🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 129 (from laksa158)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa129.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia","crawl_time":1772350469,"first_indexed_time":1512449875,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"gov,nih!nimh,www,\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia s443","src_root_hash":"7295144728021232729","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Schizophrenia - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","meta_descriptions":["This brochure provides information about schizophrenia including symptoms, causes, treatment options, and how to find help for yourself or a loved one."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Download PDF\nEn español\nWhat is schizophrenia?\nSchizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may appear to have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and their family and friends. The symptoms of schizophrenia can make it difficult to participate in usual, everyday activities, but effective treatments are available. Treatment can help people remain in school, maintain employment, achieve independence, and enjoy personal relationships.\nWhat are the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia?\nIt’s important to recognize the symptoms of schizophrenia and seek help as early as possible. People with schizophrenia are usually diagnosed between the ages of 16 and 30, after the first episode of psychosis. Starting treatment as soon as possible following the first episode of psychosis is an important step toward recovery. However, research shows that gradual changes in thinking, mood, and social functioning often appear before the first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia is rare in younger children.\nSchizophrenia symptoms can differ from person to person, but they generally fall into three main categories: psychotic, negative, and cognitive.\nPsychotic symptoms\nPsychotic symptoms\ninclude changes in the way a person thinks, acts, and experiences the world. A person experiencing psychotic symptoms often has disrupted thoughts and perceptions, and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. For some people, these symptoms come and go. For others, the symptoms become stable over time. Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder.\nHallucinations\nare when a person sees, hears, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. Hearing voices is common among people with schizophrenia. People who hear voices may hear them for a long time before family or friends notice a problem.\nDelusions\nare when a person has strong beliefs that are not objectively true and may seem irrational to others. For example, individuals experiencing delusions may believe that people on the radio and television are sending special messages that require a certain response, or they may believe that they are in danger or that others are trying to hurt them.\nThought disorder\nis when a person has ways of thinking that are unusual or illogical. People with thought disorder may have trouble organizing their thoughts and speech. They may stop talking in the middle of a thought, jump from topic to topic, or make up words that have no meaning.\nNegative symptoms\nNegative symptoms\ninclude loss of motivation, loss of interest or enjoyment in daily activities, withdrawal from social life, difficulty showing emotions, and difficulty functioning normally. Negative symptoms include:\nHaving trouble planning and sticking with routine activities, such as grocery shopping\nHaving trouble anticipating and being motivated by pleasure in everyday life\nTalking in a dull voice and showing limited facial expression\nAvoiding social interaction or interacting in socially awkward ways\nHaving very low energy and spending a lot of time in passive activities. In extreme cases, a person might stop moving or talking for periods of time, which is a rare condition called catatonia.\nThese negative symptoms are sometimes mistaken for symptoms of depression or other mental illnesses.\nCognitive symptoms\nCognitive symptoms\ninclude problems with attention, concentration, and memory. These symptoms can make it hard to follow a conversation, learn new things, or remember appointments. A person’s level of cognitive functioning is one of the best predictors of their day-to-day functioning. Health care providers use specific tests to evaluate cognitive functioning. Cognitive symptoms include:\nHaving trouble processing information to make decisions\nHaving trouble using information immediately after learning it\nHaving trouble focusing or paying attention\nRisk of violence\nMost people with schizophrenia are not violent. Overall, people with schizophrenia are more likely than those without the illness to be harmed by others. For people with schizophrenia, the risk of self-harm and violence to others is most significant when the illness is untreated or co-occurs with alcohol or substance misuse. It is important to help people who are showing symptoms get treatment as quickly as possible.\nSchizophrenia vs. dissociative identity disorder\nAlthough some of the symptoms may seem similar on the surface, schizophrenia is not dissociative identity disorder (which used to be called multiple personality disorder or split personality). People with dissociative identity disorder have two or more independent identities with distinct behaviors and memories.\nWhat causes schizophrenia?\nSeveral factors may contribute to a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia.\nGenes\nSchizophrenia sometimes runs in families. However, just because one family member has schizophrenia, it does not mean that other members of the family also will have it. Studies suggest that many different genes may increase a person’s chances of developing schizophrenia and that no single gene causes the disorder by itself.\nEnvironment\nResearch suggests that a combination of genetic factors and aspects of a person’s environment and life experiences may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. These environmental factors may include poverty, stressful or dangerous surroundings, and exposure to viruses or nutritional problems before birth.\nBrain structure and function\nResearch shows that people with schizophrenia may be more likely to have subtle differences in the size of certain brain areas and in connections between brain areas. Some of these brain differences may develop before birth. Researchers are working to better understand how brain structure and function may relate to schizophrenia.\nHow is schizophrenia treated?\nCurrent treatments for schizophrenia focus on helping individuals manage their symptoms, improve day-to-day functioning, and achieve personal life goals, such as completing education, pursuing a career, and having fulfilling relationships.\nAntipsychotic medication\nAntipsychotic medication can help make psychotic symptoms less intense and less frequent. This type of medication is usually taken every day in a pill or liquid form. Some forms may be given as an injection once or twice a month. Learn more about\nantipsychotic medication\n.\nIf a person’s symptoms do not improve with usual antipsychotic medication, they may be prescribed clozapine. People who take clozapine must have regular blood tests to check for a potentially dangerous side effect that occurs in 1% to 2% of patients.\nPeople respond to antipsychotic medication in different ways. It is important to report any side effects to a health care provider. Many people taking antipsychotic medication experience side effects such as weight gain, dry mouth, restlessness, and drowsiness when they start taking these medications. Some side effects may go away over time, while others may last.\nDo not stop taking a medication without first talking to a health care provider\n. They can work with you to monitor your health and adjust your treatment plan safely and effectively. Some people may need to try several medications before finding the one that works best.\nRead the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the\nU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website \n.\nPsychosocial treatments\nPsychosocial treatments help people find solutions to everyday challenges and manage symptoms while attending school, working, and forming relationships. These treatments are often used together with antipsychotic medication. People who participate in regular psychosocial treatment are less likely to have symptoms reoccur or to be hospitalized.\nExamples of this kind of treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral skills training, supported employment, and cognitive remediation interventions.\nLearn more about\npsychosocial treatments and therapies\n.\nFamily education and support\nEducational programs can help family and friends learn about symptoms of schizophrenia, treatment options, and strategies for helping loved ones with the illness. These programs can help friends and family manage their own distress, boost their coping skills, and strengthen their ability to provide support.\nCoordinated specialty care\nCoordinated specialty care (CSC) programs are recovery-focused programs for people with first episode psychosis, an early stage of schizophrenia. Health professionals and specialists work together as a team to provide CSC, which includes psychotherapy, medication, case management, employment and education services, and family education and support. The treatment team works collaboratively with the individual to make treatment decisions, involving family members as much as possible.\nCompared with typical care, CSC is more effective in reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and increasing involvement in work or school.\nAssertive community treatment\nAssertive community treatment is designed to help individuals with schizophrenia who are likely to experience multiple hospitalizations or homelessness. This type of treatment is usually delivered by a team of health care providers who work together to provide care to patients in the community.\nTreatment for drug and alcohol misuse\nPeople with schizophrenia may also have problems with drugs and alcohol. A treatment program that includes treatment for both schizophrenia and substance use is important for recovery because substance use can interfere with treatment for schizophrenia.\nHow can I find help?\nIf you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find\ntips for talking with a health care provider\nabout your mental health.\nYou can\nlearn more about getting help\non the NIMH website. You can also learn about\nfinding support \nand\nlocating mental health services \nin your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website.\nIf you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at\n988\nor chat at\n988lifeline.org \n. In life-threatening situations, call\n911\n.\nHow can I help a friend or relative with schizophrenia?\nIt can be difficult to know how to help someone who is experiencing psychosis. Here are some things you can do:\nHelp them get treatment and encourage them to stay in treatment.\nRemember that their beliefs or hallucinations seem very real to them.\nBe respectful, supportive, and kind without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior.\nLook for support groups and family education programs, such as those offered by the\nNational Alliance on Mental Illness \n.\nWhat are clinical trials and why are they important?\nClinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available.\nNIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about\nparticipating in clinical trials\n.\nFor more information\nLearn more about\nmental health disorders and topics\n. For information about various health topics, visit the\nNational Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus \n.\nReprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please\ncite the National Institute of Mental Health\nas the source.\nRead our copyright policy\nto learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\nU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES\nNational Institutes of Health\nNIH Publication No. 24-MH-8082\nRevised 2024","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#main-content)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/us_flag_small.png)\n\nAn official website of the United States government\n\nHere’s how you know\n\nHere’s how you know\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/icon-dot-gov.svg)\n\n**Official websites use .gov**  \nA **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/icon-https.svg)\n\n**Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**  \nA **lock** ( Locked padlock icon) or **https:\/\/** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.\n\nDue to current HHS and NIH restructuring, some content on nimh.nih.gov is not being updated regularly. Please refer to [clinicaltrials.gov](https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/) and [nih.gov](https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/about-nih\/nih-director\/statements\/nih-launches-initiative-modernize-strengthen-biosafety-oversight) for up-to-date information on NIH research.\n\n[![NIMH Logo](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/nimh-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/ \"NIMH Home\")\n\n[In Crisis? Call or Text 988](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/)\n\nTransforming the understanding   \n and treatment of mental illnesses.\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/) \\| [Help for Mental Illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n\n[Información en español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/espanol)\n\n- [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health)\n- [Get Involved](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved)\n- [Research](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research)\n- [Funding](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding)\n- [News & Events](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n\n[Health Topics NIMH offers expert-reviewed information on mental disorders and a range of topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)\n\n[Statistics NIMH statistics pages include statistics on the prevalence, treatment, and costs of mental illness for the population of the United States.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics)\n\n[Brochures and Fact Sheets Download, read, and order free NIMH brochures and fact sheets about mental disorders and related topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)\n\n[Help for Mental Illnesses If you or someone you know has a mental illness, there are ways to get help. Use these resources to find help for yourself, a friend, or a family member.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n\n[Clinical Trials If you or a friend or family member are thinking about taking part in clinical research, this page contains basic information about clinical trials.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials)\n\n[Stakeholder Engagement Find out how NIMH engages a range of stakeholder organizations as part of its efforts to ensure the greatest public health impact of the research we support.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/public-involvement)\n\n[Connect with NIMH Learn more about NIMH newsletters, public participation in grant reviews, research funding, clinical trials, the NIMH Gift Fund, and connecting with NIMH on social media.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n[Digital Shareables Use these free education and outreach materials in your community and on social media to spread the word about mental health and related topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/digital-shareables)\n\n[Science Education Use these free digital, outreach materials in your community and on social media to spread the word about mental health.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/science-education)\n\n[Upcoming Observances and Related Events Get Involved observances calendar](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/events)\n\n[Research Funded by NIMH NIMH supports research at universities, medical centers, and other institutions via grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements. Learn more about NIMH research areas, policies, resources, and initiatives.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh)\n\n[Research Conducted at NIMH (Intramural Research Program) The Division of Intramural Research Programs (IRP) is the internal research division of the NIMH. Over 40 research groups conduct basic neuroscience research and clinical investigations of mental illnesses, brain function, and behavior at the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. Learn more about research conducted at NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-conducted-at-nimh)\n\n[Priority Research Areas Learn about NIMH priority areas for research and funding that have the potential to improve mental health care over the short, medium, and long term.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/priority-research-areas)\n\n[Resources for Researchers Information about resources such as data, tissue, model organisms and imaging resources to support the NIMH research community.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh\/research-resources)\n\n[Opportunities & Announcements Find all NIMH and cross-NIH funding opportunities.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements)\n\n[Funding Strategy for Grants Read more about the NIMH Strategic Plan for Research, Strategic Research Priorities, the anatomy of NIMH funding, and our yearly funding strategy for research grants.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/funding-strategy-for-research-grants)\n\n[Application Process Explore the NIMH grant application process, including how to write your grant, how to submit your grant, and how the review process works.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/grant-writing-and-application-process)\n\n[Managing Grants Learn about how NIMH manages research grants, including policies and reporting requirements.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/managing-your-grant)\n\n[Clinical Research Find the latest NIH and NIMH policies, guidance, and resources for clinical research.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/clinical-research)\n\n[Training Explore NIMH research training and career development opportunities.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/training)\n\n[Small Business Research Learn about funding opportunities for small businesses.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/sbir)\n\n### Quick Links\n[Funding & Grant News](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements\/funding-grant-news)\n\n[Support for Clinical Trials at NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements\/clinical-trials-foas)\n\n[Science Updates List of NIMH science updates including press releases, research highlights, and institute announcements.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/science-updates)\n\n[Meetings and Events Details about upcoming events—including meetings, conferences, workshops, lectures, webinars, and chats—sponsored by NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/events)\n\n[Multimedia NIMH videos and podcasts featuring science news, lecture series, meetings, seminars, and special events.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/media)\n\n[Social Media The latest information and resources on mental disorders shared on X, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, and Instagram.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/social-media)\n\n[Innovation Speaker Series An annual lecture series dedicated to innovation, invention, and scientific discovery.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/innovation-speaker-series)\n\n[About the Acting NIMH Director Learn more about the Acting Director of the NIMH, Shelli Avenevoli, Ph.D.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/director)\n\n[Advisory Boards and Groups Read about the boards and groups that advise and provide guidance to the Institute.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/advisory-boards-and-groups)\n\n[Strategic Plan Learn more about NIMH's roadmap for the Institute’s research priorities over the next five years.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/strategic-planning-reports)\n\n[Offices and Divisions Learn more about the functions of each NIMH office and division.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/organization)\n\n[Budget Read the annual NIMH Congressional Justifications.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/budget)\n\n[Careers at NIMH Search for jobs, including scientific, administrative and executive careers at NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/careers)\n\n[Staff Directories Find the names, telephone numbers, email addresses, and office locations of NIMH staff.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/staff-directories)\n\n[History Explore key milestones, discoveries, and the impact of NIMH-funded studies on mental health.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/nimh-history)\n\n[Getting to NIMH Find directions, maps, parking information, and other visitor information for NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n### Quick Links\n**[Contribute to Mental Health Research](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh\/donate-to-mental-health-research \"Donate to Mental Health Research\")**\n\n- [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health)\n  - 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[Small Business Research](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/sbir)\n- [News & Events](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news)\n  - [News & Events Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news)\n  - [Science Updates](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/science-updates)\n  - [Meetings and Events](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/events)\n  - [Multimedia](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/media)\n  - [Social Media](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/social-media)\n  - [Email Updates](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/email-updates)\n  - [Innovation Speaker Series](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/innovation-speaker-series)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n  - [About Us Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n  - [About the Acting NIMH Director](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/director)\n  - [Advisory Boards and Groups](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/advisory-boards-and-groups)\n  - [Strategic Plan](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/strategic-planning-reports)\n  - [Offices and Divisions](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/organization)\n  - [Budget](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/budget)\n  - [Careers at NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/careers)\n  - [Staff Directories](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/staff-directories)\n  - [History](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/nimh-history)\n  - [Getting to NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics)\n- [Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)\n- [Help for Mental Illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n- [Clinical Trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials)\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/) \\> [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health) \\> [Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications) \\> Schizophrenia\n\n###### Share Page\nMenu\n\n- [What is schizophrenia?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_6323)\n- [What are the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_6324)\n- [What causes schizophrenia?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_6325)\n- [How is schizophrenia treated?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_6326)\n- [How can I find help?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_6328)\n- [How can I help a friend or relative with schizophrenia?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_6327)\n- [What are clinical trials and why are they important?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_6718)\n- [For more information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_6330)\n- [Reprints](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#part_11021)\n\n# Schizophrenia\n![Blue cover image for Schizophrenia booklet.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/pubs\/covers-pinnable\/24-mh-8082-schizophrenia-pinnable.jpg)\n\n- [Download PDF](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia_1.pdf)\n- [En español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/espanol\/la-esquizofrenia)\n\n## What is schizophrenia?\nSchizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may appear to have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and their family and friends. The symptoms of schizophrenia can make it difficult to participate in usual, everyday activities, but effective treatments are available. Treatment can help people remain in school, maintain employment, achieve independence, and enjoy personal relationships.\n\n## What are the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia?\nIt’s important to recognize the symptoms of schizophrenia and seek help as early as possible. People with schizophrenia are usually diagnosed between the ages of 16 and 30, after the first episode of psychosis. Starting treatment as soon as possible following the first episode of psychosis is an important step toward recovery. However, research shows that gradual changes in thinking, mood, and social functioning often appear before the first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia is rare in younger children.\n\nSchizophrenia symptoms can differ from person to person, but they generally fall into three main categories: psychotic, negative, and cognitive.\n\n### Psychotic symptoms\n**Psychotic symptoms** include changes in the way a person thinks, acts, and experiences the world. A person experiencing psychotic symptoms often has disrupted thoughts and perceptions, and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. For some people, these symptoms come and go. For others, the symptoms become stable over time. Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder.\n\n- **Hallucinations** are when a person sees, hears, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. Hearing voices is common among people with schizophrenia. People who hear voices may hear them for a long time before family or friends notice a problem.\n- **Delusions** are when a person has strong beliefs that are not objectively true and may seem irrational to others. For example, individuals experiencing delusions may believe that people on the radio and television are sending special messages that require a certain response, or they may believe that they are in danger or that others are trying to hurt them.\n- **Thought disorder** is when a person has ways of thinking that are unusual or illogical. People with thought disorder may have trouble organizing their thoughts and speech. They may stop talking in the middle of a thought, jump from topic to topic, or make up words that have no meaning.\n### Negative symptoms\n**Negative symptoms** include loss of motivation, loss of interest or enjoyment in daily activities, withdrawal from social life, difficulty showing emotions, and difficulty functioning normally. Negative symptoms include:\n\n- Having trouble planning and sticking with routine activities, such as grocery shopping\n- Having trouble anticipating and being motivated by pleasure in everyday life\n- Talking in a dull voice and showing limited facial expression\n- Avoiding social interaction or interacting in socially awkward ways\n- Having very low energy and spending a lot of time in passive activities. In extreme cases, a person might stop moving or talking for periods of time, which is a rare condition called catatonia.\n\nThese negative symptoms are sometimes mistaken for symptoms of depression or other mental illnesses.\n\n### Cognitive symptoms\n**Cognitive symptoms** include problems with attention, concentration, and memory. These symptoms can make it hard to follow a conversation, learn new things, or remember appointments. A person’s level of cognitive functioning is one of the best predictors of their day-to-day functioning. Health care providers use specific tests to evaluate cognitive functioning. Cognitive symptoms include:\n\n- Having trouble processing information to make decisions\n- Having trouble using information immediately after learning it\n- Having trouble focusing or paying attention\n### Risk of violence\nMost people with schizophrenia are not violent. Overall, people with schizophrenia are more likely than those without the illness to be harmed by others. For people with schizophrenia, the risk of self-harm and violence to others is most significant when the illness is untreated or co-occurs with alcohol or substance misuse. It is important to help people who are showing symptoms get treatment as quickly as possible.\n\n### Schizophrenia vs. dissociative identity disorder\nAlthough some of the symptoms may seem similar on the surface, schizophrenia is not dissociative identity disorder (which used to be called multiple personality disorder or split personality). People with dissociative identity disorder have two or more independent identities with distinct behaviors and memories.\n\n## What causes schizophrenia?\nSeveral factors may contribute to a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia.\n\n### Genes\nSchizophrenia sometimes runs in families. However, just because one family member has schizophrenia, it does not mean that other members of the family also will have it. Studies suggest that many different genes may increase a person’s chances of developing schizophrenia and that no single gene causes the disorder by itself.\n\n### Environment\nResearch suggests that a combination of genetic factors and aspects of a person’s environment and life experiences may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. These environmental factors may include poverty, stressful or dangerous surroundings, and exposure to viruses or nutritional problems before birth.\n\n### Brain structure and function\nResearch shows that people with schizophrenia may be more likely to have subtle differences in the size of certain brain areas and in connections between brain areas. Some of these brain differences may develop before birth. Researchers are working to better understand how brain structure and function may relate to schizophrenia.\n\n## How is schizophrenia treated?\nCurrent treatments for schizophrenia focus on helping individuals manage their symptoms, improve day-to-day functioning, and achieve personal life goals, such as completing education, pursuing a career, and having fulfilling relationships.\n\n### Antipsychotic medication\nAntipsychotic medication can help make psychotic symptoms less intense and less frequent. This type of medication is usually taken every day in a pill or liquid form. Some forms may be given as an injection once or twice a month. Learn more about [antipsychotic medication](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications#part_2362).\n\nIf a person’s symptoms do not improve with usual antipsychotic medication, they may be prescribed clozapine. People who take clozapine must have regular blood tests to check for a potentially dangerous side effect that occurs in 1% to 2% of patients.\n\nPeople respond to antipsychotic medication in different ways. It is important to report any side effects to a health care provider. Many people taking antipsychotic medication experience side effects such as weight gain, dry mouth, restlessness, and drowsiness when they start taking these medications. Some side effects may go away over time, while others may last.\n\n**Do not stop taking a medication without first talking to a health care provider**. They can work with you to monitor your health and adjust your treatment plan safely and effectively. Some people may need to try several medications before finding the one that works best.\n\nRead the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugsatfda) .\n\n### Psychosocial treatments\nPsychosocial treatments help people find solutions to everyday challenges and manage symptoms while attending school, working, and forming relationships. These treatments are often used together with antipsychotic medication. People who participate in regular psychosocial treatment are less likely to have symptoms reoccur or to be hospitalized.\n\nExamples of this kind of treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral skills training, supported employment, and cognitive remediation interventions.\n\nLearn more about [psychosocial treatments and therapies](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/psychotherapies).\n\n### Family education and support\nEducational programs can help family and friends learn about symptoms of schizophrenia, treatment options, and strategies for helping loved ones with the illness. These programs can help friends and family manage their own distress, boost their coping skills, and strengthen their ability to provide support.\n\n### Coordinated specialty care\nCoordinated specialty care (CSC) programs are recovery-focused programs for people with first episode psychosis, an early stage of schizophrenia. Health professionals and specialists work together as a team to provide CSC, which includes psychotherapy, medication, case management, employment and education services, and family education and support. The treatment team works collaboratively with the individual to make treatment decisions, involving family members as much as possible.\n\nCompared with typical care, CSC is more effective in reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and increasing involvement in work or school.\n\n### Assertive community treatment\nAssertive community treatment is designed to help individuals with schizophrenia who are likely to experience multiple hospitalizations or homelessness. This type of treatment is usually delivered by a team of health care providers who work together to provide care to patients in the community.\n\n### Treatment for drug and alcohol misuse\nPeople with schizophrenia may also have problems with drugs and alcohol. A treatment program that includes treatment for both schizophrenia and substance use is important for recovery because substance use can interfere with treatment for schizophrenia.\n\n## How can I find help?\nIf you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find [tips for talking with a health care provider](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider) about your mental health.\n\nYou can [learn more about getting help](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help) on the NIMH website. You can also learn about [finding support](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-support)  and [locating mental health services](https:\/\/findtreatment.samhsa.gov\/)  in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website.\n\nIf you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at **988** or chat at [988lifeline.org](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) . In life-threatening situations, call **911***.*\n\n## How can I help a friend or relative with schizophrenia?\nIt can be difficult to know how to help someone who is experiencing psychosis. Here are some things you can do:\n\n- Help them get treatment and encourage them to stay in treatment.\n- Remember that their beliefs or hallucinations seem very real to them.\n- Be respectful, supportive, and kind without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior.\n- Look for support groups and family education programs, such as those offered by the [National Alliance on Mental Illness](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/Support-Education) .\n## What are clinical trials and why are they important?\nClinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available.\n\nNIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials).\n\n## For more information\nLearn more about [mental health disorders and topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health). For information about various health topics, visit the [National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/) .\n\n## Reprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages \"Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages\") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2718 \"Website Policies\") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\n\nU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES  \nNational Institutes of Health  \nNIH Publication No. 24-MH-8082  \nRevised 2024\n\n## Disclaimer\nWe link to external websites for informational purposes only, but we do not endorse or guarantee their accuracy. Once you leave our site, you will be subject to the new website’s privacy policy. Read NIMH’s [full external linking policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2717) for more information.\n\n##### NIMH Resources\n[Health Topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)   \n[Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)   \n[Contact Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/contact-nimh)   \n[Información en español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/espanol)\n\n##### Policies and Notices\n[Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/privacy-policy)   \n[Website Policies](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies)   \n[FOIA](http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/icd\/od\/foia\/index.htm)    \n[Accessibility](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/accessibility)   \n[HHS Vulnerability Disclosure](https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/vulnerability-disclosure-policy\/index.html)\n\n##### Federal Resources\n[National Institutes of Health (NIH)](http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/)    \n[NIH Virtual Tour](https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/virtual-tour\/)    \n[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/)    \n[USA.gov](http:\/\/www.usa.gov\/)\n\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of NIH, a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.\n\n[Top](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia#skipnav)","attrs_readable_markdown":"![Blue cover image for Schizophrenia booklet.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/pubs\/covers-pinnable\/24-mh-8082-schizophrenia-pinnable.jpg)\n\n- [Download PDF](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia_1.pdf)\n- [En español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/espanol\/la-esquizofrenia)\n\n## What is schizophrenia?\nSchizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may appear to have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and their family and friends. The symptoms of schizophrenia can make it difficult to participate in usual, everyday activities, but effective treatments are available. Treatment can help people remain in school, maintain employment, achieve independence, and enjoy personal relationships.\n\n## What are the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia?\nIt’s important to recognize the symptoms of schizophrenia and seek help as early as possible. People with schizophrenia are usually diagnosed between the ages of 16 and 30, after the first episode of psychosis. Starting treatment as soon as possible following the first episode of psychosis is an important step toward recovery. However, research shows that gradual changes in thinking, mood, and social functioning often appear before the first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia is rare in younger children.\n\nSchizophrenia symptoms can differ from person to person, but they generally fall into three main categories: psychotic, negative, and cognitive.\n\n### Psychotic symptoms\n**Psychotic symptoms** include changes in the way a person thinks, acts, and experiences the world. A person experiencing psychotic symptoms often has disrupted thoughts and perceptions, and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. For some people, these symptoms come and go. For others, the symptoms become stable over time. Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder.\n\n- **Hallucinations** are when a person sees, hears, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. Hearing voices is common among people with schizophrenia. People who hear voices may hear them for a long time before family or friends notice a problem.\n- **Delusions** are when a person has strong beliefs that are not objectively true and may seem irrational to others. For example, individuals experiencing delusions may believe that people on the radio and television are sending special messages that require a certain response, or they may believe that they are in danger or that others are trying to hurt them.\n- **Thought disorder** is when a person has ways of thinking that are unusual or illogical. People with thought disorder may have trouble organizing their thoughts and speech. They may stop talking in the middle of a thought, jump from topic to topic, or make up words that have no meaning.\n### Negative symptoms\n**Negative symptoms** include loss of motivation, loss of interest or enjoyment in daily activities, withdrawal from social life, difficulty showing emotions, and difficulty functioning normally. Negative symptoms include:\n\n- Having trouble planning and sticking with routine activities, such as grocery shopping\n- Having trouble anticipating and being motivated by pleasure in everyday life\n- Talking in a dull voice and showing limited facial expression\n- Avoiding social interaction or interacting in socially awkward ways\n- Having very low energy and spending a lot of time in passive activities. In extreme cases, a person might stop moving or talking for periods of time, which is a rare condition called catatonia.\n\nThese negative symptoms are sometimes mistaken for symptoms of depression or other mental illnesses.\n\n### Cognitive symptoms\n**Cognitive symptoms** include problems with attention, concentration, and memory. These symptoms can make it hard to follow a conversation, learn new things, or remember appointments. A person’s level of cognitive functioning is one of the best predictors of their day-to-day functioning. Health care providers use specific tests to evaluate cognitive functioning. Cognitive symptoms include:\n\n- Having trouble processing information to make decisions\n- Having trouble using information immediately after learning it\n- Having trouble focusing or paying attention\n### Risk of violence\nMost people with schizophrenia are not violent. Overall, people with schizophrenia are more likely than those without the illness to be harmed by others. For people with schizophrenia, the risk of self-harm and violence to others is most significant when the illness is untreated or co-occurs with alcohol or substance misuse. It is important to help people who are showing symptoms get treatment as quickly as possible.\n\n### Schizophrenia vs. dissociative identity disorder\nAlthough some of the symptoms may seem similar on the surface, schizophrenia is not dissociative identity disorder (which used to be called multiple personality disorder or split personality). People with dissociative identity disorder have two or more independent identities with distinct behaviors and memories.\n\n## What causes schizophrenia?\nSeveral factors may contribute to a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia.\n\n### Genes\nSchizophrenia sometimes runs in families. However, just because one family member has schizophrenia, it does not mean that other members of the family also will have it. Studies suggest that many different genes may increase a person’s chances of developing schizophrenia and that no single gene causes the disorder by itself.\n\n### Environment\nResearch suggests that a combination of genetic factors and aspects of a person’s environment and life experiences may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. These environmental factors may include poverty, stressful or dangerous surroundings, and exposure to viruses or nutritional problems before birth.\n\n### Brain structure and function\nResearch shows that people with schizophrenia may be more likely to have subtle differences in the size of certain brain areas and in connections between brain areas. Some of these brain differences may develop before birth. Researchers are working to better understand how brain structure and function may relate to schizophrenia.\n\n## How is schizophrenia treated?\nCurrent treatments for schizophrenia focus on helping individuals manage their symptoms, improve day-to-day functioning, and achieve personal life goals, such as completing education, pursuing a career, and having fulfilling relationships.\n\n### Antipsychotic medication\nAntipsychotic medication can help make psychotic symptoms less intense and less frequent. This type of medication is usually taken every day in a pill or liquid form. Some forms may be given as an injection once or twice a month. Learn more about [antipsychotic medication](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications#part_2362).\n\nIf a person’s symptoms do not improve with usual antipsychotic medication, they may be prescribed clozapine. People who take clozapine must have regular blood tests to check for a potentially dangerous side effect that occurs in 1% to 2% of patients.\n\nPeople respond to antipsychotic medication in different ways. It is important to report any side effects to a health care provider. Many people taking antipsychotic medication experience side effects such as weight gain, dry mouth, restlessness, and drowsiness when they start taking these medications. Some side effects may go away over time, while others may last.\n\n**Do not stop taking a medication without first talking to a health care provider**. They can work with you to monitor your health and adjust your treatment plan safely and effectively. Some people may need to try several medications before finding the one that works best.\n\nRead the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugsatfda) .\n\n### Psychosocial treatments\nPsychosocial treatments help people find solutions to everyday challenges and manage symptoms while attending school, working, and forming relationships. These treatments are often used together with antipsychotic medication. People who participate in regular psychosocial treatment are less likely to have symptoms reoccur or to be hospitalized.\n\nExamples of this kind of treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral skills training, supported employment, and cognitive remediation interventions.\n\nLearn more about [psychosocial treatments and therapies](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/psychotherapies).\n\n### Family education and support\nEducational programs can help family and friends learn about symptoms of schizophrenia, treatment options, and strategies for helping loved ones with the illness. These programs can help friends and family manage their own distress, boost their coping skills, and strengthen their ability to provide support.\n\n### Coordinated specialty care\nCoordinated specialty care (CSC) programs are recovery-focused programs for people with first episode psychosis, an early stage of schizophrenia. Health professionals and specialists work together as a team to provide CSC, which includes psychotherapy, medication, case management, employment and education services, and family education and support. The treatment team works collaboratively with the individual to make treatment decisions, involving family members as much as possible.\n\nCompared with typical care, CSC is more effective in reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and increasing involvement in work or school.\n\n### Assertive community treatment\nAssertive community treatment is designed to help individuals with schizophrenia who are likely to experience multiple hospitalizations or homelessness. This type of treatment is usually delivered by a team of health care providers who work together to provide care to patients in the community.\n\n### Treatment for drug and alcohol misuse\nPeople with schizophrenia may also have problems with drugs and alcohol. A treatment program that includes treatment for both schizophrenia and substance use is important for recovery because substance use can interfere with treatment for schizophrenia.\n\n## How can I find help?\nIf you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find [tips for talking with a health care provider](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider) about your mental health.\n\nYou can [learn more about getting help](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help) on the NIMH website. You can also learn about [finding support](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-support)  and [locating mental health services](https:\/\/findtreatment.samhsa.gov\/)  in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website.\n\nIf you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at **988** or chat at [988lifeline.org](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) . In life-threatening situations, call **911***.*\n\n## How can I help a friend or relative with schizophrenia?\nIt can be difficult to know how to help someone who is experiencing psychosis. Here are some things you can do:\n\n- Help them get treatment and encourage them to stay in treatment.\n- Remember that their beliefs or hallucinations seem very real to them.\n- Be respectful, supportive, and kind without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior.\n- Look for support groups and family education programs, such as those offered by the [National Alliance on Mental Illness](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/Support-Education) .\n## What are clinical trials and why are they important?\nClinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available.\n\nNIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials).\n\n## For more information\nLearn more about [mental health disorders and topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health). For information about various health topics, visit the [National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/) .\n\n## Reprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages \"Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages\") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2718 \"Website Policies\") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\n\nU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES  \nNational Institutes of Health  \nNIH Publication No. 24-MH-8082  \nRevised 2024","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Download PDF En español What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may appear to have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and their family and friends. The symptoms of schizophrenia can make it difficult to participate in usual, everyday activities, but effective treatments are available. Treatment can help people remain in school, maintain employment, achieve independence, and enjoy personal relationships. What are the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia? It’s important to recognize the symptoms of schizophrenia and seek help as early as possible. People with schizophrenia are usually diagnosed between the ages of 16 and 30, after the first episode of psychosis. Starting treatment as soon as possible following the first episode of psychosis is an important step toward recovery. However, research shows that gradual changes in thinking, mood, and social functioning often appear before the first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia is rare in younger children. Schizophrenia symptoms can differ from person to person, but they generally fall into three main categories: psychotic, negative, and cognitive. Psychotic symptoms Psychotic symptoms include changes in the way a person thinks, acts, and experiences the world. A person experiencing psychotic symptoms often has disrupted thoughts and perceptions, and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. For some people, these symptoms come and go. For others, the symptoms become stable over time. Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. Hearing voices is common among people with schizophrenia. People who hear voices may hear them for a long time before family or friends notice a problem. Delusions are when a person has strong beliefs that are not objectively true and may seem irrational to others. For example, individuals experiencing delusions may believe that people on the radio and television are sending special messages that require a certain response, or they may believe that they are in danger or that others are trying to hurt them. Thought disorder is when a person has ways of thinking that are unusual or illogical. People with thought disorder may have trouble organizing their thoughts and speech. They may stop talking in the middle of a thought, jump from topic to topic, or make up words that have no meaning. Negative symptoms Negative symptoms include loss of motivation, loss of interest or enjoyment in daily activities, withdrawal from social life, difficulty showing emotions, and difficulty functioning normally. Negative symptoms include: Having trouble planning and sticking with routine activities, such as grocery shopping Having trouble anticipating and being motivated by pleasure in everyday life Talking in a dull voice and showing limited facial expression Avoiding social interaction or interacting in socially awkward ways Having very low energy and spending a lot of time in passive activities. In extreme cases, a person might stop moving or talking for periods of time, which is a rare condition called catatonia. These negative symptoms are sometimes mistaken for symptoms of depression or other mental illnesses. Cognitive symptoms Cognitive symptoms include problems with attention, concentration, and memory. These symptoms can make it hard to follow a conversation, learn new things, or remember appointments. A person’s level of cognitive functioning is one of the best predictors of their day-to-day functioning. Health care providers use specific tests to evaluate cognitive functioning. Cognitive symptoms include: Having trouble processing information to make decisions Having trouble using information immediately after learning it Having trouble focusing or paying attention Risk of violence Most people with schizophrenia are not violent. Overall, people with schizophrenia are more likely than those without the illness to be harmed by others. For people with schizophrenia, the risk of self-harm and violence to others is most significant when the illness is untreated or co-occurs with alcohol or substance misuse. It is important to help people who are showing symptoms get treatment as quickly as possible. Schizophrenia vs. dissociative identity disorder Although some of the symptoms may seem similar on the surface, schizophrenia is not dissociative identity disorder (which used to be called multiple personality disorder or split personality). People with dissociative identity disorder have two or more independent identities with distinct behaviors and memories. What causes schizophrenia? Several factors may contribute to a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia. Genes Schizophrenia sometimes runs in families. However, just because one family member has schizophrenia, it does not mean that other members of the family also will have it. Studies suggest that many different genes may increase a person’s chances of developing schizophrenia and that no single gene causes the disorder by itself. Environment Research suggests that a combination of genetic factors and aspects of a person’s environment and life experiences may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. These environmental factors may include poverty, stressful or dangerous surroundings, and exposure to viruses or nutritional problems before birth. Brain structure and function Research shows that people with schizophrenia may be more likely to have subtle differences in the size of certain brain areas and in connections between brain areas. Some of these brain differences may develop before birth. Researchers are working to better understand how brain structure and function may relate to schizophrenia. How is schizophrenia treated? Current treatments for schizophrenia focus on helping individuals manage their symptoms, improve day-to-day functioning, and achieve personal life goals, such as completing education, pursuing a career, and having fulfilling relationships. Antipsychotic medication Antipsychotic medication can help make psychotic symptoms less intense and less frequent. This type of medication is usually taken every day in a pill or liquid form. Some forms may be given as an injection once or twice a month. Learn more about antipsychotic medication . If a person’s symptoms do not improve with usual antipsychotic medication, they may be prescribed clozapine. People who take clozapine must have regular blood tests to check for a potentially dangerous side effect that occurs in 1% to 2% of patients. People respond to antipsychotic medication in different ways. It is important to report any side effects to a health care provider. Many people taking antipsychotic medication experience side effects such as weight gain, dry mouth, restlessness, and drowsiness when they start taking these medications. Some side effects may go away over time, while others may last. Do not stop taking a medication without first talking to a health care provider . They can work with you to monitor your health and adjust your treatment plan safely and effectively. Some people may need to try several medications before finding the one that works best. Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website . Psychosocial treatments Psychosocial treatments help people find solutions to everyday challenges and manage symptoms while attending school, working, and forming relationships. These treatments are often used together with antipsychotic medication. People who participate in regular psychosocial treatment are less likely to have symptoms reoccur or to be hospitalized. Examples of this kind of treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral skills training, supported employment, and cognitive remediation interventions. Learn more about psychosocial treatments and therapies . Family education and support Educational programs can help family and friends learn about symptoms of schizophrenia, treatment options, and strategies for helping loved ones with the illness. These programs can help friends and family manage their own distress, boost their coping skills, and strengthen their ability to provide support. Coordinated specialty care Coordinated specialty care (CSC) programs are recovery-focused programs for people with first episode psychosis, an early stage of schizophrenia. Health professionals and specialists work together as a team to provide CSC, which includes psychotherapy, medication, case management, employment and education services, and family education and support. The treatment team works collaboratively with the individual to make treatment decisions, involving family members as much as possible. Compared with typical care, CSC is more effective in reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and increasing involvement in work or school. Assertive community treatment Assertive community treatment is designed to help individuals with schizophrenia who are likely to experience multiple hospitalizations or homelessness. This type of treatment is usually delivered by a team of health care providers who work together to provide care to patients in the community. Treatment for drug and alcohol misuse People with schizophrenia may also have problems with drugs and alcohol. A treatment program that includes treatment for both schizophrenia and substance use is important for recovery because substance use can interfere with treatment for schizophrenia. How can I find help? If you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find tips for talking with a health care provider about your mental health. You can learn more about getting help on the NIMH website. You can also learn about finding support and locating mental health services in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org . In life-threatening situations, call 911 . How can I help a friend or relative with schizophrenia? It can be difficult to know how to help someone who is experiencing psychosis. Here are some things you can do: Help them get treatment and encourage them to stay in treatment. Remember that their beliefs or hallucinations seem very real to them. Be respectful, supportive, and kind without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. Look for support groups and family education programs, such as those offered by the National Alliance on Mental Illness . What are clinical trials and why are they important? Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available. NIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about participating in clinical trials . For more information Learn more about mental health disorders and topics . For information about various health topics, visit the National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus . Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 24-MH-8082 Revised 2024
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[How is schizophrenia treated?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia#part_6326) - [How can I find help?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia#part_6328) - [How can I help a friend or relative with schizophrenia?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia#part_6327) - [What are clinical trials and why are they important?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia#part_6718) - [For more information](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia#part_6330) - [Reprints](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia#part_11021) # Schizophrenia ![Blue cover image for Schizophrenia booklet.](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/images/pubs/covers-pinnable/24-mh-8082-schizophrenia-pinnable.jpg) - [Download PDF](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/health/publications/schizophrenia/schizophrenia_1.pdf) - [En español](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/espanol/la-esquizofrenia) ## What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may appear to have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and their family and friends. The symptoms of schizophrenia can make it difficult to participate in usual, everyday activities, but effective treatments are available. Treatment can help people remain in school, maintain employment, achieve independence, and enjoy personal relationships. ## What are the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia? It’s important to recognize the symptoms of schizophrenia and seek help as early as possible. People with schizophrenia are usually diagnosed between the ages of 16 and 30, after the first episode of psychosis. Starting treatment as soon as possible following the first episode of psychosis is an important step toward recovery. However, research shows that gradual changes in thinking, mood, and social functioning often appear before the first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia is rare in younger children. Schizophrenia symptoms can differ from person to person, but they generally fall into three main categories: psychotic, negative, and cognitive. ### Psychotic symptoms Psychotic symptoms include changes in the way a person thinks, acts, and experiences the world. A person experiencing psychotic symptoms often has disrupted thoughts and perceptions, and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. For some people, these symptoms come and go. For others, the symptoms become stable over time. Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder. - Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. Hearing voices is common among people with schizophrenia. People who hear voices may hear them for a long time before family or friends notice a problem. - Delusions are when a person has strong beliefs that are not objectively true and may seem irrational to others. For example, individuals experiencing delusions may believe that people on the radio and television are sending special messages that require a certain response, or they may believe that they are in danger or that others are trying to hurt them. - Thought disorder is when a person has ways of thinking that are unusual or illogical. People with thought disorder may have trouble organizing their thoughts and speech. They may stop talking in the middle of a thought, jump from topic to topic, or make up words that have no meaning. ### Negative symptoms Negative symptoms include loss of motivation, loss of interest or enjoyment in daily activities, withdrawal from social life, difficulty showing emotions, and difficulty functioning normally. Negative symptoms include: - Having trouble planning and sticking with routine activities, such as grocery shopping - Having trouble anticipating and being motivated by pleasure in everyday life - Talking in a dull voice and showing limited facial expression - Avoiding social interaction or interacting in socially awkward ways - Having very low energy and spending a lot of time in passive activities. In extreme cases, a person might stop moving or talking for periods of time, which is a rare condition called catatonia. These negative symptoms are sometimes mistaken for symptoms of depression or other mental illnesses. ### Cognitive symptoms Cognitive symptoms include problems with attention, concentration, and memory. These symptoms can make it hard to follow a conversation, learn new things, or remember appointments. A person’s level of cognitive functioning is one of the best predictors of their day-to-day functioning. Health care providers use specific tests to evaluate cognitive functioning. Cognitive symptoms include: - Having trouble processing information to make decisions - Having trouble using information immediately after learning it - Having trouble focusing or paying attention ### Risk of violence Most people with schizophrenia are not violent. Overall, people with schizophrenia are more likely than those without the illness to be harmed by others. For people with schizophrenia, the risk of self-harm and violence to others is most significant when the illness is untreated or co-occurs with alcohol or substance misuse. It is important to help people who are showing symptoms get treatment as quickly as possible. ### Schizophrenia vs. dissociative identity disorder Although some of the symptoms may seem similar on the surface, schizophrenia is not dissociative identity disorder (which used to be called multiple personality disorder or split personality). People with dissociative identity disorder have two or more independent identities with distinct behaviors and memories. ## What causes schizophrenia? Several factors may contribute to a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia. ### Genes Schizophrenia sometimes runs in families. However, just because one family member has schizophrenia, it does not mean that other members of the family also will have it. Studies suggest that many different genes may increase a person’s chances of developing schizophrenia and that no single gene causes the disorder by itself. ### Environment Research suggests that a combination of genetic factors and aspects of a person’s environment and life experiences may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. These environmental factors may include poverty, stressful or dangerous surroundings, and exposure to viruses or nutritional problems before birth. ### Brain structure and function Research shows that people with schizophrenia may be more likely to have subtle differences in the size of certain brain areas and in connections between brain areas. Some of these brain differences may develop before birth. Researchers are working to better understand how brain structure and function may relate to schizophrenia. ## How is schizophrenia treated? Current treatments for schizophrenia focus on helping individuals manage their symptoms, improve day-to-day functioning, and achieve personal life goals, such as completing education, pursuing a career, and having fulfilling relationships. ### Antipsychotic medication Antipsychotic medication can help make psychotic symptoms less intense and less frequent. This type of medication is usually taken every day in a pill or liquid form. Some forms may be given as an injection once or twice a month. Learn more about [antipsychotic medication](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications#part_2362). If a person’s symptoms do not improve with usual antipsychotic medication, they may be prescribed clozapine. People who take clozapine must have regular blood tests to check for a potentially dangerous side effect that occurs in 1% to 2% of patients. People respond to antipsychotic medication in different ways. It is important to report any side effects to a health care provider. Many people taking antipsychotic medication experience side effects such as weight gain, dry mouth, restlessness, and drowsiness when they start taking these medications. Some side effects may go away over time, while others may last. Do not stop taking a medication without first talking to a health care provider. They can work with you to monitor your health and adjust your treatment plan safely and effectively. Some people may need to try several medications before finding the one that works best. Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website](https://www.fda.gov/drugsatfda) . ### Psychosocial treatments Psychosocial treatments help people find solutions to everyday challenges and manage symptoms while attending school, working, and forming relationships. These treatments are often used together with antipsychotic medication. People who participate in regular psychosocial treatment are less likely to have symptoms reoccur or to be hospitalized. Examples of this kind of treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral skills training, supported employment, and cognitive remediation interventions. Learn more about [psychosocial treatments and therapies](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies). ### Family education and support Educational programs can help family and friends learn about symptoms of schizophrenia, treatment options, and strategies for helping loved ones with the illness. These programs can help friends and family manage their own distress, boost their coping skills, and strengthen their ability to provide support. ### Coordinated specialty care Coordinated specialty care (CSC) programs are recovery-focused programs for people with first episode psychosis, an early stage of schizophrenia. Health professionals and specialists work together as a team to provide CSC, which includes psychotherapy, medication, case management, employment and education services, and family education and support. The treatment team works collaboratively with the individual to make treatment decisions, involving family members as much as possible. Compared with typical care, CSC is more effective in reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and increasing involvement in work or school. ### Assertive community treatment Assertive community treatment is designed to help individuals with schizophrenia who are likely to experience multiple hospitalizations or homelessness. This type of treatment is usually delivered by a team of health care providers who work together to provide care to patients in the community. ### Treatment for drug and alcohol misuse People with schizophrenia may also have problems with drugs and alcohol. A treatment program that includes treatment for both schizophrenia and substance use is important for recovery because substance use can interfere with treatment for schizophrenia. ## How can I find help? If you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find [tips for talking with a health care provider](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider) about your mental health. You can [learn more about getting help](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-help) on the NIMH website. You can also learn about [finding support](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-support) and [locating mental health services](https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/) in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at [988lifeline.org](https://988lifeline.org/) . In life-threatening situations, call 911. ## How can I help a friend or relative with schizophrenia? It can be difficult to know how to help someone who is experiencing psychosis. Here are some things you can do: - Help them get treatment and encourage them to stay in treatment. - Remember that their beliefs or hallucinations seem very real to them. - Be respectful, supportive, and kind without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. - Look for support groups and family education programs, such as those offered by the [National Alliance on Mental Illness](https://www.nami.org/Support-Education) . ## What are clinical trials and why are they important? Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available. NIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/trials). ## For more information Learn more about [mental health disorders and topics](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health). For information about various health topics, visit the [National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus](https://medlineplus.gov/) . ## Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages "Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2718 "Website Policies") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 24-MH-8082 Revised 2024 ## Disclaimer We link to external websites for informational purposes only, but we do not endorse or guarantee their accuracy. Once you leave our site, you will be subject to the new website’s privacy policy. 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Readable Markdown	![Blue cover image for Schizophrenia booklet.](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/images/pubs/covers-pinnable/24-mh-8082-schizophrenia-pinnable.jpg) - [Download PDF](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/health/publications/schizophrenia/schizophrenia_1.pdf) - [En español](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/espanol/la-esquizofrenia) ## What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may appear to have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and their family and friends. The symptoms of schizophrenia can make it difficult to participate in usual, everyday activities, but effective treatments are available. Treatment can help people remain in school, maintain employment, achieve independence, and enjoy personal relationships. ## What are the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia? It’s important to recognize the symptoms of schizophrenia and seek help as early as possible. People with schizophrenia are usually diagnosed between the ages of 16 and 30, after the first episode of psychosis. Starting treatment as soon as possible following the first episode of psychosis is an important step toward recovery. However, research shows that gradual changes in thinking, mood, and social functioning often appear before the first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia is rare in younger children. Schizophrenia symptoms can differ from person to person, but they generally fall into three main categories: psychotic, negative, and cognitive. ### Psychotic symptoms Psychotic symptoms include changes in the way a person thinks, acts, and experiences the world. A person experiencing psychotic symptoms often has disrupted thoughts and perceptions, and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. For some people, these symptoms come and go. For others, the symptoms become stable over time. Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder. - Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. Hearing voices is common among people with schizophrenia. People who hear voices may hear them for a long time before family or friends notice a problem. - Delusions are when a person has strong beliefs that are not objectively true and may seem irrational to others. For example, individuals experiencing delusions may believe that people on the radio and television are sending special messages that require a certain response, or they may believe that they are in danger or that others are trying to hurt them. - Thought disorder is when a person has ways of thinking that are unusual or illogical. People with thought disorder may have trouble organizing their thoughts and speech. They may stop talking in the middle of a thought, jump from topic to topic, or make up words that have no meaning. ### Negative symptoms Negative symptoms include loss of motivation, loss of interest or enjoyment in daily activities, withdrawal from social life, difficulty showing emotions, and difficulty functioning normally. Negative symptoms include: - Having trouble planning and sticking with routine activities, such as grocery shopping - Having trouble anticipating and being motivated by pleasure in everyday life - Talking in a dull voice and showing limited facial expression - Avoiding social interaction or interacting in socially awkward ways - Having very low energy and spending a lot of time in passive activities. In extreme cases, a person might stop moving or talking for periods of time, which is a rare condition called catatonia. These negative symptoms are sometimes mistaken for symptoms of depression or other mental illnesses. ### Cognitive symptoms Cognitive symptoms include problems with attention, concentration, and memory. These symptoms can make it hard to follow a conversation, learn new things, or remember appointments. A person’s level of cognitive functioning is one of the best predictors of their day-to-day functioning. Health care providers use specific tests to evaluate cognitive functioning. Cognitive symptoms include: - Having trouble processing information to make decisions - Having trouble using information immediately after learning it - Having trouble focusing or paying attention ### Risk of violence Most people with schizophrenia are not violent. Overall, people with schizophrenia are more likely than those without the illness to be harmed by others. For people with schizophrenia, the risk of self-harm and violence to others is most significant when the illness is untreated or co-occurs with alcohol or substance misuse. It is important to help people who are showing symptoms get treatment as quickly as possible. ### Schizophrenia vs. dissociative identity disorder Although some of the symptoms may seem similar on the surface, schizophrenia is not dissociative identity disorder (which used to be called multiple personality disorder or split personality). People with dissociative identity disorder have two or more independent identities with distinct behaviors and memories. ## What causes schizophrenia? Several factors may contribute to a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia. ### Genes Schizophrenia sometimes runs in families. However, just because one family member has schizophrenia, it does not mean that other members of the family also will have it. Studies suggest that many different genes may increase a person’s chances of developing schizophrenia and that no single gene causes the disorder by itself. ### Environment Research suggests that a combination of genetic factors and aspects of a person’s environment and life experiences may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. These environmental factors may include poverty, stressful or dangerous surroundings, and exposure to viruses or nutritional problems before birth. ### Brain structure and function Research shows that people with schizophrenia may be more likely to have subtle differences in the size of certain brain areas and in connections between brain areas. Some of these brain differences may develop before birth. Researchers are working to better understand how brain structure and function may relate to schizophrenia. ## How is schizophrenia treated? Current treatments for schizophrenia focus on helping individuals manage their symptoms, improve day-to-day functioning, and achieve personal life goals, such as completing education, pursuing a career, and having fulfilling relationships. ### Antipsychotic medication Antipsychotic medication can help make psychotic symptoms less intense and less frequent. This type of medication is usually taken every day in a pill or liquid form. Some forms may be given as an injection once or twice a month. Learn more about [antipsychotic medication](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications#part_2362). If a person’s symptoms do not improve with usual antipsychotic medication, they may be prescribed clozapine. People who take clozapine must have regular blood tests to check for a potentially dangerous side effect that occurs in 1% to 2% of patients. People respond to antipsychotic medication in different ways. It is important to report any side effects to a health care provider. Many people taking antipsychotic medication experience side effects such as weight gain, dry mouth, restlessness, and drowsiness when they start taking these medications. Some side effects may go away over time, while others may last. Do not stop taking a medication without first talking to a health care provider. They can work with you to monitor your health and adjust your treatment plan safely and effectively. Some people may need to try several medications before finding the one that works best. Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website](https://www.fda.gov/drugsatfda) . ### Psychosocial treatments Psychosocial treatments help people find solutions to everyday challenges and manage symptoms while attending school, working, and forming relationships. These treatments are often used together with antipsychotic medication. People who participate in regular psychosocial treatment are less likely to have symptoms reoccur or to be hospitalized. Examples of this kind of treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral skills training, supported employment, and cognitive remediation interventions. Learn more about [psychosocial treatments and therapies](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies). ### Family education and support Educational programs can help family and friends learn about symptoms of schizophrenia, treatment options, and strategies for helping loved ones with the illness. These programs can help friends and family manage their own distress, boost their coping skills, and strengthen their ability to provide support. ### Coordinated specialty care Coordinated specialty care (CSC) programs are recovery-focused programs for people with first episode psychosis, an early stage of schizophrenia. Health professionals and specialists work together as a team to provide CSC, which includes psychotherapy, medication, case management, employment and education services, and family education and support. The treatment team works collaboratively with the individual to make treatment decisions, involving family members as much as possible. Compared with typical care, CSC is more effective in reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and increasing involvement in work or school. ### Assertive community treatment Assertive community treatment is designed to help individuals with schizophrenia who are likely to experience multiple hospitalizations or homelessness. This type of treatment is usually delivered by a team of health care providers who work together to provide care to patients in the community. ### Treatment for drug and alcohol misuse People with schizophrenia may also have problems with drugs and alcohol. A treatment program that includes treatment for both schizophrenia and substance use is important for recovery because substance use can interfere with treatment for schizophrenia. ## How can I find help? If you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find [tips for talking with a health care provider](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider) about your mental health. You can [learn more about getting help](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-help) on the NIMH website. You can also learn about [finding support](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-support) and [locating mental health services](https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/) in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at [988lifeline.org](https://988lifeline.org/) . In life-threatening situations, call 911. ## How can I help a friend or relative with schizophrenia? It can be difficult to know how to help someone who is experiencing psychosis. Here are some things you can do: - Help them get treatment and encourage them to stay in treatment. - Remember that their beliefs or hallucinations seem very real to them. - Be respectful, supportive, and kind without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. - Look for support groups and family education programs, such as those offered by the [National Alliance on Mental Illness](https://www.nami.org/Support-Education) . ## What are clinical trials and why are they important? Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available. NIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/trials). ## For more information Learn more about [mental health disorders and topics](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health). For information about various health topics, visit the [National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus](https://medlineplus.gov/) . ## Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages "Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2718 "Website Policies") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 24-MH-8082 Revised 2024
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