🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 139 (from laksa040)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa139.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-accident\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-accident\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-accident","crawl_time":1777233796,"first_indexed_time":1603153153,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,oecd-nea!www,\/jcms\/pl_27411\/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-accident s443","src_root_hash":"420049701271820539","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) - Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident","meta_descriptions":["On 11 March 2011, a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale jolted the eastern coast of Japan. An hour after the earthquake, a 14-15 m tsunami, as estimated at the Fukushima Daiichi site, hit the Pacific coastline and led to a terrible loss of lives (approximately 19 000 people died..."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Background\nOn 11 March 2011, Japan was struck by a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale, which initiated a tsunami that inundated a large portion of the east coast of Japan. The tsunami caused massive devastation and approximately 20 000 people were killed or were declared missing. The tsunami also led to one of the most severe nuclear power site accidents in history, at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Three of the station’s six reactors suffered core melts and the entire facility was severely damaged. Post-accident analyses have verified that the radiation from the accident has not led to any direct impact on human health. However, the health and well-being of more than 150 000 people living in surrounding areas was affected to different degrees (including some early deaths) as a result of evacuations from the area due to both the tsunami and the nuclear accident, lack of access to health care or medicines, stress-related problems, and other causes. \nThe operating reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant quickly and effectively shut down as designed when the earthquake struck. However, the tsunami generated by the earthquake inundated the site approximately 50 minutes later to devastating effect. Primary and auxiliary reactor cooling circuits and electrical power were lost. Over the course of three days the cores of Units 1, 2 and 3 (which had been in full operation before the earthquake) overheated and much of the nuclear fuel in the reactor cores melted. The high temperatures led to chemical reactions that released significant amounts of hydrogen gas, which exploded and caused structural damage to Units 1, 3 and 4 (the latter of which on 11 March was in a planned outage). The accident was categorised at Level 7 of the International Nuclear Event Scale due to high radioactivity releases.\nAfter nine months, the immediate risks posed by the damaged reactors were brought under control by achieving cold shutdown of the facility. In the years since, Japanese authorities have undertaken very challenging work to address the on-site and off-site consequences, take forward the decommissioning of the site, conduct the remediation of the affected areas in the Fukushima Prefecture and neighbouring prefectures, and rebuild the social and economic fabric of the areas impacted by the earthquake, the tsunami and the nuclear accident.\nNEA's work\nThe Agency and its membership have been very active in understanding, assessing, and responding to the Fukushima Daiichi accident since it occurred in 2011. The NEA continues sharing and applying the many lessons learnt from this experience.\nNEA projects supported by participating member countries and the government of Japan, as well as other NEA joint efforts, have delivered\ncross-cutting safety research\n. A common understanding of the accident has led to improved tools to support decommissioning and a better quantification and understanding of plant safety margins. Potential improvements have been identified in several areas such as fuel designs that are more tolerant of accidents and electrical power systems that are more robust. Comprehensive safety reviews were done across NEA countries to assess readiness for severe accident conditions, and have identified plant and process improvements to mitigate the potential impact of external hazards. As highlighted in the 2016 NEA report\nFive Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Nuclear Safety Improvements and Lessons Learnt\n, many such measures have been implemented.\nTo address near-term challenges in handling very low-level post-accident radioactive waste, the NEA examined how to develop a complex waste characterisation and categorisation process. NEA activities have also focussed on post-accident recovery management, including balancing decisions in radiological protection, as an important pillar of ensuring public health and well-being. Human aspects of nuclear safety, such as regulatory safety culture and broader stakeholder involvement in decision making, have been a significant focus of NEA activities. The 2021 report\nFukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On: Progress, Lessons and Challenges\n details the range of such initiatives, as well as the activities of other international organisations.","attrs_markdown":"[![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/logo-nea-invert.svg)](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/index.jsp)\n\n- [About us](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5705\/about-us)\n- [Topics](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5706\/topics)\n- [News and resources](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/rni_6629\/news-and-resources)\n- [Learning and tools](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/fmb_7456\/learning-and-tools)\n\n[×]()\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5712\/fr\/homepage)  ![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/chevron-right.svg)\n\nAbout us\n\n[About us](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5705\/about-us)\n\n[About us](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5705\/about-us)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/chevron-right.svg)\n\nTopics\n\n[Topics](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5706\/topics)\n\n[Topics](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5706\/topics)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/chevron-right.svg)\n\nNews and resources\n\n[News and resources](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/rni_6629\/news-and-resources)\n\n[News and resources](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/rni_6629\/news-and-resources)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/chevron-right.svg)\n\nLearning and tools\n\n[Learning and tools](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/fmb_7456\/learning-and-tools)\n\n[Learning and tools](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/fmb_7456\/learning-and-tools)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/chevron-right.svg)\n\nCopyright © 2025 OECD\n\n[![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/smart-tv.svg) DATA BANK](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/rni_6530\/jportal-data-bank-workspace)\n\n[![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/shape.svg) my nea](https:\/\/mynea.oecd-nea.org\/)\n\n1. [Homepage](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5712\/fr\/homepage)\n2. [Topics](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/tro_5560\/topic-landing-workspace)\n3. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident\n\nFukushima Daiichi nuclear accident\n\nOngoing\n\n[Fukushima](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/jsp\/search\/customQuery.jsp?cids=tro_10287)   [Radiological protection](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/jsp\/search\/customQuery.jsp?cids=tro_10406)   [Radiological protection in nuclear or radiological emergencies](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/jsp\/search\/customQuery.jsp?cids=c_12160)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/upload\/docs\/image\/jpeg\/2021-02\/fukushima_daiichi_npp_2020_rvb.jpg)\n\nMap data ©2021 Google, Terrametrics Data SIO, NOAA, US Navy, NGA, GEBCO\n\n## Background\nOn 11 March 2011, Japan was struck by a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale, which initiated a tsunami that inundated a large portion of the east coast of Japan. The tsunami caused massive devastation and approximately 20 000 people were killed or were declared missing. The tsunami also led to one of the most severe nuclear power site accidents in history, at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Three of the station’s six reactors suffered core melts and the entire facility was severely damaged. Post-accident analyses have verified that the radiation from the accident has not led to any direct impact on human health. However, the health and well-being of more than 150 000 people living in surrounding areas was affected to different degrees (including some early deaths) as a result of evacuations from the area due to both the tsunami and the nuclear accident, lack of access to health care or medicines, stress-related problems, and other causes.\n\nThe operating reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant quickly and effectively shut down as designed when the earthquake struck. However, the tsunami generated by the earthquake inundated the site approximately 50 minutes later to devastating effect. Primary and auxiliary reactor cooling circuits and electrical power were lost. Over the course of three days the cores of Units 1, 2 and 3 (which had been in full operation before the earthquake) overheated and much of the nuclear fuel in the reactor cores melted. The high temperatures led to chemical reactions that released significant amounts of hydrogen gas, which exploded and caused structural damage to Units 1, 3 and 4 (the latter of which on 11 March was in a planned outage). The accident was categorised at Level 7 of the International Nuclear Event Scale due to high radioactivity releases.\n\nAfter nine months, the immediate risks posed by the damaged reactors were brought under control by achieving cold shutdown of the facility. In the years since, Japanese authorities have undertaken very challenging work to address the on-site and off-site consequences, take forward the decommissioning of the site, conduct the remediation of the affected areas in the Fukushima Prefecture and neighbouring prefectures, and rebuild the social and economic fabric of the areas impacted by the earthquake, the tsunami and the nuclear accident.\n\n## NEA's work\nThe Agency and its membership have been very active in understanding, assessing, and responding to the Fukushima Daiichi accident since it occurred in 2011. The NEA continues sharing and applying the many lessons learnt from this experience.\n\nNEA projects supported by participating member countries and the government of Japan, as well as other NEA joint efforts, have delivered [cross-cutting safety research](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_72332\/nuclear-safety-research-joint-projects \"Nuclear Safety Research Joint Projects\"). A common understanding of the accident has led to improved tools to support decommissioning and a better quantification and understanding of plant safety margins. Potential improvements have been identified in several areas such as fuel designs that are more tolerant of accidents and electrical power systems that are more robust. Comprehensive safety reviews were done across NEA countries to assess readiness for severe accident conditions, and have identified plant and process improvements to mitigate the potential impact of external hazards. As highlighted in the 2016 NEA report [*Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Nuclear Safety Improvements and Lessons Learnt*](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_14978\/five-years-after-the-fukushima-daiichi-accident \"Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident\"), many such measures have been implemented.\n\nTo address near-term challenges in handling very low-level post-accident radioactive waste, the NEA examined how to develop a complex waste characterisation and categorisation process. NEA activities have also focussed on post-accident recovery management, including balancing decisions in radiological protection, as an important pillar of ensuring public health and well-being. Human aspects of nuclear safety, such as regulatory safety culture and broader stakeholder involvement in decision making, have been a significant focus of NEA activities. The 2021 report ***[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On: Progress, Lessons and Challenges](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_56742\/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-power-plant-accident-ten-years-on \"Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On\")*** details the range of such initiatives, as well as the activities of other international organisations.\n\nRelated topics\n\n[Radiological protection](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/c_12890\/radiological-protection)\n\n[Radiological protection in nuclear or radiological emergencies](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_26311\/radiological-protection-in-nuclear-or-radiological-emergencies)\n\n[Nuclear Safety Research Joint Projects](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_72332\/nuclear-safety-research-joint-projects)\n\nRelated events\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/calendarLittle.svg)\n\n23\n\nMay\n\n2022\n\n[Webinar on building a framework for post-nuclear accident recovery preparedness: National-level guidance](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_66393\/webinar-on-building-a-framework-for-post-nuclear-accident-recovery-preparedness-national-level-guidance)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/calendarLittle.svg)\n\n8\n\nNovember\n\n2021\n\n[International Conference on a Decade of Progress After Fukushima-Daiichi: Building on the Lessons Learned to Further Strengthen Nuclear Safety](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_58614\/international-conference-on-a-decade-of-progress-after-fukushima-daiichi-building-on-the-lessons-learned-to-further-strengthen-nuclear-safety)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/calendarLittle.svg)\n\n12\n\nJanuary\n\n2018\n\n[Towards an All‑Hazards Approach to Emergency Preparedness and Response: Lessons Learnt from Non‑Nuclear Events](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_28094\/towards-an-all-hazards-approach-to-emergency-preparedness-and-response-lessons-learnt-from-non-nuclear-events)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/plusBlue.svg)\n\n[ALL EVENTS](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/j_231\/portail-application?text=&opSearch=true&jsp=plugins%2FMainPlugin%2Fjsp%2Fsearch%2FcustomQuery.jsp&types=generated.Event&dateDebutChoice=04\/26\/2026)\n\nRelated 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categories...\")\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/plusWhite.svg)\n\n[READ MORE](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_105053\/shaping-future-research-on-the-fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-power-plant-accident)\n\nPublications and reports\n\n37\n\nresults\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/plusBlue.svg)  [SEE ALL IN THIS CATEGORY](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/jsp\/search\/customQuery.jsp?cids=tro_10287&types=generated.NEAOfficialDoc&types=generated.NEAPublication&sort=pdate)\n\nNEA Working Paper\n\nMost 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It contributes to the adoption and the maintenance of high standards of protection for the public, workers and the environment in all activities involving the use of ionising radiations, and particularly, but not limited to the field of nuclear energy. ![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/upload\/docs\/image\/jpeg\/2020-01\/research_and_test_reactor.jpg) ![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/search-document.svg) See](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_20385\/committee-on-radiological-protection-and-public-health-crpph)\n\n[Expert Group on a Post-Accident Food Safety Framework (EGFSF) The experience mostly derived from Chernobyl and Fukushima post-accident situations has shown that the management of contaminated food after such nuclear disasters can lead to a number of public health and socioeconomic impacts that have to be addressed under national sovereignty. At the same time, feedback analyses of the food management strategies have evidenced that a lack of international harmonisation and independent scientific evaluation of the situation cannot only lead to increased confusion around food safety in affected and non-affected populations, but also hamper international trade and lead to disagreements between countries. The NEA Committee on Radiological Protection and Public Health (CRPPH) decided to create a dedicated expert group to further investigate and suggest how an NEA-led approach could facilitate the management of contaminated food after a nuclear or radiological emergency with a specific focus on international trade and consumer trust issues. ![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/upload\/docs\/image\/jpeg\/2022-06\/nadiia-vynar-5ptd-y0xozk-unsplash.jpg) ![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/search-document.svg) See](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_70134\/expert-group-on-a-post-accident-food-safety-framework-egfsf)\n\n[Expert Group on Non-radiological Public Health Aspects of Radiation Emergency Planning and Response (EGNR)](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_71072\/expert-group-on-non-radiological-public-health-aspects-of-radiation-emergency-planning-and-response-egnr)\n\n[In 2019, the](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_71072\/expert-group-on-non-radiological-public-health-aspects-of-radiation-emergency-planning-and-response-egnr) [NEA Committee on Radiological Protection and Public Health's(CRPPH)](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_20385\/committee-on-radiological-protection-and-public-health-crpph) [Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM)](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_26861\/working-party-on-nuclear-emergency-matters-wpnem) created the Expert Group on Non‑radiological Public Health Aspects of Radiation Emergency Planning and Response (EGNR) to provide input to the WHO framework for mental health and psychosocial support in radiological and nuclear emergencies and to work on an operational extension of that document. The EGNR report will deliver guidance to decision makers in member countries while planning for, responding to, and recovering from nuclear or radiological emergencies by providing practical solutions, approaches and tools to integrate mental health and psychosocial support into protective action plans.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/upload\/docs\/image\/jpeg\/2020-09\/crowd-2045499_1920.jpg)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/search-document.svg) See\n\n[Working Group on Public Communication of Nuclear Regulatory Organisations (WGPC) The Working Group in Public Communication of Nuclear Regulatory Organisations (WGPC) provided a forum for nuclear regulatory organisation communicators and outreach officers to exchange information, experience, and practices. It also aimed to exchange views regarding the policies of nuclear regulatory organisations in the area of public communication and identified ways of promoting efficient collaboration between member countries. ![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/upload\/docs\/image\/jpeg\/2025-02\/dylan-gillis-kdeqa3atnby-unsplash.jpg) ![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/plugins\/MainPlugin\/images\/search-document.svg) See](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/jcms\/pl_28592\/working-group-on-public-communication-of-nuclear-regulatory-organisations-wgpc)\n\n[Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM) The mission of the CRPPH Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM) is to improve nuclear emergency management systems within member countries, and to share its knowledge and experience widely. Within this framework, WPNEM activities focus on identified needs in planning, preparedness and response for the \"early\" and \"intermediate\" phases of a nuclear\/radiological emergency (including accidents and consequence management for malicious acts), with a view to prepare appropriate recovery actions. 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English](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-accident)\n\n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\n\nAZkqjj9HxWsX3UJn\n\n![](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_27411\/images\/jalios\/icons\/ajax-wait.svg)","attrs_readable_markdown":"## Background\nOn 11 March 2011, Japan was struck by a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale, which initiated a tsunami that inundated a large portion of the east coast of Japan. The tsunami caused massive devastation and approximately 20 000 people were killed or were declared missing. The tsunami also led to one of the most severe nuclear power site accidents in history, at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Three of the station’s six reactors suffered core melts and the entire facility was severely damaged. Post-accident analyses have verified that the radiation from the accident has not led to any direct impact on human health. However, the health and well-being of more than 150 000 people living in surrounding areas was affected to different degrees (including some early deaths) as a result of evacuations from the area due to both the tsunami and the nuclear accident, lack of access to health care or medicines, stress-related problems, and other causes.\n\nThe operating reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant quickly and effectively shut down as designed when the earthquake struck. However, the tsunami generated by the earthquake inundated the site approximately 50 minutes later to devastating effect. Primary and auxiliary reactor cooling circuits and electrical power were lost. Over the course of three days the cores of Units 1, 2 and 3 (which had been in full operation before the earthquake) overheated and much of the nuclear fuel in the reactor cores melted. The high temperatures led to chemical reactions that released significant amounts of hydrogen gas, which exploded and caused structural damage to Units 1, 3 and 4 (the latter of which on 11 March was in a planned outage). The accident was categorised at Level 7 of the International Nuclear Event Scale due to high radioactivity releases.\n\nAfter nine months, the immediate risks posed by the damaged reactors were brought under control by achieving cold shutdown of the facility. In the years since, Japanese authorities have undertaken very challenging work to address the on-site and off-site consequences, take forward the decommissioning of the site, conduct the remediation of the affected areas in the Fukushima Prefecture and neighbouring prefectures, and rebuild the social and economic fabric of the areas impacted by the earthquake, the tsunami and the nuclear accident.\n\n## NEA's work\nThe Agency and its membership have been very active in understanding, assessing, and responding to the Fukushima Daiichi accident since it occurred in 2011. The NEA continues sharing and applying the many lessons learnt from this experience.\n\nNEA projects supported by participating member countries and the government of Japan, as well as other NEA joint efforts, have delivered [cross-cutting safety research](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_72332\/nuclear-safety-research-joint-projects \"Nuclear Safety Research Joint Projects\"). A common understanding of the accident has led to improved tools to support decommissioning and a better quantification and understanding of plant safety margins. Potential improvements have been identified in several areas such as fuel designs that are more tolerant of accidents and electrical power systems that are more robust. Comprehensive safety reviews were done across NEA countries to assess readiness for severe accident conditions, and have identified plant and process improvements to mitigate the potential impact of external hazards. As highlighted in the 2016 NEA report [*Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Nuclear Safety Improvements and Lessons Learnt*](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_14978\/five-years-after-the-fukushima-daiichi-accident \"Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident\"), many such measures have been implemented.\n\nTo address near-term challenges in handling very low-level post-accident radioactive waste, the NEA examined how to develop a complex waste characterisation and categorisation process. NEA activities have also focussed on post-accident recovery management, including balancing decisions in radiological protection, as an important pillar of ensuring public health and well-being. Human aspects of nuclear safety, such as regulatory safety culture and broader stakeholder involvement in decision making, have been a significant focus of NEA activities. The 2021 report ***[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On: Progress, Lessons and Challenges](https:\/\/www.oecd-nea.org\/jcms\/pl_56742\/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-power-plant-accident-ten-years-on \"Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On\")*** details the range of such initiatives, as well as the activities of other international organisations.","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"{\"\/Science\":818,\"\/Science\/Physics\":617,\"\/Law_and_Government\":511,\"\/Law_and_Government\/Public_Safety\":278,\"\/Law_and_Government\/Public_Safety\/Emergency_Services\":256}","ml_types_json":"{\"\/Article\":671,\"\/Article\/News_Update\":483}","ml_intent_types_json":"{\"Informational\":997}","meta_language":"en","attrs_author":null,"attrs_publish_time":0,"attrs_original_publish_time":1603153153,"attrs_is_republished":0,"attrs_nr_words":"1759","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"665","body_ext_links_number":15,"body_int_links_number":183,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":0,"props_was_rendered":0,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":89,"download_ttfb_msec":82,"download_size":18581}

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Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) - Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident

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On 11 March 2011, a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale jolted the eastern coast of Japan. An hour after the earthquake, a 14-15 m tsunami, as estimated at the Fukushima Daiichi site, hit the Pacific coastline and led to a terrible loss of lives (approximately 19 000 people died...

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Background On 11 March 2011, Japan was struck by a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale, which initiated a tsunami that inundated a large portion of the east coast of Japan. The tsunami caused massive devastation and approximately 20 000 people were killed or were declared missing. The tsunami also led to one of the most severe nuclear power site accidents in history, at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Three of the station’s six reactors suffered core melts and the entire facility was severely damaged. Post-accident analyses have verified that the radiation from the accident has not led to any direct impact on human health. However, the health and well-being of more than 150 000 people living in surrounding areas was affected to different degrees (including some early deaths) as a result of evacuations from the area due to both the tsunami and the nuclear accident, lack of access to health care or medicines, stress-related problems, and other causes. The operating reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant quickly and effectively shut down as designed when the earthquake struck. However, the tsunami generated by the earthquake inundated the site approximately 50 minutes later to devastating effect. Primary and auxiliary reactor cooling circuits and electrical power were lost. Over the course of three days the cores of Units 1, 2 and 3 (which had been in full operation before the earthquake) overheated and much of the nuclear fuel in the reactor cores melted. The high temperatures led to chemical reactions that released significant amounts of hydrogen gas, which exploded and caused structural damage to Units 1, 3 and 4 (the latter of which on 11 March was in a planned outage). The accident was categorised at Level 7 of the International Nuclear Event Scale due to high radioactivity releases. After nine months, the immediate risks posed by the damaged reactors were brought under control by achieving cold shutdown of the facility. In the years since, Japanese authorities have undertaken very challenging work to address the on-site and off-site consequences, take forward the decommissioning of the site, conduct the remediation of the affected areas in the Fukushima Prefecture and neighbouring prefectures, and rebuild the social and economic fabric of the areas impacted by the earthquake, the tsunami and the nuclear accident. NEA's work The Agency and its membership have been very active in understanding, assessing, and responding to the Fukushima Daiichi accident since it occurred in 2011. The NEA continues sharing and applying the many lessons learnt from this experience. NEA projects supported by participating member countries and the government of Japan, as well as other NEA joint efforts, have delivered cross-cutting safety research . A common understanding of the accident has led to improved tools to support decommissioning and a better quantification and understanding of plant safety margins. Potential improvements have been identified in several areas such as fuel designs that are more tolerant of accidents and electrical power systems that are more robust. Comprehensive safety reviews were done across NEA countries to assess readiness for severe accident conditions, and have identified plant and process improvements to mitigate the potential impact of external hazards. As highlighted in the 2016 NEA report Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Nuclear Safety Improvements and Lessons Learnt , many such measures have been implemented. To address near-term challenges in handling very low-level post-accident radioactive waste, the NEA examined how to develop a complex waste characterisation and categorisation process. NEA activities have also focussed on post-accident recovery management, including balancing decisions in radiological protection, as an important pillar of ensuring public health and well-being. Human aspects of nuclear safety, such as regulatory safety culture and broader stakeholder involvement in decision making, have been a significant focus of NEA activities. The 2021 report Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On: Progress, Lessons and Challenges details the range of such initiatives, as well as the activities of other international organisations.

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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident Ongoing [Fukushima](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/jsp/search/customQuery.jsp?cids=tro_10287) [Radiological protection](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/jsp/search/customQuery.jsp?cids=tro_10406) [Radiological protection in nuclear or radiological emergencies](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/jsp/search/customQuery.jsp?cids=c_12160) ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/upload/docs/image/jpeg/2021-02/fukushima_daiichi_npp_2020_rvb.jpg) Map data ©2021 Google, Terrametrics Data SIO, NOAA, US Navy, NGA, GEBCO ## Background On 11 March 2011, Japan was struck by a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale, which initiated a tsunami that inundated a large portion of the east coast of Japan. The tsunami caused massive devastation and approximately 20 000 people were killed or were declared missing. The tsunami also led to one of the most severe nuclear power site accidents in history, at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Three of the station’s six reactors suffered core melts and the entire facility was severely damaged. Post-accident analyses have verified that the radiation from the accident has not led to any direct impact on human health. However, the health and well-being of more than 150 000 people living in surrounding areas was affected to different degrees (including some early deaths) as a result of evacuations from the area due to both the tsunami and the nuclear accident, lack of access to health care or medicines, stress-related problems, and other causes. The operating reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant quickly and effectively shut down as designed when the earthquake struck. However, the tsunami generated by the earthquake inundated the site approximately 50 minutes later to devastating effect. Primary and auxiliary reactor cooling circuits and electrical power were lost. Over the course of three days the cores of Units 1, 2 and 3 (which had been in full operation before the earthquake) overheated and much of the nuclear fuel in the reactor cores melted. The high temperatures led to chemical reactions that released significant amounts of hydrogen gas, which exploded and caused structural damage to Units 1, 3 and 4 (the latter of which on 11 March was in a planned outage). The accident was categorised at Level 7 of the International Nuclear Event Scale due to high radioactivity releases. After nine months, the immediate risks posed by the damaged reactors were brought under control by achieving cold shutdown of the facility. In the years since, Japanese authorities have undertaken very challenging work to address the on-site and off-site consequences, take forward the decommissioning of the site, conduct the remediation of the affected areas in the Fukushima Prefecture and neighbouring prefectures, and rebuild the social and economic fabric of the areas impacted by the earthquake, the tsunami and the nuclear accident. ## NEA's work The Agency and its membership have been very active in understanding, assessing, and responding to the Fukushima Daiichi accident since it occurred in 2011. The NEA continues sharing and applying the many lessons learnt from this experience. NEA projects supported by participating member countries and the government of Japan, as well as other NEA joint efforts, have delivered [cross-cutting safety research](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_72332/nuclear-safety-research-joint-projects "Nuclear Safety Research Joint Projects"). A common understanding of the accident has led to improved tools to support decommissioning and a better quantification and understanding of plant safety margins. Potential improvements have been identified in several areas such as fuel designs that are more tolerant of accidents and electrical power systems that are more robust. Comprehensive safety reviews were done across NEA countries to assess readiness for severe accident conditions, and have identified plant and process improvements to mitigate the potential impact of external hazards. As highlighted in the 2016 NEA report [*Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Nuclear Safety Improvements and Lessons Learnt*](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_14978/five-years-after-the-fukushima-daiichi-accident "Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident"), many such measures have been implemented. To address near-term challenges in handling very low-level post-accident radioactive waste, the NEA examined how to develop a complex waste characterisation and categorisation process. NEA activities have also focussed on post-accident recovery management, including balancing decisions in radiological protection, as an important pillar of ensuring public health and well-being. Human aspects of nuclear safety, such as regulatory safety culture and broader stakeholder involvement in decision making, have been a significant focus of NEA activities. The 2021 report ***[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On: Progress, Lessons and Challenges](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_56742/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-power-plant-accident-ten-years-on "Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On")*** details the range of such initiatives, as well as the activities of other international organisations. Related topics [Radiological protection](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/c_12890/radiological-protection) [Radiological protection in nuclear or radiological emergencies](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_26311/radiological-protection-in-nuclear-or-radiological-emergencies) [Nuclear Safety Research Joint Projects](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_72332/nuclear-safety-research-joint-projects) Related events ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/images/calendarLittle.svg) 23 May 2022 [Webinar on building a framework for post-nuclear accident recovery preparedness: National-level guidance](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_66393/webinar-on-building-a-framework-for-post-nuclear-accident-recovery-preparedness-national-level-guidance) ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/images/calendarLittle.svg) 8 November 2021 [International Conference on a Decade of Progress After Fukushima-Daiichi: Building on the Lessons Learned to Further Strengthen Nuclear Safety](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_58614/international-conference-on-a-decade-of-progress-after-fukushima-daiichi-building-on-the-lessons-learned-to-further-strengthen-nuclear-safety) ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/images/calendarLittle.svg) 12 January 2018 [Towards an All‑Hazards Approach to Emergency Preparedness and Response: Lessons Learnt from Non‑Nuclear Events](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_28094/towards-an-all-hazards-approach-to-emergency-preparedness-and-response-lessons-learnt-from-non-nuclear-events) ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/images/plusBlue.svg) [ALL EVENTS](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/j_231/portail-application?text=&opSearch=true&jsp=plugins%2FMainPlugin%2Fjsp%2Fsearch%2FcustomQuery.jsp&types=generated.Event&dateDebutChoice=04/26/2026) Related news 32 results 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It contributes to the adoption and the maintenance of high standards of protection for the public, workers and the environment in all activities involving the use of ionising radiations, and particularly, but not limited to the field of nuclear energy. ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/upload/docs/image/jpeg/2020-01/research_and_test_reactor.jpg) ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/images/search-document.svg) See](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_20385/committee-on-radiological-protection-and-public-health-crpph) [Expert Group on a Post-Accident Food Safety Framework (EGFSF) The experience mostly derived from Chernobyl and Fukushima post-accident situations has shown that the management of contaminated food after such nuclear disasters can lead to a number of public health and socioeconomic impacts that have to be addressed under national sovereignty. At the same time, feedback analyses of the food management strategies have evidenced that a lack of international harmonisation and independent scientific evaluation of the situation cannot only lead to increased confusion around food safety in affected and non-affected populations, but also hamper international trade and lead to disagreements between countries. The NEA Committee on Radiological Protection and Public Health (CRPPH) decided to create a dedicated expert group to further investigate and suggest how an NEA-led approach could facilitate the management of contaminated food after a nuclear or radiological emergency with a specific focus on international trade and consumer trust issues. ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/upload/docs/image/jpeg/2022-06/nadiia-vynar-5ptd-y0xozk-unsplash.jpg) ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/images/search-document.svg) See](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_70134/expert-group-on-a-post-accident-food-safety-framework-egfsf) [Expert Group on Non-radiological Public Health Aspects of Radiation Emergency Planning and Response (EGNR)](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_71072/expert-group-on-non-radiological-public-health-aspects-of-radiation-emergency-planning-and-response-egnr) [In 2019, the](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_71072/expert-group-on-non-radiological-public-health-aspects-of-radiation-emergency-planning-and-response-egnr) [NEA Committee on Radiological Protection and Public Health's(CRPPH)](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_20385/committee-on-radiological-protection-and-public-health-crpph) [Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM)](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_26861/working-party-on-nuclear-emergency-matters-wpnem) created the Expert Group on Non‑radiological Public Health Aspects of Radiation Emergency Planning and Response (EGNR) to provide input to the WHO framework for mental health and psychosocial support in radiological and nuclear emergencies and to work on an operational extension of that document. The EGNR report will deliver guidance to decision makers in member countries while planning for, responding to, and recovering from nuclear or radiological emergencies by providing practical solutions, approaches and tools to integrate mental health and psychosocial support into protective action plans. ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/upload/docs/image/jpeg/2020-09/crowd-2045499_1920.jpg) ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/images/search-document.svg) See [Working Group on Public Communication of Nuclear Regulatory Organisations (WGPC) The Working Group in Public Communication of Nuclear Regulatory Organisations (WGPC) provided a forum for nuclear regulatory organisation communicators and outreach officers to exchange information, experience, and practices. It also aimed to exchange views regarding the policies of nuclear regulatory organisations in the area of public communication and identified ways of promoting efficient collaboration between member countries. ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/upload/docs/image/jpeg/2025-02/dylan-gillis-kdeqa3atnby-unsplash.jpg) ![](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/plugins/MainPlugin/images/search-document.svg) See](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_27411/jcms/pl_28592/working-group-on-public-communication-of-nuclear-regulatory-organisations-wgpc) [Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM) The mission of the CRPPH Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM) is to improve nuclear emergency management systems within member countries, and to share its knowledge and experience widely. Within this framework, WPNEM activities focus on identified needs in planning, preparedness and response for the "early" and "intermediate" phases of a nuclear/radiological emergency (including accidents and consequence management for malicious acts), with a view to prepare appropriate recovery actions. 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Readable Markdown

## Background On 11 March 2011, Japan was struck by a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale, which initiated a tsunami that inundated a large portion of the east coast of Japan. The tsunami caused massive devastation and approximately 20 000 people were killed or were declared missing. The tsunami also led to one of the most severe nuclear power site accidents in history, at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Three of the station’s six reactors suffered core melts and the entire facility was severely damaged. Post-accident analyses have verified that the radiation from the accident has not led to any direct impact on human health. However, the health and well-being of more than 150 000 people living in surrounding areas was affected to different degrees (including some early deaths) as a result of evacuations from the area due to both the tsunami and the nuclear accident, lack of access to health care or medicines, stress-related problems, and other causes. The operating reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant quickly and effectively shut down as designed when the earthquake struck. However, the tsunami generated by the earthquake inundated the site approximately 50 minutes later to devastating effect. Primary and auxiliary reactor cooling circuits and electrical power were lost. Over the course of three days the cores of Units 1, 2 and 3 (which had been in full operation before the earthquake) overheated and much of the nuclear fuel in the reactor cores melted. The high temperatures led to chemical reactions that released significant amounts of hydrogen gas, which exploded and caused structural damage to Units 1, 3 and 4 (the latter of which on 11 March was in a planned outage). The accident was categorised at Level 7 of the International Nuclear Event Scale due to high radioactivity releases. After nine months, the immediate risks posed by the damaged reactors were brought under control by achieving cold shutdown of the facility. In the years since, Japanese authorities have undertaken very challenging work to address the on-site and off-site consequences, take forward the decommissioning of the site, conduct the remediation of the affected areas in the Fukushima Prefecture and neighbouring prefectures, and rebuild the social and economic fabric of the areas impacted by the earthquake, the tsunami and the nuclear accident. ## NEA's work The Agency and its membership have been very active in understanding, assessing, and responding to the Fukushima Daiichi accident since it occurred in 2011. The NEA continues sharing and applying the many lessons learnt from this experience. NEA projects supported by participating member countries and the government of Japan, as well as other NEA joint efforts, have delivered [cross-cutting safety research](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_72332/nuclear-safety-research-joint-projects "Nuclear Safety Research Joint Projects"). A common understanding of the accident has led to improved tools to support decommissioning and a better quantification and understanding of plant safety margins. Potential improvements have been identified in several areas such as fuel designs that are more tolerant of accidents and electrical power systems that are more robust. Comprehensive safety reviews were done across NEA countries to assess readiness for severe accident conditions, and have identified plant and process improvements to mitigate the potential impact of external hazards. As highlighted in the 2016 NEA report [*Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Nuclear Safety Improvements and Lessons Learnt*](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_14978/five-years-after-the-fukushima-daiichi-accident "Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident"), many such measures have been implemented. To address near-term challenges in handling very low-level post-accident radioactive waste, the NEA examined how to develop a complex waste characterisation and categorisation process. NEA activities have also focussed on post-accident recovery management, including balancing decisions in radiological protection, as an important pillar of ensuring public health and well-being. Human aspects of nuclear safety, such as regulatory safety culture and broader stakeholder involvement in decision making, have been a significant focus of NEA activities. The 2021 report ***[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On: Progress, Lessons and Challenges](https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_56742/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-power-plant-accident-ten-years-on "Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On")*** details the range of such initiatives, as well as the activities of other international organisations.

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