🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 84 (from laksa133)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa084.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/06\/world\/africa\/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html","crawl_time":1754072836,"first_indexed_time":1501339450,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,nytimes!www,\/2016\/04\/06\/world\/africa\/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html s443","src_root_hash":"4566504020376537684","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"In a Remote Ugandan Lab, Encounters With the Zika Virus and Mosquitoes Decades Ago - The New York Times","meta_descriptions":["A forested site where science and exploration overlapped in the discovery of numerous viruses is today a little patch of forest, but research into the Zika virus continues."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"The institute has been testing every human sample it receives from the East African region for the Zika virus, but currently it has recorded no human cases. Many people in the region may have, or have had, Zika, scientists here contend — it is traceable in antibodies found in the system — but symptoms may simply not be severe or unique enough to merit a visit to the doctor. Dr. Louis Mukwaya, 76, has been working at the virus institute for more than 50 years. “This is the center, the focal point for the East and the West African fauna and flora,” he said. “If you want to work on pathogens, come to Uganda — you will catch everything.” His office at the institute, overlooking Lake Victoria, is a stash of books, old photographs, and a world map pinned with the locations of mosquito-catching expeditions, from Alaska to Saudi Arabia. It was here in the 1930s that that the virus institute’s founders first sat. “I think they knew this was a nice spot,” Dr. Mukwaya said. “Because of the view.” He has seen and heard many things over the years from his hill, including the clatter of gunfire during the raid on Entebbe Airport in 1976, when Israeli troops freed dozens of hijacked hostages there.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/06\/world\/africa\/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#site-content)[Skip to site index](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/06\/world\/africa\/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#site-index)\n\nSearch & Section Navigation\n\nSection Navigation\n\nSEARCH\n\n[Africa](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/section\/world\/africa)\n\n[Log in](https:\/\/myaccount.nytimes.com\/auth\/login?response_type=cookie&client_id=vi&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fsubscription%2Fonboarding-offer%3FcampaignId%3D7JFJX%26EXIT_URI%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.nytimes.com%252F2016%252F04%252F06%252Fworld%252Fafrica%252Fuganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html&asset=masthead)\n\nFriday, August 1, 2025\n\n[Today’s Paper](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/section\/todayspaper)\n\n[Africa](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/section\/world\/africa)\\|In a Remote Ugandan Lab, Encounters With the Zika Virus and Mosquitoes Decades Ago\n\nhttps:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/06\/world\/africa\/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html\n\n- Share full article\n\nAdvertisement\n\n[SKIP ADVERTISEMENT](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/06\/world\/africa\/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#after-top)\n\nSupported by\n\n[SKIP ADVERTISEMENT](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/06\/world\/africa\/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#after-sponsor)\n\nZika Forest Journal\n\n# In a Remote Ugandan Lab, Encounters With the Zika Virus and Mosquitoes Decades Ago\n- Share full article\n\n![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2016\/04\/05\/world\/zikaforrest-web3\/zikaforrest-web3-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n\nResearchers from the Uganda Virus Research Institute carrying insect traps in Zika Forest.Credit...James Akena\/Reuters\n\nBy Josh Kron\n\n- April 5, 2016\n\nZIKA FOREST, Uganda — In the 1940s, colonial researchers slashing through tropical brush stumbled upon this forest near the lapping waters of Lake Victoria. With its cool, wet climate, the swampy area was a giant petri dish for virologists.\n\nThey decided to make it a field site for a research institute nearby in Entebbe, an outpost of what was then the Buganda Kingdom. There, samples of mosquitoes, birds, bats and other mammals were analyzed. Of prime interest was yellow fever, thought to originate in the area.\n\nIn the forest, scientists caged monkeys in wooden platforms high among the jackfruit and mango trees, where mosquitoes liked to breed. The researchers themselves could simply stick out their arms and wait for one to bite, reports from the time noted.\n\nAfter a successful pilot program in another forest in the mid-1940s, the primate project was brought to Zika Forest, with six platforms of caged Asian sentinel monkeys.\n\nOn a Friday in 1947, one of the monkeys fell ill. “Rhesus 766,” a report of the incident reads, “was brought to the laboratory at Entebbe.”\n\nImage\n\n![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2016\/04\/05\/world\/zikaforrest-web2\/zikaforrest-web2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n\nA rusting 120-foot metal tower that was installed in Zika Forest in the 1960s for scientists to study mosquitoes.Credit...James Akena\/Reuters\n\n“A filterable transmissible agent was isolated,” the report said, using the term in those pre-DNA days for filtering the blood serum from sick animals and screening it. If whatever was left was still able to transmit the symptoms to another animal, they knew it was a virus.\n\nThe scientists named it “Zika” — Ziika means “overgrown” in the local Luganda language, but the second “i” was dropped by colonialists who misheard its pronunciation.\n\nDecades later, Zika Forest and the surrounding environs are overgrown once more. Like many semi-urban areas in Africa, it has suffered from human encroachment. In 1947, [Uganda](http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/news\/international\/countriesandterritories\/uganda\/index.html?inline=nyt-geo \"More news and information about Uganda.\")’s population was about 4.5 million; today, it is nearly 40 million.\n\nFrom the top of a rusting 120-foot metal tower that was installed in the 1960s for scientists to study mosquitoes, Emma Mukisa, 19, points out nearby real estate developments and a Chinese construction project. Mr. Mukisa and his father help guard the forest for the government.\n\nTucked behind a soccer field, the little patch of forest — cropped nearly in half over the years to 15 acres, less than one-third the size of the [Brooklyn Botanic Garden](http:\/\/www.bbg.org\/ \"Garden’s website\") — is near the highway to Uganda’s national airport. The rusting tower and some surviving trees are all that remain from that era, when science and exploration overlapped in the discovery of numerous viruses.\n\n“No one comes here” except for the occasional school class trip or scientist, Mr. Mukisa said.\n\nThat does not mean research into Zika has stopped, particularly in light of the sudden explosion of the virus, mostly in the Americas, but there are also other threats to scan for, scientists here say. Today, modern labs at the [Uganda Virus Research Institute](http:\/\/www.uvri.go.ug\/ \"Institute’s website\") are a hive of science. Its campus is supported by the United States and other Western nations.\n\n## Editors’ Picks\n[![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/07\/31\/multimedia\/31CELEB-POL-ROMANCE-clpm\/31CELEB-POL-ROMANCE-clpm-thumbLarge.jpg)The Bumpiness of the Celebrity-Politician Romance](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/31\/style\/justin-trudeau-katy-perry-dating.html)\n\n[![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/07\/25\/multimedia\/25openthread02-bgfk\/25openthread02-bgfk-thumbLarge.jpg)How Can I Be Sure My Clothes Aren’t Made in a Sweatshop?](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/28\/fashion\/sweatshop-ethical-clothes.html)\n\n[![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/07\/28\/well\/PLANK-FORM-ART\/PLANK-FORM-ART-thumbLarge.jpg)How to Do a Perfect Plank](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2025\/07\/29\/well\/move\/plank-exercise-technique.html)\n\nAdvertisement\n\n[SKIP ADVERTISEMENT](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/06\/world\/africa\/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#after-pp_edpick)\n\nImage\n\n![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2016\/04\/05\/world\/zikaforrest-web\/zikaforrest-web-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n\nA sign marking Zika Forest (originally spelled Ziika, which means “overgrown” in the local Luganda language) near Entebbe, Uganda.Credit...Isaac Kasamani\/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images\n\nMosquitoes captured from across the region — there are more than 200 species of mosquitoes in Uganda alone, lab technicians say — are crushed and scrutinized under microscopes; RNA is extracted, and sequence mapped.\n\nThe institute has been testing every human sample it receives from the East African region for the Zika virus, but currently it has recorded no human cases. Many people in the region may have, or have had, Zika, scientists here contend — it is traceable in antibodies found in the system — but symptoms may simply not be severe or unique enough to merit a visit to the doctor.\n\nDr. Louis Mukwaya, 76, has been working at the virus institute for more than 50 years. “This is the center, the focal point for the East and the West African fauna and flora,” he said. “If you want to work on pathogens, come to Uganda — you will catch everything.”\n\nHis office at the institute, overlooking Lake Victoria, is a stash of books, old photographs, and a world map pinned with the locations of mosquito-catching expeditions, from Alaska to Saudi Arabia. It was here in the 1930s that that the virus institute’s founders first sat.\n\n“I think they knew this was a nice spot,” Dr. Mukwaya said. “Because of the view.”\n\nHe has seen and heard many things over the years from his hill, including the clatter of gunfire during the raid on Entebbe Airport in 1976, when Israeli troops freed dozens of hijacked hostages there.\n\nAnd he witnessed the disappearance of colleagues during the reign of the brutal ruler [Idi Amin](http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2003\/08\/17\/world\/idi-amin-murderous-and-erratic-ruler-of-uganda-in-the-70-s-dies-in-exile.html \"New York Times obituary\") in the 1970s. “Uganda, actually, is a wonderful place — apart from politics,” he said.\n\nWhen he began as a mosquito research assistant in 1965, nearby Zika Forest had become one of newly independent Uganda’s main study sites. “It looks very different now,” Dr. Mukwaya said. “At that time it was natural; I could see birds.”\n\nThe tower was installed to study mosquitoes at varying elevations, and numerous viruses had been discovered and named by the institute.\n\nAs for its namesake pathogen, the Zika virus was never viewed as life-threatening, or much more than a curiosity.\n\nIt had not yet lashed out in humans, and the species of mosquito linked to the virus, Aedes africanus*,* was once described “to be fairly catholic in its tastes, for it is known to have a greater preference for monkeys than man.”\n\nWhen a young researcher in the forest fell ill, he diligently recorded his fate.\n\n“The illness began with a slight frontal headache,” the researcher, D.I.H. Simpson, wrote in 1964. “Day 2 there was a diffuse pink maculopapular rash which covered the face, neck, trunk and upper arms.” The rash spread before gradually receding.\n\nOver time, the project faded too, and in the late 1970s scientists stopped visiting Zika Forest for more than a decade. Research activity there has never been the same since, Dr. Mukwaya said.\n\n[![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2016\/02\/18\/science\/zika-rumors-listy02\/zika-rumors-listy02-videoLarge.jpg)Zika Virus Rumors and Theories That You Should Doubt Here is a look at the most prominent rumors and theories about Zika virus, along with responses from scientists.](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2016\/02\/18\/health\/what-causes-zika-virus-theories-rumors.html)\n\nThe institute in Entebbe also came under threat of being used as a military barracks, he said, yet it continued operating. Other research priorities, including malaria, H.I.V. and [Ebola](http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/reference\/timestopics\/subjects\/e\/ebola\/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier \"More articles about ebola.\"), emerged. It also became easier to capture insects and animals from all corners of Uganda.\n\nIn 2015, when [babies in Brazil](http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/02\/07\/health\/zika-virus-brazil-how-it-spread-explained.html \"New York Times article\") were born with microencephaly from mothers who had tested positive for the Zika virus, scientists struggled to connect the dots.\n\nThe mosquitoes biting people in the crammed favelas of Rio de Janeiro were not the Aedes africanus, linked to the Zika virus in Africa, but Aedes aegypti; and they preyed on humans aggressively. Furthermore, the aegypti in the Americas and the aegypti in Africa behave differently, scientists say. And Rhesus 766, the monkey first found with Zika, was an Asian, not African, species of primate.\n\nIn the end, the current scourge of Zika in the Americas might better inform the virus’s future in Uganda than the other way around. The mosquitoes here commonly linked to Zika have tended to remain in forested areas, but as those areas get developed, scientists worry the danger to humans can only grow.\n\n“Problems start like that,” Dr. Mukwaya said. “They’re in Brazil, you don’t know; a few years from now you may find the same problem here.”\n\n“If man encroaches on the ecology, things can change,” he warned. “Once we lose the forest, we can never get it back.”\n\nA version of this article appears in print on April 6, 2016, Section A, Page 10 of the New York edition with the headline: Revisiting the African Backcountry Where a Virus First Came to Light . [Order Reprints](https:\/\/nytimes.wrightsmedia.com\/) \\| [Today’s Paper](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/section\/todayspaper) \\| [Subscribe](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/subscriptions\/Multiproduct\/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY)\n\n- Share full article\n\n### Related Coverage\n[Two Studies Strengthen Links Between the Zika Virus and Serious Birth Defects March 4, 2016 ![Two Studies Strengthen Links Between the Zika Virus and Serious Birth Defects](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2016\/03\/05\/science\/05zikasub\/05zikasub-thumbLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/03\/05\/health\/zika-virus-microcephaly-fetus-birth-defects.html?action=click&module=RelatedCoverage&pgtype=Article&region=Footer)\n\n[Uganda’s Supreme Court Rejects Challenge to Presidential Election March 31, 2016 ![Uganda’s Supreme Court Rejects Challenge to Presidential Election](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2016\/04\/01\/world\/01UGANDA\/01UGANDA-thumbLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/01\/world\/africa\/ugandas-supreme-court-rejects-challenge-to-presidential-election.html?action=click&module=RelatedCoverage&pgtype=Article&region=Footer)\n\n[How a Medical Mystery in Brazil Led Doctors to Zika Feb. 6, 2016 ![How a Medical Mystery in Brazil Led Doctors to Zika](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2016\/02\/06\/science\/07zika3\/07zika3-thumbLarge-v2.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/02\/07\/health\/zika-virus-brazil-how-it-spread-explained.html?action=click&module=RelatedCoverage&pgtype=Article&region=Footer)\n\nShow All\n\n***\n## Around the World With The Times\n### Our reporters across the globe take you into the field.\n***\n- **Removal of Castro and Guevara Statues:** The Cuban Revolution leaders joined forces in Mexico in 1955. A local mayor removed a memorial to them, drawing protests and [condemnation from Mexico’s highest office](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/26\/world\/americas\/mexico-city-fidel-che-statues.html).\n- **Doping for Sustenance**: Officials acknowledge that Kenya has a doping problem, but many athletes who are seeking an edge [also want a way out of poverty](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/29\/world\/africa\/kenya-runners-doping.html).\n- **Trump’s Ex-Russia Adviser:** Fiona Hill, the former White House aide, recently returned to her roots, advising Britain on defense and taking a role at Durham University in northeastern England. [She still has her eye on global threats](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/22\/world\/europe\/fiona-hill-trump-russia-uk-defense.html).\n- **Drivers vs. Cyclists:** Cyclists in Toronto are [resisting a law](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/26\/world\/canada\/bike-lanes-toronto.html) that would have the city rip out miles of bike lanes, setting back efforts toward safer streets.\n\n## Related Content\n### [Zika Virus](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/news-event\/zika-virus)\nComplete coverage of the spread of Zika virus and efforts to contain it.\n\n- [Clues to Zika Damage Might Lie in Cases of Twins](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/05\/01\/health\/zika-twins-transmission-theories.html)\n  \n  ![João Lucas da Silva Araújo, left, was born with microcephaly but his twin sister, Ana Vitória da Silva Araújo, right, was not.](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2017\/04\/28\/science\/02ZIKA4\/02ZIKA4-thumbLarge-v2.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n  \n  Adriana Zehbrauskas for The New York Times\n- [One in 10 Pregnant Women With Zika in U.S. Have Babies With Birth Defects](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/04\/04\/health\/zika-birth-defects-united-states.html)\n  \n  ![A mother in Puerto Rico and her 2-month-old son who was diagnosed with microcephaly linked to the Zika virus.](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2017\/04\/05\/science\/05ZIKA1\/05ZIKA1-thumbLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n  \n  Carlos Giusti\/Associated Press\n- [5% of U.S. Pregnant Women With Zika Had Baby With a Birth Defect](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/06\/08\/health\/zika-birth-defects-cdc.html)\n  \n  Victor J. 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Uganda has long provided military support to the South Sudanese government.](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/07\/30\/multimedia\/30int-uganda-ambush-lbhp\/30int-uganda-ambush-lbhp-square640.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n  \n  Baz Ratner\/Reuters\n- [How the Threat of Trump’s Highest Tariff Derailed an African Nation](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/08\/01\/world\/africa\/lesotho-tariffs-textile-industry.html)\n  \n  ![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/07\/31\/multimedia\/31int-lesotho-tariffs-dispatch-PROMO\/31int-lesotho-tariffs-dispatch-PROMO-square640.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n  \n  Joao Silva\/The New York Times\n- [Was This Artifact From King Tut’s Tomb? It’s for Sale Anyway.](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/25\/arts\/design\/king-tutankhamen-guennol-grasshopper-auction.html)\n  \n  ![The Guennol Grasshopper, an ivory and wood container, will be up for sale this weekend.](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/07\/26\/multimedia\/24cul-kingtut-artifact-01-zfhj\/24cul-kingtut-artifact-01-zfhj-square640.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n  \n  Apollo Art Auctions\n\n### Editors’ Picks\n- [I Have Always Wondered if My Husband Is Bisexual. Is It OK to Ask Him?](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/30\/magazine\/husband-bisexual-ask-ethics.html)\n  \n  ![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/07\/30\/magazine\/30mag-ethicisit-newsletter\/30mag-ethicisit-newsletter-square640.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n  \n  Illustration by Tomi Um\n- [David Geffen’s Divorce Gives New Meaning to an Old Term](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/29\/style\/hypergamy-david-geffen-divorce.html)\n  \n  ![Former partners David Geffen and David Armstrong, who has also used the name Donovan Michaels.](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/07\/29\/multimedia\/29ST-HYPERGAMY-hfwv\/29ST-HYPERGAMY-hfwv-square640.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)\n  \n  Pascal Le Segretain\/Getty Images\n\n### Trending in The Times\n- [Ellen DeGeneres and Portia de Rossi Are Selling Their Country Estate](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/08\/01\/realestate\/ellen-degeneres-portia-de-rossi-english-country-estate.html)\n  \n  ![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/08\/01\/multimedia\/01re-ticket-july-ellen-khbl\/01re-ticket-july-ellen-khbl-square640-v5.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=350)\n  \n  Rich Fury\/Getty Images\n- [He Was Getting Weaker and More Confused. Could It Be His Drinking?](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/08\/01\/well\/alcoholism-weakness-confusion.html)\n  \n  ![](https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/08\/10\/magazine\/10mag-diagnosis\/10mag-diagnosis-square640.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=350)\n  \n  Photo illustration by Ina Jang\n- [A French Beach Town’s Plea to Tourists: Keep Your Clothes On](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/08\/01\/world\/europe\/france-beach-town-tourist-fines.html)\n  \n  ![La Grande Plage, the beach in Les Sables d’Olonne, France, in 2021. 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URL	https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html
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Meta Title	In a Remote Ugandan Lab, Encounters With the Zika Virus and Mosquitoes Decades Ago - The New York Times
Meta Description	A forested site where science and exploration overlapped in the discovery of numerous viruses is today a little patch of forest, but research into the Zika virus continues.
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Boilerpipe Text	The institute has been testing every human sample it receives from the East African region for the Zika virus, but currently it has recorded no human cases. Many people in the region may have, or have had, Zika, scientists here contend — it is traceable in antibodies found in the system — but symptoms may simply not be severe or unique enough to merit a visit to the doctor. Dr. Louis Mukwaya, 76, has been working at the virus institute for more than 50 years. “This is the center, the focal point for the East and the West African fauna and flora,” he said. “If you want to work on pathogens, come to Uganda — you will catch everything.” His office at the institute, overlooking Lake Victoria, is a stash of books, old photographs, and a world map pinned with the locations of mosquito-catching expeditions, from Alaska to Saudi Arabia. It was here in the 1930s that that the virus institute’s founders first sat. “I think they knew this was a nice spot,” Dr. Mukwaya said. “Because of the view.” He has seen and heard many things over the years from his hill, including the clatter of gunfire during the raid on Entebbe Airport in 1976, when Israeli troops freed dozens of hijacked hostages there.
Markdown	[Skip to content](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#site-content)[Skip to site index](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#site-index) Search & Section Navigation Section Navigation SEARCH [Africa](https://www.nytimes.com/section/world/africa) [Log in](https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?response_type=cookie&client_id=vi&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fsubscription%2Fonboarding-offer%3FcampaignId%3D7JFJX%26EXIT_URI%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.nytimes.com%252F2016%252F04%252F06%252Fworld%252Fafrica%252Fuganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html&asset=masthead) Friday, August 1, 2025 [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) [Africa](https://www.nytimes.com/section/world/africa)\\|In a Remote Ugandan Lab, Encounters With the Zika Virus and Mosquitoes Decades Ago https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html - Share full article Advertisement [SKIP ADVERTISEMENT](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#after-top) Supported by [SKIP ADVERTISEMENT](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#after-sponsor) Zika Forest Journal # In a Remote Ugandan Lab, Encounters With the Zika Virus and Mosquitoes Decades Ago - Share full article ![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/04/05/world/zikaforrest-web3/zikaforrest-web3-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale) Researchers from the Uganda Virus Research Institute carrying insect traps in Zika Forest.Credit...James Akena/Reuters By Josh Kron - April 5, 2016 ZIKA FOREST, Uganda — In the 1940s, colonial researchers slashing through tropical brush stumbled upon this forest near the lapping waters of Lake Victoria. With its cool, wet climate, the swampy area was a giant petri dish for virologists. They decided to make it a field site for a research institute nearby in Entebbe, an outpost of what was then the Buganda Kingdom. There, samples of mosquitoes, birds, bats and other mammals were analyzed. Of prime interest was yellow fever, thought to originate in the area. In the forest, scientists caged monkeys in wooden platforms high among the jackfruit and mango trees, where mosquitoes liked to breed. The researchers themselves could simply stick out their arms and wait for one to bite, reports from the time noted. After a successful pilot program in another forest in the mid-1940s, the primate project was brought to Zika Forest, with six platforms of caged Asian sentinel monkeys. On a Friday in 1947, one of the monkeys fell ill. “Rhesus 766,” a report of the incident reads, “was brought to the laboratory at Entebbe.” Image ![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/04/05/world/zikaforrest-web2/zikaforrest-web2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale) A rusting 120-foot metal tower that was installed in Zika Forest in the 1960s for scientists to study mosquitoes.Credit...James Akena/Reuters “A filterable transmissible agent was isolated,” the report said, using the term in those pre-DNA days for filtering the blood serum from sick animals and screening it. If whatever was left was still able to transmit the symptoms to another animal, they knew it was a virus. The scientists named it “Zika” — Ziika means “overgrown” in the local Luganda language, but the second “i” was dropped by colonialists who misheard its pronunciation. Decades later, Zika Forest and the surrounding environs are overgrown once more. Like many semi-urban areas in Africa, it has suffered from human encroachment. In 1947, [Uganda](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/uganda/index.html?inline=nyt-geo "More news and information about Uganda.")’s population was about 4.5 million; today, it is nearly 40 million. From the top of a rusting 120-foot metal tower that was installed in the 1960s for scientists to study mosquitoes, Emma Mukisa, 19, points out nearby real estate developments and a Chinese construction project. Mr. Mukisa and his father help guard the forest for the government. Tucked behind a soccer field, the little patch of forest — cropped nearly in half over the years to 15 acres, less than one-third the size of the [Brooklyn Botanic Garden](http://www.bbg.org/ "Garden’s website") — is near the highway to Uganda’s national airport. The rusting tower and some surviving trees are all that remain from that era, when science and exploration overlapped in the discovery of numerous viruses. “No one comes here” except for the occasional school class trip or scientist, Mr. Mukisa said. That does not mean research into Zika has stopped, particularly in light of the sudden explosion of the virus, mostly in the Americas, but there are also other threats to scan for, scientists here say. Today, modern labs at the [Uganda Virus Research Institute](http://www.uvri.go.ug/ "Institute’s website") are a hive of science. Its campus is supported by the United States and other Western nations. ## Editors’ Picks [![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/07/31/multimedia/31CELEB-POL-ROMANCE-clpm/31CELEB-POL-ROMANCE-clpm-thumbLarge.jpg)The Bumpiness of the Celebrity-Politician Romance](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/31/style/justin-trudeau-katy-perry-dating.html) [![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/07/25/multimedia/25openthread02-bgfk/25openthread02-bgfk-thumbLarge.jpg)How Can I Be Sure My Clothes Aren’t Made in a Sweatshop?](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/28/fashion/sweatshop-ethical-clothes.html) [![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/07/28/well/PLANK-FORM-ART/PLANK-FORM-ART-thumbLarge.jpg)How to Do a Perfect Plank](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/07/29/well/move/plank-exercise-technique.html) Advertisement [SKIP ADVERTISEMENT](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/world/africa/uganda-zika-forest-mosquitoes.html#after-pp_edpick) Image ![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/04/05/world/zikaforrest-web/zikaforrest-web-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale) A sign marking Zika Forest (originally spelled Ziika, which means “overgrown” in the local Luganda language) near Entebbe, Uganda.Credit...Isaac Kasamani/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images Mosquitoes captured from across the region — there are more than 200 species of mosquitoes in Uganda alone, lab technicians say — are crushed and scrutinized under microscopes; RNA is extracted, and sequence mapped. The institute has been testing every human sample it receives from the East African region for the Zika virus, but currently it has recorded no human cases. Many people in the region may have, or have had, Zika, scientists here contend — it is traceable in antibodies found in the system — but symptoms may simply not be severe or unique enough to merit a visit to the doctor. Dr. Louis Mukwaya, 76, has been working at the virus institute for more than 50 years. “This is the center, the focal point for the East and the West African fauna and flora,” he said. “If you want to work on pathogens, come to Uganda — you will catch everything.” His office at the institute, overlooking Lake Victoria, is a stash of books, old photographs, and a world map pinned with the locations of mosquito-catching expeditions, from Alaska to Saudi Arabia. It was here in the 1930s that that the virus institute’s founders first sat. “I think they knew this was a nice spot,” Dr. Mukwaya said. “Because of the view.” He has seen and heard many things over the years from his hill, including the clatter of gunfire during the raid on Entebbe Airport in 1976, when Israeli troops freed dozens of hijacked hostages there. And he witnessed the disappearance of colleagues during the reign of the brutal ruler [Idi Amin](http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/world/idi-amin-murderous-and-erratic-ruler-of-uganda-in-the-70-s-dies-in-exile.html "New York Times obituary") in the 1970s. “Uganda, actually, is a wonderful place — apart from politics,” he said. When he began as a mosquito research assistant in 1965, nearby Zika Forest had become one of newly independent Uganda’s main study sites. “It looks very different now,” Dr. Mukwaya said. “At that time it was natural; I could see birds.” The tower was installed to study mosquitoes at varying elevations, and numerous viruses had been discovered and named by the institute. As for its namesake pathogen, the Zika virus was never viewed as life-threatening, or much more than a curiosity. It had not yet lashed out in humans, and the species of mosquito linked to the virus, Aedes africanus, was once described “to be fairly catholic in its tastes, for it is known to have a greater preference for monkeys than man.” When a young researcher in the forest fell ill, he diligently recorded his fate. “The illness began with a slight frontal headache,” the researcher, D.I.H. Simpson, wrote in 1964. “Day 2 there was a diffuse pink maculopapular rash which covered the face, neck, trunk and upper arms.” The rash spread before gradually receding. Over time, the project faded too, and in the late 1970s scientists stopped visiting Zika Forest for more than a decade. Research activity there has never been the same since, Dr. Mukwaya said. [![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/02/18/science/zika-rumors-listy02/zika-rumors-listy02-videoLarge.jpg)Zika Virus Rumors and Theories That You Should Doubt Here is a look at the most prominent rumors and theories about Zika virus, along with responses from scientists.](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/18/health/what-causes-zika-virus-theories-rumors.html) The institute in Entebbe also came under threat of being used as a military barracks, he said, yet it continued operating. Other research priorities, including malaria, H.I.V. and [Ebola](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/e/ebola/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier "More articles about ebola."), emerged. It also became easier to capture insects and animals from all corners of Uganda. In 2015, when [babies in Brazil](http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/health/zika-virus-brazil-how-it-spread-explained.html "New York Times article") were born with microencephaly from mothers who had tested positive for the Zika virus, scientists struggled to connect the dots. The mosquitoes biting people in the crammed favelas of Rio de Janeiro were not the Aedes africanus, linked to the Zika virus in Africa, but Aedes aegypti; and they preyed on humans aggressively. Furthermore, the aegypti in the Americas and the aegypti in Africa behave differently, scientists say. And Rhesus 766, the monkey first found with Zika, was an Asian, not African, species of primate. In the end, the current scourge of Zika in the Americas might better inform the virus’s future in Uganda than the other way around. The mosquitoes here commonly linked to Zika have tended to remain in forested areas, but as those areas get developed, scientists worry the danger to humans can only grow. “Problems start like that,” Dr. Mukwaya said. “They’re in Brazil, you don’t know; a few years from now you may find the same problem here.” “If man encroaches on the ecology, things can change,” he warned. “Once we lose the forest, we can never get it back.” A version of this article appears in print on April 6, 2016, Section A, Page 10 of the New York edition with the headline: Revisiting the African Backcountry Where a Virus First Came to Light . [Order Reprints](https://nytimes.wrightsmedia.com/) \\| [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) \\| [Subscribe](https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY) - Share full article ### Related Coverage [Two Studies Strengthen Links Between the Zika Virus and Serious Birth Defects March 4, 2016 ![Two Studies Strengthen Links Between the Zika Virus and Serious Birth Defects](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/03/05/science/05zikasub/05zikasub-thumbLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/health/zika-virus-microcephaly-fetus-birth-defects.html?action=click&module=RelatedCoverage&pgtype=Article&region=Footer) [Uganda’s Supreme Court Rejects Challenge to Presidential Election March 31, 2016 ![Uganda’s Supreme Court Rejects Challenge to Presidential Election](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/04/01/world/01UGANDA/01UGANDA-thumbLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/africa/ugandas-supreme-court-rejects-challenge-to-presidential-election.html?action=click&module=RelatedCoverage&pgtype=Article&region=Footer) [How a Medical Mystery in Brazil Led Doctors to Zika Feb. 6, 2016 ![How a Medical Mystery in Brazil Led Doctors to Zika](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/02/06/science/07zika3/07zika3-thumbLarge-v2.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/health/zika-virus-brazil-how-it-spread-explained.html?action=click&module=RelatedCoverage&pgtype=Article&region=Footer) Show All * ## Around the World With The Times ### Our reporters across the globe take you into the field. * - Removal of Castro and Guevara Statues: The Cuban Revolution leaders joined forces in Mexico in 1955. 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