saatva](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/saatva-mattress-review) - [Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/sleep-number-classic-series-mattress-review) - FOAM - [Nectar Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/nectar-mattress-review) - [Bear](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/bear-mattress-review) - [Loom & Leaf](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/loom-and-leaf-mattress-review) - [Tempur-Pedic](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/tempurpedic-adapt-mattress-review) - HYBRID - [Helix Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/helix-mattress-review) - [DreamCloud Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/dreamcloud-mattress-review) - [WinkBed Mattress](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-reviews/winkbed-mattress-review) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - Compare - MATTRESS MATCH - [Mattress Finder Tool](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) - [Take the Mattress Quiz](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz) - POPULAR BRANDS - [Nectar vs. Casper](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/nectar-vs-casper) - [Tempur-Pedic vs. Sleep Number](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-comparisons/tempurpedic-vs-sleep-number) - LEARN - [Do You Need a Box Spring?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/do-you-need-a-box-spring) - [What is Memory Foam?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-information/what-is-memory-foam) - [![Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mattresses-in-the-Sleep-Foundation-Test-Lab-3-300x125.jpg) Mattress Finder](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-quiz/results) [![mattress sizes](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/mattress-sizes-300x225.jpg) Mattress Sizes 101: Finding Your Perfect Fit](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mattress-sizes) - [All Mattresses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress) - Bedding Bedding - [All](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - Pillows & Bedding - PILLOWS - [The Best Pillows of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows) - [The Best Pillows for Side Sleepers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers) - [The Best Pillows for Neck Pain](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-pillows/best-pillow-for-neck-pain) - SHEETS - [Top-Rated Bed Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets) - [Best Cooling Sheets](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sheets/best-cooling-sheets) - BEDDING - [The Best Weighted Blankets of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-weighted-blankets) - [The Best Bedding of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - [The Best Comforters](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-comforter) - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-cooling-comforter) - Mattress Toppers & More - MATTRESS TOPPERS - [The Best Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers) - [Best Cooling Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-cooling-mattress-topper) - [Best Memory Foam Mattress Toppers](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-toppers/best-memory-foam-mattress-topper) - MATTRESS PADS - [Best Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads) - [Cooling Mattress Pads](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-pads/best-cooling-mattress-pad) - PROTECTORS - [The Best Mattress Protectors of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors) - [Best Full Mattress Encasements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress-protectors/best-mattress-encasements) - [![Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Saatva-Lightweight-Down-Alternative-Comforter-253x140-1.jpeg) Best Cooling Comforters of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding/best-cooling-comforter) - [All Bedding](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bedding) - Sleep Solutions Sleep Solutions - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Get Sleep Tested - AT-HOME TESTING - [Buy an At-Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - [What's an At-Home Sleep Test?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - IN-LAB TESTING - [How Does a Sleep Study Work?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-does-a-sleep-study-work) - [How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - Sleep Therapy - CPAP - [The Best CPAP Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [Top-Rated CPAP Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-mask) - [Need Therapy? Start Here](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test?cta_location=main_menu) - ANTI-SNORING - [The Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-anti-snoring-mouthpieces-and-mouthguards) - [Mouth Taping](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring/mouth-taping-for-sleep) - [CPAP Alternatives](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/alternatives-to-cpap) - SERVICES & SUPPLEMENTS - [The Best Sleep Apps of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-apps) - [The Best Magnesium Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium/best-magnesium-for-sleep) - [Best Sleep Supplements](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids/natural-sleep-aids) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - Sleep Environment - SLEEP TECH - [The Best Sleep Trackers We've Tested](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-trackers) - [Top-Rated White Noise Machines](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-white-noise-machines) - BED FRAMES - [The Best Adjustable Beds](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-adjustable-bed) - [Our Favorite Bed Frames](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-bed-frames) - PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS - [Blue Light Blocking Glasses](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses) - [Wake-Up Lights](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-wake-up-lights) - [Sleep Masks](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-sleep-products/best-sleep-masks) - [![At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1-300x161.png) At Home Sleep Study](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/home-sleep-test) [![ResMed\_AirSense\_11\_Machine\_Package\_1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ResMed_AirSense_11_Machine_Package_1-300x300.webp) Best CPAP Machines of 2026](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-cpap-machines) - [All Solutions](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-solutions) - Sleep Health Sleep Health - [All Health](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics) - Sleep Disorders - COMMON DISORDERS - [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) - [Parasomnias](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias) - [Excessive Sleepiness](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/excessive-sleepiness) - BREATHING-RELATED - [Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea) - [Obstructive Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea) - [Central Sleep Apnea](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea) - MOVEMENT-RELATED - [Sleepwalking](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/sleepwalking) - [Bruxism](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/bruxism) - [Restless Legs Syndrome](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/restless-legs-syndrome) - TESTING & TREATMENTS - [CPAP](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/cpap) - [Home Sleep Test](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/at-home-sleep-study) - [What to Do When You Can't Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/what-do-when-you-cant-sleep) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - Improve Your Sleep - SLEEP HABITS - [The Ultimate Sleep Improvement Plan](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-habits) - [The 20 Most Proven Sleep Tips](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene/healthy-sleep-tips) - [Sleep Hygiene](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene) - SLEEP AIDS - [Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin) - [Magnesium](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/magnesium) - [The Most Effective Sleep Aids](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-aids) - TOOLS & PRODUCTS - [Sleep Calculator](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-calculator) - [7 Nights to Better Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-habits/7-night-sleep-habit-builder) - [Submit Your Sleep Story](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/submit-your-sleep-story) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - Understand Your Sleep - SCIENCE OF SLEEP - [How Sleep Works](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works) - [Circadian Rhythm](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/circadian-rhythm) - [The Stages of Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/stages-of-sleep) - IMPACTS - [Snoring](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/snoring) - [Sleep Deprivation](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation) - [How Electronics Affect Your Sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-electronics-affect-sleep) - STATISTICS - [Sleep Data & Research](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-facts-statistics) - [How Much Sleep Do We Need?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need) - [![Woman Taking Melatonin](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/woman-with-melatonin-300x200.jpg) Melatonin Dosage: How Much Melatonin to Take](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/melatonin/melatonin-dosage-how-much-should-you-take) [![group of people drinking coffee](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/group-of-people-drinking-coffee-300x200.jpg) 94% of Us Drink Caffeinated Beverages. But What Does it do to Our Sleep?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/94-percent-of-us-drink-caffeinated-beverages) - [All Health](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics) - About Us About Us - Who We Are - OUR MISSION - [What We Do](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) - [Our Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are) - OUR MEDICAL TEAM - [Medical Advisory Board](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#medical-advisory-board) - OUR PROCESS - [Editorial Policy](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) - [How We Review Products](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/research-methodology) - [![Test Lab: Expert Tested. Sleeper Approved.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Bedroom-Environment-1-300x125.jpg) Test Lab: Expert Tested. 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Products or services may be offered by an affiliated entity. [Learn more.](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/advertising-disclosure) [/](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/) [Sleep Disorders](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders) / [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) ![Main Intro Section Image](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Header-Image-1.svg) # Treatments for Insomnia Updated July 10, 2025 Written by Logan Foley ![Logan Foley](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/logan-headshot-150x150.jpg) Logan Foley Editorial Director Logan is a Certified Sleep Science Coach with a deep understanding of what it means to struggle with sleep. Her years of experience researching and testing sleep products – including mattresses, natural sleep aids, and bedding – are critical to her role helping lead the editorial team. When she’s not testing mattresses or researching CBT-I, she enjoys spending time in the sunshine with her husband and her dogs Pepper and Winston. [Read Full Bio](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/logan-foley) Want to read more about all our experts in the field? [Learn About The Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) \\| Medically Reviewed by Alex Dimitriu, MD ![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg) Alex Dimitriu, MD Psychiatrist Dr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. [Read Full Bio](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#alex_dimitriu,_md) Want to read more about all our experts in the field? [Learn About The Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) [![Side rail CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Side-Rail-Add.png)](https://sleepdoctor.com/products/nightly-sleep-stack?utm_campaign=sf&utm_cta_location=side_rail&page_path=treatment) - [Diagnosing Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#Diagnosing-Insomnia) - [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#Cognitive-Behavioral-Therapy-for-Insomnia) - [Medications for Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#Medications-for-Insomnia) [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)AASM sets standards and promotes excellence in sleep medicine health care, education, and research.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#references-78259) with sleep onset, maintenance, consolidation, or quality. People who have insomnia struggle with sleep despite adequate opportunities for sleep, and also experience excessive daytime sleepiness and other dysfunctions when they are awake. Based on various studies and surveys, today’s sleep experts estimate 10% to 30% of adults [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#references-79579) live with some form of insomnia. Treating insomnia typically involves sleep-inducing medication, [cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia), or a combination of both of these measures. Positive lifestyle changes may alleviate symptoms for some people, as well. There is no “best treatment for insomnia.” Specific treatment recommendations depend on whether the patient has short-term or chronic insomnia, as well as their medical history. ## One-on-one sleep coaching with a licensed sleep expert Structured sleep coaching designed to meet you where you are, identify what’s disrupting your nights, and show you how to fix it — no guessing, no frustration. [Get Started](https://sleepdoctor.com/products/sleep-consult) ![SF\_HST\_CTA\_Image-1](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SF_HST_CTA_Image-1.png) ## Diagnosing Insomnia Before insomnia treatment can begin, you should meet with your doctor or another credentialed physician to discuss symptoms and receive a diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria for insomnia includes difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up earlier than desired, and resistance going to bed at a reasonable hour. These symptoms must occur for at least 3 months despite adequate opportunities for sleep on a nightly basis. Additionally, you must experience one or more of the following daytime symptoms to receive an insomnia diagnosis: - Fatigue or malaise - Impairments with memory, concentration, or attention - Negative impacts on social, family, occupational, or academic performance - Irritability or disturbed mood - Excessive daytime sleepiness - Hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression, or other behavioral problems - Increased risk for errors and accidents - Lack of motivation or energy An insomnia diagnosis will include a standard medical exam and questionnaire. These procedures allow your doctor to determine whether the insomnia is an isolated condition, or if you’re experiencing insomnia symptoms due to an underlying disease or medical disorder. Documenting your nightly sleep patterns, waking episodes, and alcohol and caffeine intake in a [sleep diary](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/SleepFoundation_SleepDiary.pdf) for one to two weeks prior to this appointment can help your doctor with the diagnosis. Depending on the outcomes of this initial exam and questionnaire, your doctor may recommend an overnight sleep study [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)The NHLBI is the nation's leader in the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#references-83547) conducted either at home or a dedicated sleep center. These tests may also be conducted during the day to measure your sleep latency, or how long it takes to fall asleep, and how you feel and perform during the day. Additionally, your doctor may prescribe actigraphy, a monitoring test that requires you to wear a body sensor while you sleep for up to two weeks. Blood tests can also be prescribed to rule out underlying medical conditions that cause insomnia symptoms. ## Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Treating insomnia [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) National Center for Biotechnology InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#references-83528) includes two main objectives: improving sleep quality and duration, and reducing associated daytime impairments. CBT-I is considered a first-line treatment for insomnia because it does not carry the health risks [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) Chest[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#references-82824) associated with sleep medication. In most cases, CBT-I is provided by a licensed psychologist who has received training for this type of treatment. CBT-I focuses on pinpointing the anxieties people with insomnia often have about sleep, and then replacing these anxieties with healthier beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, this type of therapy may consist of one or more of the following components: [![Commercial CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBT-i-1-1024x356.png)![Commercial CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBT-i-Mobile-1.png)](https://sleepdoctor.com/products/cbt-i-sleep-based-program) - Sleep education and hygiene: Educating patients about healthy sleep patterns and lifestyle habits can help them understand why they experience insomnia symptoms. Specifically, sleep hygiene focuses on increasing behaviors that improve sleep quality and quantity while eliminating behaviors that cause sleep problems. For example, a therapist may suggest falling asleep and getting up at the same times each day while discouraging alcohol and caffeine consumption in the hours leading up to bedtime. - Stimulus control: Many people with insomnia experience anxiety at the mere prospect of falling asleep, which can exacerbate and prolong their symptoms. Stimulus control involves a series of steps you can take to reduce these anxieties and develop a positive relationship with your sleep area. These include lying down only when you feel tired, using a bed only for sleep and sex, and setting an alarm for the same time each morning. CBT-i practitioners often encourage sleepers to get up if they are unable to fall asleep after 10 minutes of lying in bed, and to only return to bed when they feel tired. Stimulus control also discourages daytime napping. - Sleep restriction and compression: These two methods aim to improve sleep quality and quantity by reducing the amount of time a person lies in bed. A CBT-i practitioner can use records from a patient’s sleep diary to determine how much time they sleep each night compared to the amount of time they lie in bed awake. Sleep restriction involves a sharp curtailing of time in bed while sleep compression is a more gradual process, but both techniques are intended to achieve the same goal: less time in bed awake each night. - Relaxation: Sleep experts have identified a handful of relaxation techniques that can benefit people with insomnia. These include breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, and meditation. Biofeedback [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) Medline PlusMedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#references-79855) – which helps you control different bodily functions based on your blood pressure, breathing and heart rates, and other metrics – can also be effective for reducing insomnia symptoms and improving sleep. The number of qualified behavioral sleep medicine therapists in the U.S. is fairly limited. You can locate CBT-i providers and verify their credentials through certain professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association, American Board of Sleep Medicine, Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine. ## Say Goodbye to Insomnia Sign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Email-Capture-Icon.svg) ## Medications for Insomnia Before taking any medication for insomnia, be sure to consult with your doctor or another credentialed physician. For many people, medication is a last resort after stimulus control, relaxation techniques, and other CBT-i methods have not been effective at improving their sleep. Medications for insomnia fall into several different categories, including: - Benzodiazepines: Known as BZD for short, benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs. A total of five BZDs have been approved for treating insomnia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including those with short-, intermediate-, and long-acting effects. However, BZDs are normally not recommended for long-term insomnia treatment because there is a high potential for abuse and dependence; all five insomnia BZDs are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances [Trusted Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/editorial-policy) United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)The mission of the DEA is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States.[View Source](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#references-82466) under the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Additionally, people who take these drugs often develop a tolerance for their sedative effects. - Nonbenzodiazepines: This class of drugs – known as Z drugs for short – was created to provide the same relief as BZDs while reducing the adverse effects and abuse potential. That said, Z drugs (like Ambien) also require a prescription and the DEA has classified them as Schedule IV controlled substances. - Melatonin agonist: In the evening as natural light begins to fade, the pineal gland of your brain produces melatonin, a hormone that induces feelings of sleepiness and relaxation. The medication known as ramelteon acts as a melatonin receptor agonist, and can be used to treat insomnia related to sleep onset, or falling asleep. The effects of ramelteon tend to be less severe compared to BZDs and Z drugs, though patients often experience dizziness, nausea, and fatigue. - Orexin receptor antagonist: Orexins are neurotransmitters in the body that regulate feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness. The drug known as suvorexant acts as an orexin receptor antagonist, and can be used as a sleep onset or sleep maintenance insomnia treatment. Suvorexant is a Schedule IV controlled substance. - Off-label treatments: Certain medications primarily intended to treat other conditions may also reduce insomnia symptoms. These include certain antidepressants and antipsychotic medications. They may be prescribed in some cases. - Over-the-counter medications: Certain over-the-counter antihistamines have sedating properties and can serve as sleep aids. Melatonin supplements intended to help balance the levels of melatonin in your body are also available. While they don’t require prescriptions, always speak to a doctor before trying an over-the-counter option. Lastly, a word about natural treatment for insomnia options. Historically people have used herbal supplements such as valerian and kava to reduce insomnia symptoms and improve their sleep. Some recent findings indicate these supplements may not be as safe as once thought. Both valerian and kava have been linked to adverse side effects, and are generally not recommended to treat insomnia. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/themes/onecaremedia-child/assets/images/sf-question-bubble.svg) ### Still have questions? Ask our community\! Join our [Sleep Care Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best. [About Our Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us) ![Logan Foley](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/logan-headshot-150x150.jpg) Written By ### Logan Foley, Editorial Director Logan is a Certified Sleep Science Coach with a deep understanding of what it means to struggle with sleep. Her years of experience researching and testing sleep products – including mattresses, natural sleep aids, and bedding – are critical to her role helping lead the editorial team. When she’s not testing mattresses or researching CBT-I, she enjoys spending time in the sunshine with her husband and her dogs Pepper and Winston. ![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg) Medically Reviewed by ### Alex Dimitriu, MD, Psychiatrist MD Dr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. [Learn more about our Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#team) ## References 8 Sources 1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders – Third Edition (ICSD-3). Darien, IL. <https://aasm.org/> 2. Bhaskar, S., Hemavathy, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5(4), 780–784. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28348990/> 3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). Sleep studies., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from <https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-studies> 4. Lie, J., Tu, K., Shen, D., & Wong, B. (2015). Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(11), 759–768. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4634348/> 5. Siebhern, A. (2019, April 21). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia (CBTi) Defined. Psychology Today., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from <https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-health-and-wellness/201904/cognitive-behavioral-treatment-insomnia-cbti-defined> 6. Williams, J., Roth, A., Vatthauer, K., & McCrae, C. (2013). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia. Chest, 143(2), 554–565. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694188/> 7. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, August 25). Biofeedback. MedlinePlus., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from <https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002241.htm> 8. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Drug Scheduling., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from <https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling> ## Learn More About Insomnia [![Woman in bed unable to sleep](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/woman-sleeping-insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia) [What Causes Insomnia?](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia) By Eric Suni July 10, 2025 * [![Early-Morning Shiftwork Affects Overnight Blood Pressure, Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Disease](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Symptoms-of-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/symptoms) [Symptoms of Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/symptoms) By Daniel Noyed July 10, 2025 * [![Diagnosing Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Diganosing-Insomnia-300x200.jpg)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/diagnosis) [Diagnosing 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Readable Markdown	[Skip to content](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment#post_content) [Insomnia](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia) is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty with sleep onset, maintenance, consolidation, or quality. People who have insomnia struggle with sleep despite adequate opportunities for sleep, and also experience excessive daytime sleepiness and other dysfunctions when they are awake. Based on various studies and surveys, today’s sleep experts estimate 10% to 30% of adults live with some form of insomnia. Treating insomnia typically involves sleep-inducing medication, [cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia), or a combination of both of these measures. Positive lifestyle changes may alleviate symptoms for some people, as well. There is no “best treatment for insomnia.” Specific treatment recommendations depend on whether the patient has short-term or chronic insomnia, as well as their medical history. Before insomnia treatment can begin, you should meet with your doctor or another credentialed physician to discuss symptoms and receive a diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria for insomnia includes difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up earlier than desired, and resistance going to bed at a reasonable hour. These symptoms must occur for at least 3 months despite adequate opportunities for sleep on a nightly basis. Additionally, you must experience one or more of the following daytime symptoms to receive an insomnia diagnosis: - Fatigue or malaise - Impairments with memory, concentration, or attention - Negative impacts on social, family, occupational, or academic performance - Irritability or disturbed mood - Excessive daytime sleepiness - Hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression, or other behavioral problems - Increased risk for errors and accidents - Lack of motivation or energy An insomnia diagnosis will include a standard medical exam and questionnaire. These procedures allow your doctor to determine whether the insomnia is an isolated condition, or if you’re experiencing insomnia symptoms due to an underlying disease or medical disorder. Documenting your nightly sleep patterns, waking episodes, and alcohol and caffeine intake in a [sleep diary](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/SleepFoundation_SleepDiary.pdf) for one to two weeks prior to this appointment can help your doctor with the diagnosis. Depending on the outcomes of this initial exam and questionnaire, your doctor may recommend an overnight sleep study conducted either at home or a dedicated sleep center. These tests may also be conducted during the day to measure your sleep latency, or how long it takes to fall asleep, and how you feel and perform during the day. Additionally, your doctor may prescribe actigraphy, a monitoring test that requires you to wear a body sensor while you sleep for up to two weeks. Blood tests can also be prescribed to rule out underlying medical conditions that cause insomnia symptoms. Treating insomnia includes two main objectives: improving sleep quality and duration, and reducing associated daytime impairments. CBT-I is considered a first-line treatment for insomnia because it does not carry the health risks associated with sleep medication. In most cases, CBT-I is provided by a licensed psychologist who has received training for this type of treatment. CBT-I focuses on pinpointing the anxieties people with insomnia often have about sleep, and then replacing these anxieties with healthier beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, this type of therapy may consist of one or more of the following components: [![Commercial CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBT-i-1-1024x356.png)![Commercial CTA](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBT-i-Mobile-1.png)](https://sleepdoctor.com/products/cbt-i-sleep-based-program) - Sleep education and hygiene: Educating patients about healthy sleep patterns and lifestyle habits can help them understand why they experience insomnia symptoms. Specifically, sleep hygiene focuses on increasing behaviors that improve sleep quality and quantity while eliminating behaviors that cause sleep problems. For example, a therapist may suggest falling asleep and getting up at the same times each day while discouraging alcohol and caffeine consumption in the hours leading up to bedtime. - Stimulus control: Many people with insomnia experience anxiety at the mere prospect of falling asleep, which can exacerbate and prolong their symptoms. Stimulus control involves a series of steps you can take to reduce these anxieties and develop a positive relationship with your sleep area. These include lying down only when you feel tired, using a bed only for sleep and sex, and setting an alarm for the same time each morning. CBT-i practitioners often encourage sleepers to get up if they are unable to fall asleep after 10 minutes of lying in bed, and to only return to bed when they feel tired. Stimulus control also discourages daytime napping. - Sleep restriction and compression: These two methods aim to improve sleep quality and quantity by reducing the amount of time a person lies in bed. A CBT-i practitioner can use records from a patient’s sleep diary to determine how much time they sleep each night compared to the amount of time they lie in bed awake. Sleep restriction involves a sharp curtailing of time in bed while sleep compression is a more gradual process, but both techniques are intended to achieve the same goal: less time in bed awake each night. - Relaxation: Sleep experts have identified a handful of relaxation techniques that can benefit people with insomnia. These include breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, and meditation. Biofeedback – which helps you control different bodily functions based on your blood pressure, breathing and heart rates, and other metrics – can also be effective for reducing insomnia symptoms and improving sleep. The number of qualified behavioral sleep medicine therapists in the U.S. is fairly limited. You can locate CBT-i providers and verify their credentials through certain professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association, American Board of Sleep Medicine, Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine. ## Say Goodbye to Insomnia Sign up to receive emails about how to improve your sleep, as well as our comprehensive Better Sleep Guidebook. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Email-Capture-Icon.svg) Before taking any medication for insomnia, be sure to consult with your doctor or another credentialed physician. For many people, medication is a last resort after stimulus control, relaxation techniques, and other CBT-i methods have not been effective at improving their sleep. Medications for insomnia fall into several different categories, including: - Benzodiazepines: Known as BZD for short, benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs. A total of five BZDs have been approved for treating insomnia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including those with short-, intermediate-, and long-acting effects. However, BZDs are normally not recommended for long-term insomnia treatment because there is a high potential for abuse and dependence; all five insomnia BZDs are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances under the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Additionally, people who take these drugs often develop a tolerance for their sedative effects. - Nonbenzodiazepines: This class of drugs – known as Z drugs for short – was created to provide the same relief as BZDs while reducing the adverse effects and abuse potential. That said, Z drugs (like Ambien) also require a prescription and the DEA has classified them as Schedule IV controlled substances. - Melatonin agonist: In the evening as natural light begins to fade, the pineal gland of your brain produces melatonin, a hormone that induces feelings of sleepiness and relaxation. The medication known as ramelteon acts as a melatonin receptor agonist, and can be used to treat insomnia related to sleep onset, or falling asleep. The effects of ramelteon tend to be less severe compared to BZDs and Z drugs, though patients often experience dizziness, nausea, and fatigue. - Orexin receptor antagonist: Orexins are neurotransmitters in the body that regulate feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness. The drug known as suvorexant acts as an orexin receptor antagonist, and can be used as a sleep onset or sleep maintenance insomnia treatment. Suvorexant is a Schedule IV controlled substance. - Off-label treatments: Certain medications primarily intended to treat other conditions may also reduce insomnia symptoms. These include certain antidepressants and antipsychotic medications. They may be prescribed in some cases. - Over-the-counter medications: Certain over-the-counter antihistamines have sedating properties and can serve as sleep aids. Melatonin supplements intended to help balance the levels of melatonin in your body are also available. While they don’t require prescriptions, always speak to a doctor before trying an over-the-counter option. Lastly, a word about natural treatment for insomnia options. Historically people have used herbal supplements such as valerian and kava to reduce insomnia symptoms and improve their sleep. Some recent findings indicate these supplements may not be as safe as once thought. Both valerian and kava have been linked to adverse side effects, and are generally not recommended to treat insomnia. ![](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/themes/onecaremedia-child/assets/images/sf-question-bubble.svg) ### Still have questions? Ask our community\! Join our [Sleep Care Community](https://community.sleepfoundation.org/) — a trusted hub of sleep health professionals, product specialists, and people just like you. Whether you need expert sleep advice for your insomnia or you’re searching for the perfect mattress, we’ve got you covered. Get personalized guidance from the experts who know sleep best. ![Logan Foley](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/logan-headshot-150x150.jpg) Written By ### Logan Foley, Editorial Director Logan is a Certified Sleep Science Coach with a deep understanding of what it means to struggle with sleep. Her years of experience researching and testing sleep products – including mattresses, natural sleep aids, and bedding – are critical to her role helping lead the editorial team. When she’s not testing mattresses or researching CBT-I, she enjoys spending time in the sunshine with her husband and her dogs Pepper and Winston. ![Alex Dimitriu, MD](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Alex-Dimitriu-SF-150x150.jpg) Medically Reviewed by ### Alex Dimitriu, MD, Psychiatrist MD Dr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. [Learn more about our Editorial Team](https://www.sleepfoundation.org/about-us/who-we-are#team) ## References 8 Sources 1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders – Third Edition (ICSD-3). Darien, IL. <https://aasm.org/> 2. Bhaskar, S., Hemavathy, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5(4), 780–784. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28348990/> 3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). Sleep studies., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from <https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-studies> 4. Lie, J., Tu, K., Shen, D., & Wong, B. (2015). Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(11), 759–768. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4634348/> 5. Siebhern, A. (2019, April 21). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia (CBTi) Defined. Psychology Today., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from <https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-health-and-wellness/201904/cognitive-behavioral-treatment-insomnia-cbti-defined> 6. Williams, J., Roth, A., Vatthauer, K., & McCrae, C. (2013). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia. Chest, 143(2), 554–565. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694188/> 7. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, August 25). Biofeedback. MedlinePlus., Retrieved September 9, 2020, from <https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002241.htm> 8. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). 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