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| Meta Title | C++ Operators |
| Meta Description | In this tutorial, we will learn about the different types of operators in C++ with the help of examples. In programming, an operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a variable. |
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| Boilerpipe Text | Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example,
+
is an operator used for addition, while
-
is an operator used for subtraction.
Operators in C++ can be classified into 6 types:
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Other Operators
1. C++ Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,
a + b;
Here, the
+
operator is used to add two variables
a
and
b
. Similarly there are various other arithmetic operators in C++.
Operator
Operation
+
Addition
-
Subtraction
*
Multiplication
/
Division
%
Modulo Operation (Remainder after division)
Example 1: Arithmetic Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 7;
b = 2;
// printing the sum of a and b
cout << "a + b = " << (a + b) << endl;
// printing the difference of a and b
cout << "a - b = " << (a - b) << endl;
// printing the product of a and b
cout << "a * b = " << (a * b) << endl;
// printing the division of a by b
cout << "a / b = " << (a / b) << endl;
// printing the modulo of a by b
cout << "a % b = " << (a % b) << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
a + b = 9
a - b = 5
a * b = 14
a / b = 3
a % b = 1
Here, the operators
+
,
-
and
*
compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication respectively as we might have expected.
/ Division Operator
Note the operation
(a / b)
in our program. The
/
operator is the division operator.
As we can see from the above example, if an integer is divided by another integer, we will get the quotient. However, if either divisor or dividend is a floating-point number, we will get the result in decimals.
In C++,
7/2 is 3
7.0 / 2 is 3.5
7 / 2.0 is 3.5
7.0 / 2.0 is 3.5
% Modulo Operator
The modulo operator
%
computes the remainder. When
a = 9
is divided by
b = 4
, the remainder is
1
.
Note:
The
%
operator can only be used with integers.
Increment and Decrement Operators
C++ also provides increment and decrement operators:
++
and
--
respectively.
++
increases the value of the operand by
1
--
decreases it by
1
For example,
int num = 5;
// increment operator
++num; // 6
Here, the code
++num;
increases the value of
num
by
1
.
Example 2: Increment and Decrement Operators
// Working of increment and decrement operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a = 10, b = 100, result_a, result_b;
// incrementing a by 1 and storing the result in result_a
result_a = ++a;
cout << "result_a = " << result_a << endl;
// decrementing b by 1 and storing the result in result_b
result_b = --b;
cout << "result_b = " << result_b << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
result_a = 11
result_b = 99
In the above program, we have used the
++
and
--
operators as
prefixes (++a and --b)
. However, we can also use these operators as
postfix (a++ and b--)
.
To learn more, visit
increment and decrement operators
.
2. C++ Assignment Operators
In C++, assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. For example,
// assign 5 to a
a = 5;
Here, we have assigned a value of
5
to the variable
a
.
Operator
Example
Equivalent to
=
a = b;
a = b;
+=
a += b;
a = a + b;
-=
a -= b;
a = a - b;
*=
a *= b;
a = a * b;
/=
a /= b;
a = a / b;
%=
a %= b;
a = a % b;
Example 3: Assignment Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
// 2 is assigned to a
a = 2;
// 7 is assigned to b
b = 7;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "\nAfter a += b;" << endl;
// assigning the sum of a and b to a
a += b; // a = a +b
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
a = 2
b = 7
After a += b;
a = 9
3. C++ Relational Operators
A relational operator is used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,
// checks if a is greater than b
a > b;
Here,
>
is a relational operator. It checks if
a
is greater than
b
or not.
If the relation is
true
, it returns
1
whereas if the relation is
false
, it returns
0
.
Operator
Meaning
Example
==
Is Equal To
3 == 5
gives us
false
!=
Not Equal To
3 != 5
gives us
true
>
Greater Than
3 > 5
gives us
false
<
Less Than
3 < 5
gives us
true
>=
Greater Than or Equal To
3 >= 5
give us
false
<=
Less Than or Equal To
3 <= 5
gives us
true
Example 4: Relational Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 3;
b = 5;
bool result;
result = (a == b); // false
cout << "3 == 5 is " << result << endl;
result = (a != b); // true
cout << "3 != 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a > b; // false
cout << "3 > 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a < b; // true
cout << "3 < 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a >= b; // false
cout << "3 >= 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a <= b; // true
cout << "3 <= 5 is " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
3 == 5 is 0
3 != 5 is 1
3 > 5 is 0
3 < 5 is 1
3 >= 5 is 0
3 <= 5 is 1
Note
: Relational operators are used in decision-making and loops.
4. C++ Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is
true
or
false
. If the expression is
true
, it returns
1
whereas if the expression is
false
, it returns
0
.
Operator
Example
Meaning
&&
expression1
&&
expression2
Logical AND.
True only if all the operands are true.
||
expression1
||
expression2
Logical OR.
True if at least one of the operands is true.
!
!
expression
Logical NOT.
True only if the operand is false.
In C++, logical operators are commonly used in decision making. To further understand the logical operators, let's see the following examples,
Suppose,
a = 5
b = 8
Then,
(a > 3) && (b > 5) evaluates to true
(a > 3) && (b < 5) evaluates to false
(a > 3) || (b > 5) evaluates to true
(a > 3) || (b < 5) evaluates to true
(a < 3) || (b < 5) evaluates to false
!(a < 3) evaluates to true
!(a > 3) evaluates to false
Example 5: Logical Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
bool result;
result = (3 != 5) && (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) && (3 < 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) && (3 > 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 != 5) || (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 != 5) || (3 > 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) || (3 > 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = !(5 == 2); // true
cout << "!(5 == 2) is " << result << endl;
result = !(5 == 5); // false
cout << "!(5 == 5) is " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
(3 != 5) && (3 < 5) is 1
(3 == 5) && (3 < 5) is 0
(3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is 0
(3 != 5) || (3 < 5) is 1
(3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is 1
(3 == 5) || (3 > 5) is 0
!(5 == 2) is 1
!(5 == 5) is 0
Explanation of logical operator program
(3 != 5) && (3 < 5)
evaluates to
1
because both operands
(3 != 5)
and
(3 < 5)
are
1
(true).
(3 == 5) && (3 < 5)
evaluates to
0
because the operand
(3 == 5)
is
0
(false).
(3 == 5) && (3 > 5)
evaluates to
0
because both operands
(3 == 5)
and
(3 > 5)
are
0
(false).
(3 != 5) || (3 < 5)
evaluates to
1
because both operands
(3 != 5)
and
(3 < 5)
are
1
(true).
(3 != 5) || (3 > 5)
evaluates to
1
because the operand
(3 != 5)
is
1
(true).
(3 == 5) || (3 > 5)
evaluates to
0
because both operands
(3 == 5)
and
(3 > 5)
are
0
(false).
!(5 == 2)
evaluates to
1
because the operand
(5 == 2)
is
0
(false).
!(5 == 5)
evaluates to
0
because the operand
(5 == 5)
is
1
(true).
5. C++ Bitwise Operators
In C++, bitwise operators are used to perform operations on individual bits. They can only be used alongside
char
and
int
data types.
Operator
Description
&
Binary AND
|
Binary OR
^
Binary XOR
~
Binary One's Complement
<<
Binary Shift Left
>>
Binary Shift Right
To learn more, visit
C++ bitwise operators
.
6. Other C++ Operators
Here's a list of some other common operators available in C++. We will learn about them in later tutorials.
Operator
Description
Example
sizeof
returns the size of data type
sizeof(int); // 4
?:
returns value based on the condition
string result = (5 > 0) ? "even" : "odd"; // "even"
&
represents memory address of the operand
# // address of num
.
accesses members of struct variables or class objects
s1.marks = 92;
->
used with pointers to access the class or struct variables
ptr->marks = 92;
<<
prints the output value
cout << 5;
>>
gets the input value
cin >> num;
Also Read:
C++ Operators Precedence and Associativity |
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# C++ Operators
Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, `+` is an operator used for addition, while `-` is an operator used for subtraction.
Operators in C++ can be classified into 6 types:
1. [Arithmetic Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#arithmetic)
2. [Assignment Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#assignment)
3. [Relational Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#relational)
4. [Logical Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#logical)
5. [Bitwise Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#bitwise)
6. [Other Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#other-operators)
***
## 1\. C++ Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,
```
a + b;
```
Here, the `+` operator is used to add two variables a and b. Similarly there are various other arithmetic operators in C++.
| Operator | Operation |
|---|---|
| `+` | Addition |
| `-` | Subtraction |
| `*` | Multiplication |
| `/` | Division |
| `%` | Modulo Operation (Remainder after division) |
***
### Example 1: Arithmetic Operators
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 7;
b = 2;
// printing the sum of a and b
cout << "a + b = " << (a + b) << endl;
// printing the difference of a and b
cout << "a - b = " << (a - b) << endl;
// printing the product of a and b
cout << "a * b = " << (a * b) << endl;
// printing the division of a by b
cout << "a / b = " << (a / b) << endl;
// printing the modulo of a by b
cout << "a % b = " << (a % b) << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
a + b = 9 a - b = 5 a * b = 14 a / b = 3 a % b = 1
```
Here, the operators `+`, `-` and `*` compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication respectively as we might have expected.
**/ Division Operator**
Note the operation `(a / b)` in our program. The `/` operator is the division operator.
As we can see from the above example, if an integer is divided by another integer, we will get the quotient. However, if either divisor or dividend is a floating-point number, we will get the result in decimals.
```
In C++,
7/2 is 3
7.0 / 2 is 3.5
7 / 2.0 is 3.5
7.0 / 2.0 is 3.5
```
**% Modulo Operator**
The modulo operator `%` computes the remainder. When `a = 9` is divided by `b = 4`, the remainder is **1**.
**Note:** The `%` operator can only be used with integers.
***
### Increment and Decrement Operators
C++ also provides increment and decrement operators: `++` and `--` respectively.
- `++` increases the value of the operand by **1**
- `--` decreases it by **1**
For example,
```
int num = 5;
// increment operator
++num; // 6
```
Here, the code `++num;` increases the value of num by **1**.
***
### Example 2: Increment and Decrement Operators
```
// Working of increment and decrement operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a = 10, b = 100, result_a, result_b;
// incrementing a by 1 and storing the result in result_a
result_a = ++a;
cout << "result_a = " << result_a << endl;
// decrementing b by 1 and storing the result in result_b
result_b = --b;
cout << "result_b = " << result_b << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
result_a = 11 result_b = 99
```
In the above program, we have used the `++` and `--` operators as **prefixes (++a and --b)**. However, we can also use these operators as **postfix (a++ and b--)**.
To learn more, visit [increment and decrement operators](https://www.programiz.com/article/increment-decrement-operator-difference-prefix-postfix).
***
## 2\. C++ Assignment Operators
In C++, assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. For example,
```
// assign 5 to a
a = 5;
```
Here, we have assigned a value of `5` to the variable a.
| Operator | Example | Equivalent to |
|---|---|---|
| `=` | `a = b;` | `a = b;` |
| `+=` | `a += b;` | `a = a + b;` |
| `-=` | `a -= b;` | `a = a - b;` |
| `*=` | `a *= b;` | `a = a * b;` |
| `/=` | `a /= b;` | `a = a / b;` |
| `%=` | `a %= b;` | `a = a % b;` |
***
### Example 3: Assignment Operators
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
// 2 is assigned to a
a = 2;
// 7 is assigned to b
b = 7;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "\nAfter a += b;" << endl;
// assigning the sum of a and b to a
a += b; // a = a +b
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
a = 2 b = 7 After a += b; a = 9
```
***
## 3\. C++ Relational Operators
A relational operator is used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,
```
// checks if a is greater than b
a > b;
```
Here, `>` is a relational operator. It checks if a is greater than b or not.
If the relation is **true**, it returns **1** whereas if the relation is **false**, it returns **0**.
| Operator | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| `==` | Is Equal To | `3 == 5` gives us **false** |
| `!=` | Not Equal To | `3 != 5` gives us **true** |
| `>` | Greater Than | `3 > 5` gives us **false** |
| `<` | Less Than | `3 < 5` gives us **true** |
| `>=` | Greater Than or Equal To | `3 >= 5` give us **false** |
| `<=` | Less Than or Equal To | `3 <= 5` gives us **true** |
***
### Example 4: Relational Operators
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 3;
b = 5;
bool result;
result = (a == b); // false
cout << "3 == 5 is " << result << endl;
result = (a != b); // true
cout << "3 != 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a > b; // false
cout << "3 > 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a < b; // true
cout << "3 < 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a >= b; // false
cout << "3 >= 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a <= b; // true
cout << "3 <= 5 is " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
3 == 5 is 0 3 != 5 is 1 3 > 5 is 0 3 < 5 is 1 3 >= 5 is 0 3 <= 5 is 1
```
**Note**: Relational operators are used in decision-making and loops.
***
## 4\. C++ Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is **true** or **false**. If the expression is **true**, it returns **1** whereas if the expression is **false**, it returns **0**.
| Operator | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| `&&` | expression1 **&&** expression2 | Logical AND. True only if all the operands are true. |
| `||` | expression1 **\|\|** expression2 | Logical OR. True if at least one of the operands is true. |
| `!` | **\!**expression | Logical NOT. True only if the operand is false. |
In C++, logical operators are commonly used in decision making. To further understand the logical operators, let's see the following examples,
```
Suppose,
a = 5
b = 8
Then,
(a > 3) && (b > 5) evaluates to true
(a > 3) && (b < 5) evaluates to false
(a > 3) || (b > 5) evaluates to true
(a > 3) || (b < 5) evaluates to true
(a < 3) || (b < 5) evaluates to false
!(a < 3) evaluates to true
!(a > 3) evaluates to false
```
***
### Example 5: Logical Operators
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
bool result;
result = (3 != 5) && (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) && (3 < 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) && (3 > 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 != 5) || (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 != 5) || (3 > 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) || (3 > 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = !(5 == 2); // true
cout << "!(5 == 2) is " << result << endl;
result = !(5 == 5); // false
cout << "!(5 == 5) is " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
(3 != 5) && (3 < 5) is 1 (3 == 5) && (3 < 5) is 0 (3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is 0 (3 != 5) || (3 < 5) is 1 (3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is 1 (3 == 5) || (3 > 5) is 0 !(5 == 2) is 1 !(5 == 5) is 0
```
**Explanation of logical operator program**
- `(3 != 5) && (3 < 5)` evaluates to **1** because both operands `(3 != 5)` and `(3 < 5)` are **1** (true).
- `(3 == 5) && (3 < 5)` evaluates to **0** because the operand `(3 == 5)` is **0** (false).
- `(3 == 5) && (3 > 5)` evaluates to **0** because both operands `(3 == 5)` and `(3 > 5)` are **0** (false).
- `(3 != 5) || (3 < 5)` evaluates to **1** because both operands `(3 != 5)` and `(3 < 5)` are **1** (true).
- `(3 != 5) || (3 > 5)` evaluates to **1** because the operand `(3 != 5)` is **1** (true).
- `(3 == 5) || (3 > 5)` evaluates to **0** because both operands `(3 == 5)` and `(3 > 5)` are **0** (false).
- `!(5 == 2)` evaluates to **1** because the operand `(5 == 2)` is **0** (false).
- `!(5 == 5)` evaluates to **0** because the operand `(5 == 5)` is **1** (true).
***
## 5\. C++ Bitwise Operators
In C++, bitwise operators are used to perform operations on individual bits. They can only be used alongside `char` and `int` data types.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| `&` | Binary AND |
| `|` | Binary OR |
| `^` | Binary XOR |
| `~` | Binary One's Complement |
| `<<` | Binary Shift Left |
| `>>` | Binary Shift Right |
To learn more, visit [C++ bitwise operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/bitwise-operators).
***
## 6\. Other C++ Operators
Here's a list of some other common operators available in C++. We will learn about them in later tutorials.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| `sizeof` | returns the size of data type | `sizeof(int); // 4` |
| `?:` | returns value based on the condition | `string result = (5 > 0) ? "even" : "odd"; // "even"` |
| `&` | represents memory address of the operand | `# // address of num` |
| `.` | accesses members of struct variables or class objects | `s1.marks = 92;` |
| `->` | used with pointers to access the class or struct variables | `ptr->marks = 92;` |
| `<<` | prints the output value | `cout << 5;` |
| `>>` | gets the input value | `cin >> num;` |
***
**Also Read:**
- [C++ Operators Precedence and Associativity](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators-precedence-associativity)
### Table of Contents
- [C++ Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#introduction)
- [Arithmetic Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#arithmetic)
- [Increment and Decrement Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#increment-decrement)
- [Assignment Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#assignment)
- [Relational Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#relational)
- [Logical Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#logical)
- [Other Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#other-operators)
Before we wrap up, let’s put your knowledge of C++ Operators to the test! Can you solve the following challenge?
Challenge:
Write a function to find the sum of three numbers.
- Return the sum of the given three numbers `num1`, `num2` and `num3`.
- For example, if `num1 = 2`, `num2 = 3`, and `num3 = 4`, the expected output is **9**.
Check Code
[Previous Tutorial: C++ Basic Input/Output](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/input-output "C++ Basic Input/Output")
[Next Tutorial: C++ Relational and Logical Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/relational-logical-operators "C++ Relational and Logical Operators")
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| Readable Markdown | Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, `+` is an operator used for addition, while `-` is an operator used for subtraction.
Operators in C++ can be classified into 6 types:
1. [Arithmetic Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#arithmetic)
2. [Assignment Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#assignment)
3. [Relational Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#relational)
4. [Logical Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#logical)
5. [Bitwise Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#bitwise)
6. [Other Operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators#other-operators)
***
## 1\. C++ Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,
```
a + b;
```
Here, the `+` operator is used to add two variables a and b. Similarly there are various other arithmetic operators in C++.
| Operator | Operation |
|---|---|
| `+` | Addition |
| `-` | Subtraction |
| `*` | Multiplication |
| `/` | Division |
| `%` | Modulo Operation (Remainder after division) |
***
### Example 1: Arithmetic Operators
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 7;
b = 2;
// printing the sum of a and b
cout << "a + b = " << (a + b) << endl;
// printing the difference of a and b
cout << "a - b = " << (a - b) << endl;
// printing the product of a and b
cout << "a * b = " << (a * b) << endl;
// printing the division of a by b
cout << "a / b = " << (a / b) << endl;
// printing the modulo of a by b
cout << "a % b = " << (a % b) << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
a + b = 9 a - b = 5 a * b = 14 a / b = 3 a % b = 1
```
Here, the operators `+`, `-` and `*` compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication respectively as we might have expected.
**/ Division Operator**
Note the operation `(a / b)` in our program. The `/` operator is the division operator.
As we can see from the above example, if an integer is divided by another integer, we will get the quotient. However, if either divisor or dividend is a floating-point number, we will get the result in decimals.
```
In C++,
7/2 is 3
7.0 / 2 is 3.5
7 / 2.0 is 3.5
7.0 / 2.0 is 3.5
```
**% Modulo Operator**
The modulo operator `%` computes the remainder. When `a = 9` is divided by `b = 4`, the remainder is **1**.
**Note:** The `%` operator can only be used with integers.
***
### Increment and Decrement Operators
C++ also provides increment and decrement operators: `++` and `--` respectively.
- `++` increases the value of the operand by **1**
- `--` decreases it by **1**
For example,
```
int num = 5;
// increment operator
++num; // 6
```
Here, the code `++num;` increases the value of num by **1**.
***
### Example 2: Increment and Decrement Operators
```
// Working of increment and decrement operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a = 10, b = 100, result_a, result_b;
// incrementing a by 1 and storing the result in result_a
result_a = ++a;
cout << "result_a = " << result_a << endl;
// decrementing b by 1 and storing the result in result_b
result_b = --b;
cout << "result_b = " << result_b << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
result_a = 11 result_b = 99
```
In the above program, we have used the `++` and `--` operators as **prefixes (++a and --b)**. However, we can also use these operators as **postfix (a++ and b--)**.
To learn more, visit [increment and decrement operators](https://www.programiz.com/article/increment-decrement-operator-difference-prefix-postfix).
***
## 2\. C++ Assignment Operators
In C++, assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. For example,
```
// assign 5 to a
a = 5;
```
Here, we have assigned a value of `5` to the variable a.
| Operator | Example | Equivalent to |
|---|---|---|
| `=` | `a = b;` | `a = b;` |
| `+=` | `a += b;` | `a = a + b;` |
| `-=` | `a -= b;` | `a = a - b;` |
| `*=` | `a *= b;` | `a = a * b;` |
| `/=` | `a /= b;` | `a = a / b;` |
| `%=` | `a %= b;` | `a = a % b;` |
***
### Example 3: Assignment Operators
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
// 2 is assigned to a
a = 2;
// 7 is assigned to b
b = 7;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "\nAfter a += b;" << endl;
// assigning the sum of a and b to a
a += b; // a = a +b
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
a = 2 b = 7 After a += b; a = 9
```
***
## 3\. C++ Relational Operators
A relational operator is used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,
```
// checks if a is greater than b
a > b;
```
Here, `>` is a relational operator. It checks if a is greater than b or not.
If the relation is **true**, it returns **1** whereas if the relation is **false**, it returns **0**.
| Operator | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| `==` | Is Equal To | `3 == 5` gives us **false** |
| `!=` | Not Equal To | `3 != 5` gives us **true** |
| `>` | Greater Than | `3 > 5` gives us **false** |
| `<` | Less Than | `3 < 5` gives us **true** |
| `>=` | Greater Than or Equal To | `3 >= 5` give us **false** |
| `<=` | Less Than or Equal To | `3 <= 5` gives us **true** |
***
### Example 4: Relational Operators
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 3;
b = 5;
bool result;
result = (a == b); // false
cout << "3 == 5 is " << result << endl;
result = (a != b); // true
cout << "3 != 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a > b; // false
cout << "3 > 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a < b; // true
cout << "3 < 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a >= b; // false
cout << "3 >= 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a <= b; // true
cout << "3 <= 5 is " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
3 == 5 is 0 3 != 5 is 1 3 > 5 is 0 3 < 5 is 1 3 >= 5 is 0 3 <= 5 is 1
```
**Note**: Relational operators are used in decision-making and loops.
***
## 4\. C++ Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is **true** or **false**. If the expression is **true**, it returns **1** whereas if the expression is **false**, it returns **0**.
| Operator | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| `&&` | expression1 **&&** expression2 | Logical AND. True only if all the operands are true. |
| `||` | expression1 **\|\|** expression2 | Logical OR. True if at least one of the operands is true. |
| `!` | **\!**expression | Logical NOT. True only if the operand is false. |
In C++, logical operators are commonly used in decision making. To further understand the logical operators, let's see the following examples,
```
Suppose,
a = 5
b = 8
Then,
(a > 3) && (b > 5) evaluates to true
(a > 3) && (b < 5) evaluates to false
(a > 3) || (b > 5) evaluates to true
(a > 3) || (b < 5) evaluates to true
(a < 3) || (b < 5) evaluates to false
!(a < 3) evaluates to true
!(a > 3) evaluates to false
```
***
### Example 5: Logical Operators
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
bool result;
result = (3 != 5) && (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) && (3 < 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) && (3 > 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 != 5) || (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 != 5) || (3 > 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) || (3 > 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = !(5 == 2); // true
cout << "!(5 == 2) is " << result << endl;
result = !(5 == 5); // false
cout << "!(5 == 5) is " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
```
**Output**
```
(3 != 5) && (3 < 5) is 1 (3 == 5) && (3 < 5) is 0 (3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is 0 (3 != 5) || (3 < 5) is 1 (3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is 1 (3 == 5) || (3 > 5) is 0 !(5 == 2) is 1 !(5 == 5) is 0
```
**Explanation of logical operator program**
- `(3 != 5) && (3 < 5)` evaluates to **1** because both operands `(3 != 5)` and `(3 < 5)` are **1** (true).
- `(3 == 5) && (3 < 5)` evaluates to **0** because the operand `(3 == 5)` is **0** (false).
- `(3 == 5) && (3 > 5)` evaluates to **0** because both operands `(3 == 5)` and `(3 > 5)` are **0** (false).
- `(3 != 5) || (3 < 5)` evaluates to **1** because both operands `(3 != 5)` and `(3 < 5)` are **1** (true).
- `(3 != 5) || (3 > 5)` evaluates to **1** because the operand `(3 != 5)` is **1** (true).
- `(3 == 5) || (3 > 5)` evaluates to **0** because both operands `(3 == 5)` and `(3 > 5)` are **0** (false).
- `!(5 == 2)` evaluates to **1** because the operand `(5 == 2)` is **0** (false).
- `!(5 == 5)` evaluates to **0** because the operand `(5 == 5)` is **1** (true).
***
## 5\. C++ Bitwise Operators
In C++, bitwise operators are used to perform operations on individual bits. They can only be used alongside `char` and `int` data types.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| `&` | Binary AND |
| `|` | Binary OR |
| `^` | Binary XOR |
| `~` | Binary One's Complement |
| `<<` | Binary Shift Left |
| `>>` | Binary Shift Right |
To learn more, visit [C++ bitwise operators](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/bitwise-operators).
***
## 6\. Other C++ Operators
Here's a list of some other common operators available in C++. We will learn about them in later tutorials.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| `sizeof` | returns the size of data type | `sizeof(int); // 4` |
| `?:` | returns value based on the condition | `string result = (5 > 0) ? "even" : "odd"; // "even"` |
| `&` | represents memory address of the operand | `# // address of num` |
| `.` | accesses members of struct variables or class objects | `s1.marks = 92;` |
| `->` | used with pointers to access the class or struct variables | `ptr->marks = 92;` |
| `<<` | prints the output value | `cout << 5;` |
| `>>` | gets the input value | `cin >> num;` |
***
**Also Read:**
- [C++ Operators Precedence and Associativity](https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators-precedence-associativity) |
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