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1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 129 (from laksa055)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa129.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis","crawl_time":1775036742,"first_indexed_time":1628527851,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"gov,nih!nimh,www,\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis s443","src_root_hash":"7295144728021232729","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Understanding Psychosis - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","meta_descriptions":["This fact sheet presents information on psychosis including causes, signs and symptoms, treatment, and resources for help."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Download PDF\nEn español\nWhat is psychosis?\nPsychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a person’s thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not.\nWho develops psychosis?\nIt is difficult to know the number of people who experience psychosis. Studies estimate that between 15 and 100 people out of 100,000 develop psychosis each year.\nPsychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. For instance, older adults with neurological disorders may be at higher risk for psychosis.\nWhat are the signs and symptoms of psychosis?\nPeople with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.\nHowever, a person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include:\nSuspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others\nTrouble thinking clearly and logically\nWithdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone\nUnusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings\nDecline in self-care or personal hygiene\nDisruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time\nDifficulty telling reality from fantasy\nConfused speech or trouble communicating\nSudden drop in grades or job performance\nAlongside these symptoms, a person with psychosis may also experience more general changes in behavior that include:\nEmotional disruption\nAnxiety\nLack of motivation\nDifficulty functioning overall\nIn some cases, a person experiencing a psychotic episode may behave in confusing and unpredictable ways and may harm themselves or become threatening or violent toward others. The risk of violence and suicide decreases with treatment for psychosis, so it is important to seek help. If you find that you are experiencing these changes in behavior or notice them in a friend or family member and they begin to intensify or do not go away, reach out to a health care provider.\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has\ninformation on ways to get help and find a health care provider or access treatment\n. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the\n988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline \nat\n988\nor chat at\n988lifeline.org \n. In life-threatening situations, call\n911\n.\nWhat causes psychosis?\nThere is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder.\nFor older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias.\nOther possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.\nA qualified mental health professional (such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker) can provide a thorough assessment and accurate diagnosis. Find\ntips to help prepare for and get the most out of your visit\n. For additional resources, including questions to ask your health care provider, visit the\nAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality \n.\nHow is psychosis treated?\nStudies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery. A qualified psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker can make a diagnosis and help develop a treatment plan.\nTreatment of psychosis usually includes antipsychotic medication. There are several different types of antipsychotic medications, and they have different side effects, so it is important to work with a health care provider to determine the medication that is most effective with the fewest side effects.\nTreatment also often includes other elements. There is substantial research support for coordinated specialty care, which is a multi-element, recovery-oriented team approach to treating psychosis that promotes easy access to care and shared decision-making among specialists, the person experiencing psychosis, and family members. People experience better outcomes from coordinated specialty care if they begin treatment as soon as possible after psychotic symptoms emerge.\nCoordinated specialty care is now the standard of care for early psychosis, according to “\nThe American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia \n.”\nNIMH research on coordinated specialty care\nThe Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) research project, supported by NIMH, established coordinated specialty care as an effective treatment for early psychosis and identified important elements for helping people lead productive, independent lives. Learn more about the\nRAISE studies\n.\nNIMH continues to prioritize research on and expansion of treatments for early psychosis with the launch of the Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET) in 2019. Through EPINET, NIMH funded awards to establish a national data coordinating center and regional scientific hubs connected to more than 100 coordinated specialty care programs that provide early psychosis treatment in 17 states. The\nEPINET website \nprovides resources for researchers, health care providers, administrators, and people experiencing psychosis and their families.\nCoordinated specialty care consists of multiple components:\nIndividual or group psychotherapy\nis tailored to a person’s recovery goals. Cognitive and behavioral therapies focus on developing the knowledge and skills necessary to build resilience and cope with aspects of psychosis while maintaining and achieving personal goals.\nFamily support and education programs\nteach family members about psychosis as well as coping, communication, and problem-solving skills. Family members who are informed and involved are more prepared to help loved ones through the recovery process.\nMedication management\n(also called pharmacotherapy) means tailoring medication to a person’s specific needs by selecting the appropriate type and dose of medication to help reduce psychosis symptoms. Like all medications, antipsychotic medications have risks and benefits. People should talk with a health care provider about side effects, medication costs, and dosage preferences (daily pill or monthly injection).\nSupported employment and education services\nfocus on return to work or school, using the support of a coach to help people achieve their goals.\nCase management\nprovides opportunities for people with psychosis to work with a case manager to address practical problems and improve access to needed support services.\nLearn more about the\ncomponents of coordinated specialty care\n.\nPeople with psychosis should be involved in their treatment planning and consulted in making decisions about their care. Their needs and goals should drive the treatment programs, which will help them stay engaged throughout the recovery process.\nIt is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return.\nClinical trials studying psychosis and related disorders\nNIMH supports a wide range of research, including clinical trials that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, such as psychosis and disorders that involve psychosis (like schizophrenia). The goal of a clinical trial is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although people may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, they should know that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others can be better helped in the future.\nResearchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with people experiencing psychosis and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. Learn more about \nparticipating in clinical trials\n.\nHow can I find help?\nNIMH does not endorse specific psychosis clinics or evaluate individual practitioners’ professional qualifications or competencies. However, several organizations are available to assist in finding a treatment program in your area. The following is not a comprehensive list of all programs, and a program’s inclusion on the list does not constitute an endorsement by NIMH.\nEarly Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET)\n \n: EPINET’s\nEarly Psychosis Intervention Network Clinics \nprovide treatment and services to individuals with early psychosis across 17 states.\nNational Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)\n \n:\nThe\nNAMI HelpLine \ncan connect you with the NAMI office in your state and help you find programs close to home. Also, you can talk with someone at the NAMI HelpLine, Monday–Friday, 10:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m. ET, by:\nCalling 1-800-950-NAMI (6264)\nTexting “HelpLine” to 62640\nEmailing\nhelpline@nami.org\nPsychosis-Risk and Early Psychosis Program Network (PEPPNET)\n \n: PEPPNET supports an\nEarly Psychosis Program Directory \nthat provides services to people at risk for or experiencing early psychosis.\nSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)\n \n: SAMHSA has an\nEarly Serious Mental Illness Treatment Locator \nfor finding mental health treatment facilities and programs.\nReprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please\ncite the National Institute of Mental Health\nas the source.\nRead our copyright policy\nto learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\nFor more information\nMedlinePlus \n (National Library of Medicine) (\nen español \n)\nClinicalTrials.gov \n (\nen español \n)\nNational Institutes of Health\nNIH Publication No. 23-MH-8110","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#main-content)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/us_flag_small.png)\n\nAn official website of the United States government\n\nHere’s how you know\n\nHere’s how you know\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/icon-dot-gov.svg)\n\n**Official websites use .gov**  \nA **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/icon-https.svg)\n\n**Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**  \nA **lock** ( Locked padlock icon) or **https:\/\/** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.\n\nDue to current HHS and NIH restructuring, some content on nimh.nih.gov is not being updated regularly. Please refer to [clinicaltrials.gov](https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/) and [nih.gov](https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/about-nih\/nih-director\/statements\/nih-launches-initiative-modernize-strengthen-biosafety-oversight) for up-to-date information on NIH research.\n\n[![NIMH Logo](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/nimh-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/ \"NIMH Home\")\n\n[In Crisis? Call or Text 988](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/)\n\nTransforming the understanding   \n and treatment of mental illnesses.\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/) \\| [Help for Mental Illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n\n[Información en español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/espanol)\n\n- [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health)\n- [Get Involved](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved)\n- [Research](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research)\n- [Funding](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding)\n- [News & Events](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n\n[Health Topics NIMH offers expert-reviewed information on mental disorders and a range of topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)\n\n[Statistics NIMH statistics pages include statistics on the prevalence, treatment, and costs of mental illness for the population of the United States.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics)\n\n[Brochures and Fact Sheets Download, read, and order free NIMH brochures and fact sheets about mental disorders and related topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)\n\n[Help for Mental Illnesses If you or someone you know has a mental illness, there are ways to get help. Use these resources to find help for yourself, a friend, or a family member.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n\n[Clinical Trials If you or a friend or family member are thinking about taking part in clinical research, this page contains basic information about clinical trials.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials)\n\n[Stakeholder Engagement Find out how NIMH engages a range of stakeholder organizations as part of its efforts to ensure the greatest public health impact of the research we support.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/public-involvement)\n\n[Connect with NIMH Learn more about NIMH newsletters, public participation in grant reviews, research funding, clinical trials, the NIMH Gift Fund, and connecting with NIMH on social media.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n[Digital Shareables Use these free education and outreach materials in your community and on social media to spread the word about mental health and related topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/digital-shareables)\n\n[Science Education Use these free digital, outreach materials in your community and on social media to spread the word about mental health.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/science-education)\n\n[Research Funded by NIMH NIMH supports research at universities, medical centers, and other institutions via grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements. Learn more about NIMH research areas, policies, resources, and initiatives.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh)\n\n[Research Conducted at NIMH (Intramural Research Program) The Division of Intramural Research Programs (IRP) is the internal research division of the NIMH. Over 40 research groups conduct basic neuroscience research and clinical investigations of mental illnesses, brain function, and behavior at the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. Learn more about research conducted at NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-conducted-at-nimh)\n\n[Priority Research Areas Learn about NIMH priority areas for research and funding that have the potential to improve mental health care over the short, medium, and long term.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/priority-research-areas)\n\n[Resources for Researchers Information about resources such as data, tissue, model organisms and imaging resources to support the NIMH research community.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh\/research-resources)\n\n[Opportunities & Announcements Find all NIMH and cross-NIH funding opportunities.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements)\n\n[Funding Strategy for Grants Read more about the NIMH Strategic Plan for Research, Strategic Research Priorities, the anatomy of NIMH funding, and our yearly funding strategy for research grants.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/funding-strategy-for-research-grants)\n\n[Application Process Explore the NIMH grant application process, including how to write your grant, how to submit your grant, and how the review process works.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/grant-writing-and-application-process)\n\n[Managing Grants Learn about how NIMH manages research grants, including policies and reporting requirements.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/managing-your-grant)\n\n[Clinical Research Find the latest NIH and NIMH policies, guidance, and resources for clinical research.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/clinical-research)\n\n[Training Explore NIMH research training and career development opportunities.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/training)\n\n[Small Business Research Learn about funding opportunities for small businesses.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/sbir)\n\n### Quick Links\n[Funding & Grant News](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements\/funding-grant-news)\n\n[Support for Clinical Trials at NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements\/clinical-trials-foas)\n\n[Science Updates List of NIMH science updates including press releases, research highlights, and institute announcements.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/science-updates)\n\n[Meetings and Events Details about upcoming events—including meetings, conferences, workshops, lectures, webinars, and chats—sponsored by NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/events)\n\n[Multimedia NIMH videos and podcasts featuring science news, lecture series, meetings, seminars, and special events.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/media)\n\n[Innovation Speaker Series An annual lecture series dedicated to innovation, invention, and scientific discovery.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/innovation-speaker-series)\n\n[About the Acting NIMH Director Learn more about the Acting Director of the NIMH, Shelli Avenevoli, Ph.D.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/director)\n\n[Advisory Boards and Groups Read about the boards and groups that advise and provide guidance to the Institute.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/advisory-boards-and-groups)\n\n[Strategic Plan Learn more about NIMH's roadmap for the Institute’s research priorities over the next five years.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/strategic-planning-reports)\n\n[Offices and Divisions Learn more about the functions of each NIMH office and division.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/organization)\n\n[Budget Read the annual NIMH Congressional Justifications.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/budget)\n\n[Careers at NIMH Search for jobs, including scientific, administrative and executive careers at NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/careers)\n\n[Staff Directories Find the names, telephone numbers, email addresses, and office locations of NIMH staff.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/staff-directories)\n\n[History Explore key milestones, discoveries, and the impact of NIMH-funded studies on mental health.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/nimh-history)\n\n[Getting to NIMH Find directions, maps, parking information, and other visitor information for NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n### Quick Links\n**[Contribute to Mental Health Research](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh\/donate-to-mental-health-research \"Donate to Mental Health Research\")**\n\n- [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health)\n  - 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[News & Events Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news)\n  - [Science Updates](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/science-updates)\n  - [Meetings and Events](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/events)\n  - [Multimedia](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/media)\n  - [Social Media](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/social-media)\n  - [Email Updates](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/email-updates)\n  - [Innovation Speaker Series](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/innovation-speaker-series)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n  - [About Us Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n  - [About the Acting NIMH Director](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/director)\n  - [Advisory Boards and Groups](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/advisory-boards-and-groups)\n  - [Strategic Plan](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/strategic-planning-reports)\n  - [Offices and Divisions](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/organization)\n  - [Budget](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/budget)\n  - [Careers at NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/careers)\n  - [Staff Directories](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/staff-directories)\n  - [History](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/nimh-history)\n  - [Getting to NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics)\n- [Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)\n- [Help for Mental Illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n- [Clinical Trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials)\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/) \\> [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health) \\> [Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications) \\> Understanding Psychosis\n\n###### Share Page\nMenu\n\n- [What is psychosis?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_6511)\n- [Who develops psychosis?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_6512)\n- [What are the signs and symptoms of psychosis?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_6513)\n- [What causes psychosis?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_6514)\n- [How is psychosis treated?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_6515)\n- [NIMH research on coordinated specialty care](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_6517)\n- [Clinical trials studying psychosis and related disorders](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_6518)\n- [How can I find help?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_6516)\n- [Reprints](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_11021)\n- [For more information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#part_10942)\n\n# Understanding Psychosis\n![cover of NIMH publication Understanding Psychosis](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/pubs\/covers-pinnable\/23-MH-8110_UnderstandingPsychosis_Pinnable.jpg)\n\n- [Download PDF](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis\/23-MH-8110-Understanding-Psychosis.pdf)\n- [En español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/espanol\/como-comprender-que-es-la-psicosis)\n\n## What is psychosis?\nPsychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a person’s thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not.\n\n## Who develops psychosis?\nIt is difficult to know the number of people who experience psychosis. Studies estimate that between 15 and 100 people out of 100,000 develop psychosis each year.\n\nPsychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. For instance, older adults with neurological disorders may be at higher risk for psychosis.\n\n## What are the signs and symptoms of psychosis?\nPeople with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.\n\nHowever, a person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include:\n\n- Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others\n- Trouble thinking clearly and logically\n- Withdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone\n- Unusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings\n- Decline in self-care or personal hygiene\n- Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time\n- Difficulty telling reality from fantasy\n- Confused speech or trouble communicating\n- Sudden drop in grades or job performance\n\nAlongside these symptoms, a person with psychosis may also experience more general changes in behavior that include:\n\n- Emotional disruption\n- Anxiety\n- Lack of motivation\n- Difficulty functioning overall\n\nIn some cases, a person experiencing a psychotic episode may behave in confusing and unpredictable ways and may harm themselves or become threatening or violent toward others. The risk of violence and suicide decreases with treatment for psychosis, so it is important to seek help. If you find that you are experiencing these changes in behavior or notice them in a friend or family member and they begin to intensify or do not go away, reach out to a health care provider.\n\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has [information on ways to get help and find a health care provider or access treatment](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help). If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the [988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/)  at **988** or chat at [988lifeline.org](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/chat\/) . In life-threatening situations, call **911***.*\n\n## What causes psychosis?\nThere is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder.\n\nFor older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias.\n\nOther possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.\n\nA qualified mental health professional (such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker) can provide a thorough assessment and accurate diagnosis. Find [tips to help prepare for and get the most out of your visit](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider). For additional resources, including questions to ask your health care provider, visit the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](http:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/questions) .\n\n## How is psychosis treated?\nStudies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery. A qualified psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker can make a diagnosis and help develop a treatment plan.\n\nTreatment of psychosis usually includes antipsychotic medication. There are several different types of antipsychotic medications, and they have different side effects, so it is important to work with a health care provider to determine the medication that is most effective with the fewest side effects.\n\nTreatment also often includes other elements. There is substantial research support for coordinated specialty care, which is a multi-element, recovery-oriented team approach to treating psychosis that promotes easy access to care and shared decision-making among specialists, the person experiencing psychosis, and family members. People experience better outcomes from coordinated specialty care if they begin treatment as soon as possible after psychotic symptoms emerge.\n\nCoordinated specialty care is now the standard of care for early psychosis, according to “[The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32867516\/) .”\n\n## NIMH research on coordinated specialty care\nThe Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) research project, supported by NIMH, established coordinated specialty care as an effective treatment for early psychosis and identified important elements for helping people lead productive, independent lives. Learn more about the [RAISE studies](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh\/research-initiatives\/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise).\n\nNIMH continues to prioritize research on and expansion of treatments for early psychosis with the launch of the Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET) in 2019. Through EPINET, NIMH funded awards to establish a national data coordinating center and regional scientific hubs connected to more than 100 coordinated specialty care programs that provide early psychosis treatment in 17 states. The [EPINET website](https:\/\/nationalepinet.org\/)  provides resources for researchers, health care providers, administrators, and people experiencing psychosis and their families.\n\nCoordinated specialty care consists of multiple components:\n\n- **Individual or group psychotherapy** is tailored to a person’s recovery goals. Cognitive and behavioral therapies focus on developing the knowledge and skills necessary to build resilience and cope with aspects of psychosis while maintaining and achieving personal goals.\n- **Family support and education programs** teach family members about psychosis as well as coping, communication, and problem-solving skills. Family members who are informed and involved are more prepared to help loved ones through the recovery process.\n- **Medication management** (also called pharmacotherapy) means tailoring medication to a person’s specific needs by selecting the appropriate type and dose of medication to help reduce psychosis symptoms. Like all medications, antipsychotic medications have risks and benefits. People should talk with a health care provider about side effects, medication costs, and dosage preferences (daily pill or monthly injection).\n- **Supported employment and education services** focus on return to work or school, using the support of a coach to help people achieve their goals.\n- **Case management** provides opportunities for people with psychosis to work with a case manager to address practical problems and improve access to needed support services.\n\nLearn more about the [components of coordinated specialty care](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh\/research-initiatives\/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise).\n\nPeople with psychosis should be involved in their treatment planning and consulted in making decisions about their care. Their needs and goals should drive the treatment programs, which will help them stay engaged throughout the recovery process.\n\nIt is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return.\n\n## Clinical trials studying psychosis and related disorders\nNIMH supports a wide range of research, including clinical trials that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, such as psychosis and disorders that involve psychosis (like schizophrenia). The goal of a clinical trial is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although people may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, they should know that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others can be better helped in the future.\n\nResearchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with people experiencing psychosis and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials).\n\n## How can I find help?\nNIMH does not endorse specific psychosis clinics or evaluate individual practitioners’ professional qualifications or competencies. However, several organizations are available to assist in finding a treatment program in your area. The following is not a comprehensive list of all programs, and a program’s inclusion on the list does not constitute an endorsement by NIMH.\n\n- [**Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET)**](https:\/\/nationalepinet.org\/) : EPINET’s [Early Psychosis Intervention Network Clinics](https:\/\/nationalepinet.org\/epinet-clinics)  provide treatment and services to individuals with early psychosis across 17 states.\n- [**National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)**](http:\/\/www.nami.org\/) **:** The [NAMI HelpLine](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/Find-Support\/NAMI-HelpLine)  can connect you with the NAMI office in your state and help you find programs close to home. Also, you can talk with someone at the NAMI HelpLine, Monday–Friday, 10:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m. ET, by:\n  - Calling 1-800-950-NAMI (6264)\n  - Texting “HelpLine” to 62640\n  - Emailing [helpline@nami.org](mailto:helpline@nami.org)\n- [**Psychosis-Risk and Early Psychosis Program Network (PEPPNET)**](https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/peppnet) : PEPPNET supports an [Early Psychosis Program Directory](https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/peppnet\/interactivedirectory.html)  that provides services to people at risk for or experiencing early psychosis.\n- [**Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)**](http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/) : SAMHSA has an [Early Serious Mental Illness Treatment Locator](http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/esmi-treatment-locator)  for finding mental health treatment facilities and programs.\n## Reprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages \"Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages\") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2718 \"Website Policies\") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\n\n## For more information\n[MedlinePlus](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/)  (National Library of Medicine) ([en español](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/spanish) )  \n [ClinicalTrials.gov](https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/)  ([en español](https:\/\/salud.nih.gov\/investigacion-clinica) )  \n National Institutes of Health  \n NIH Publication No. 23-MH-8110\n\n## Disclaimer\nWe link to external websites for informational purposes only, but we do not endorse or guarantee their accuracy. Once you leave our site, you will be subject to the new website’s privacy policy. Read NIMH’s [full external linking policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2717) for more information.\n\n##### NIMH Resources\n[Health Topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)   \n[Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)   \n[Contact Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/contact-nimh)   \n[Información en español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/espanol)\n\n##### Policies and Notices\n[Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/privacy-policy)   \n[Website Policies](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies)   \n[FOIA](http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/icd\/od\/foia\/index.htm)    \n[Accessibility](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/accessibility)   \n[HHS Vulnerability Disclosure](https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/vulnerability-disclosure-policy\/index.html)\n\n##### Federal Resources\n[National Institutes of Health (NIH)](http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/)    \n[NIH Virtual Tour](https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/virtual-tour\/)    \n[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/)    \n[USA.gov](http:\/\/www.usa.gov\/)\n\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of NIH, a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.\n\n[Top](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis#skipnav)","attrs_readable_markdown":"![cover of NIMH publication Understanding Psychosis](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/pubs\/covers-pinnable\/23-MH-8110_UnderstandingPsychosis_Pinnable.jpg)\n\n- [Download PDF](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis\/23-MH-8110-Understanding-Psychosis.pdf)\n- [En español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/espanol\/como-comprender-que-es-la-psicosis)\n\n## What is psychosis?\nPsychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a person’s thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not.\n\n## Who develops psychosis?\nIt is difficult to know the number of people who experience psychosis. Studies estimate that between 15 and 100 people out of 100,000 develop psychosis each year.\n\nPsychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. For instance, older adults with neurological disorders may be at higher risk for psychosis.\n\n## What are the signs and symptoms of psychosis?\nPeople with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.\n\nHowever, a person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include:\n\n- Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others\n- Trouble thinking clearly and logically\n- Withdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone\n- Unusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings\n- Decline in self-care or personal hygiene\n- Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time\n- Difficulty telling reality from fantasy\n- Confused speech or trouble communicating\n- Sudden drop in grades or job performance\n\nAlongside these symptoms, a person with psychosis may also experience more general changes in behavior that include:\n\n- Emotional disruption\n- Anxiety\n- Lack of motivation\n- Difficulty functioning overall\n\nIn some cases, a person experiencing a psychotic episode may behave in confusing and unpredictable ways and may harm themselves or become threatening or violent toward others. The risk of violence and suicide decreases with treatment for psychosis, so it is important to seek help. If you find that you are experiencing these changes in behavior or notice them in a friend or family member and they begin to intensify or do not go away, reach out to a health care provider.\n\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has [information on ways to get help and find a health care provider or access treatment](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help). If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the [988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/)  at **988** or chat at [988lifeline.org](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/chat\/) . In life-threatening situations, call **911***.*\n\n## What causes psychosis?\nThere is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder.\n\nFor older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias.\n\nOther possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.\n\nA qualified mental health professional (such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker) can provide a thorough assessment and accurate diagnosis. Find [tips to help prepare for and get the most out of your visit](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider). For additional resources, including questions to ask your health care provider, visit the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](http:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/questions) .\n\n## How is psychosis treated?\nStudies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery. A qualified psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker can make a diagnosis and help develop a treatment plan.\n\nTreatment of psychosis usually includes antipsychotic medication. There are several different types of antipsychotic medications, and they have different side effects, so it is important to work with a health care provider to determine the medication that is most effective with the fewest side effects.\n\nTreatment also often includes other elements. There is substantial research support for coordinated specialty care, which is a multi-element, recovery-oriented team approach to treating psychosis that promotes easy access to care and shared decision-making among specialists, the person experiencing psychosis, and family members. People experience better outcomes from coordinated specialty care if they begin treatment as soon as possible after psychotic symptoms emerge.\n\nCoordinated specialty care is now the standard of care for early psychosis, according to “[The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32867516\/) .”\n\n## NIMH research on coordinated specialty care\nThe Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) research project, supported by NIMH, established coordinated specialty care as an effective treatment for early psychosis and identified important elements for helping people lead productive, independent lives. Learn more about the [RAISE studies](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh\/research-initiatives\/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise).\n\nNIMH continues to prioritize research on and expansion of treatments for early psychosis with the launch of the Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET) in 2019. Through EPINET, NIMH funded awards to establish a national data coordinating center and regional scientific hubs connected to more than 100 coordinated specialty care programs that provide early psychosis treatment in 17 states. The [EPINET website](https:\/\/nationalepinet.org\/)  provides resources for researchers, health care providers, administrators, and people experiencing psychosis and their families.\n\nCoordinated specialty care consists of multiple components:\n\n- **Individual or group psychotherapy** is tailored to a person’s recovery goals. Cognitive and behavioral therapies focus on developing the knowledge and skills necessary to build resilience and cope with aspects of psychosis while maintaining and achieving personal goals.\n- **Family support and education programs** teach family members about psychosis as well as coping, communication, and problem-solving skills. Family members who are informed and involved are more prepared to help loved ones through the recovery process.\n- **Medication management** (also called pharmacotherapy) means tailoring medication to a person’s specific needs by selecting the appropriate type and dose of medication to help reduce psychosis symptoms. Like all medications, antipsychotic medications have risks and benefits. People should talk with a health care provider about side effects, medication costs, and dosage preferences (daily pill or monthly injection).\n- **Supported employment and education services** focus on return to work or school, using the support of a coach to help people achieve their goals.\n- **Case management** provides opportunities for people with psychosis to work with a case manager to address practical problems and improve access to needed support services.\n\nLearn more about the [components of coordinated specialty care](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh\/research-initiatives\/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise).\n\nPeople with psychosis should be involved in their treatment planning and consulted in making decisions about their care. Their needs and goals should drive the treatment programs, which will help them stay engaged throughout the recovery process.\n\nIt is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return.\n\n## Clinical trials studying psychosis and related disorders\nNIMH supports a wide range of research, including clinical trials that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, such as psychosis and disorders that involve psychosis (like schizophrenia). The goal of a clinical trial is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although people may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, they should know that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others can be better helped in the future.\n\nResearchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with people experiencing psychosis and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials).\n\n## How can I find help?\nNIMH does not endorse specific psychosis clinics or evaluate individual practitioners’ professional qualifications or competencies. However, several organizations are available to assist in finding a treatment program in your area. The following is not a comprehensive list of all programs, and a program’s inclusion on the list does not constitute an endorsement by NIMH.\n\n- [**Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET)**](https:\/\/nationalepinet.org\/) : EPINET’s [Early Psychosis Intervention Network Clinics](https:\/\/nationalepinet.org\/epinet-clinics)  provide treatment and services to individuals with early psychosis across 17 states.\n- [**National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)**](http:\/\/www.nami.org\/) **:** The [NAMI HelpLine](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/Find-Support\/NAMI-HelpLine)  can connect you with the NAMI office in your state and help you find programs close to home. Also, you can talk with someone at the NAMI HelpLine, Monday–Friday, 10:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m. ET, by:\n  - Calling 1-800-950-NAMI (6264)\n  - Texting “HelpLine” to 62640\n  - Emailing [helpline@nami.org](mailto:helpline@nami.org)\n- [**Psychosis-Risk and Early Psychosis Program Network (PEPPNET)**](https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/peppnet) : PEPPNET supports an [Early Psychosis Program Directory](https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/peppnet\/interactivedirectory.html)  that provides services to people at risk for or experiencing early psychosis.\n- [**Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)**](http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/) : SAMHSA has an [Early Serious Mental Illness Treatment Locator](http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/esmi-treatment-locator)  for finding mental health treatment facilities and programs.\n## Reprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages \"Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages\") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2718 \"Website Policies\") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\n\n## For more information\n[MedlinePlus](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/)  (National Library of Medicine) ([en español](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/spanish) )  \n [ClinicalTrials.gov](https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/)  ([en español](https:\/\/salud.nih.gov\/investigacion-clinica) )  \n National Institutes of Health  \n NIH Publication No. 23-MH-8110","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Download PDF En español What is psychosis? Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a person’s thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. Who develops psychosis? It is difficult to know the number of people who experience psychosis. Studies estimate that between 15 and 100 people out of 100,000 develop psychosis each year. Psychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. For instance, older adults with neurological disorders may be at higher risk for psychosis. What are the signs and symptoms of psychosis? People with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation. However, a person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include: Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others Trouble thinking clearly and logically Withdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone Unusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings Decline in self-care or personal hygiene Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time Difficulty telling reality from fantasy Confused speech or trouble communicating Sudden drop in grades or job performance Alongside these symptoms, a person with psychosis may also experience more general changes in behavior that include: Emotional disruption Anxiety Lack of motivation Difficulty functioning overall In some cases, a person experiencing a psychotic episode may behave in confusing and unpredictable ways and may harm themselves or become threatening or violent toward others. The risk of violence and suicide decreases with treatment for psychosis, so it is important to seek help. If you find that you are experiencing these changes in behavior or notice them in a friend or family member and they begin to intensify or do not go away, reach out to a health care provider. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has information on ways to get help and find a health care provider or access treatment . If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org . In life-threatening situations, call 911 . What causes psychosis? There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias. Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes. A qualified mental health professional (such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker) can provide a thorough assessment and accurate diagnosis. Find tips to help prepare for and get the most out of your visit . For additional resources, including questions to ask your health care provider, visit the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . How is psychosis treated? Studies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery. A qualified psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker can make a diagnosis and help develop a treatment plan. Treatment of psychosis usually includes antipsychotic medication. There are several different types of antipsychotic medications, and they have different side effects, so it is important to work with a health care provider to determine the medication that is most effective with the fewest side effects. Treatment also often includes other elements. There is substantial research support for coordinated specialty care, which is a multi-element, recovery-oriented team approach to treating psychosis that promotes easy access to care and shared decision-making among specialists, the person experiencing psychosis, and family members. People experience better outcomes from coordinated specialty care if they begin treatment as soon as possible after psychotic symptoms emerge. Coordinated specialty care is now the standard of care for early psychosis, according to “ The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia .” NIMH research on coordinated specialty care The Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) research project, supported by NIMH, established coordinated specialty care as an effective treatment for early psychosis and identified important elements for helping people lead productive, independent lives. Learn more about the RAISE studies . NIMH continues to prioritize research on and expansion of treatments for early psychosis with the launch of the Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET) in 2019. Through EPINET, NIMH funded awards to establish a national data coordinating center and regional scientific hubs connected to more than 100 coordinated specialty care programs that provide early psychosis treatment in 17 states. The EPINET website provides resources for researchers, health care providers, administrators, and people experiencing psychosis and their families. Coordinated specialty care consists of multiple components: Individual or group psychotherapy is tailored to a person’s recovery goals. Cognitive and behavioral therapies focus on developing the knowledge and skills necessary to build resilience and cope with aspects of psychosis while maintaining and achieving personal goals. Family support and education programs teach family members about psychosis as well as coping, communication, and problem-solving skills. Family members who are informed and involved are more prepared to help loved ones through the recovery process. Medication management (also called pharmacotherapy) means tailoring medication to a person’s specific needs by selecting the appropriate type and dose of medication to help reduce psychosis symptoms. Like all medications, antipsychotic medications have risks and benefits. People should talk with a health care provider about side effects, medication costs, and dosage preferences (daily pill or monthly injection). Supported employment and education services focus on return to work or school, using the support of a coach to help people achieve their goals. Case management provides opportunities for people with psychosis to work with a case manager to address practical problems and improve access to needed support services. Learn more about the components of coordinated specialty care . People with psychosis should be involved in their treatment planning and consulted in making decisions about their care. Their needs and goals should drive the treatment programs, which will help them stay engaged throughout the recovery process. It is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return. Clinical trials studying psychosis and related disorders NIMH supports a wide range of research, including clinical trials that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, such as psychosis and disorders that involve psychosis (like schizophrenia). The goal of a clinical trial is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although people may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, they should know that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others can be better helped in the future. Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with people experiencing psychosis and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. Learn more about  participating in clinical trials . How can I find help? NIMH does not endorse specific psychosis clinics or evaluate individual practitioners’ professional qualifications or competencies. However, several organizations are available to assist in finding a treatment program in your area. The following is not a comprehensive list of all programs, and a program’s inclusion on the list does not constitute an endorsement by NIMH. Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET) : EPINET’s Early Psychosis Intervention Network Clinics provide treatment and services to individuals with early psychosis across 17 states. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) : The NAMI HelpLine can connect you with the NAMI office in your state and help you find programs close to home. Also, you can talk with someone at the NAMI HelpLine, Monday–Friday, 10:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m. ET, by: Calling 1-800-950-NAMI (6264) Texting “HelpLine” to 62640 Emailing helpline@nami.org Psychosis-Risk and Early Psychosis Program Network (PEPPNET) : PEPPNET supports an Early Psychosis Program Directory that provides services to people at risk for or experiencing early psychosis. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) : SAMHSA has an Early Serious Mental Illness Treatment Locator for finding mental health treatment facilities and programs. Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. For more information MedlinePlus (National Library of Medicine) ( en español ) ClinicalTrials.gov ( en español ) National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 23-MH-8110
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[NIMH research on coordinated specialty care](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis#part_6517) - [Clinical trials studying psychosis and related disorders](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis#part_6518) - [How can I find help?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis#part_6516) - [Reprints](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis#part_11021) - [For more information](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis#part_10942) # Understanding Psychosis ![cover of NIMH publication Understanding Psychosis](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/images/pubs/covers-pinnable/23-MH-8110_UnderstandingPsychosis_Pinnable.jpg) - [Download PDF](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/health/publications/understanding-psychosis/23-MH-8110-Understanding-Psychosis.pdf) - [En español](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/espanol/como-comprender-que-es-la-psicosis) ## What is psychosis? Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a person’s thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. ## Who develops psychosis? It is difficult to know the number of people who experience psychosis. Studies estimate that between 15 and 100 people out of 100,000 develop psychosis each year. Psychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. For instance, older adults with neurological disorders may be at higher risk for psychosis. ## What are the signs and symptoms of psychosis? People with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation. However, a person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include: - Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others - Trouble thinking clearly and logically - Withdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone - Unusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings - Decline in self-care or personal hygiene - Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time - Difficulty telling reality from fantasy - Confused speech or trouble communicating - Sudden drop in grades or job performance Alongside these symptoms, a person with psychosis may also experience more general changes in behavior that include: - Emotional disruption - Anxiety - Lack of motivation - Difficulty functioning overall In some cases, a person experiencing a psychotic episode may behave in confusing and unpredictable ways and may harm themselves or become threatening or violent toward others. The risk of violence and suicide decreases with treatment for psychosis, so it is important to seek help. If you find that you are experiencing these changes in behavior or notice them in a friend or family member and they begin to intensify or do not go away, reach out to a health care provider. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has [information on ways to get help and find a health care provider or access treatment](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-help). If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the [988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) at 988 or chat at [988lifeline.org](https://988lifeline.org/chat/) . In life-threatening situations, call 911. ## What causes psychosis? There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias. Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes. A qualified mental health professional (such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker) can provide a thorough assessment and accurate diagnosis. Find [tips to help prepare for and get the most out of your visit](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider). For additional resources, including questions to ask your health care provider, visit the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](http://www.ahrq.gov/questions) . ## How is psychosis treated? Studies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery. A qualified psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker can make a diagnosis and help develop a treatment plan. Treatment of psychosis usually includes antipsychotic medication. There are several different types of antipsychotic medications, and they have different side effects, so it is important to work with a health care provider to determine the medication that is most effective with the fewest side effects. Treatment also often includes other elements. There is substantial research support for coordinated specialty care, which is a multi-element, recovery-oriented team approach to treating psychosis that promotes easy access to care and shared decision-making among specialists, the person experiencing psychosis, and family members. People experience better outcomes from coordinated specialty care if they begin treatment as soon as possible after psychotic symptoms emerge. Coordinated specialty care is now the standard of care for early psychosis, according to “[The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32867516/) .” ## NIMH research on coordinated specialty care The Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) research project, supported by NIMH, established coordinated specialty care as an effective treatment for early psychosis and identified important elements for helping people lead productive, independent lives. Learn more about the [RAISE studies](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-initiatives/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise). NIMH continues to prioritize research on and expansion of treatments for early psychosis with the launch of the Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET) in 2019. Through EPINET, NIMH funded awards to establish a national data coordinating center and regional scientific hubs connected to more than 100 coordinated specialty care programs that provide early psychosis treatment in 17 states. The [EPINET website](https://nationalepinet.org/) provides resources for researchers, health care providers, administrators, and people experiencing psychosis and their families. Coordinated specialty care consists of multiple components: - Individual or group psychotherapy is tailored to a person’s recovery goals. Cognitive and behavioral therapies focus on developing the knowledge and skills necessary to build resilience and cope with aspects of psychosis while maintaining and achieving personal goals. - Family support and education programs teach family members about psychosis as well as coping, communication, and problem-solving skills. Family members who are informed and involved are more prepared to help loved ones through the recovery process. - Medication management (also called pharmacotherapy) means tailoring medication to a person’s specific needs by selecting the appropriate type and dose of medication to help reduce psychosis symptoms. Like all medications, antipsychotic medications have risks and benefits. People should talk with a health care provider about side effects, medication costs, and dosage preferences (daily pill or monthly injection). - Supported employment and education services focus on return to work or school, using the support of a coach to help people achieve their goals. - Case management provides opportunities for people with psychosis to work with a case manager to address practical problems and improve access to needed support services. Learn more about the [components of coordinated specialty care](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-initiatives/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise). People with psychosis should be involved in their treatment planning and consulted in making decisions about their care. Their needs and goals should drive the treatment programs, which will help them stay engaged throughout the recovery process. It is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return. ## Clinical trials studying psychosis and related disorders NIMH supports a wide range of research, including clinical trials that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, such as psychosis and disorders that involve psychosis (like schizophrenia). The goal of a clinical trial is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although people may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, they should know that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others can be better helped in the future. Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with people experiencing psychosis and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/trials). ## How can I find help? NIMH does not endorse specific psychosis clinics or evaluate individual practitioners’ professional qualifications or competencies. However, several organizations are available to assist in finding a treatment program in your area. The following is not a comprehensive list of all programs, and a program’s inclusion on the list does not constitute an endorsement by NIMH. - [Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET)](https://nationalepinet.org/) : EPINET’s [Early Psychosis Intervention Network Clinics](https://nationalepinet.org/epinet-clinics) provide treatment and services to individuals with early psychosis across 17 states. - [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](http://www.nami.org/) : The [NAMI HelpLine](https://www.nami.org/Find-Support/NAMI-HelpLine) can connect you with the NAMI office in your state and help you find programs close to home. Also, you can talk with someone at the NAMI HelpLine, Monday–Friday, 10:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m. ET, by: - Calling 1-800-950-NAMI (6264) - Texting “HelpLine” to 62640 - Emailing [helpline@nami.org](mailto:helpline@nami.org) - [Psychosis-Risk and Early Psychosis Program Network (PEPPNET)](https://med.stanford.edu/peppnet) : PEPPNET supports an [Early Psychosis Program Directory](https://med.stanford.edu/peppnet/interactivedirectory.html) that provides services to people at risk for or experiencing early psychosis. - [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)](http://www.samhsa.gov/) : SAMHSA has an [Early Serious Mental Illness Treatment Locator](http://www.samhsa.gov/esmi-treatment-locator) for finding mental health treatment facilities and programs. ## Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages "Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2718 "Website Policies") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. ## For more information [MedlinePlus](https://medlineplus.gov/) (National Library of Medicine) ([en español](https://medlineplus.gov/spanish) ) [ClinicalTrials.gov](https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/) ([en español](https://salud.nih.gov/investigacion-clinica) ) National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 23-MH-8110 ## Disclaimer We link to external websites for informational purposes only, but we do not endorse or guarantee their accuracy. Once you leave our site, you will be subject to the new website’s privacy policy. 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Readable Markdown	![cover of NIMH publication Understanding Psychosis](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/images/pubs/covers-pinnable/23-MH-8110_UnderstandingPsychosis_Pinnable.jpg) - [Download PDF](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/health/publications/understanding-psychosis/23-MH-8110-Understanding-Psychosis.pdf) - [En español](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/espanol/como-comprender-que-es-la-psicosis) ## What is psychosis? Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a person’s thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. ## Who develops psychosis? It is difficult to know the number of people who experience psychosis. Studies estimate that between 15 and 100 people out of 100,000 develop psychosis each year. Psychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. For instance, older adults with neurological disorders may be at higher risk for psychosis. ## What are the signs and symptoms of psychosis? People with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation. However, a person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include: - Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others - Trouble thinking clearly and logically - Withdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone - Unusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings - Decline in self-care or personal hygiene - Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time - Difficulty telling reality from fantasy - Confused speech or trouble communicating - Sudden drop in grades or job performance Alongside these symptoms, a person with psychosis may also experience more general changes in behavior that include: - Emotional disruption - Anxiety - Lack of motivation - Difficulty functioning overall In some cases, a person experiencing a psychotic episode may behave in confusing and unpredictable ways and may harm themselves or become threatening or violent toward others. The risk of violence and suicide decreases with treatment for psychosis, so it is important to seek help. If you find that you are experiencing these changes in behavior or notice them in a friend or family member and they begin to intensify or do not go away, reach out to a health care provider. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has [information on ways to get help and find a health care provider or access treatment](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-help). If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the [988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) at 988 or chat at [988lifeline.org](https://988lifeline.org/chat/) . In life-threatening situations, call 911. ## What causes psychosis? There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias. Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes. A qualified mental health professional (such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker) can provide a thorough assessment and accurate diagnosis. Find [tips to help prepare for and get the most out of your visit](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider). For additional resources, including questions to ask your health care provider, visit the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](http://www.ahrq.gov/questions) . ## How is psychosis treated? Studies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery. A qualified psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker can make a diagnosis and help develop a treatment plan. Treatment of psychosis usually includes antipsychotic medication. There are several different types of antipsychotic medications, and they have different side effects, so it is important to work with a health care provider to determine the medication that is most effective with the fewest side effects. Treatment also often includes other elements. There is substantial research support for coordinated specialty care, which is a multi-element, recovery-oriented team approach to treating psychosis that promotes easy access to care and shared decision-making among specialists, the person experiencing psychosis, and family members. People experience better outcomes from coordinated specialty care if they begin treatment as soon as possible after psychotic symptoms emerge. Coordinated specialty care is now the standard of care for early psychosis, according to “[The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32867516/) .” ## NIMH research on coordinated specialty care The Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) research project, supported by NIMH, established coordinated specialty care as an effective treatment for early psychosis and identified important elements for helping people lead productive, independent lives. Learn more about the [RAISE studies](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-initiatives/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise). NIMH continues to prioritize research on and expansion of treatments for early psychosis with the launch of the Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET) in 2019. Through EPINET, NIMH funded awards to establish a national data coordinating center and regional scientific hubs connected to more than 100 coordinated specialty care programs that provide early psychosis treatment in 17 states. The [EPINET website](https://nationalepinet.org/) provides resources for researchers, health care providers, administrators, and people experiencing psychosis and their families. Coordinated specialty care consists of multiple components: - Individual or group psychotherapy is tailored to a person’s recovery goals. Cognitive and behavioral therapies focus on developing the knowledge and skills necessary to build resilience and cope with aspects of psychosis while maintaining and achieving personal goals. - Family support and education programs teach family members about psychosis as well as coping, communication, and problem-solving skills. Family members who are informed and involved are more prepared to help loved ones through the recovery process. - Medication management (also called pharmacotherapy) means tailoring medication to a person’s specific needs by selecting the appropriate type and dose of medication to help reduce psychosis symptoms. Like all medications, antipsychotic medications have risks and benefits. People should talk with a health care provider about side effects, medication costs, and dosage preferences (daily pill or monthly injection). - Supported employment and education services focus on return to work or school, using the support of a coach to help people achieve their goals. - Case management provides opportunities for people with psychosis to work with a case manager to address practical problems and improve access to needed support services. Learn more about the [components of coordinated specialty care](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-initiatives/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise). People with psychosis should be involved in their treatment planning and consulted in making decisions about their care. Their needs and goals should drive the treatment programs, which will help them stay engaged throughout the recovery process. It is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return. ## Clinical trials studying psychosis and related disorders NIMH supports a wide range of research, including clinical trials that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, such as psychosis and disorders that involve psychosis (like schizophrenia). The goal of a clinical trial is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although people may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, they should know that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others can be better helped in the future. Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with people experiencing psychosis and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/trials). ## How can I find help? NIMH does not endorse specific psychosis clinics or evaluate individual practitioners’ professional qualifications or competencies. However, several organizations are available to assist in finding a treatment program in your area. The following is not a comprehensive list of all programs, and a program’s inclusion on the list does not constitute an endorsement by NIMH. - [Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET)](https://nationalepinet.org/) : EPINET’s [Early Psychosis Intervention Network Clinics](https://nationalepinet.org/epinet-clinics) provide treatment and services to individuals with early psychosis across 17 states. - [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](http://www.nami.org/) : The [NAMI HelpLine](https://www.nami.org/Find-Support/NAMI-HelpLine) can connect you with the NAMI office in your state and help you find programs close to home. Also, you can talk with someone at the NAMI HelpLine, Monday–Friday, 10:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m. ET, by: - Calling 1-800-950-NAMI (6264) - Texting “HelpLine” to 62640 - Emailing [helpline@nami.org](mailto:helpline@nami.org) - [Psychosis-Risk and Early Psychosis Program Network (PEPPNET)](https://med.stanford.edu/peppnet) : PEPPNET supports an [Early Psychosis Program Directory](https://med.stanford.edu/peppnet/interactivedirectory.html) that provides services to people at risk for or experiencing early psychosis. - [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)](http://www.samhsa.gov/) : SAMHSA has an [Early Serious Mental Illness Treatment Locator](http://www.samhsa.gov/esmi-treatment-locator) for finding mental health treatment facilities and programs. ## Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages "Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2718 "Website Policies") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. ## For more information [MedlinePlus](https://medlineplus.gov/) (National Library of Medicine) ([en español](https://medlineplus.gov/spanish) ) [ClinicalTrials.gov](https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/) ([en español](https://salud.nih.gov/investigacion-clinica) ) National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 23-MH-8110
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