🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 11 (from laksa199)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa011.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/","crawl_time":1775806349,"first_indexed_time":1658156340,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,scribbr!www,\/citation\/generator\/ s443","src_root_hash":"9175914091137272011","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Free Citation Generator | APA, MLA, Chicago | Scribbr","meta_descriptions":["Generate citations in APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard style with Scribbr’s free Citation Generator. Trusted by students worldwide."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Perfectly formatted references every time\nInaccurate citations can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned citation experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr’s citation generator algorithms. We’re proud to be recommended by teachers and universities worldwide.\nA quick guide to working with sources\nWorking with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.\nIt includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.\nThis quick guide will help you get started!\nFinding relevant sources\nSources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:\nResearch databases:\nDatabases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this\nlist of databases by academic discipline\n. Another good starting point is\nGoogle Scholar\n.\nYour institution’s library:\nUse your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.\nOther online resources:\nConsult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.\nWhen using academic databases or search engines, you can use\nBoolean operators\nto refine your results.\nScribbr Citation Generator\nGenerate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds\nGet started\nEvaluating sources\nIn academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.\nCRAAP test\nCRAAP\nis an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.\nCurrency:\nDoes the source reflect recent research?\nRelevance:\nIs the source related to your research topic?\nAuthority:\nIs it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?\nAccuracy:\nDoes the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?\nPurpose:\nWhat is the author’s intention?\nLateral reading\nLateral reading\nmeans comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:\nVerify evidence\nContextualize information\nFind potential weaknesses\nIf a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.\nIntegrating sources into your work\nOnce you have found information that you want to include in your paper,\nsignal phrases\ncan help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:\nFunction\nExample sentence\nSignal words and phrases\nNeutral:\nYou present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis.\nAccording to\nrecent research, food services are responsible for one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.\nAccording to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes\nSupportive:\nA position is taken in agreement with what came before.\nRecent research\nhas confirmed\nEinstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole.\nAgrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports\nArgumentative:\nA position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing.\nAllen Ginsberg\ndenies the importance of\nartistic revision …\nArgues, contends, denies, insists, maintains\nFollowing the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.\nQuoting\n:\nThis means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a\nblock quote\n. Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.\nParaphrasing\n:\nThis means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.\nSummarizing\n:\nThis means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.\nCiting sources\nWhenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.\nCiting your sources is important because it:\nAllows you to\navoid plagiarism\nEstablishes the credentials of your sources\nBacks up your arguments with evidence\nAllows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions\nThe most common\ncitation styles\nare APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.\nScribbr Citation Generator\nGenerate APA, MLA, Chicago,  and Harvard citations in seconds\nGet started\nTools and resources\nScribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:\nCitation Generator:\nAutomatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s\nAPA Citation Generator,\nMLA Citation Generator\n,\nHarvard Referencing Generator\n, and\nChicago Citation Generator\n.\nPlagiarism Checker\n:\nDetect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Scribbr plagiarism software available to students.\nAI Proofreader:\nUpload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free!\nParaphrasing tool:\nAvoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.\nAI Humanizer\n: Make your AI-generated texts sound like you.\nGrammar checker\n:\nEliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.\nSummarizer:\nRead more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.\nAI detector:\nFind out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.\nProofreading services\n:\nHave a human editor improve your writing.\nCitation checker:\nCheck your work for citation errors and missing citations.\nKnowledge Base\n:\nExplore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.","attrs_markdown":"- [FAQ](https:\/\/help.scribbr.com\/hc\/en-us)\n- [About us](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/#aboutus)\n  - [Our editors](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/about-us\/editors\/)\n  - [Team](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/about-us\/)\n  - [Jobs](https:\/\/jobs.scribbr.com\/)\n  - [Contact](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/contact\/)\n- Log in\n- [Search](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/?s=)\n\n[![Company logo](https:\/\/assets.quillbot.com\/libs\/cgs\/18fbb7d2\/citation-generator-suite\/public\/assets\/images\/logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/)\n\n- [Plagiarism](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/plagiarism-checker.svg)Plagiarism Checker Catch accidental plagiarism, using similar software as universities.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/ai-detector.svg)AI Detector Detect AI-generated content like ChatGPT.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-detector\/)\n- [Proofreading](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/human-proofreading.svg)Human Proofreading Professional editing in just 3 hours.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/ai-proofreading.svg)AI-Proofreading Improve your entire paper within 5 minutes.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-proofreader\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/grammar-checker.svg)Grammar Checker Check small text fragments to check for errors.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/grammar-checker\/)\n  \n  Our experts can help with your:\n  \n  - [Paper](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/paper-editing-service\/)\n  - [Thesis](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/thesis\/)\n  - [Dissertation](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/dissertation-editing-service\/)\n  - [College admission essay](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/essay-editing-service\/)\n  - [APA editing](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/apa-editing-services\/)\n  - [Personal statement](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/personal-statement-editing\/)\n  - [Academic writing](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/academic\/)\n  - [Paper Formatting](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/paper-formatting\/)\n- [Citing](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/citation-generator.svg)Citation Generator Generate accurate citations, verified by experts.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/citation-checker.svg)Improve your citations Use human experts or AI to perfect your citations.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/checker\/)\n  \n  Generate these styles:\n  \n  - [APA](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/apa\/)\n  - [MLA](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/mla\/)\n  - [Chicago style](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/chicago\/)\n  - [AMA](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/ama\/)\n  - [IEEE](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/ieee\/)\n  - [ACS](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/acs\/)\n- [AI Writing](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-writing\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/paraphrasing.svg)Paraphrasing Tool Rewrite texts in your own words.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/paraphrasing-tool\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/grammar-checker.svg)Grammar Checker Check small text fragments to check for errors.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/grammar-checker\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/summarizer.svg)Summarizer Extract key points and read more in less time.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/text-summarizer\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/ai-detector.svg)AI Detector Detect AI-generated content like ChatGPT.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-detector\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/ai-proofreading.svg)AI Proofreader Improve your entire paper within 5 minutes.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-proofreader\/)\n  - [![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/navigation\/main\/icons\/humanizer.svg)AI Humanizer Make AI writing sound natural and human.](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/humanize-ai\/)\n- [Learn](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/knowledge-base\/)\n\nSign up\n\n![Company logo](https:\/\/assets.quillbot.com\/libs\/cgs\/18fbb7d2\/citation-generator-suite\/public\/assets\/images\/logo-icon-original.svg)\n\n- [FAQ](https:\/\/help.scribbr.com\/hc\/en-us)\n- About us\n- [Log in](http:\/\/\/\/app.scribbr.com\/dashboard)\n\n🇺🇸\n\nBack\n\n# Scribbr Citation Generator\nAccurate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations, verified by experts, trusted by millions\n\nCite manually\n\n![](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/scribbr-for-chrome.webp)\n\n## Scribbr for Chrome: Your shortcut to citations\nCite any page or article with a single click right from your browser. The extension does the hard work for you by **automatically grabbing the title, author(s), publication date, and everything else needed** to whip up the perfect citation.\n\n[Add to Chrome. It's free\\!](https:\/\/chrome.google.com\/webstore\/detail\/scribbr-citation-generato\/epbobagokhieoonfplomdklollconnkl?utm_source=scribbr&utm_medium=landing-page&utm_campaign=page-section)\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ⚙️ Styles | APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard |\n| 📚 Source types | Websites, books, articles |\n| 🔎 Autocite | Search by title, URL, DOI, or ISBN |\n\n![APA Citation Generator team](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/apa-citation-generator-team.png)\n\n## Perfectly formatted references every time\nInaccurate citations can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned citation experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr’s citation generator algorithms. We’re proud to be recommended by teachers and universities worldwide.\n\n## Citation Generator features you'll love\n### Autocite\nLook up your source by its title, URL, ISBN, or DOI, and let Scribbr find and fill in all the relevant information automatically.\n\n### APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard\nGenerate flawless citations according to the official APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard style, or many other rules.\n\n### Export to Word\nWhen your reference list is complete, export it to Word. We’ll apply the official formatting guidelines automatically.\n\n### Lists and folders\nCreate separate reference lists for each of your assignments to stay organized. You can also group related lists into folders.\n\n### Export to Bib(La)TeX\nAre you using a LaTex editor like Overleaf? If so, you can easily export your references in Bib(La)TeX format with a single click.\n\n### Custom fonts\nChange the typeface used for your reference list to match the rest of your document. Options include Times New Roman, Arial, and Calibri.\n\n### Industry-standard technology\nScribbr’s Citation Generator is built using the same [citation software (CSL)](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/frequently-asked-questions\/citation-software\/) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy.\n\n### Annotations\nDescribe or evaluate your sources in annotations, and Scribbr will generate a perfectly formatted [annotated bibliography](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-style\/apa-reference-page\/#annotated-bilbiography).\n\n### Citation guides\nScribbr’s popular guides and videos will help you understand everything related to finding, evaluating, and citing sources.\n\n### Secure backup\nYour work is saved automatically after every change and stored securely in your Scribbr account.\n\n# A quick guide to working with sources\nWorking with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.\n\nIt includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.\n\nThis quick guide will help you get started\\!\n\n## Finding relevant sources\nSources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:\n\n- **Research databases:** Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this [list of databases by academic discipline](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/finding-sources\/#databases). Another good starting point is [Google Scholar](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/).\n- **Your institution’s library:** Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.\n- **Other online resources:** Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.\n\nWhen using academic databases or search engines, you can use [Boolean operators](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/boolean-operators\/) to refine your results.\n\nScribbr Citation Generator\n\n## Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds\n\n[Get started](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/#top)\n## Evaluating sources\nIn academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.\n\n### CRAAP test\n[CRAAP](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/craap-test\/) is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.\n\n- **Currency:** Does the source reflect recent research?\n- **Relevance:** Is the source related to your research topic?\n- **Authority:** Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?\n- **Accuracy:** Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?\n- **Purpose:** What is the author’s intention?\n### Lateral reading\n[Lateral reading](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/evaluating-sources\/#lateral) means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:\n\n- Verify evidence\n- Contextualize information\n- Find potential weaknesses\n\nIf a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.\n\n## Integrating sources into your work\nOnce you have found information that you want to include in your paper, [signal phrases](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/signal-phrases\/) can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:\n\n| Function | Example sentence | Signal words and phrases |\n|---|---|---|\n| **Neutral:** You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis. | **According to** recent research, food services are responsible for one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. | According to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes |\n| **Supportive:** A position is taken in agreement with what came before. | Recent research **has confirmed** Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole. | Agrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports |\n| **Argumentative:** A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing. | Allen Ginsberg **denies the importance of** artistic revision … | Argues, contends, denies, insists, maintains |\n\nFollowing the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.\n\n- **[Quoting](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/how-to-quote\/):** This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a [block quote](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/block-quote\/). Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.\n- **[Paraphrasing](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/how-to-paraphrase\/):** This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.\n- **[Summarizing](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/?p=48367):** This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.\n## Citing sources\nWhenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.\n\nCiting your sources is important because it:\n\n- Allows you to [avoid plagiarism](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/how-to-avoid-plagiarism\/)\n- Establishes the credentials of your sources\n- Backs up your arguments with evidence\n- Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions\n\nThe most common [citation styles](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/citation-styles\/) are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.\n\nScribbr Citation Generator\n\n## Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds\n\n[Get started](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/#top)\n## Tools and resources\nScribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:\n\n- **Citation Generator:** Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s [APA Citation Generator,](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/apa\/) [MLA Citation Generator](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/mla\/), [Harvard Referencing Generator](https:\/\/www.scribbr.co.uk\/referencing\/generator\/harvard\/), and [Chicago Citation Generator](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/chicago\/).\n- **[Plagiarism Checker](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/):** Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Scribbr plagiarism software available to students.\n- [**AI Proofreader:**](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-proofreader\/) Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free\\!\n- [**Paraphrasing tool:**](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/paraphrasing-tool\/) Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.\n- [**AI Humanizer**](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/humanize-ai\/): Make your AI-generated texts sound like you.\n- **[Grammar checker](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/grammar-checker\/):** Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.\n- [****Summarizer:****](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/text-summarizer\/) Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.\n- **[AI detector:](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-detector\/)** Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.\n- **[Proofreading services](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/):** Have a human editor improve your writing.\n- **[Citation checker:](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/checker\/)** Check your work for citation errors and missing citations.\n- **[Knowledge Base](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/knowledge-base\/):** Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.\n\n![Scribbr](https:\/\/assets.quillbot.com\/libs\/cgs\/18fbb7d2\/citation-generator-suite\/public\/assets\/images\/logo_mark.svg)\n\n#### Scribbr\n- [Our editors](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/about-us\/editors\/)\n- [Jobs](https:\/\/jobs.scribbr.com\/)\n- [Partners](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/about-us\/partners\/)\n- [FAQ](https:\/\/help.scribbr.com\/hc\/en-us)\n- [Copyright, Community Guidelines, DSA & other Legal Resources](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/legal\/copyright-community-guidelines-dsa-other\/)\n\n#### Our services\n- [Plagiarism Checker](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/)\n- [AI Proofreader](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-proofreader\/?scr_source=footer&scr_medium=footer&scr_campaign=ai-proofreader)\n- [AI Humanizer](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/humanize-ai\/)\n- [Spell Checker](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/spell-checker\/)\n- [Essay Checker](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/essay-checker\/)\n- [Paragraph Rewriter](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/paragraph-rewriter\/)\n- [Sentence Rewriter](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/sentence-rewriter\/)\n- [Rewording Tool](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/rewording-tool\/)\n- [Chat PDF](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/chat-pdf\/)\n#### Contact\n\n🇺🇸\n\n[![paypal](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/paymentlogos\/new\/paypal.svg) ![mc](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/paymentlogos\/new\/mc.svg) ![visa](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/paymentlogos\/new\/visa.svg) ![amex](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/paymentlogos\/new\/amex.svg) ![wechatpay](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/paymentlogos\/new\/wechatpay.svg) ![alipay](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/paymentlogos\/new\/alipay.svg) ![googlepay](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/paymentlogos\/new\/googlepay.svg) ![applepay](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/themes\/scribbr-2017\/img\/paymentlogos\/new\/applepay.svg)](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/frequently-asked-questions\/which-payment-methods-do-you-accept\/)\n\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/legal\/privacy-policy\/)\n- [Cookie preferences](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/)\n- [Happiness guarantee](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/happiness-guarantee\/)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/legal\/terms-of-use\/)","attrs_readable_markdown":"![APA Citation Generator team](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/apa-citation-generator-team.png)\n\n## Perfectly formatted references every time\nInaccurate citations can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned citation experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr’s citation generator algorithms. We’re proud to be recommended by teachers and universities worldwide.\n\n## A quick guide to working with sources\nWorking with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.\n\nIt includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.\n\nThis quick guide will help you get started\\!\n\n## Finding relevant sources\nSources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:\n\n- **Research databases:** Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this [list of databases by academic discipline](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/finding-sources\/#databases). Another good starting point is [Google Scholar](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/).\n- **Your institution’s library:** Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.\n- **Other online resources:** Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.\n\nWhen using academic databases or search engines, you can use [Boolean operators](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/boolean-operators\/) to refine your results.\n\nScribbr Citation Generator\n\n## Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds\n\n[Get started](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/#top)\n## Evaluating sources\nIn academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.\n\n### CRAAP test\n[CRAAP](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/craap-test\/) is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.\n\n- **Currency:** Does the source reflect recent research?\n- **Relevance:** Is the source related to your research topic?\n- **Authority:** Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?\n- **Accuracy:** Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?\n- **Purpose:** What is the author’s intention?\n### Lateral reading\n[Lateral reading](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/evaluating-sources\/#lateral) means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:\n\n- Verify evidence\n- Contextualize information\n- Find potential weaknesses\n\nIf a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.\n\n## Integrating sources into your work\nOnce you have found information that you want to include in your paper, [signal phrases](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/signal-phrases\/) can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:\n\n| Function | Example sentence | Signal words and phrases |\n|---|---|---|\n| **Neutral:** You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis. | **According to** recent research, food services are responsible for one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. | According to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes |\n| **Supportive:** A position is taken in agreement with what came before. | Recent research **has confirmed** Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole. | Agrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports |\n| **Argumentative:** A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing. | Allen Ginsberg **denies the importance of** artistic revision … | Argues, contends, denies, insists, maintains |\n\nFollowing the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.\n\n- **[Quoting](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/how-to-quote\/):** This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a [block quote](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/block-quote\/). Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.\n- **[Paraphrasing](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/how-to-paraphrase\/):** This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.\n- **[Summarizing](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/?p=48367):** This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.\n## Citing sources\nWhenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.\n\nCiting your sources is important because it:\n\n- Allows you to [avoid plagiarism](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/how-to-avoid-plagiarism\/)\n- Establishes the credentials of your sources\n- Backs up your arguments with evidence\n- Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions\n\nThe most common [citation styles](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/citation-styles\/) are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.\n\nScribbr Citation Generator\n\n## Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds\n\n[Get started](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/#top)\n## Tools and resources\nScribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:\n\n- **Citation Generator:** Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s [APA Citation Generator,](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/apa\/) [MLA Citation Generator](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/mla\/), [Harvard Referencing Generator](https:\/\/www.scribbr.co.uk\/referencing\/generator\/harvard\/), and [Chicago Citation Generator](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/chicago\/).\n- **[Plagiarism Checker](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/):** Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Scribbr plagiarism software available to students.\n- [**AI Proofreader:**](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-proofreader\/) Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free\\!\n- [**Paraphrasing tool:**](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/paraphrasing-tool\/) Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.\n- [**AI Humanizer**](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/humanize-ai\/): Make your AI-generated texts sound like you.\n- **[Grammar checker](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/grammar-checker\/):** Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.\n- [****Summarizer:****](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/text-summarizer\/) Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.\n- **[AI detector:](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/ai-detector\/)** Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.\n- **[Proofreading services](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/proofreading-editing\/):** Have a human editor improve your writing.\n- **[Citation checker:](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/checker\/)** Check your work for citation errors and missing citations.\n- **[Knowledge Base](https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/knowledge-base\/):** Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"{\"\/Jobs_and_Education\":858,\"\/Jobs_and_Education\/Education\":855,\"\/Jobs_and_Education\/Education\/Teaching_and_Classroom_Resources\":369,\"\/Reference\":341,\"\/Reference\/Technical_Reference\":184}","ml_types_json":"{\"\/Core_Page\":418,\"\/Core_Page\/Services_Page\":397}","ml_intent_types_json":"{\"Informational\":825,\"Commercial\":261,\"Transactional\":105}","meta_language":"en-us","attrs_author":null,"attrs_publish_time":1739783306,"attrs_original_publish_time":1658156340,"attrs_is_republished":1,"attrs_nr_words":"1505","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"958","body_ext_links_number":10,"body_int_links_number":60,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":0,"props_was_rendered":0,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":397,"download_ttfb_msec":330,"download_size":37561}

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Free Citation Generator | APA, MLA, Chicago | Scribbr

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Generate citations in APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard style with Scribbr’s free Citation Generator. Trusted by students worldwide.

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null

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Perfectly formatted references every time Inaccurate citations can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned citation experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr’s citation generator algorithms. We’re proud to be recommended by teachers and universities worldwide. A quick guide to working with sources Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career. It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing. This quick guide will help you get started! Finding relevant sources Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources: Research databases: Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this list of databases by academic discipline . Another good starting point is Google Scholar . Your institution’s library: Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic. Other online resources: Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources. When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results. Scribbr Citation Generator Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds Get started Evaluating sources In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading. CRAAP test CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information. Currency: Does the source reflect recent research? Relevance: Is the source related to your research topic? Authority: Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field? Accuracy: Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence? Purpose: What is the author’s intention? Lateral reading Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to: Verify evidence Contextualize information Find potential weaknesses If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable. Integrating sources into your work Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples: Function Example sentence Signal words and phrases Neutral: You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis. According to recent research, food services are responsible for one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. According to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes Supportive: A position is taken in agreement with what came before. Recent research has confirmed Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole. Agrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports Argumentative: A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing. Allen Ginsberg denies the importance of artistic revision … Argues, contends, denies, insists, maintains Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source. Quoting : This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a block quote . Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself. Paraphrasing : This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source. Summarizing : This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text. Citing sources Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author. Citing your sources is important because it: Allows you to avoid plagiarism Establishes the credentials of your sources Backs up your arguments with evidence Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions The most common citation styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations. Scribbr Citation Generator Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds Get started Tools and resources Scribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks: Citation Generator: Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator, MLA Citation Generator , Harvard Referencing Generator , and Chicago Citation Generator . Plagiarism Checker : Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Scribbr plagiarism software available to students. AI Proofreader: Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free! Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better. AI Humanizer : Make your AI-generated texts sound like you. Grammar checker : Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes. Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points. AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported. Proofreading services : Have a human editor improve your writing. Citation checker: Check your work for citation errors and missing citations. Knowledge Base : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

Markdown

- [FAQ](https://help.scribbr.com/hc/en-us) - [About us](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/#aboutus) - [Our editors](https://www.scribbr.com/about-us/editors/) - [Team](https://www.scribbr.com/about-us/) - [Jobs](https://jobs.scribbr.com/) - [Contact](https://www.scribbr.com/contact/) - Log in - [Search](https://www.scribbr.com/?s=) [![Company logo](https://assets.quillbot.com/libs/cgs/18fbb7d2/citation-generator-suite/public/assets/images/logo.svg)](https://www.scribbr.com/) - [Plagiarism](https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism-checker/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/plagiarism-checker.svg)Plagiarism Checker Catch accidental plagiarism, using similar software as universities.](https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism-checker/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/ai-detector.svg)AI Detector Detect AI-generated content like ChatGPT.](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/) - [Proofreading](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/human-proofreading.svg)Human Proofreading Professional editing in just 3 hours.](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/ai-proofreading.svg)AI-Proofreading Improve your entire paper within 5 minutes.](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-proofreader/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/grammar-checker.svg)Grammar Checker Check small text fragments to check for errors.](https://www.scribbr.com/grammar-checker/) Our experts can help with your: - [Paper](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/paper-editing-service/) - [Thesis](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/thesis/) - [Dissertation](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/dissertation-editing-service/) - [College admission essay](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/essay-editing-service/) - [APA editing](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/apa-editing-services/) - [Personal statement](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/personal-statement-editing/) - [Academic writing](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/academic/) - [Paper Formatting](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/paper-formatting/) - [Citing](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/citation-generator.svg)Citation Generator Generate accurate citations, verified by experts.](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/citation-checker.svg)Improve your citations Use human experts or AI to perfect your citations.](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/checker/) Generate these styles: - [APA](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/apa/) - [MLA](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/mla/) - [Chicago style](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/chicago/) - [AMA](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/ama/) - [IEEE](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/ieee/) - [ACS](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/acs/) - [AI Writing](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-writing/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/paraphrasing.svg)Paraphrasing Tool Rewrite texts in your own words.](https://www.scribbr.com/paraphrasing-tool/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/grammar-checker.svg)Grammar Checker Check small text fragments to check for errors.](https://www.scribbr.com/grammar-checker/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/summarizer.svg)Summarizer Extract key points and read more in less time.](https://www.scribbr.com/text-summarizer/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/ai-detector.svg)AI Detector Detect AI-generated content like ChatGPT.](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/ai-proofreading.svg)AI Proofreader Improve your entire paper within 5 minutes.](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-proofreader/) - [![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/navigation/main/icons/humanizer.svg)AI Humanizer Make AI writing sound natural and human.](https://www.scribbr.com/humanize-ai/) - [Learn](https://www.scribbr.com/knowledge-base/) Sign up ![Company logo](https://assets.quillbot.com/libs/cgs/18fbb7d2/citation-generator-suite/public/assets/images/logo-icon-original.svg) - [FAQ](https://help.scribbr.com/hc/en-us) - About us - [Log in](http:////app.scribbr.com/dashboard) 🇺🇸 Back # Scribbr Citation Generator Accurate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations, verified by experts, trusted by millions Cite manually ![](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/scribbr-for-chrome.webp) ## Scribbr for Chrome: Your shortcut to citations Cite any page or article with a single click right from your browser. The extension does the hard work for you by **automatically grabbing the title, author(s), publication date, and everything else needed** to whip up the perfect citation. [Add to Chrome. It's free\!](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/scribbr-citation-generato/epbobagokhieoonfplomdklollconnkl?utm_source=scribbr&utm_medium=landing-page&utm_campaign=page-section) | | | |---|---| | ⚙️ Styles | APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard | | 📚 Source types | Websites, books, articles | | 🔎 Autocite | Search by title, URL, DOI, or ISBN | ![APA Citation Generator team](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/apa-citation-generator-team.png) ## Perfectly formatted references every time Inaccurate citations can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned citation experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr’s citation generator algorithms. We’re proud to be recommended by teachers and universities worldwide. ## Citation Generator features you'll love ### Autocite Look up your source by its title, URL, ISBN, or DOI, and let Scribbr find and fill in all the relevant information automatically. ### APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard Generate flawless citations according to the official APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard style, or many other rules. ### Export to Word When your reference list is complete, export it to Word. We’ll apply the official formatting guidelines automatically. ### Lists and folders Create separate reference lists for each of your assignments to stay organized. You can also group related lists into folders. ### Export to Bib(La)TeX Are you using a LaTex editor like Overleaf? If so, you can easily export your references in Bib(La)TeX format with a single click. ### Custom fonts Change the typeface used for your reference list to match the rest of your document. Options include Times New Roman, Arial, and Calibri. ### Industry-standard technology Scribbr’s Citation Generator is built using the same [citation software (CSL)](https://www.scribbr.com/frequently-asked-questions/citation-software/) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy. ### Annotations Describe or evaluate your sources in annotations, and Scribbr will generate a perfectly formatted [annotated bibliography](https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-reference-page/#annotated-bilbiography). ### Citation guides Scribbr’s popular guides and videos will help you understand everything related to finding, evaluating, and citing sources. ### Secure backup Your work is saved automatically after every change and stored securely in your Scribbr account. # A quick guide to working with sources Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career. It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing. This quick guide will help you get started\! ## Finding relevant sources Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources: - **Research databases:** Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this [list of databases by academic discipline](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/finding-sources/#databases). Another good starting point is [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/). - **Your institution’s library:** Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic. - **Other online resources:** Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources. When using academic databases or search engines, you can use [Boolean operators](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/boolean-operators/) to refine your results. Scribbr Citation Generator ## Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds [Get started](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/#top) ## Evaluating sources In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading. ### CRAAP test [CRAAP](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/craap-test/) is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information. - **Currency:** Does the source reflect recent research? - **Relevance:** Is the source related to your research topic? - **Authority:** Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field? - **Accuracy:** Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence? - **Purpose:** What is the author’s intention? ### Lateral reading [Lateral reading](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/evaluating-sources/#lateral) means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to: - Verify evidence - Contextualize information - Find potential weaknesses If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable. ## Integrating sources into your work Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, [signal phrases](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/signal-phrases/) can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples: | Function | Example sentence | Signal words and phrases | |---|---|---| | **Neutral:** You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis. | **According to** recent research, food services are responsible for one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. | According to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes | | **Supportive:** A position is taken in agreement with what came before. | Recent research **has confirmed** Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole. | Agrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports | | **Argumentative:** A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing. | Allen Ginsberg **denies the importance of** artistic revision … | Argues, contends, denies, insists, maintains | Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source. - **[Quoting](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/how-to-quote/):** This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a [block quote](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/block-quote/). Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself. - **[Paraphrasing](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/how-to-paraphrase/):** This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source. - **[Summarizing](https://www.scribbr.com/?p=48367):** This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text. ## Citing sources Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author. Citing your sources is important because it: - Allows you to [avoid plagiarism](https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism/how-to-avoid-plagiarism/) - Establishes the credentials of your sources - Backs up your arguments with evidence - Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions The most common [citation styles](https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-styles/) are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations. Scribbr Citation Generator ## Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds [Get started](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/#top) ## Tools and resources Scribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks: - **Citation Generator:** Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s [APA Citation Generator,](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/apa/) [MLA Citation Generator](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/mla/), [Harvard Referencing Generator](https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/generator/harvard/), and [Chicago Citation Generator](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/chicago/). - **[Plagiarism Checker](https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism-checker/):** Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Scribbr plagiarism software available to students. - [**AI Proofreader:**](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-proofreader/) Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free\! - [**Paraphrasing tool:**](https://www.scribbr.com/paraphrasing-tool/) Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better. - [**AI Humanizer**](https://www.scribbr.com/humanize-ai/): Make your AI-generated texts sound like you. - **[Grammar checker](https://www.scribbr.com/grammar-checker/):** Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes. - [****Summarizer:****](https://www.scribbr.com/text-summarizer/) Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points. - **[AI detector:](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/)** Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported. - **[Proofreading services](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/):** Have a human editor improve your writing. - **[Citation checker:](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/checker/)** Check your work for citation errors and missing citations. - **[Knowledge Base](https://www.scribbr.com/knowledge-base/):** Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation. ![Scribbr](https://assets.quillbot.com/libs/cgs/18fbb7d2/citation-generator-suite/public/assets/images/logo_mark.svg) #### Scribbr - [Our editors](https://www.scribbr.com/about-us/editors/) - [Jobs](https://jobs.scribbr.com/) - [Partners](https://www.scribbr.com/about-us/partners/) - [FAQ](https://help.scribbr.com/hc/en-us) - [Copyright, Community Guidelines, DSA & other Legal Resources](https://www.scribbr.com/legal/copyright-community-guidelines-dsa-other/) #### Our services - [Plagiarism Checker](https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism-checker/) - [AI Proofreader](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-proofreader/?scr_source=footer&scr_medium=footer&scr_campaign=ai-proofreader) - [AI Humanizer](https://www.scribbr.com/humanize-ai/) - [Spell Checker](https://www.scribbr.com/spell-checker/) - [Essay Checker](https://www.scribbr.com/essay-checker/) - [Paragraph Rewriter](https://www.scribbr.com/paragraph-rewriter/) - [Sentence Rewriter](https://www.scribbr.com/sentence-rewriter/) - [Rewording Tool](https://www.scribbr.com/rewording-tool/) - [Chat PDF](https://www.scribbr.com/chat-pdf/) #### Contact 🇺🇸 [![paypal](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/paymentlogos/new/paypal.svg) ![mc](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/paymentlogos/new/mc.svg) ![visa](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/paymentlogos/new/visa.svg) ![amex](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/paymentlogos/new/amex.svg) ![wechatpay](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/paymentlogos/new/wechatpay.svg) ![alipay](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/paymentlogos/new/alipay.svg) ![googlepay](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/paymentlogos/new/googlepay.svg) ![applepay](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/themes/scribbr-2017/img/paymentlogos/new/applepay.svg)](https://www.scribbr.com/frequently-asked-questions/which-payment-methods-do-you-accept/) - [Privacy Policy](https://www.scribbr.com/legal/privacy-policy/) - [Cookie preferences](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/) - [Happiness guarantee](https://www.scribbr.com/happiness-guarantee/) - [Terms of Use](https://www.scribbr.com/legal/terms-of-use/)

Readable Markdown

![APA Citation Generator team](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/apa-citation-generator-team.png) ## Perfectly formatted references every time Inaccurate citations can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned citation experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr’s citation generator algorithms. We’re proud to be recommended by teachers and universities worldwide. ## A quick guide to working with sources Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career. It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing. This quick guide will help you get started\! ## Finding relevant sources Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources: - **Research databases:** Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this [list of databases by academic discipline](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/finding-sources/#databases). Another good starting point is [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/). - **Your institution’s library:** Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic. - **Other online resources:** Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources. When using academic databases or search engines, you can use [Boolean operators](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/boolean-operators/) to refine your results. Scribbr Citation Generator ## Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds [Get started](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/#top) ## Evaluating sources In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading. ### CRAAP test [CRAAP](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/craap-test/) is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information. - **Currency:** Does the source reflect recent research? - **Relevance:** Is the source related to your research topic? - **Authority:** Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field? - **Accuracy:** Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence? - **Purpose:** What is the author’s intention? ### Lateral reading [Lateral reading](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/evaluating-sources/#lateral) means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to: - Verify evidence - Contextualize information - Find potential weaknesses If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable. ## Integrating sources into your work Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, [signal phrases](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/signal-phrases/) can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples: | Function | Example sentence | Signal words and phrases | |---|---|---| | **Neutral:** You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis. | **According to** recent research, food services are responsible for one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. | According to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes | | **Supportive:** A position is taken in agreement with what came before. | Recent research **has confirmed** Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole. | Agrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports | | **Argumentative:** A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing. | Allen Ginsberg **denies the importance of** artistic revision … | Argues, contends, denies, insists, maintains | Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source. - **[Quoting](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/how-to-quote/):** This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a [block quote](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/block-quote/). Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself. - **[Paraphrasing](https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/how-to-paraphrase/):** This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source. - **[Summarizing](https://www.scribbr.com/?p=48367):** This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text. ## Citing sources Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author. Citing your sources is important because it: - Allows you to [avoid plagiarism](https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism/how-to-avoid-plagiarism/) - Establishes the credentials of your sources - Backs up your arguments with evidence - Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions The most common [citation styles](https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-styles/) are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations. Scribbr Citation Generator ## Generate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations in seconds [Get started](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/#top) ## Tools and resources Scribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks: - **Citation Generator:** Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s [APA Citation Generator,](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/apa/) [MLA Citation Generator](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/mla/), [Harvard Referencing Generator](https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/generator/harvard/), and [Chicago Citation Generator](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/chicago/). - **[Plagiarism Checker](https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism-checker/):** Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Scribbr plagiarism software available to students. - [**AI Proofreader:**](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-proofreader/) Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free\! - [**Paraphrasing tool:**](https://www.scribbr.com/paraphrasing-tool/) Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better. - [**AI Humanizer**](https://www.scribbr.com/humanize-ai/): Make your AI-generated texts sound like you. - **[Grammar checker](https://www.scribbr.com/grammar-checker/):** Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes. - [****Summarizer:****](https://www.scribbr.com/text-summarizer/) Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points. - **[AI detector:](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/)** Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported. - **[Proofreading services](https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/):** Have a human editor improve your writing. - **[Citation checker:](https://www.scribbr.com/citation/checker/)** Check your work for citation errors and missing citations. - **[Knowledge Base](https://www.scribbr.com/knowledge-base/):** Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

ML Classification

ML Categories

/Jobs_and_Education		85.8%
/Jobs_and_Education/Education		85.5%
/Jobs_and_Education/Education/Teaching_and_Classroom_Resources		36.9%
/Reference		34.1%
/Reference/Technical_Reference		18.4%

Raw JSON

{
    "/Jobs_and_Education": 858,
    "/Jobs_and_Education/Education": 855,
    "/Jobs_and_Education/Education/Teaching_and_Classroom_Resources": 369,
    "/Reference": 341,
    "/Reference/Technical_Reference": 184
}

ML Page Types

/Core_Page		41.8%
/Core_Page/Services_Page		39.7%

Raw JSON

{
    "/Core_Page": 418,
    "/Core_Page/Services_Page": 397
}

ML Intent Types

Informational		82.5%
Commercial		26.1%
Transactional		10.5%

Raw JSON

{
    "Informational": 825,
    "Commercial": 261,
    "Transactional": 105
}

Content Metadata

Language

en-us

Author

null

Publish Time

2025-02-17 09:08:26 (1 year ago)

Original Publish Time

2022-07-18 14:59:00 (3 years ago)

Republished

Yes

Word Count (Total)

1,505

Word Count (Content)

958

Links

External Links

Internal Links

Technical SEO

Meta Nofollow

Meta Noarchive

JS Rendered

Redirect Target

null

Performance

Download Time (ms)

397

TTFB (ms)

330

Download Size (bytes)

37,561

Shard

11 (laksa)

Root Hash

9175914091137272011

Unparsed URL

com,scribbr!www,/citation/generator/ s443