🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 160 (from laksa147)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa160.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm","crawl_time":1775908313,"first_indexed_time":1759821605,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,sciencedaily!www,\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm s443","src_root_hash":"9815798517118690960","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog | ScienceDaily","meta_descriptions":["Researchers in Japan have pinpointed a biological cause of Long COVID brain fog using advanced PET brain imaging. They discovered widespread increases in AMPA receptor density linked to cognitive impairment and inflammation. The findings confirm brain fog as a measurable, biological condition and reveal new targets for treatment. This could open the door to effective diagnostics and therapies."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Although more than several years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are still working to fully understand the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the most complex and persistent outcomes is Long COVID, a chronic condition that can trigger a wide range of lingering health issues. Among these, cognitive impairment -- often described as \"brain fog\" -- is one of the most common and disabling symptoms, affecting more than 80% of people living with Long COVID. With hundreds of millions of cases worldwide, the condition poses an enormous public health and economic challenge, disrupting people's ability to work and manage daily life.\nDespite its widespread impact, the biological roots of Long COVID and brain fog have remained unclear. Earlier brain imaging studies revealed some structural alterations, but they failed to identify the molecular disturbances responsible for cognitive decline. Because it is difficult to directly observe the molecules that facilitate communication between brain cells, researchers have lacked reliable biomarkers to diagnose Long COVID or develop targeted treatments.\nTo shed light on this mystery, a research group led by Professor Takuya Takahashi at the Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University (Japan), achieved a major breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of Long COVID brain fog. In a study published on October 1, 2025, in\nBrain Communications\n, the team proposed that people experiencing brain fog may show disrupted activity of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), which are essential for learning and memory. This idea stemmed from prior studies linking AMPAR dysfunction to psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. The researchers employed a newly developed technique, [11C]K-2 AMPAR PET imaging, to directly measure and visualize the density of these receptors in the living human brain.\nWhen comparing 30 individuals with Long COVID to 80 healthy volunteers, the scientists discovered a striking and widespread increase in AMPAR density throughout the brains of affected patients. The degree of this increase closely matched the severity of cognitive symptoms, establishing a strong molecular link between receptor changes and brain fog. They also found that higher levels of inflammatory markers were associated with elevated AMPAR density, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in altering receptor expression.\nOverall, the study provides compelling biological evidence connecting Long COVID to measurable brain changes. The observed AMPAR overactivity may help explain cognitive symptoms and points to potential treatment targets. Medications designed to moderate AMPAR function could, in theory, help reduce brain fog. The team also demonstrated that their imaging approach could distinguish Long COVID patients from healthy individuals with 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity. \"By applying our newly developed AMPA receptor PET imaging technology, we aim to provide a novel perspective and innovative solutions to the pressing medical challenge that is Long COVID,\" says Prof. Takahashi.\nWhile more research is needed before an effective treatment can be developed, these results mark a significant advancement in understanding the disorder. \"Our findings clearly demonstrate that Long COVID brain fog should be recognized as a legitimate clinical condition. This could encourage the healthcare industry to accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disorder,\" concludes Prof. Takahashi.\nIn conclusion, this groundbreaking study offers the first clear molecular explanation for Long COVID-related brain fog and opens the door to new diagnostic tools and treatment options that could greatly benefit affected patients.\nFunding information\nThis clinical trial project received donations through the READYFOR crowdfunding platform. Additional support came from the Takeda Science Foundation (T.T.), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant numbers JP24wm0625304 (T.T.), and the JST Establishment of University Fellowships Toward the Creation of Science Technology Innovation program under grant JPMJFS2140 (Y.F.).","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm#main)\n\n[![ScienceDaily](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/images\/sd-logo.png)](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/ \"ScienceDaily\")\n***\nYour source for the latest research news\n\n[Follow:](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [*Facebook*](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sciencedaily) [*X\/Twitter*](https:\/\/twitter.com\/sciencedaily) [Subscribe:](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [*RSS Feeds*](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/newsfeeds.htm) [*Newsletter*](https:\/\/sciencedaily.substack.com\/)\n\n**New\\!** Sign up for our free **[email newsletter](https:\/\/sciencedaily.substack.com\/)**.\n\nScience News\n\nfrom research organizations\n***\n# Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog\n## Japanese researchers uncover the molecular signature of Long COVID brain fog, a breakthrough that could bring real treatments closer than ever.\nDate:\n\nOctober 7, 2025\n\nSource:\n\nYCU Advanced Medical Research Center\n\nSummary:\n\nResearchers in Japan have pinpointed a biological cause of Long COVID brain fog using advanced PET brain imaging. They discovered widespread increases in AMPA receptor density linked to cognitive impairment and inflammation. The findings confirm brain fog as a measurable, biological condition and reveal new targets for treatment. This could open the door to effective diagnostics and therapies.\n\nShare:\n\n[Facebook](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [Twitter](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [Pinterest](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [LinkedIN](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [Email](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm)\n\nFULL STORY\n***\n![Long COVID Brain Fog May Finally Be Explained](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/images\/1920\/brain-fog-concept-art.webp)\n\nScientists found that Long COVID brain fog is tied to excessive AMPA receptor activity in the brain, revealed through groundbreaking imaging. The discovery may lead to accurate diagnoses and new treatments that restore cognitive function. Credit: Shutterstock\n\nAlthough more than several years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are still working to fully understand the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the most complex and persistent outcomes is Long COVID, a chronic condition that can trigger a wide range of lingering health issues. Among these, cognitive impairment -- often described as \"brain fog\" -- is one of the most common and disabling symptoms, affecting more than 80% of people living with Long COVID. With hundreds of millions of cases worldwide, the condition poses an enormous public health and economic challenge, disrupting people's ability to work and manage daily life.\n\nDespite its widespread impact, the biological roots of Long COVID and brain fog have remained unclear. Earlier brain imaging studies revealed some structural alterations, but they failed to identify the molecular disturbances responsible for cognitive decline. Because it is difficult to directly observe the molecules that facilitate communication between brain cells, researchers have lacked reliable biomarkers to diagnose Long COVID or develop targeted treatments.\n\nTo shed light on this mystery, a research group led by Professor Takuya Takahashi at the Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University (Japan), achieved a major breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of Long COVID brain fog. In a study published on October 1, 2025, in *Brain Communications*, the team proposed that people experiencing brain fog may show disrupted activity of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), which are essential for learning and memory. This idea stemmed from prior studies linking AMPAR dysfunction to psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. The researchers employed a newly developed technique, \\[11C\\]K-2 AMPAR PET imaging, to directly measure and visualize the density of these receptors in the living human brain.\n\nWhen comparing 30 individuals with Long COVID to 80 healthy volunteers, the scientists discovered a striking and widespread increase in AMPAR density throughout the brains of affected patients. The degree of this increase closely matched the severity of cognitive symptoms, establishing a strong molecular link between receptor changes and brain fog. They also found that higher levels of inflammatory markers were associated with elevated AMPAR density, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in altering receptor expression.\n\nOverall, the study provides compelling biological evidence connecting Long COVID to measurable brain changes. The observed AMPAR overactivity may help explain cognitive symptoms and points to potential treatment targets. Medications designed to moderate AMPAR function could, in theory, help reduce brain fog. The team also demonstrated that their imaging approach could distinguish Long COVID patients from healthy individuals with 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity. \"By applying our newly developed AMPA receptor PET imaging technology, we aim to provide a novel perspective and innovative solutions to the pressing medical challenge that is Long COVID,\" says Prof. Takahashi.\n\nWhile more research is needed before an effective treatment can be developed, these results mark a significant advancement in understanding the disorder. \"Our findings clearly demonstrate that Long COVID brain fog should be recognized as a legitimate clinical condition. This could encourage the healthcare industry to accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disorder,\" concludes Prof. Takahashi.\n\nIn conclusion, this groundbreaking study offers the first clear molecular explanation for Long COVID-related brain fog and opens the door to new diagnostic tools and treatment options that could greatly benefit affected patients.\n\n**Funding information**\n\nThis clinical trial project received donations through the READYFOR crowdfunding platform. Additional support came from the Takeda Science Foundation (T.T.), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant numbers JP24wm0625304 (T.T.), and the JST Establishment of University Fellowships Toward the Creation of Science Technology Innovation program under grant JPMJFS2140 (Y.F.).\n\n- [RELATED TOPICS](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm)\n  - [Health & Medicine](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/health_medicine\/)\n    - [Today's Healthcare](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/health_medicine\/today's_healthcare\/)\n    - [Mental Health Research](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/health_medicine\/mental_health\/)\n    - [Workplace Health](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/health_medicine\/workplace_health\/)\n    - [Personalized Medicine](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/health_medicine\/personalized_medicine\/)\n  - [Mind & Brain](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/mind_brain\/)\n    - [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/mind_brain\/mental_health\/)\n    - [Depression](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/mind_brain\/depression\/)\n    - [Memory](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/mind_brain\/memory\/)\n    - [Intelligence](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/news\/mind_brain\/intelligence\/)\n\n- [RELATED TERMS](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm)\n  - [Workaholic](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/workaholic.htm)\n  - [Cognitive neuroscience](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/cognitive_neuroscience.htm)\n  - [Positron emission tomography](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/positron_emission_tomography.htm)\n  - [Antibiotic resistance](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/antibiotic_resistance.htm)\n  - [Excitotoxicity and cell damage](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/excitotoxicity.htm)\n  - [Cognition](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/cognition.htm)\n  - [Functional neuroimaging](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/functional_neuroimaging.htm)\n  - [Allergen](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/allergen.htm)\n***\n**Story Source:**\n\n[Materials](https:\/\/www.yokohama-cu.ac.jp\/english\/news\/20251001takahashi.html) provided by **YCU Advanced Medical Research Center**. *Note: Content may be edited for style and length.*\n***\n**Journal Reference**:\n\n1. Yu Fujimoto, Hiroki Abe, Tsuyoshi Eiro, Sakiko Tsugawa, Meiro Tanaka, Mai Hatano, Waki Nakajima, Sadamitsu Ichijo, Tetsu Arisawa, Yuuki Takada, Kimito Kimura, Akane Sano, Koichi Hirahata, Nobuyuki Sasaki, Yuichi Kimura, Takuya Takahashi. **Systemic increase of AMPA receptors associated with cognitive impairment of long COVID**. *Brain Communications*, 2025; 7 (5) DOI: [10\\.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf337](http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf337)\n***\n\n**Cite This Page**:\n\n- [MLA](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm#citation_mla)\n- [APA](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm#citation_apa)\n- [Chicago](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm#citation_chicago)\n\nYCU Advanced Medical Research Center. \"Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog.\" ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 7 October 2025. \\<www.sciencedaily.com\n\n\/\n\nreleases\n\n\/\n\n2025\n\n\/\n\n10\n\n\/\n\n251006051127.htm\\>.\n\nYCU Advanced Medical Research Center. (2025, October 7). Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog. *ScienceDaily*. Retrieved April 5, 2026 from www.sciencedaily.com\n\n\/\n\nreleases\n\n\/\n\n2025\n\n\/\n\n10\n\n\/\n\n251006051127.htm\n\nYCU Advanced Medical Research Center. \"Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog.\" ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com\n\n\/\n\nreleases\n\n\/\n\n2025\n\n\/\n\n10\n\n\/\n\n251006051127.htm (accessed April 5, 2026).\n\n## Explore More\nfrom ScienceDaily\n***\nRELATED STORIES\n***\n[Terahertz Imaging: Breakthrough in Non-Invasive Cochlear Visualization](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/03\/250327141548.htm)\n\nMar. 27, 2025  Researchers have discovered a groundbreaking use of terahertz (THz) imaging to visualize cochlear structures in mice, offering non-invasive, high-resolution diagnostics. 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Questions?\n\n- [Leave Feedback](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/contact.htm)\n\n[About This Site](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/about.htm) \\| [Staff](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/staff.htm) \\| [Contribute](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/contribute.htm) \\| [Advertise](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/advertise.htm) \\| [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/privacy.htm) \\| [Editorial Policy](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/editorial.htm) \\| [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms.htm)\n\n[Copyright 1995-2026 ScienceDaily](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/copyright.htm) or by other parties, where indicated. All rights controlled by their respective owners. Content on this website is for information only. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, contributors or partners. Financial support for ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs.\n\nShare this page ...\n\n**Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog**  \n <https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm>\n\nResearchers in Japan have pinpointed a biological cause of Long COVID brain fog using advanced PET brain imaging. They discovered widespread increases in AMPA receptor density linked to cognitive impairment and inflammation. The findings confirm brain fog as a measurable, biological condition and reveal new targets for treatment. This could open the door to effective diagnostics and therapies.\n\n[Facebook](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [Twitter](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [Pinterest](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [LinkedIN](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm) [Email](https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2025\/10\/251006051127.htm)\n\nClose","attrs_readable_markdown":"Although more than several years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are still working to fully understand the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the most complex and persistent outcomes is Long COVID, a chronic condition that can trigger a wide range of lingering health issues. Among these, cognitive impairment -- often described as \"brain fog\" -- is one of the most common and disabling symptoms, affecting more than 80% of people living with Long COVID. With hundreds of millions of cases worldwide, the condition poses an enormous public health and economic challenge, disrupting people's ability to work and manage daily life.\n\nDespite its widespread impact, the biological roots of Long COVID and brain fog have remained unclear. Earlier brain imaging studies revealed some structural alterations, but they failed to identify the molecular disturbances responsible for cognitive decline. Because it is difficult to directly observe the molecules that facilitate communication between brain cells, researchers have lacked reliable biomarkers to diagnose Long COVID or develop targeted treatments.\n\nTo shed light on this mystery, a research group led by Professor Takuya Takahashi at the Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University (Japan), achieved a major breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of Long COVID brain fog. In a study published on October 1, 2025, in *Brain Communications*, the team proposed that people experiencing brain fog may show disrupted activity of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), which are essential for learning and memory. This idea stemmed from prior studies linking AMPAR dysfunction to psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. The researchers employed a newly developed technique, \\[11C\\]K-2 AMPAR PET imaging, to directly measure and visualize the density of these receptors in the living human brain.\n\nWhen comparing 30 individuals with Long COVID to 80 healthy volunteers, the scientists discovered a striking and widespread increase in AMPAR density throughout the brains of affected patients. The degree of this increase closely matched the severity of cognitive symptoms, establishing a strong molecular link between receptor changes and brain fog. They also found that higher levels of inflammatory markers were associated with elevated AMPAR density, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in altering receptor expression.\n\nOverall, the study provides compelling biological evidence connecting Long COVID to measurable brain changes. The observed AMPAR overactivity may help explain cognitive symptoms and points to potential treatment targets. Medications designed to moderate AMPAR function could, in theory, help reduce brain fog. The team also demonstrated that their imaging approach could distinguish Long COVID patients from healthy individuals with 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity. \"By applying our newly developed AMPA receptor PET imaging technology, we aim to provide a novel perspective and innovative solutions to the pressing medical challenge that is Long COVID,\" says Prof. Takahashi.\n\nWhile more research is needed before an effective treatment can be developed, these results mark a significant advancement in understanding the disorder. \"Our findings clearly demonstrate that Long COVID brain fog should be recognized as a legitimate clinical condition. This could encourage the healthcare industry to accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disorder,\" concludes Prof. Takahashi.\n\nIn conclusion, this groundbreaking study offers the first clear molecular explanation for Long COVID-related brain fog and opens the door to new diagnostic tools and treatment options that could greatly benefit affected patients.\n\n**Funding information**\n\nThis clinical trial project received donations through the READYFOR crowdfunding platform. Additional support came from the Takeda Science Foundation (T.T.), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant numbers JP24wm0625304 (T.T.), and the JST Establishment of University Fellowships Toward the Creation of Science Technology Innovation program under grant JPMJFS2140 (Y.F.).","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog \| ScienceDaily
Meta Description	Researchers in Japan have pinpointed a biological cause of Long COVID brain fog using advanced PET brain imaging. They discovered widespread increases in AMPA receptor density linked to cognitive impairment and inflammation. The findings confirm brain fog as a measurable, biological condition and reveal new targets for treatment. This could open the door to effective diagnostics and therapies.
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Boilerpipe Text	Although more than several years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are still working to fully understand the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the most complex and persistent outcomes is Long COVID, a chronic condition that can trigger a wide range of lingering health issues. Among these, cognitive impairment -- often described as "brain fog" -- is one of the most common and disabling symptoms, affecting more than 80% of people living with Long COVID. With hundreds of millions of cases worldwide, the condition poses an enormous public health and economic challenge, disrupting people's ability to work and manage daily life. Despite its widespread impact, the biological roots of Long COVID and brain fog have remained unclear. Earlier brain imaging studies revealed some structural alterations, but they failed to identify the molecular disturbances responsible for cognitive decline. Because it is difficult to directly observe the molecules that facilitate communication between brain cells, researchers have lacked reliable biomarkers to diagnose Long COVID or develop targeted treatments. To shed light on this mystery, a research group led by Professor Takuya Takahashi at the Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University (Japan), achieved a major breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of Long COVID brain fog. In a study published on October 1, 2025, in Brain Communications , the team proposed that people experiencing brain fog may show disrupted activity of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), which are essential for learning and memory. This idea stemmed from prior studies linking AMPAR dysfunction to psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. The researchers employed a newly developed technique, [11C]K-2 AMPAR PET imaging, to directly measure and visualize the density of these receptors in the living human brain. When comparing 30 individuals with Long COVID to 80 healthy volunteers, the scientists discovered a striking and widespread increase in AMPAR density throughout the brains of affected patients. The degree of this increase closely matched the severity of cognitive symptoms, establishing a strong molecular link between receptor changes and brain fog. They also found that higher levels of inflammatory markers were associated with elevated AMPAR density, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in altering receptor expression. Overall, the study provides compelling biological evidence connecting Long COVID to measurable brain changes. The observed AMPAR overactivity may help explain cognitive symptoms and points to potential treatment targets. Medications designed to moderate AMPAR function could, in theory, help reduce brain fog. The team also demonstrated that their imaging approach could distinguish Long COVID patients from healthy individuals with 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity. "By applying our newly developed AMPA receptor PET imaging technology, we aim to provide a novel perspective and innovative solutions to the pressing medical challenge that is Long COVID," says Prof. Takahashi. While more research is needed before an effective treatment can be developed, these results mark a significant advancement in understanding the disorder. "Our findings clearly demonstrate that Long COVID brain fog should be recognized as a legitimate clinical condition. This could encourage the healthcare industry to accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disorder," concludes Prof. Takahashi. In conclusion, this groundbreaking study offers the first clear molecular explanation for Long COVID-related brain fog and opens the door to new diagnostic tools and treatment options that could greatly benefit affected patients. Funding information This clinical trial project received donations through the READYFOR crowdfunding platform. Additional support came from the Takeda Science Foundation (T.T.), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant numbers JP24wm0625304 (T.T.), and the JST Establishment of University Fellowships Toward the Creation of Science Technology Innovation program under grant JPMJFS2140 (Y.F.).
Markdown	[Skip to main content](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm#main) [![ScienceDaily](https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/sd-logo.png)](https://www.sciencedaily.com/ "ScienceDaily") *** Your source for the latest research news [Follow:](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/sciencedaily) [X/Twitter](https://twitter.com/sciencedaily) [Subscribe:](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) [RSS Feeds](https://www.sciencedaily.com/newsfeeds.htm) [Newsletter](https://sciencedaily.substack.com/) New\! Sign up for our free [email newsletter](https://sciencedaily.substack.com/). Science News from research organizations * # Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog ## Japanese researchers uncover the molecular signature of Long COVID brain fog, a breakthrough that could bring real treatments closer than ever. Date: October 7, 2025 Source: YCU Advanced Medical Research Center Summary: Researchers in Japan have pinpointed a biological cause of Long COVID brain fog using advanced PET brain imaging. They discovered widespread increases in AMPA receptor density linked to cognitive impairment and inflammation. The findings confirm brain fog as a measurable, biological condition and reveal new targets for treatment. This could open the door to effective diagnostics and therapies. Share: [Facebook](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) [Twitter](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) [Pinterest](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) [LinkedIN](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) [Email](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) FULL STORY * ![Long COVID Brain Fog May Finally Be Explained](https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/1920/brain-fog-concept-art.webp) Scientists found that Long COVID brain fog is tied to excessive AMPA receptor activity in the brain, revealed through groundbreaking imaging. The discovery may lead to accurate diagnoses and new treatments that restore cognitive function. Credit: Shutterstock Although more than several years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are still working to fully understand the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the most complex and persistent outcomes is Long COVID, a chronic condition that can trigger a wide range of lingering health issues. Among these, cognitive impairment -- often described as "brain fog" -- is one of the most common and disabling symptoms, affecting more than 80% of people living with Long COVID. With hundreds of millions of cases worldwide, the condition poses an enormous public health and economic challenge, disrupting people's ability to work and manage daily life. Despite its widespread impact, the biological roots of Long COVID and brain fog have remained unclear. Earlier brain imaging studies revealed some structural alterations, but they failed to identify the molecular disturbances responsible for cognitive decline. Because it is difficult to directly observe the molecules that facilitate communication between brain cells, researchers have lacked reliable biomarkers to diagnose Long COVID or develop targeted treatments. To shed light on this mystery, a research group led by Professor Takuya Takahashi at the Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University (Japan), achieved a major breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of Long COVID brain fog. In a study published on October 1, 2025, in Brain Communications, the team proposed that people experiencing brain fog may show disrupted activity of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), which are essential for learning and memory. This idea stemmed from prior studies linking AMPAR dysfunction to psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. The researchers employed a newly developed technique, \[11C\]K-2 AMPAR PET imaging, to directly measure and visualize the density of these receptors in the living human brain. When comparing 30 individuals with Long COVID to 80 healthy volunteers, the scientists discovered a striking and widespread increase in AMPAR density throughout the brains of affected patients. The degree of this increase closely matched the severity of cognitive symptoms, establishing a strong molecular link between receptor changes and brain fog. They also found that higher levels of inflammatory markers were associated with elevated AMPAR density, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in altering receptor expression. Overall, the study provides compelling biological evidence connecting Long COVID to measurable brain changes. The observed AMPAR overactivity may help explain cognitive symptoms and points to potential treatment targets. Medications designed to moderate AMPAR function could, in theory, help reduce brain fog. The team also demonstrated that their imaging approach could distinguish Long COVID patients from healthy individuals with 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity. "By applying our newly developed AMPA receptor PET imaging technology, we aim to provide a novel perspective and innovative solutions to the pressing medical challenge that is Long COVID," says Prof. Takahashi. While more research is needed before an effective treatment can be developed, these results mark a significant advancement in understanding the disorder. "Our findings clearly demonstrate that Long COVID brain fog should be recognized as a legitimate clinical condition. This could encourage the healthcare industry to accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disorder," concludes Prof. Takahashi. In conclusion, this groundbreaking study offers the first clear molecular explanation for Long COVID-related brain fog and opens the door to new diagnostic tools and treatment options that could greatly benefit affected patients. Funding information This clinical trial project received donations through the READYFOR crowdfunding platform. Additional support came from the Takeda Science Foundation (T.T.), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant numbers JP24wm0625304 (T.T.), and the JST Establishment of University Fellowships Toward the Creation of Science Technology Innovation program under grant JPMJFS2140 (Y.F.). - [RELATED TOPICS](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) - [Health & Medicine](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/) - [Today's Healthcare](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/today's_healthcare/) - [Mental Health Research](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/mental_health/) - [Workplace Health](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/workplace_health/) - [Personalized Medicine](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/personalized_medicine/) - [Mind & Brain](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/) - [Mental Health](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/mental_health/) - [Depression](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/depression/) - [Memory](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/memory/) - [Intelligence](https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/intelligence/) - [RELATED TERMS](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm) - [Workaholic](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/workaholic.htm) - [Cognitive neuroscience](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/cognitive_neuroscience.htm) - [Positron emission tomography](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/positron_emission_tomography.htm) - [Antibiotic resistance](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/antibiotic_resistance.htm) - [Excitotoxicity and cell damage](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/excitotoxicity.htm) - [Cognition](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/cognition.htm) - [Functional neuroimaging](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/functional_neuroimaging.htm) - [Allergen](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/allergen.htm) * Story Source: [Materials](https://www.yokohama-cu.ac.jp/english/news/20251001takahashi.html) provided by YCU Advanced Medical Research Center*. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.* * Journal Reference: 1. Yu Fujimoto, Hiroki Abe, Tsuyoshi Eiro, Sakiko Tsugawa, Meiro Tanaka, Mai Hatano, Waki Nakajima, Sadamitsu Ichijo, Tetsu Arisawa, Yuuki Takada, Kimito Kimura, Akane Sano, Koichi Hirahata, Nobuyuki Sasaki, Yuichi Kimura, Takuya Takahashi. Systemic increase of AMPA receptors associated with cognitive impairment of long COVID*. Brain Communications, 2025; 7 (5) DOI: [10\.1093/braincomms/fcaf337](http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcaf337) Cite This Page*: - [MLA](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm#citation_mla) - [APA](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm#citation_apa) - [Chicago](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm#citation_chicago) YCU Advanced Medical Research Center. "Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 7 October 2025. \<www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 10 / 251006051127.htm\>. YCU Advanced Medical Research Center. (2025, October 7). Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 5, 2026 from www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 10 / 251006051127.htm YCU Advanced Medical Research Center. "Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 10 / 251006051127.htm (accessed April 5, 2026). ## Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES * [Terahertz Imaging: Breakthrough in Non-Invasive Cochlear Visualization](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/03/250327141548.htm) Mar. 27, 2025 Researchers have discovered a groundbreaking use of terahertz (THz) imaging to visualize cochlear structures in mice, offering non-invasive, high-resolution diagnostics. By creating 3D ... 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[New Imaging Scan Reveals a Culprit in Cognitive Decline of Alzheimer’s](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220217090713.htm) Feb. 17, 2022 Advanced imaging technology has helped scientists confirm that the destruction of brain synapses underlies the cognitive deficits experienced by patients with Alzheimer's disease. 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Financial support for ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs. Share this page ... Scientists finally reveal what’s behind long COVID’s mysterious brain fog** <https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251006051127.htm> Researchers in Japan have pinpointed a biological cause of Long COVID brain fog using advanced PET brain imaging. They discovered widespread increases in AMPA receptor density linked to cognitive impairment and inflammation. The findings confirm brain fog as a measurable, biological condition and reveal new targets for treatment. This could open the door to effective diagnostics and therapies. 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Readable Markdown	Although more than several years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are still working to fully understand the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the most complex and persistent outcomes is Long COVID, a chronic condition that can trigger a wide range of lingering health issues. Among these, cognitive impairment -- often described as "brain fog" -- is one of the most common and disabling symptoms, affecting more than 80% of people living with Long COVID. With hundreds of millions of cases worldwide, the condition poses an enormous public health and economic challenge, disrupting people's ability to work and manage daily life. Despite its widespread impact, the biological roots of Long COVID and brain fog have remained unclear. Earlier brain imaging studies revealed some structural alterations, but they failed to identify the molecular disturbances responsible for cognitive decline. Because it is difficult to directly observe the molecules that facilitate communication between brain cells, researchers have lacked reliable biomarkers to diagnose Long COVID or develop targeted treatments. To shed light on this mystery, a research group led by Professor Takuya Takahashi at the Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University (Japan), achieved a major breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of Long COVID brain fog. In a study published on October 1, 2025, in Brain Communications, the team proposed that people experiencing brain fog may show disrupted activity of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), which are essential for learning and memory. This idea stemmed from prior studies linking AMPAR dysfunction to psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. The researchers employed a newly developed technique, \[11C\]K-2 AMPAR PET imaging, to directly measure and visualize the density of these receptors in the living human brain. When comparing 30 individuals with Long COVID to 80 healthy volunteers, the scientists discovered a striking and widespread increase in AMPAR density throughout the brains of affected patients. The degree of this increase closely matched the severity of cognitive symptoms, establishing a strong molecular link between receptor changes and brain fog. They also found that higher levels of inflammatory markers were associated with elevated AMPAR density, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in altering receptor expression. Overall, the study provides compelling biological evidence connecting Long COVID to measurable brain changes. The observed AMPAR overactivity may help explain cognitive symptoms and points to potential treatment targets. Medications designed to moderate AMPAR function could, in theory, help reduce brain fog. The team also demonstrated that their imaging approach could distinguish Long COVID patients from healthy individuals with 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity. "By applying our newly developed AMPA receptor PET imaging technology, we aim to provide a novel perspective and innovative solutions to the pressing medical challenge that is Long COVID," says Prof. Takahashi. While more research is needed before an effective treatment can be developed, these results mark a significant advancement in understanding the disorder. "Our findings clearly demonstrate that Long COVID brain fog should be recognized as a legitimate clinical condition. This could encourage the healthcare industry to accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disorder," concludes Prof. Takahashi. In conclusion, this groundbreaking study offers the first clear molecular explanation for Long COVID-related brain fog and opens the door to new diagnostic tools and treatment options that could greatly benefit affected patients. Funding information This clinical trial project received donations through the READYFOR crowdfunding platform. Additional support came from the Takeda Science Foundation (T.T.), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant numbers JP24wm0625304 (T.T.), and the JST Establishment of University Fellowships Toward the Creation of Science Technology Innovation program under grant JPMJFS2140 (Y.F.).
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