🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 61 (from laksa068)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa061.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/news/e-signatures-legal-requirements\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/news/e-signatures-legal-requirements\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/news\/e-signatures-legal-requirements","crawl_time":1775711288,"first_indexed_time":1699819781,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"edu,purduegloballawschool!www,\/blog\/news\/e-signatures-legal-requirements s443","src_root_hash":"13832132614607964461","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"E-Signatures: What Are the Legal Requirements?","meta_descriptions":["E-signatures, whether signed, typed, generated or imaged, are legally binding. Here’s what to know about e-signatures and what laws cover their legality and use."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"By now, most of us have signed a document electronically, often by attempting to replicate our usual signature using a stylus or index finger on a tablet device. Documents can also be “signed” by typing in our name, accepting a script version of our name, or inserting an image of our usual signature.\nThis awkward process often leaves one wondering how e-signatures could possibly be valid. Even when we sign on a tablet, the result seldom looks like our usual signature.\nNevertheless, electronic signatures are legally binding and have been in the U.S. since 2000 with the passage of the \nElectronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act\n. The objective of the law was to foster the use of electronic records and contracts in interstate and foreign commerce. Forty-nine states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have also adopted the \nUniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)\n, which was developed in 1999. New York adopted its own e-signature law in addition to the ESIGN Act, and Arizona and Nevada have their own laws in addition to the ESIGN Act and the UETA.\nThe ESIGN Act is designed to ensure that an electronic signature or contract “may not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability” solely because it was executed electronically. E-signatures have the same validity as traditional “wet” signatures for many types of documents as long as the requirements of the ESIGN Act or the UETA are met.\nE-Signatures in the U.S.\nThe ESIGN Act and the UETA have similar principles. First, the parties must agree to conduct the transaction electronically. This requirement can be met circumstantially by the parties’ conduct. However, many electronic documents include a check box or other mechanism for the signer to indicate a willingness and intent to proceed electronically. An email trail can serve as evidence of the signer’s authenticity unless additional authentication of identity is required by law.\nThe signer must be informed of the option to have the document made available in nonelectronic form, the right to withdraw consent, and the consequences of such withdrawal. In addition, the signer must be informed of any hardware or software requirements for accessing a copy of the document, and of the right to obtain a paper copy after signing.\nThe ESIGN Act and the UETA are subject to the requirements of other laws and regulations. For example, the UETA does not apply to wills, codicils, and testamentary trusts because they are unilateral rather than multiparty transactions. Those documents must be executed according to state law. However, the UETA provides that a signature can be “notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath” and may be signed electronically if all required information “is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.”\nE-Signatures in the EU\nIn the EU, e-signatures became valid with a \ncommunity framework directive\n in 1999, which was superseded by the \nElectronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS)\n regulation in 2014. eIDAS was developed to promote uniformity and mutual recognition across EU member states. The U.K. passed its own law, the \nElectronic Communications Act of 2000\n, which was replaced by the eIDAS. Although the U.K. is no longer part of the EU, it recognizes eIDAS as the legal basis for e-signatures.\neIDAS establishes \nthree categories\n of electronic signatures:\nSimple electronic signatures do not require validation of the signer’s identity.\nActions such as typing in your name and clicking an “accept” button qualify.\nAdvanced electronic signatures are uniquely linked to and capable of identifying the signer.\nThe signer must retain control of the process, and any subsequent change to the associated document must be detectable. Typically, advanced electronic signatures are digital signatures that use cryptographic certificates and keys.\nQualified electronic signatures\nrequire the signer to use a qualified signature creation device, such as a mobile app, smart card, or USB token that creates a one-time passcode. A qualified electronic signature must be given the same legal validity as a handwritten signature.\nElectronic Trust Services create and validate electronic time stamps, seals and digital certificates as well as e-signatures, and must work across borders. More than 20 EU member states have national electronic ID systems that are interoperable with one another and serve as personal digital certificates for use in qualified electronic signatures. The U.K. has no such system, so qualified electronic signatures are not commonly used.\nOnly a handful of documents require a “wet” signature. These include wills, codicils and testamentary trusts, and family law documents such as divorce agreements.\nPutting It into Practice\nE-signatures have become commonplace with many people working and doing business remotely. It has enabled businesses to become more efficient, streamline transactions, and enhance customer service.\nEnsuring the legality of e-signatures starts with understanding the federal, state, and international laws and regulations applicable to the transaction. Organizations should use software that facilitates the signing process and verifies that disclosure requirements have been met. The software should also ensure that the document can’t be tampered with, and makes it easy for the signer to download a copy of the executed document. In addition, organizations should maintain an audit trail of emails or other communications supporting the validity of e-signature.\nStay Informed About New Developments in Law\nE-signatures raise questions of law, as do other new technological developments. It’s important to understand the latest legal developments in California and the rest of the nation with Purdue Global Law School.\nPurdue Global Law School offers an \nonline Juris Doctor\n if you wish to become an attorney licensed in California. If you wish to advance your legal education but do not intend to become a practicing attorney, you may consider an \nonline Executive Juris Doctor\n.\nSingle law courses\n are also available to help you explore a particular area of law without committing to a full degree program. \nRequest more information today\n.","attrs_markdown":"[![Purdue Global Law School](https:\/\/images.ctfassets.net\/btf5tt6k5y9e\/1dbRUsr737QpNUcUYQYw6g\/fb2bf6d811d70b1a4d43dd6f4eebd136\/PGLS-logo-horizontal.svg)](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/)\n\n[877-757-8189](tel:877-757-8189)[Student Login](https:\/\/campus.purdueglobal.edu\/Security\/Login?ReturnUrl=%2F&)\n\n[Request Info](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/request-information)\n\n[Apply Now](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/enrollment-application)\n\nAcademic Programs\n\n[Academic Programs](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs)\n\n[Online Juris Doctor Degree](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/juris-doctor)\n\n[Online Executive Juris Doctor Degree](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/executive-juris-doctor)\n\n[Non-Degree Seeking Single Courses](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/single-courses)\n\n[California Law Degree](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/california)\n\nAdmissions\n\n[Admissions](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/admissions)\n\n[Admissions Requirements](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/admissions\/requirements)\n\n[Technical Requirements](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/admissions\/technical-requirements)\n\n[Who Should Attend Law School](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/admissions\/who-should-attend-law-school)\n\n[B\\&P 6061.7(a) Disclosure](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/business-and-professions-code-6061.7-disclosure.pdf)\n\nTuition\n\n[Tuition and Fees](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/tuition)\n\n[EJD and JD Students](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/tuition\/jd-and-ejd-students)\n\n[Non-Degree Seeking Students](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/tuition\/nondegree-seeking-students)\n\nAbout\n\n[About the Law School](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about)\n\n[Accreditation](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/accreditation)\n\n[Bar Exam](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/bar-exam)\n\n[Contact Us](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/contact-us)\n\n[Informational Webinars and Events](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/events)\n\n[Faculty](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/faculty)\n\n[How Online Law School Works](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/how-online-law-school-works)\n\n[FAQs About Law School](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/faqs)\n\n[Our Law School History](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/history)\n\n[News and Media](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/media)\n\nStudent Life\n\n[Student Life](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life)\n\n[Academic Support](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/academic-support)\n\n[Career Services](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/career-services)\n\n[Graduation](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/graduation)\n\n[Law Library](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/library)\n\n[Tech Support](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/tech-support)\n\n[Student Community](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/student-services)\n\n[Student Satisfaction](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/student-experience)\n\nAlumni\n\n[Alumni](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/alumni)\n\n[Alumni Resources](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/alumni\/resources)\n\n[Alumni Success Stories](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/alumni-success-stories)\n\nBlog\n\n[Blog](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog)\n\n[Careers](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/careers)\n\n[Constitutional Law](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/constitutional-law)\n\n[Dean's Column](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/deans-column)\n\n[Law Student Life](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/law-student-life)\n\n[News and Commentary](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/news)\n\n[Request Info](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/request-information)\n\n[Apply Now](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/enrollment-application)\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/)[blog](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog)[news](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/news)E-Signatures: What Are the Legal Requirements?\n\n[News and Commentary](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/news)\n\n# E-Signatures: What Are the Legal Requirements?\n\n![A person signs a contract on a mobile device.](https:\/\/images.ctfassets.net\/btf5tt6k5y9e\/3m1FyENP3aw78vi8S0uot7\/8ad41cc587c71cd9f46d1a77d69317e9\/e-signature.jpg)\n\nPUBLISHED\n\nJune 22, 2023\n\nAUTHOR\n\nPurdue Global Law School\n\nBy now, most of us have signed a document electronically, often by attempting to replicate our usual signature using a stylus or index finger on a tablet device. Documents can also be “signed” by typing in our name, accepting a script version of our name, or inserting an image of our usual signature.\n\nThis awkward process often leaves one wondering how e-signatures could possibly be valid. Even when we sign on a tablet, the result seldom looks like our usual signature.\n\nNevertheless, electronic signatures are legally binding and have been in the U.S. since 2000 with the passage of the [Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act](https:\/\/uscode.house.gov\/view.xhtml?path=\/prelim@title15\/chapter96&edition=prelim). The objective of the law was to foster the use of electronic records and contracts in interstate and foreign commerce. Forty-nine states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have also adopted the [Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)](http:\/\/euro.ecom.cmu.edu\/program\/law\/08-732\/Transactions\/ueta.pdf), which was developed in 1999. New York adopted its own e-signature law in addition to the ESIGN Act, and Arizona and Nevada have their own laws in addition to the ESIGN Act and the UETA.\n\nThe ESIGN Act is designed to ensure that an electronic signature or contract “may not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability” solely because it was executed electronically. E-signatures have the same validity as traditional “wet” signatures for many types of documents as long as the requirements of the ESIGN Act or the UETA are met.\n\n## E-Signatures in the U.S.\nThe ESIGN Act and the UETA have similar principles. First, the parties must agree to conduct the transaction electronically. This requirement can be met circumstantially by the parties’ conduct. However, many electronic documents include a check box or other mechanism for the signer to indicate a willingness and intent to proceed electronically. An email trail can serve as evidence of the signer’s authenticity unless additional authentication of identity is required by law.\n\nThe signer must be informed of the option to have the document made available in nonelectronic form, the right to withdraw consent, and the consequences of such withdrawal. In addition, the signer must be informed of any hardware or software requirements for accessing a copy of the document, and of the right to obtain a paper copy after signing.\n\nThe ESIGN Act and the UETA are subject to the requirements of other laws and regulations. For example, the UETA does not apply to wills, codicils, and testamentary trusts because they are unilateral rather than multiparty transactions. Those documents must be executed according to state law. However, the UETA provides that a signature can be “notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath” and may be signed electronically if all required information “is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.”\n\n## E-Signatures in the EU\nIn the EU, e-signatures became valid with a [community framework directive](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:31999L0093) in 1999, which was superseded by the [Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS)](https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/discover-eidas) regulation in 2014. eIDAS was developed to promote uniformity and mutual recognition across EU member states. The U.K. passed its own law, the [Electronic Communications Act of 2000](https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2000\/7\/contents), which was replaced by the eIDAS. Although the U.K. is no longer part of the EU, it recognizes eIDAS as the legal basis for e-signatures.\n\neIDAS establishes [three categories](https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-building-blocks\/wikis\/display\/ESIGKB\/What+are+the+levels,+simple,+advanced+and+qualified+of+electronic+signatures) of electronic signatures:\n\n- **Simple electronic signatures do not require validation of the signer’s identity.** Actions such as typing in your name and clicking an “accept” button qualify.\n- **Advanced electronic signatures are uniquely linked to and capable of identifying the signer.** The signer must retain control of the process, and any subsequent change to the associated document must be detectable. Typically, advanced electronic signatures are digital signatures that use cryptographic certificates and keys.\n- **Qualified electronic signatures** require the signer to use a qualified signature creation device, such as a mobile app, smart card, or USB token that creates a one-time passcode. A qualified electronic signature must be given the same legal validity as a handwritten signature.\n\nElectronic Trust Services create and validate electronic time stamps, seals and digital certificates as well as e-signatures, and must work across borders. More than 20 EU member states have national electronic ID systems that are interoperable with one another and serve as personal digital certificates for use in qualified electronic signatures. The U.K. has no such system, so qualified electronic signatures are not commonly used.\n\nOnly a handful of documents require a “wet” signature. These include wills, codicils and testamentary trusts, and family law documents such as divorce agreements.\n\n## Putting It into Practice\nE-signatures have become commonplace with many people working and doing business remotely. It has enabled businesses to become more efficient, streamline transactions, and enhance customer service.\n\nEnsuring the legality of e-signatures starts with understanding the federal, state, and international laws and regulations applicable to the transaction. Organizations should use software that facilitates the signing process and verifies that disclosure requirements have been met. The software should also ensure that the document can’t be tampered with, and makes it easy for the signer to download a copy of the executed document. In addition, organizations should maintain an audit trail of emails or other communications supporting the validity of e-signature.\n\n## Stay Informed About New Developments in Law\nE-signatures raise questions of law, as do other new technological developments. It’s important to understand the latest legal developments in California and the rest of the nation with Purdue Global Law School.\n\nPurdue Global Law School offers an [online Juris Doctor](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/juris-doctor) if you wish to become an attorney licensed in California. If you wish to advance your legal education but do not intend to become a practicing attorney, you may consider an [online Executive Juris Doctor](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/executive-juris-doctor).\n\n[Single law courses](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/single-courses) are also available to help you explore a particular area of law without committing to a full degree program. [Request more information today](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/request-information).\n\nAbout the Author\n\nPurdue Global Law School\n\nEstablished in 1998, Purdue Global Law School (formerly Concord Law School) is Purdue University's fully online law school for working adults.\n\n[News and Commentary](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/news)\n\n[NOTES AND CONDITIONS]()\n\n**JD Program Bar Exam Eligibility:** Purdue Global Law School JD graduates who meet state regulatory requirements may apply for admission to the State Bar of California, Connecticut Bar Examining Committee, or — with an approved petition — the State Bar of Indiana.\n\nStudy at, or graduation from, this law school does not qualify graduates to take the bar examination or to satisfy the requirements for admission to practice in jurisdictions other than California, Connecticut, or — with an approved petition — Indiana. Purdue Global Law School cannot guarantee that any individual’s waiver petition will be granted. Graduates who earned their JD degree in 2024 or later are eligible upon graduation to sit for the Connecticut Bar Exam through 2027, at which time Purdue Global Law School will seek renewal. After receiving a law license in California, Connecticut, or Indiana, graduates may also apply to sit for the bar exam in North Carolina and Wisconsin. There may be additional eligibility requirements to be admitted in California or any other state. Refer to Purdue Global’s [State Licensure and Certifications](https:\/\/www.purdueglobal.edu\/about\/accreditation\/licensure-state-authorizations\/) page for state-specific requirements.\n\n**EJD Program:** Except as provided in rule 4.30 of the Admissions Rules (Legal education in a foreign state or country), completion of a professional law degree program at this law school other than for the Juris Doctor degree does not qualify a student to take the California Bar Examination or satisfy the requirements for admission to practice law in California. It may not qualify a student to take the bar examination or to satisfy requirements for admission to the practice of law in any other jurisdiction. A student who intends to seek admission to practice law should visit Purdue Global’s [State Licensure and Certifications](https:\/\/www.purdueglobal.edu\/about\/accreditation\/licensure-state-authorizations\/) page for state-specific requirements. Students are highly encouraged to confirm state requirements from the appropriate bar admissions office for their state of residence.\n\nStudents who start in the EJD program may not transfer to the JD program and must withdraw and reapply for JD admission. None of the coursework completed in the EJD program can satisfy JD program requirements, so you may be required to retake previously passed courses.\n\nLaw Degrees\n\n[Online Executive Juris Doctor Degree](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/executive-juris-doctor)\n\n[Online Juris Doctor Degree](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/juris-doctor)\n\n[Non-Degree Seeking Single Courses](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/single-courses)\n\n[California Law Degree](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/california)\n\n[Academic Catalog](https:\/\/catalog.purdueglobal.edu\/purdue-global-law-school\/)\n\nAdmissions and Tuition\n\n[Admissions Requirements](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/admissions\/requirements)\n\n[Who Should Attend Law School](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/admissions\/who-should-attend-law-school)\n\n[Academic Calendar](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-calendar.pdf)\n\n[Technical Requirements](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/admissions\/technical-requirements)\n\n[Tuition and Fees](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/tuition)\n\nAbout\n\n[Accreditation](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/accreditation)\n\n[Bar Exam](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/bar-exam)\n\n[Contact Us](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/contact-us)\n\n[Faculty](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/faculty)\n\n[FAQs About Law School](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/faqs)\n\n[How Online Law School Works](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/how-online-law-school-works)\n\n[News and Media](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/about\/media)\n\n[Purdue Global Law School Blog](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog)\n\n[Consumer Information](https:\/\/www.purdueglobal.edu\/student-consumer-information\/)\n\nStudent Experience\n\n[Academic Support](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/academic-support)\n\n[Career Services](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/career-services)\n\n[Graduation](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/graduation)\n\n[Law Library](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/library)\n\n[Student Satisfaction](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/student-experience)\n\n[Student Community](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/student-services)\n\n[Tech Support](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/student-life\/tech-support)\n\n[Alumni Resources](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/alumni\/resources)\n\nAlumni\n\n[Alumni Resources](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/alumni\/resources)\n\n[Alumni Success Stories](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/alumni-success-stories)\n\nBlog\n\n[Careers](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/careers)\n\n[Constitutional Law](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/constitutional-law)\n\n[Dean's Column](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/deans-column)\n\n[News and Commentary](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/news)\n\n[Law Student Life](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/blog\/law-student-life)\n***\n\n![Purdue Global Law School Logo](https:\/\/images.ctfassets.net\/btf5tt6k5y9e\/68RmUqMiV9iVgyE8QeD3SM\/15bb690f6517b16d028543cf21d1ccf1\/PGLS-logo-vertical.svg)\n\nPurdue’s Online Law School for Working Adults\n\n[Request Info](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/request-information)\n\n[Apply Now](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/enrollment-application)\n\nThis site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy) and [Terms of Service](https:\/\/policies.google.com\/terms) apply.   \n**© 2026, Purdue University Global, a public, nonprofit institution.**\n\n[Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/privacy-policy)\n\n[Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/end-user-agreement)\n\n[Site Map](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/sitemap)\n\n[Cookie Preferences]()\n\n![](data:image\/png;base64,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)Chat","attrs_readable_markdown":"By now, most of us have signed a document electronically, often by attempting to replicate our usual signature using a stylus or index finger on a tablet device. Documents can also be “signed” by typing in our name, accepting a script version of our name, or inserting an image of our usual signature.\n\nThis awkward process often leaves one wondering how e-signatures could possibly be valid. Even when we sign on a tablet, the result seldom looks like our usual signature.\n\nNevertheless, electronic signatures are legally binding and have been in the U.S. since 2000 with the passage of the [Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act](https:\/\/uscode.house.gov\/view.xhtml?path=\/prelim@title15\/chapter96&edition=prelim). The objective of the law was to foster the use of electronic records and contracts in interstate and foreign commerce. Forty-nine states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have also adopted the [Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)](http:\/\/euro.ecom.cmu.edu\/program\/law\/08-732\/Transactions\/ueta.pdf), which was developed in 1999. New York adopted its own e-signature law in addition to the ESIGN Act, and Arizona and Nevada have their own laws in addition to the ESIGN Act and the UETA.\n\nThe ESIGN Act is designed to ensure that an electronic signature or contract “may not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability” solely because it was executed electronically. E-signatures have the same validity as traditional “wet” signatures for many types of documents as long as the requirements of the ESIGN Act or the UETA are met.\n\n## E-Signatures in the U.S.\nThe ESIGN Act and the UETA have similar principles. First, the parties must agree to conduct the transaction electronically. This requirement can be met circumstantially by the parties’ conduct. However, many electronic documents include a check box or other mechanism for the signer to indicate a willingness and intent to proceed electronically. An email trail can serve as evidence of the signer’s authenticity unless additional authentication of identity is required by law.\n\nThe signer must be informed of the option to have the document made available in nonelectronic form, the right to withdraw consent, and the consequences of such withdrawal. In addition, the signer must be informed of any hardware or software requirements for accessing a copy of the document, and of the right to obtain a paper copy after signing.\n\nThe ESIGN Act and the UETA are subject to the requirements of other laws and regulations. For example, the UETA does not apply to wills, codicils, and testamentary trusts because they are unilateral rather than multiparty transactions. Those documents must be executed according to state law. However, the UETA provides that a signature can be “notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath” and may be signed electronically if all required information “is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.”\n\n## E-Signatures in the EU\nIn the EU, e-signatures became valid with a [community framework directive](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:31999L0093) in 1999, which was superseded by the [Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS)](https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/discover-eidas) regulation in 2014. eIDAS was developed to promote uniformity and mutual recognition across EU member states. The U.K. passed its own law, the [Electronic Communications Act of 2000](https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2000\/7\/contents), which was replaced by the eIDAS. Although the U.K. is no longer part of the EU, it recognizes eIDAS as the legal basis for e-signatures.\n\neIDAS establishes [three categories](https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-building-blocks\/wikis\/display\/ESIGKB\/What+are+the+levels,+simple,+advanced+and+qualified+of+electronic+signatures) of electronic signatures:\n\n- **Simple electronic signatures do not require validation of the signer’s identity.** Actions such as typing in your name and clicking an “accept” button qualify.\n- **Advanced electronic signatures are uniquely linked to and capable of identifying the signer.** The signer must retain control of the process, and any subsequent change to the associated document must be detectable. Typically, advanced electronic signatures are digital signatures that use cryptographic certificates and keys.\n- **Qualified electronic signatures** require the signer to use a qualified signature creation device, such as a mobile app, smart card, or USB token that creates a one-time passcode. A qualified electronic signature must be given the same legal validity as a handwritten signature.\n\nElectronic Trust Services create and validate electronic time stamps, seals and digital certificates as well as e-signatures, and must work across borders. More than 20 EU member states have national electronic ID systems that are interoperable with one another and serve as personal digital certificates for use in qualified electronic signatures. The U.K. has no such system, so qualified electronic signatures are not commonly used.\n\nOnly a handful of documents require a “wet” signature. These include wills, codicils and testamentary trusts, and family law documents such as divorce agreements.\n\n## Putting It into Practice\nE-signatures have become commonplace with many people working and doing business remotely. It has enabled businesses to become more efficient, streamline transactions, and enhance customer service.\n\nEnsuring the legality of e-signatures starts with understanding the federal, state, and international laws and regulations applicable to the transaction. Organizations should use software that facilitates the signing process and verifies that disclosure requirements have been met. The software should also ensure that the document can’t be tampered with, and makes it easy for the signer to download a copy of the executed document. In addition, organizations should maintain an audit trail of emails or other communications supporting the validity of e-signature.\n\n## Stay Informed About New Developments in Law\nE-signatures raise questions of law, as do other new technological developments. It’s important to understand the latest legal developments in California and the rest of the nation with Purdue Global Law School.\n\nPurdue Global Law School offers an [online Juris Doctor](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/juris-doctor) if you wish to become an attorney licensed in California. If you wish to advance your legal education but do not intend to become a practicing attorney, you may consider an [online Executive Juris Doctor](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/executive-juris-doctor).\n\n[Single law courses](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/academic-programs\/single-courses) are also available to help you explore a particular area of law without committing to a full degree program. [Request more information today](https:\/\/www.purduegloballawschool.edu\/request-information).","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

5 days ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0.2 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/news/e-signatures-legal-requirements
Last Crawled	2026-04-09 05:08:08 (5 days ago)
First Indexed	2023-11-12 20:09:41 (2 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	E-Signatures: What Are the Legal Requirements?
Meta Description	E-signatures, whether signed, typed, generated or imaged, are legally binding. Here’s what to know about e-signatures and what laws cover their legality and use.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	By now, most of us have signed a document electronically, often by attempting to replicate our usual signature using a stylus or index finger on a tablet device. Documents can also be “signed” by typing in our name, accepting a script version of our name, or inserting an image of our usual signature. This awkward process often leaves one wondering how e-signatures could possibly be valid. Even when we sign on a tablet, the result seldom looks like our usual signature. Nevertheless, electronic signatures are legally binding and have been in the U.S. since 2000 with the passage of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act . The objective of the law was to foster the use of electronic records and contracts in interstate and foreign commerce. Forty-nine states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have also adopted the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA) , which was developed in 1999. New York adopted its own e-signature law in addition to the ESIGN Act, and Arizona and Nevada have their own laws in addition to the ESIGN Act and the UETA. The ESIGN Act is designed to ensure that an electronic signature or contract “may not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability” solely because it was executed electronically. E-signatures have the same validity as traditional “wet” signatures for many types of documents as long as the requirements of the ESIGN Act or the UETA are met. E-Signatures in the U.S. The ESIGN Act and the UETA have similar principles. First, the parties must agree to conduct the transaction electronically. This requirement can be met circumstantially by the parties’ conduct. However, many electronic documents include a check box or other mechanism for the signer to indicate a willingness and intent to proceed electronically. An email trail can serve as evidence of the signer’s authenticity unless additional authentication of identity is required by law. The signer must be informed of the option to have the document made available in nonelectronic form, the right to withdraw consent, and the consequences of such withdrawal. In addition, the signer must be informed of any hardware or software requirements for accessing a copy of the document, and of the right to obtain a paper copy after signing. The ESIGN Act and the UETA are subject to the requirements of other laws and regulations. For example, the UETA does not apply to wills, codicils, and testamentary trusts because they are unilateral rather than multiparty transactions. Those documents must be executed according to state law. However, the UETA provides that a signature can be “notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath” and may be signed electronically if all required information “is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.” E-Signatures in the EU In the EU, e-signatures became valid with a community framework directive in 1999, which was superseded by the Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS) regulation in 2014. eIDAS was developed to promote uniformity and mutual recognition across EU member states. The U.K. passed its own law, the Electronic Communications Act of 2000 , which was replaced by the eIDAS. Although the U.K. is no longer part of the EU, it recognizes eIDAS as the legal basis for e-signatures. eIDAS establishes three categories of electronic signatures: Simple electronic signatures do not require validation of the signer’s identity. Actions such as typing in your name and clicking an “accept” button qualify. Advanced electronic signatures are uniquely linked to and capable of identifying the signer. The signer must retain control of the process, and any subsequent change to the associated document must be detectable. Typically, advanced electronic signatures are digital signatures that use cryptographic certificates and keys. Qualified electronic signatures require the signer to use a qualified signature creation device, such as a mobile app, smart card, or USB token that creates a one-time passcode. A qualified electronic signature must be given the same legal validity as a handwritten signature. Electronic Trust Services create and validate electronic time stamps, seals and digital certificates as well as e-signatures, and must work across borders. More than 20 EU member states have national electronic ID systems that are interoperable with one another and serve as personal digital certificates for use in qualified electronic signatures. The U.K. has no such system, so qualified electronic signatures are not commonly used. Only a handful of documents require a “wet” signature. These include wills, codicils and testamentary trusts, and family law documents such as divorce agreements. Putting It into Practice E-signatures have become commonplace with many people working and doing business remotely. It has enabled businesses to become more efficient, streamline transactions, and enhance customer service. Ensuring the legality of e-signatures starts with understanding the federal, state, and international laws and regulations applicable to the transaction. Organizations should use software that facilitates the signing process and verifies that disclosure requirements have been met. The software should also ensure that the document can’t be tampered with, and makes it easy for the signer to download a copy of the executed document. In addition, organizations should maintain an audit trail of emails or other communications supporting the validity of e-signature. Stay Informed About New Developments in Law E-signatures raise questions of law, as do other new technological developments. It’s important to understand the latest legal developments in California and the rest of the nation with Purdue Global Law School. Purdue Global Law School offers an online Juris Doctor if you wish to become an attorney licensed in California. If you wish to advance your legal education but do not intend to become a practicing attorney, you may consider an online Executive Juris Doctor . Single law courses are also available to help you explore a particular area of law without committing to a full degree program. Request more information today .
Markdown	[![Purdue Global Law School](https://images.ctfassets.net/btf5tt6k5y9e/1dbRUsr737QpNUcUYQYw6g/fb2bf6d811d70b1a4d43dd6f4eebd136/PGLS-logo-horizontal.svg)](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/) [877-757-8189](tel:877-757-8189)[Student Login](https://campus.purdueglobal.edu/Security/Login?ReturnUrl=%2F&) [Request Info](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/request-information) [Apply Now](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/enrollment-application) Academic Programs [Academic Programs](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs) [Online Juris Doctor Degree](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/juris-doctor) [Online Executive Juris Doctor Degree](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/executive-juris-doctor) [Non-Degree Seeking Single Courses](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/single-courses) [California Law Degree](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/california) Admissions [Admissions](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/admissions) [Admissions Requirements](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/admissions/requirements) [Technical Requirements](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/admissions/technical-requirements) [Who Should Attend Law School](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/admissions/who-should-attend-law-school) [B\&P 6061.7(a) Disclosure](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/business-and-professions-code-6061.7-disclosure.pdf) Tuition [Tuition and Fees](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/tuition) [EJD and JD Students](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/tuition/jd-and-ejd-students) [Non-Degree Seeking Students](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/tuition/nondegree-seeking-students) About [About the Law School](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about) [Accreditation](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/accreditation) [Bar Exam](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/bar-exam) [Contact Us](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/contact-us) [Informational Webinars and Events](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/events) [Faculty](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/faculty) [How Online Law School Works](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/how-online-law-school-works) [FAQs About Law School](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/faqs) [Our Law School History](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/history) [News and Media](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/media) Student Life [Student Life](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life) [Academic Support](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/academic-support) [Career Services](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/career-services) [Graduation](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/graduation) [Law Library](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/library) [Tech Support](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/tech-support) [Student Community](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/student-services) [Student Satisfaction](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/student-experience) Alumni [Alumni](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/alumni) [Alumni Resources](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/alumni/resources) [Alumni Success Stories](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/alumni-success-stories) Blog [Blog](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog) [Careers](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/careers) [Constitutional Law](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/constitutional-law) [Dean's Column](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/deans-column) [Law Student Life](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/law-student-life) [News and Commentary](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/news) [Request Info](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/request-information) [Apply Now](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/enrollment-application) [Home](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/)[blog](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog)[news](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/news)E-Signatures: What Are the Legal Requirements? [News and Commentary](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/news) # E-Signatures: What Are the Legal Requirements? ![A person signs a contract on a mobile device.](https://images.ctfassets.net/btf5tt6k5y9e/3m1FyENP3aw78vi8S0uot7/8ad41cc587c71cd9f46d1a77d69317e9/e-signature.jpg) PUBLISHED June 22, 2023 AUTHOR Purdue Global Law School By now, most of us have signed a document electronically, often by attempting to replicate our usual signature using a stylus or index finger on a tablet device. Documents can also be “signed” by typing in our name, accepting a script version of our name, or inserting an image of our usual signature. This awkward process often leaves one wondering how e-signatures could possibly be valid. Even when we sign on a tablet, the result seldom looks like our usual signature. Nevertheless, electronic signatures are legally binding and have been in the U.S. since 2000 with the passage of the [Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title15/chapter96&edition=prelim). The objective of the law was to foster the use of electronic records and contracts in interstate and foreign commerce. Forty-nine states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have also adopted the [Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)](http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/program/law/08-732/Transactions/ueta.pdf), which was developed in 1999. New York adopted its own e-signature law in addition to the ESIGN Act, and Arizona and Nevada have their own laws in addition to the ESIGN Act and the UETA. The ESIGN Act is designed to ensure that an electronic signature or contract “may not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability” solely because it was executed electronically. E-signatures have the same validity as traditional “wet” signatures for many types of documents as long as the requirements of the ESIGN Act or the UETA are met. ## E-Signatures in the U.S. The ESIGN Act and the UETA have similar principles. First, the parties must agree to conduct the transaction electronically. This requirement can be met circumstantially by the parties’ conduct. However, many electronic documents include a check box or other mechanism for the signer to indicate a willingness and intent to proceed electronically. An email trail can serve as evidence of the signer’s authenticity unless additional authentication of identity is required by law. The signer must be informed of the option to have the document made available in nonelectronic form, the right to withdraw consent, and the consequences of such withdrawal. In addition, the signer must be informed of any hardware or software requirements for accessing a copy of the document, and of the right to obtain a paper copy after signing. The ESIGN Act and the UETA are subject to the requirements of other laws and regulations. For example, the UETA does not apply to wills, codicils, and testamentary trusts because they are unilateral rather than multiparty transactions. Those documents must be executed according to state law. However, the UETA provides that a signature can be “notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath” and may be signed electronically if all required information “is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.” ## E-Signatures in the EU In the EU, e-signatures became valid with a [community framework directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999L0093) in 1999, which was superseded by the [Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS)](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/discover-eidas) regulation in 2014. eIDAS was developed to promote uniformity and mutual recognition across EU member states. The U.K. passed its own law, the [Electronic Communications Act of 2000](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/7/contents), which was replaced by the eIDAS. Although the U.K. is no longer part of the EU, it recognizes eIDAS as the legal basis for e-signatures. eIDAS establishes [three categories](https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/display/ESIGKB/What+are+the+levels,+simple,+advanced+and+qualified+of+electronic+signatures) of electronic signatures: - Simple electronic signatures do not require validation of the signer’s identity. Actions such as typing in your name and clicking an “accept” button qualify. - Advanced electronic signatures are uniquely linked to and capable of identifying the signer. The signer must retain control of the process, and any subsequent change to the associated document must be detectable. Typically, advanced electronic signatures are digital signatures that use cryptographic certificates and keys. - Qualified electronic signatures require the signer to use a qualified signature creation device, such as a mobile app, smart card, or USB token that creates a one-time passcode. A qualified electronic signature must be given the same legal validity as a handwritten signature. Electronic Trust Services create and validate electronic time stamps, seals and digital certificates as well as e-signatures, and must work across borders. More than 20 EU member states have national electronic ID systems that are interoperable with one another and serve as personal digital certificates for use in qualified electronic signatures. The U.K. has no such system, so qualified electronic signatures are not commonly used. Only a handful of documents require a “wet” signature. These include wills, codicils and testamentary trusts, and family law documents such as divorce agreements. ## Putting It into Practice E-signatures have become commonplace with many people working and doing business remotely. It has enabled businesses to become more efficient, streamline transactions, and enhance customer service. Ensuring the legality of e-signatures starts with understanding the federal, state, and international laws and regulations applicable to the transaction. Organizations should use software that facilitates the signing process and verifies that disclosure requirements have been met. The software should also ensure that the document can’t be tampered with, and makes it easy for the signer to download a copy of the executed document. In addition, organizations should maintain an audit trail of emails or other communications supporting the validity of e-signature. ## Stay Informed About New Developments in Law E-signatures raise questions of law, as do other new technological developments. It’s important to understand the latest legal developments in California and the rest of the nation with Purdue Global Law School. Purdue Global Law School offers an [online Juris Doctor](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/juris-doctor) if you wish to become an attorney licensed in California. If you wish to advance your legal education but do not intend to become a practicing attorney, you may consider an [online Executive Juris Doctor](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/executive-juris-doctor). [Single law courses](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/single-courses) are also available to help you explore a particular area of law without committing to a full degree program. [Request more information today](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/request-information). About the Author Purdue Global Law School Established in 1998, Purdue Global Law School (formerly Concord Law School) is Purdue University's fully online law school for working adults. [News and Commentary](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/news) [NOTES AND CONDITIONS]() JD Program Bar Exam Eligibility: Purdue Global Law School JD graduates who meet state regulatory requirements may apply for admission to the State Bar of California, Connecticut Bar Examining Committee, or — with an approved petition — the State Bar of Indiana. Study at, or graduation from, this law school does not qualify graduates to take the bar examination or to satisfy the requirements for admission to practice in jurisdictions other than California, Connecticut, or — with an approved petition — Indiana. Purdue Global Law School cannot guarantee that any individual’s waiver petition will be granted. Graduates who earned their JD degree in 2024 or later are eligible upon graduation to sit for the Connecticut Bar Exam through 2027, at which time Purdue Global Law School will seek renewal. After receiving a law license in California, Connecticut, or Indiana, graduates may also apply to sit for the bar exam in North Carolina and Wisconsin. There may be additional eligibility requirements to be admitted in California or any other state. Refer to Purdue Global’s [State Licensure and Certifications](https://www.purdueglobal.edu/about/accreditation/licensure-state-authorizations/) page for state-specific requirements. EJD Program: Except as provided in rule 4.30 of the Admissions Rules (Legal education in a foreign state or country), completion of a professional law degree program at this law school other than for the Juris Doctor degree does not qualify a student to take the California Bar Examination or satisfy the requirements for admission to practice law in California. It may not qualify a student to take the bar examination or to satisfy requirements for admission to the practice of law in any other jurisdiction. A student who intends to seek admission to practice law should visit Purdue Global’s [State Licensure and Certifications](https://www.purdueglobal.edu/about/accreditation/licensure-state-authorizations/) page for state-specific requirements. Students are highly encouraged to confirm state requirements from the appropriate bar admissions office for their state of residence. Students who start in the EJD program may not transfer to the JD program and must withdraw and reapply for JD admission. None of the coursework completed in the EJD program can satisfy JD program requirements, so you may be required to retake previously passed courses. Law Degrees [Online Executive Juris Doctor Degree](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/executive-juris-doctor) [Online Juris Doctor Degree](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/juris-doctor) [Non-Degree Seeking Single Courses](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/single-courses) [California Law Degree](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/california) [Academic Catalog](https://catalog.purdueglobal.edu/purdue-global-law-school/) Admissions and Tuition [Admissions Requirements](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/admissions/requirements) [Who Should Attend Law School](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/admissions/who-should-attend-law-school) [Academic Calendar](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-calendar.pdf) [Technical Requirements](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/admissions/technical-requirements) [Tuition and Fees](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/tuition) About [Accreditation](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/accreditation) [Bar Exam](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/bar-exam) [Contact Us](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/contact-us) [Faculty](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/faculty) [FAQs About Law School](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/faqs) [How Online Law School Works](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/how-online-law-school-works) [News and Media](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/about/media) [Purdue Global Law School Blog](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog) [Consumer Information](https://www.purdueglobal.edu/student-consumer-information/) Student Experience [Academic Support](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/academic-support) [Career Services](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/career-services) [Graduation](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/graduation) [Law Library](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/library) [Student Satisfaction](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/student-experience) [Student Community](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/student-services) [Tech Support](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/student-life/tech-support) [Alumni Resources](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/alumni/resources) Alumni [Alumni Resources](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/alumni/resources) [Alumni Success Stories](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/alumni-success-stories) Blog [Careers](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/careers) [Constitutional Law](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/constitutional-law) [Dean's Column](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/deans-column) [News and Commentary](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/news) [Law Student Life](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/blog/law-student-life) * ![Purdue Global Law School Logo](https://images.ctfassets.net/btf5tt6k5y9e/68RmUqMiV9iVgyE8QeD3SM/15bb690f6517b16d028543cf21d1ccf1/PGLS-logo-vertical.svg) Purdue’s Online Law School for Working Adults [Request Info](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/request-information) [Apply Now](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/enrollment-application) This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google [Privacy Policy](https://policies.google.com/privacy) and [Terms of Service](https://policies.google.com/terms) apply. © 2026, Purdue University Global, a public, nonprofit institution.** [Privacy Policy](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/privacy-policy) [Terms of Use](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/end-user-agreement) [Site Map](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/sitemap) [Cookie Preferences]() ![](data:image/png;base64,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)Chat
Readable Markdown	By now, most of us have signed a document electronically, often by attempting to replicate our usual signature using a stylus or index finger on a tablet device. Documents can also be “signed” by typing in our name, accepting a script version of our name, or inserting an image of our usual signature. This awkward process often leaves one wondering how e-signatures could possibly be valid. Even when we sign on a tablet, the result seldom looks like our usual signature. Nevertheless, electronic signatures are legally binding and have been in the U.S. since 2000 with the passage of the [Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title15/chapter96&edition=prelim). The objective of the law was to foster the use of electronic records and contracts in interstate and foreign commerce. Forty-nine states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have also adopted the [Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)](http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/program/law/08-732/Transactions/ueta.pdf), which was developed in 1999. New York adopted its own e-signature law in addition to the ESIGN Act, and Arizona and Nevada have their own laws in addition to the ESIGN Act and the UETA. The ESIGN Act is designed to ensure that an electronic signature or contract “may not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability” solely because it was executed electronically. E-signatures have the same validity as traditional “wet” signatures for many types of documents as long as the requirements of the ESIGN Act or the UETA are met. ## E-Signatures in the U.S. The ESIGN Act and the UETA have similar principles. First, the parties must agree to conduct the transaction electronically. This requirement can be met circumstantially by the parties’ conduct. However, many electronic documents include a check box or other mechanism for the signer to indicate a willingness and intent to proceed electronically. An email trail can serve as evidence of the signer’s authenticity unless additional authentication of identity is required by law. The signer must be informed of the option to have the document made available in nonelectronic form, the right to withdraw consent, and the consequences of such withdrawal. In addition, the signer must be informed of any hardware or software requirements for accessing a copy of the document, and of the right to obtain a paper copy after signing. The ESIGN Act and the UETA are subject to the requirements of other laws and regulations. For example, the UETA does not apply to wills, codicils, and testamentary trusts because they are unilateral rather than multiparty transactions. Those documents must be executed according to state law. However, the UETA provides that a signature can be “notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath” and may be signed electronically if all required information “is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.” ## E-Signatures in the EU In the EU, e-signatures became valid with a [community framework directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999L0093) in 1999, which was superseded by the [Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS)](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/discover-eidas) regulation in 2014. eIDAS was developed to promote uniformity and mutual recognition across EU member states. The U.K. passed its own law, the [Electronic Communications Act of 2000](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/7/contents), which was replaced by the eIDAS. Although the U.K. is no longer part of the EU, it recognizes eIDAS as the legal basis for e-signatures. eIDAS establishes [three categories](https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/display/ESIGKB/What+are+the+levels,+simple,+advanced+and+qualified+of+electronic+signatures) of electronic signatures: - Simple electronic signatures do not require validation of the signer’s identity. Actions such as typing in your name and clicking an “accept” button qualify. - Advanced electronic signatures are uniquely linked to and capable of identifying the signer. The signer must retain control of the process, and any subsequent change to the associated document must be detectable. Typically, advanced electronic signatures are digital signatures that use cryptographic certificates and keys. - Qualified electronic signatures require the signer to use a qualified signature creation device, such as a mobile app, smart card, or USB token that creates a one-time passcode. A qualified electronic signature must be given the same legal validity as a handwritten signature. Electronic Trust Services create and validate electronic time stamps, seals and digital certificates as well as e-signatures, and must work across borders. More than 20 EU member states have national electronic ID systems that are interoperable with one another and serve as personal digital certificates for use in qualified electronic signatures. The U.K. has no such system, so qualified electronic signatures are not commonly used. Only a handful of documents require a “wet” signature. These include wills, codicils and testamentary trusts, and family law documents such as divorce agreements. ## Putting It into Practice E-signatures have become commonplace with many people working and doing business remotely. It has enabled businesses to become more efficient, streamline transactions, and enhance customer service. Ensuring the legality of e-signatures starts with understanding the federal, state, and international laws and regulations applicable to the transaction. Organizations should use software that facilitates the signing process and verifies that disclosure requirements have been met. The software should also ensure that the document can’t be tampered with, and makes it easy for the signer to download a copy of the executed document. In addition, organizations should maintain an audit trail of emails or other communications supporting the validity of e-signature. ## Stay Informed About New Developments in Law E-signatures raise questions of law, as do other new technological developments. It’s important to understand the latest legal developments in California and the rest of the nation with Purdue Global Law School. Purdue Global Law School offers an [online Juris Doctor](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/juris-doctor) if you wish to become an attorney licensed in California. If you wish to advance your legal education but do not intend to become a practicing attorney, you may consider an [online Executive Juris Doctor](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/executive-juris-doctor). [Single law courses](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/academic-programs/single-courses) are also available to help you explore a particular area of law without committing to a full degree program. [Request more information today](https://www.purduegloballawschool.edu/request-information).
Shard	61 (laksa)
Root Hash	13832132614607964461
Unparsed URL	edu,purduegloballawschool!www,/blog/news/e-signatures-legal-requirements s443