🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 129 (from laksa131)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa129.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms","crawl_time":1775031636,"first_indexed_time":1621602577,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"gov,nih!nimh,www,\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms s443","src_root_hash":"7295144728021232729","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","meta_descriptions":["Information about panic disorder, including common signs and symptoms, treatment options, and how to find help."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"What is panic disorder?\nPeople with panic disorder have frequent and unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are characterized by a sudden wave of fear or discomfort or a sense of losing control even when there is no clear danger or trigger. Not everyone who experiences a panic attack will develop panic disorder.\nPanic attacks often include physical symptoms that might feel like a heart attack, such as trembling or tingling in the body or a rapid heart rate. Panic attacks can occur at any time, sometimes even during sleep. Many people with panic disorder worry about the possibility of having another attack and may significantly change their lives to avoid having another attack. Panic attacks can occur as frequently as several times a day or as rarely as a few times a year.\nPanic disorder often begins in the late teens or early adulthood. Women are more likely than men to develop panic disorder. With the right treatment and support, people with panic disorder can manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.\nWhat are the signs and symptoms of panic disorder?\nPeople with panic disorder may have:\nSudden and repeated panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety and fear\nA feeling of being out of control\nA fear of death or impending doom during a panic attack\nAn intense worry about when the next panic attack will happen\nA fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past\nPhysical symptoms during a panic attack may include:\nPounding or racing heart\nSweating\nChills\nTrembling\nDifficulty breathing\nWeakness or dizziness\nTingly or numb hands\nChest pain\nStomach pain or nausea\nA panic attack can last from a few minutes to an hour or sometimes longer. While these feelings can be distressing, panic attacks themselves are not life-threatening, and the physical symptoms usually resolve with time. However, for some, the fear of future attacks may lead to ongoing anxiety.\nWhat is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder?\nA panic attack is a one-time or occasional episode of intense fear with physical and emotional symptoms. An isolated panic attack is not a mental disorder.\nPanic disorder may be diagnosed when a person experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with ongoing worry or behavioral changes due to the fear of future attacks, often interfering with daily life.\nWhat causes panic disorder?\nPanic disorder sometimes runs in families, but no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don’t. Researchers have found that several parts of the brain and certain biological processes may play a crucial role in fear and anxiety. Some researchers think panic attacks are like “false alarms,” where our body’s typical survival instincts are active either too often or too strongly, or some combination of the two. For example, someone with panic disorder might feel their heart pounding and assume they’re having a heart attack. This may lead to a vicious cycle, causing a person to experience panic attacks seemingly out of the blue, the central feature of panic disorder. In addition, researchers are looking at the ways stress and environmental factors play a role in the disorder.\nHow is panic disorder diagnosed?\nTo be diagnosed with panic disorder, a person must experience recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. They must also spend at least 1 month worrying about having more panic attacks, feeling scared about what the attacks mean, or changing their behavior to try to avoid future attacks.\nIf you think you’re experiencing symptoms of panic disorder, talk to a health care provider, such as a primary care doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker. During the visit, the provider may ask when your symptoms began, how long they have lasted, how often they occur, and their impact on your life. After discussing your history, the provider may conduct a physical exam to ensure that an unrelated physical problem is not causing your symptoms.\nWhat other illnesses can co-occur with panic disorder?\nSome people with panic disorder have other mental and physical health disorders or conditions, including depression, other anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, or thyroid problems. Panic disorder is also commonly associated with alcohol and substance misuse.\nAgoraphobia can sometimes develop as a co-occurring condition of panic disorder. People with agoraphobia have an intense fear or anxiety of certain places or situations where escape or obtaining help might be difficult or unavailable if they were to experience a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. Learn more about \nagoraphobia\n.\nThe presence of multiple disorders can make treatment more complex, and people with panic disorder and co-occurring mental disorders may benefit from a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses all aspects of their mental health.\nHow is panic disorder treated?\nTreatment for panic disorder typically involves psychotherapy, medication, or both. Choosing the right treatment plan is based on a person’s needs, preferences, and medical situation, as well as consultation with a mental health professional or a health care provider. Finding the best treatment may take trial and error, and both psychotherapy and medication can take some time to work.\nPsychotherapy\nPsychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can be effective when delivered in person or virtually via telehealth. A provider may support or supplement therapy using digital or mobile technology, like apps or other tools. Different therapies work for different types of people.\nCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a research-supported type of psychotherapy, is commonly used to treat panic disorder. CBT teaches a person different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to the feelings that happen during or before a panic attack. The attacks can become less frequent once a person learns to react differently to the physical sensations of anxiety and fear during a panic attack. CBT has been well studied and is the “gold standard” choice for psychotherapy.\nExposure therapy is a common CBT method that focuses on confronting the fears and beliefs associated with panic disorder symptoms to help a person engage in activities they have been avoiding. Interoceptive exposure is a CBT technique that involves exposure to bodily sensations associated with panic attacks and panic disorder symptoms. Exposure therapy may be used along with relaxation exercises and breathing training techniques.\nLearn more about \npsychotherapy\n.\nMedication\nHealth care providers may prescribe medication to treat panic disorder. Different types of medication can be effective, including:\nAntidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nBeta-blockers\nAnti-anxiety medications, such as benzodiazepines\nSSRI and SNRI antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression, but they also can help treat the symptoms of panic disorder. They may take several weeks to start working. These medications also may cause side effects, such as headaches, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. These side effects are usually not severe, especially if the dose starts off low and is increased slowly over time.\nBeta-blockers can help control some of the physical symptoms of panic disorder, such as rapid heart rate, sweating, and tremors. Although health care providers do not commonly prescribe beta-blockers for panic disorder, the medication may be helpful in certain situations that precede a panic attack.\nBenzodiazepines, which are anti-anxiety sedative medications, can be very effective in rapidly decreasing panic attack symptoms. However, some people build up a tolerance to these medications and need increasingly higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Some people even become dependent on them. Therefore, a health care provider may prescribe them only for brief periods of time.\nLearn more about \nmental health medications\n. Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the \nU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website \n.\nHealthy habits\nPracticing a healthy lifestyle can also help combat panic disorder, although this alone cannot replace treatment. Make sure to get enough sleep and exercise, eat a healthy diet, and turn to family and friends you trust for support. Learn more ways to \ntake care of your mental health\n.\nHow can I support myself or a loved one with panic disorder?\nEducate yourself\nA good way to help yourself or a loved one who may be struggling with panic attacks or panic disorder is to seek information. Research the signs and symptoms, learn about treatment options, and keep up to date with current research.\nCommunicate                               \nIf you are experiencing panic disorder symptoms, have an honest conversation about how you’re feeling with someone you trust. If you think a friend or family member may be struggling with panic disorder, set aside a time to talk with them to express your concern and reassure them of your support.\nKnow when to seek help\nIf your anxiety, or the anxiety of a loved one, starts to cause problems in everyday life—such as at school, at work, or with friends and family—it’s time to seek professional help.\nPractice compassion\nBe kind and patient with yourself and others. Acknowledge progress, no matter how small, and recognize that managing panic attacks or panic disorder may involve setbacks along the way.\nHow can I find help?\nIf you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find  \ntips for talking with a health care provider\nabout your mental health.\nYou can \nlearn more about getting help\n on the NIMH website. You can also learn about \nfinding support \nand \nlocating mental health services \nin your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website.\nIf you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the\n988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline \nat\n988\nor chat at\n988lifeline.org \n. In life-threatening situations, call\n911\n.\nWhat are clinical trials and why are they important?\nClinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available.\nNIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about \nparticipating in clinical trials\n.\nFor more information\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please \ncite the National Institute of Mental Health\nas the source. \nRead our copyright policy\nto learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\nReprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please\ncite the National Institute of Mental Health\nas the source.\nRead our copyright policy\nto learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services\nNational Institutes of Health\nRevised 2025","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#main-content)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/us_flag_small.png)\n\nAn official website of the United States government\n\nHere’s how you know\n\nHere’s how you know\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/icon-dot-gov.svg)\n\n**Official websites use .gov**  \nA **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/uswds\/images\/icon-https.svg)\n\n**Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**  \nA **lock** ( Locked padlock icon) or **https:\/\/** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.\n\nDue to current HHS and NIH restructuring, some content on nimh.nih.gov is not being updated regularly. Please refer to [clinicaltrials.gov](https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/) and [nih.gov](https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/about-nih\/nih-director\/statements\/nih-launches-initiative-modernize-strengthen-biosafety-oversight) for up-to-date information on NIH research.\n\n[![NIMH Logo](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/themes\/nimhtheme\/nimh-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/ \"NIMH Home\")\n\n[In Crisis? Call or Text 988](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/)\n\nTransforming the understanding   \n and treatment of mental illnesses.\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/) \\| [Help for Mental Illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n\n[Información en español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/espanol)\n\n- [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health)\n- [Get Involved](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved)\n- [Research](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research)\n- [Funding](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding)\n- [News & Events](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n\n[Health Topics NIMH offers expert-reviewed information on mental disorders and a range of topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)\n\n[Statistics NIMH statistics pages include statistics on the prevalence, treatment, and costs of mental illness for the population of the United States.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics)\n\n[Brochures and Fact Sheets Download, read, and order free NIMH brochures and fact sheets about mental disorders and related topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)\n\n[Help for Mental Illnesses If you or someone you know has a mental illness, there are ways to get help. Use these resources to find help for yourself, a friend, or a family member.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n\n[Clinical Trials If you or a friend or family member are thinking about taking part in clinical research, this page contains basic information about clinical trials.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials)\n\n[Stakeholder Engagement Find out how NIMH engages a range of stakeholder organizations as part of its efforts to ensure the greatest public health impact of the research we support.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/public-involvement)\n\n[Connect with NIMH Learn more about NIMH newsletters, public participation in grant reviews, research funding, clinical trials, the NIMH Gift Fund, and connecting with NIMH on social media.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n[Digital Shareables Use these free education and outreach materials in your community and on social media to spread the word about mental health and related topics.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/digital-shareables)\n\n[Science Education Use these free digital, outreach materials in your community and on social media to spread the word about mental health.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/science-education)\n\n[Research Funded by NIMH NIMH supports research at universities, medical centers, and other institutions via grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements. Learn more about NIMH research areas, policies, resources, and initiatives.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh)\n\n[Research Conducted at NIMH (Intramural Research Program) The Division of Intramural Research Programs (IRP) is the internal research division of the NIMH. Over 40 research groups conduct basic neuroscience research and clinical investigations of mental illnesses, brain function, and behavior at the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. Learn more about research conducted at NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-conducted-at-nimh)\n\n[Priority Research Areas Learn about NIMH priority areas for research and funding that have the potential to improve mental health care over the short, medium, and long term.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/priority-research-areas)\n\n[Resources for Researchers Information about resources such as data, tissue, model organisms and imaging resources to support the NIMH research community.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research\/research-funded-by-nimh\/research-resources)\n\n[Opportunities & Announcements Find all NIMH and cross-NIH funding opportunities.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements)\n\n[Funding Strategy for Grants Read more about the NIMH Strategic Plan for Research, Strategic Research Priorities, the anatomy of NIMH funding, and our yearly funding strategy for research grants.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/funding-strategy-for-research-grants)\n\n[Application Process Explore the NIMH grant application process, including how to write your grant, how to submit your grant, and how the review process works.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/grant-writing-and-application-process)\n\n[Managing Grants Learn about how NIMH manages research grants, including policies and reporting requirements.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/managing-your-grant)\n\n[Clinical Research Find the latest NIH and NIMH policies, guidance, and resources for clinical research.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/clinical-research)\n\n[Training Explore NIMH research training and career development opportunities.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/training)\n\n[Small Business Research Learn about funding opportunities for small businesses.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/sbir)\n\n### Quick Links\n[Funding & Grant News](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements\/funding-grant-news)\n\n[Support for Clinical Trials at NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/funding\/opportunities-announcements\/clinical-trials-foas)\n\n[Science Updates List of NIMH science updates including press releases, research highlights, and institute announcements.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/science-updates)\n\n[Meetings and Events Details about upcoming events—including meetings, conferences, workshops, lectures, webinars, and chats—sponsored by NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/events)\n\n[Multimedia NIMH videos and podcasts featuring science news, lecture series, meetings, seminars, and special events.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/media)\n\n[Innovation Speaker Series An annual lecture series dedicated to innovation, invention, and scientific discovery.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/innovation-speaker-series)\n\n[About the Acting NIMH Director Learn more about the Acting Director of the NIMH, Shelli Avenevoli, Ph.D.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/director)\n\n[Advisory Boards and Groups Read about the boards and groups that advise and provide guidance to the Institute.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/advisory-boards-and-groups)\n\n[Strategic Plan Learn more about NIMH's roadmap for the Institute’s research priorities over the next five years.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/strategic-planning-reports)\n\n[Offices and Divisions Learn more about the functions of each NIMH office and division.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/organization)\n\n[Budget Read the annual NIMH Congressional Justifications.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/budget)\n\n[Careers at NIMH Search for jobs, including scientific, administrative and executive careers at NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/careers)\n\n[Staff Directories Find the names, telephone numbers, email addresses, and office locations of NIMH staff.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/staff-directories)\n\n[History Explore key milestones, discoveries, and the impact of NIMH-funded studies on mental health.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/nimh-history)\n\n[Getting to NIMH Find directions, maps, parking information, and other visitor information for NIMH.](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n### Quick Links\n**[Contribute to Mental Health Research](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh\/donate-to-mental-health-research \"Donate to Mental Health Research\")**\n\n- [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health)\n  - [Mental Health Information Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health)\n  - [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)\n  - [Statistics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics)\n  - [Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)\n  - [Help for Mental Illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n  - [Clinical Trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials)\n- [Get Involved](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved)\n  - [Get Involved Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved)\n  - [Stakeholder Engagement](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/public-involvement)\n  - [Connect with NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/connect-with-nimh)\n  - [Digital Shareables](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/digital-shareables)\n  - [Science Education](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/get-involved\/science-education)\n- [Research](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research)\n  - [Research Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research)\n  - 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[News & Events Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news)\n  - [Science Updates](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/science-updates)\n  - [Meetings and Events](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/events)\n  - [Multimedia](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/media)\n  - [Social Media](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/social-media)\n  - [Email Updates](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/email-updates)\n  - [Innovation Speaker Series](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/news\/innovation-speaker-series)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n  - [About Us Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about)\n  - [About the Acting NIMH Director](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/director)\n  - [Advisory Boards and Groups](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/advisory-boards-and-groups)\n  - [Strategic Plan](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/strategic-planning-reports)\n  - [Offices and Divisions](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/organization)\n  - [Budget](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/budget)\n  - [Careers at NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/careers)\n  - [Staff Directories](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/staff-directories)\n  - [History](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/nimh-history)\n  - [Getting to NIMH](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/about\/connect-with-nimh)\n\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics)\n- [Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)\n- [Help for Mental Illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help)\n- [Clinical Trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials)\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/) \\> [Mental Health Information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health) \\> [Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications) \\> Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know\n\n###### Share Page\nMenu\n\n- [What is panic disorder?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6101)\n- [What are the signs and symptoms of panic disorder?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6103)\n- [What causes panic disorder?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6107)\n- [How is panic disorder diagnosed?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6099)\n- [What other illnesses can co-occur with panic disorder?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6109)\n- [How is panic disorder treated?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_12096)\n- [How can I support myself or a loved one with panic disorder?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_12097)\n- [How can I find help?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6111)\n- [What are clinical trials and why are they important?](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_12102)\n- [For more information](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6253)\n- [Reprints](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_11021)\n\n# Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know\n- [En español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/espanol\/trastorno-de-panico-cuando-el-miedo-agobia)\n\n## What is panic disorder?\nPeople with panic disorder have frequent and unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are characterized by a sudden wave of fear or discomfort or a sense of losing control even when there is no clear danger or trigger. Not everyone who experiences a panic attack will develop panic disorder.\n\nPanic attacks often include physical symptoms that might feel like a heart attack, such as trembling or tingling in the body or a rapid heart rate. Panic attacks can occur at any time, sometimes even during sleep. Many people with panic disorder worry about the possibility of having another attack and may significantly change their lives to avoid having another attack. Panic attacks can occur as frequently as several times a day or as rarely as a few times a year.\n\nPanic disorder often begins in the late teens or early adulthood. Women are more likely than men to develop panic disorder. With the right treatment and support, people with panic disorder can manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.\n\n## What are the signs and symptoms of panic disorder?\nPeople with panic disorder may have:\n\n- Sudden and repeated panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety and fear\n- A feeling of being out of control\n- A fear of death or impending doom during a panic attack\n- An intense worry about when the next panic attack will happen\n- A fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past\n\nPhysical symptoms during a panic attack may include:\n\n- Pounding or racing heart\n- Sweating\n- Chills\n- Trembling\n- Difficulty breathing\n- Weakness or dizziness\n- Tingly or numb hands\n- Chest pain\n- Stomach pain or nausea\n\nA panic attack can last from a few minutes to an hour or sometimes longer. While these feelings can be distressing, panic attacks themselves are not life-threatening, and the physical symptoms usually resolve with time. However, for some, the fear of future attacks may lead to ongoing anxiety.\n\n### What is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder?\nA panic attack is a one-time or occasional episode of intense fear with physical and emotional symptoms. An isolated panic attack is not a mental disorder.\n\nPanic disorder may be diagnosed when a person experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with ongoing worry or behavioral changes due to the fear of future attacks, often interfering with daily life.\n## What causes panic disorder?\nPanic disorder sometimes runs in families, but no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don’t. Researchers have found that several parts of the brain and certain biological processes may play a crucial role in fear and anxiety. Some researchers think panic attacks are like “false alarms,” where our body’s typical survival instincts are active either too often or too strongly, or some combination of the two. For example, someone with panic disorder might feel their heart pounding and assume they’re having a heart attack. This may lead to a vicious cycle, causing a person to experience panic attacks seemingly out of the blue, the central feature of panic disorder. In addition, researchers are looking at the ways stress and environmental factors play a role in the disorder.\n\n## How is panic disorder diagnosed?\nTo be diagnosed with panic disorder, a person must experience recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. They must also spend at least 1 month worrying about having more panic attacks, feeling scared about what the attacks mean, or changing their behavior to try to avoid future attacks.\n\nIf you think you’re experiencing symptoms of panic disorder, talk to a health care provider, such as a primary care doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker. During the visit, the provider may ask when your symptoms began, how long they have lasted, how often they occur, and their impact on your life. After discussing your history, the provider may conduct a physical exam to ensure that an unrelated physical problem is not causing your symptoms.\n\n## What other illnesses can co-occur with panic disorder?\nSome people with panic disorder have other mental and physical health disorders or conditions, including depression, other anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, or thyroid problems. Panic disorder is also commonly associated with alcohol and substance misuse.\n\nAgoraphobia can sometimes develop as a co-occurring condition of panic disorder. People with agoraphobia have an intense fear or anxiety of certain places or situations where escape or obtaining help might be difficult or unavailable if they were to experience a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. Learn more about [agoraphobia](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/phobias-and-phobia-related-disorders).\n\nThe presence of multiple disorders can make treatment more complex, and people with panic disorder and co-occurring mental disorders may benefit from a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses all aspects of their mental health.\n\n## How is panic disorder treated?\nTreatment for panic disorder typically involves psychotherapy, medication, or both. Choosing the right treatment plan is based on a person’s needs, preferences, and medical situation, as well as consultation with a mental health professional or a health care provider. Finding the best treatment may take trial and error, and both psychotherapy and medication can take some time to work.\n\n### Psychotherapy\nPsychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can be effective when delivered in person or virtually via telehealth. A provider may support or supplement therapy using digital or mobile technology, like apps or other tools. Different therapies work for different types of people.\n\nCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a research-supported type of psychotherapy, is commonly used to treat panic disorder. CBT teaches a person different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to the feelings that happen during or before a panic attack. The attacks can become less frequent once a person learns to react differently to the physical sensations of anxiety and fear during a panic attack. CBT has been well studied and is the “gold standard” choice for psychotherapy.\n\nExposure therapy is a common CBT method that focuses on confronting the fears and beliefs associated with panic disorder symptoms to help a person engage in activities they have been avoiding. Interoceptive exposure is a CBT technique that involves exposure to bodily sensations associated with panic attacks and panic disorder symptoms. Exposure therapy may be used along with relaxation exercises and breathing training techniques.\n\nLearn more about [psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/psychotherapies).\n\n### Medication\nHealth care providers may prescribe medication to treat panic disorder. Different types of medication can be effective, including:\n\n- Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n- Beta-blockers\n- Anti-anxiety medications, such as benzodiazepines\n\nSSRI and SNRI antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression, but they also can help treat the symptoms of panic disorder. They may take several weeks to start working. These medications also may cause side effects, such as headaches, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. These side effects are usually not severe, especially if the dose starts off low and is increased slowly over time.\n\nBeta-blockers can help control some of the physical symptoms of panic disorder, such as rapid heart rate, sweating, and tremors. Although health care providers do not commonly prescribe beta-blockers for panic disorder, the medication may be helpful in certain situations that precede a panic attack.\n\nBenzodiazepines, which are anti-anxiety sedative medications, can be very effective in rapidly decreasing panic attack symptoms. However, some people build up a tolerance to these medications and need increasingly higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Some people even become dependent on them. Therefore, a health care provider may prescribe them only for brief periods of time.\n\nLearn more about [mental health medications](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications). Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/daf\/index.cfm) .\n\n### Healthy habits\nPracticing a healthy lifestyle can also help combat panic disorder, although this alone cannot replace treatment. Make sure to get enough sleep and exercise, eat a healthy diet, and turn to family and friends you trust for support. Learn more ways to [take care of your mental health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/caring-for-your-mental-health).\n\n## How can I support myself or a loved one with panic disorder?\n### Educate yourself\nA good way to help yourself or a loved one who may be struggling with panic attacks or panic disorder is to seek information. Research the signs and symptoms, learn about treatment options, and keep up to date with current research.\n\n### Communicate\nIf you are experiencing panic disorder symptoms, have an honest conversation about how you’re feeling with someone you trust. If you think a friend or family member may be struggling with panic disorder, set aside a time to talk with them to express your concern and reassure them of your support.\n\n### Know when to seek help\nIf your anxiety, or the anxiety of a loved one, starts to cause problems in everyday life—such as at school, at work, or with friends and family—it’s time to seek professional help.\n\n### Practice compassion\nBe kind and patient with yourself and others. Acknowledge progress, no matter how small, and recognize that managing panic attacks or panic disorder may involve setbacks along the way.\n\n## How can I find help?\nIf you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find [tips for talking with a health care provider](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider) about your mental health.\n\nYou can [learn more about getting help](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help) on the NIMH website. You can also learn about [finding support](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-support)  and [locating mental health services](https:\/\/findtreatment.gov\/)  in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website.\n\nIf you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/)  at **988** or chat at [988lifeline.org](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) . In life-threatening situations, call **911**.\n\n## What are clinical trials and why are they important?\nClinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available.\n\nNIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials).\n\n## For more information\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages) as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2718) to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\n\n## Reprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages \"Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages\") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2718 \"Website Policies\") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\n\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services  \nNational Institutes of Health  \nRevised 2025\n\n## Disclaimer\nWe link to external websites for informational purposes only, but we do not endorse or guarantee their accuracy. Once you leave our site, you will be subject to the new website’s privacy policy. Read NIMH’s [full external linking policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2717) for more information.\n\n##### NIMH Resources\n[Health Topics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics)   \n[Brochures and Fact Sheets](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications)   \n[Contact Us](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/contact-nimh)   \n[Información en español](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/espanol)\n\n##### Policies and Notices\n[Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/privacy-policy)   \n[Website Policies](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies)   \n[FOIA](http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/icd\/od\/foia\/index.htm)    \n[Accessibility](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/accessibility)   \n[HHS Vulnerability Disclosure](https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/vulnerability-disclosure-policy\/index.html)\n\n##### Federal Resources\n[National Institutes of Health (NIH)](http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/)    \n[NIH Virtual Tour](https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/virtual-tour\/)    \n[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/)    \n[USA.gov](http:\/\/www.usa.gov\/)\n\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of NIH, a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.\n\n[Top](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#skipnav)","attrs_readable_markdown":"## What is panic disorder?\nPeople with panic disorder have frequent and unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are characterized by a sudden wave of fear or discomfort or a sense of losing control even when there is no clear danger or trigger. Not everyone who experiences a panic attack will develop panic disorder.\n\nPanic attacks often include physical symptoms that might feel like a heart attack, such as trembling or tingling in the body or a rapid heart rate. Panic attacks can occur at any time, sometimes even during sleep. Many people with panic disorder worry about the possibility of having another attack and may significantly change their lives to avoid having another attack. Panic attacks can occur as frequently as several times a day or as rarely as a few times a year.\n\nPanic disorder often begins in the late teens or early adulthood. Women are more likely than men to develop panic disorder. With the right treatment and support, people with panic disorder can manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.\n\n## What are the signs and symptoms of panic disorder?\nPeople with panic disorder may have:\n\n- Sudden and repeated panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety and fear\n- A feeling of being out of control\n- A fear of death or impending doom during a panic attack\n- An intense worry about when the next panic attack will happen\n- A fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past\n\nPhysical symptoms during a panic attack may include:\n\n- Pounding or racing heart\n- Sweating\n- Chills\n- Trembling\n- Difficulty breathing\n- Weakness or dizziness\n- Tingly or numb hands\n- Chest pain\n- Stomach pain or nausea\n\nA panic attack can last from a few minutes to an hour or sometimes longer. While these feelings can be distressing, panic attacks themselves are not life-threatening, and the physical symptoms usually resolve with time. However, for some, the fear of future attacks may lead to ongoing anxiety.\n\n### What is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder?\nA panic attack is a one-time or occasional episode of intense fear with physical and emotional symptoms. An isolated panic attack is not a mental disorder.\n\nPanic disorder may be diagnosed when a person experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with ongoing worry or behavioral changes due to the fear of future attacks, often interfering with daily life.\n## What causes panic disorder?\nPanic disorder sometimes runs in families, but no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don’t. Researchers have found that several parts of the brain and certain biological processes may play a crucial role in fear and anxiety. Some researchers think panic attacks are like “false alarms,” where our body’s typical survival instincts are active either too often or too strongly, or some combination of the two. For example, someone with panic disorder might feel their heart pounding and assume they’re having a heart attack. This may lead to a vicious cycle, causing a person to experience panic attacks seemingly out of the blue, the central feature of panic disorder. In addition, researchers are looking at the ways stress and environmental factors play a role in the disorder.\n\n## How is panic disorder diagnosed?\nTo be diagnosed with panic disorder, a person must experience recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. They must also spend at least 1 month worrying about having more panic attacks, feeling scared about what the attacks mean, or changing their behavior to try to avoid future attacks.\n\nIf you think you’re experiencing symptoms of panic disorder, talk to a health care provider, such as a primary care doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker. During the visit, the provider may ask when your symptoms began, how long they have lasted, how often they occur, and their impact on your life. After discussing your history, the provider may conduct a physical exam to ensure that an unrelated physical problem is not causing your symptoms.\n\n## What other illnesses can co-occur with panic disorder?\nSome people with panic disorder have other mental and physical health disorders or conditions, including depression, other anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, or thyroid problems. Panic disorder is also commonly associated with alcohol and substance misuse.\n\nAgoraphobia can sometimes develop as a co-occurring condition of panic disorder. People with agoraphobia have an intense fear or anxiety of certain places or situations where escape or obtaining help might be difficult or unavailable if they were to experience a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. Learn more about [agoraphobia](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/phobias-and-phobia-related-disorders).\n\nThe presence of multiple disorders can make treatment more complex, and people with panic disorder and co-occurring mental disorders may benefit from a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses all aspects of their mental health.\n\n## How is panic disorder treated?\nTreatment for panic disorder typically involves psychotherapy, medication, or both. Choosing the right treatment plan is based on a person’s needs, preferences, and medical situation, as well as consultation with a mental health professional or a health care provider. Finding the best treatment may take trial and error, and both psychotherapy and medication can take some time to work.\n\n### Psychotherapy\nPsychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can be effective when delivered in person or virtually via telehealth. A provider may support or supplement therapy using digital or mobile technology, like apps or other tools. Different therapies work for different types of people.\n\nCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a research-supported type of psychotherapy, is commonly used to treat panic disorder. CBT teaches a person different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to the feelings that happen during or before a panic attack. The attacks can become less frequent once a person learns to react differently to the physical sensations of anxiety and fear during a panic attack. CBT has been well studied and is the “gold standard” choice for psychotherapy.\n\nExposure therapy is a common CBT method that focuses on confronting the fears and beliefs associated with panic disorder symptoms to help a person engage in activities they have been avoiding. Interoceptive exposure is a CBT technique that involves exposure to bodily sensations associated with panic attacks and panic disorder symptoms. Exposure therapy may be used along with relaxation exercises and breathing training techniques.\n\nLearn more about [psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/psychotherapies).\n\n### Medication\nHealth care providers may prescribe medication to treat panic disorder. Different types of medication can be effective, including:\n\n- Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n- Beta-blockers\n- Anti-anxiety medications, such as benzodiazepines\n\nSSRI and SNRI antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression, but they also can help treat the symptoms of panic disorder. They may take several weeks to start working. These medications also may cause side effects, such as headaches, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. These side effects are usually not severe, especially if the dose starts off low and is increased slowly over time.\n\nBeta-blockers can help control some of the physical symptoms of panic disorder, such as rapid heart rate, sweating, and tremors. Although health care providers do not commonly prescribe beta-blockers for panic disorder, the medication may be helpful in certain situations that precede a panic attack.\n\nBenzodiazepines, which are anti-anxiety sedative medications, can be very effective in rapidly decreasing panic attack symptoms. However, some people build up a tolerance to these medications and need increasingly higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Some people even become dependent on them. Therefore, a health care provider may prescribe them only for brief periods of time.\n\nLearn more about [mental health medications](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications). Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website](https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/daf\/index.cfm) .\n\n### Healthy habits\nPracticing a healthy lifestyle can also help combat panic disorder, although this alone cannot replace treatment. Make sure to get enough sleep and exercise, eat a healthy diet, and turn to family and friends you trust for support. Learn more ways to [take care of your mental health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/caring-for-your-mental-health).\n\n## How can I support myself or a loved one with panic disorder?\n### Educate yourself\nA good way to help yourself or a loved one who may be struggling with panic attacks or panic disorder is to seek information. Research the signs and symptoms, learn about treatment options, and keep up to date with current research.\n\n### Communicate\nIf you are experiencing panic disorder symptoms, have an honest conversation about how you’re feeling with someone you trust. If you think a friend or family member may be struggling with panic disorder, set aside a time to talk with them to express your concern and reassure them of your support.\n\n### Know when to seek help\nIf your anxiety, or the anxiety of a loved one, starts to cause problems in everyday life—such as at school, at work, or with friends and family—it’s time to seek professional help.\n\n### Practice compassion\nBe kind and patient with yourself and others. Acknowledge progress, no matter how small, and recognize that managing panic attacks or panic disorder may involve setbacks along the way.\n\n## How can I find help?\nIf you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find [tips for talking with a health care provider](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider) about your mental health.\n\nYou can [learn more about getting help](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/find-help) on the NIMH website. You can also learn about [finding support](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-support)  and [locating mental health services](https:\/\/findtreatment.gov\/)  in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website.\n\nIf you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/)  at **988** or chat at [988lifeline.org](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) . In life-threatening situations, call **911**.\n\n## What are clinical trials and why are they important?\nClinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available.\n\nNIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/trials).\n\n## For more information\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages) as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2718) to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\n\n## Reprints\nThe information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages \"Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages\") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/site-info\/policies#part_2718 \"Website Policies\") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.\n\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services  \nNational Institutes of Health  \nRevised 2025","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Meta Description	Information about panic disorder, including common signs and symptoms, treatment options, and how to find help.
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Boilerpipe Text	What is panic disorder? People with panic disorder have frequent and unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are characterized by a sudden wave of fear or discomfort or a sense of losing control even when there is no clear danger or trigger. Not everyone who experiences a panic attack will develop panic disorder. Panic attacks often include physical symptoms that might feel like a heart attack, such as trembling or tingling in the body or a rapid heart rate. Panic attacks can occur at any time, sometimes even during sleep. Many people with panic disorder worry about the possibility of having another attack and may significantly change their lives to avoid having another attack. Panic attacks can occur as frequently as several times a day or as rarely as a few times a year. Panic disorder often begins in the late teens or early adulthood. Women are more likely than men to develop panic disorder. With the right treatment and support, people with panic disorder can manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. What are the signs and symptoms of panic disorder? People with panic disorder may have: Sudden and repeated panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety and fear A feeling of being out of control A fear of death or impending doom during a panic attack An intense worry about when the next panic attack will happen A fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past Physical symptoms during a panic attack may include: Pounding or racing heart Sweating Chills Trembling Difficulty breathing Weakness or dizziness Tingly or numb hands Chest pain Stomach pain or nausea A panic attack can last from a few minutes to an hour or sometimes longer. While these feelings can be distressing, panic attacks themselves are not life-threatening, and the physical symptoms usually resolve with time. However, for some, the fear of future attacks may lead to ongoing anxiety. What is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder? A panic attack is a one-time or occasional episode of intense fear with physical and emotional symptoms. An isolated panic attack is not a mental disorder. Panic disorder may be diagnosed when a person experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with ongoing worry or behavioral changes due to the fear of future attacks, often interfering with daily life. What causes panic disorder? Panic disorder sometimes runs in families, but no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don’t. Researchers have found that several parts of the brain and certain biological processes may play a crucial role in fear and anxiety. Some researchers think panic attacks are like “false alarms,” where our body’s typical survival instincts are active either too often or too strongly, or some combination of the two. For example, someone with panic disorder might feel their heart pounding and assume they’re having a heart attack. This may lead to a vicious cycle, causing a person to experience panic attacks seemingly out of the blue, the central feature of panic disorder. In addition, researchers are looking at the ways stress and environmental factors play a role in the disorder. How is panic disorder diagnosed? To be diagnosed with panic disorder, a person must experience recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. They must also spend at least 1 month worrying about having more panic attacks, feeling scared about what the attacks mean, or changing their behavior to try to avoid future attacks. If you think you’re experiencing symptoms of panic disorder, talk to a health care provider, such as a primary care doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker. During the visit, the provider may ask when your symptoms began, how long they have lasted, how often they occur, and their impact on your life. After discussing your history, the provider may conduct a physical exam to ensure that an unrelated physical problem is not causing your symptoms. What other illnesses can co-occur with panic disorder? Some people with panic disorder have other mental and physical health disorders or conditions, including depression, other anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, or thyroid problems. Panic disorder is also commonly associated with alcohol and substance misuse. Agoraphobia can sometimes develop as a co-occurring condition of panic disorder. People with agoraphobia have an intense fear or anxiety of certain places or situations where escape or obtaining help might be difficult or unavailable if they were to experience a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. Learn more about agoraphobia . The presence of multiple disorders can make treatment more complex, and people with panic disorder and co-occurring mental disorders may benefit from a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses all aspects of their mental health. How is panic disorder treated? Treatment for panic disorder typically involves psychotherapy, medication, or both. Choosing the right treatment plan is based on a person’s needs, preferences, and medical situation, as well as consultation with a mental health professional or a health care provider. Finding the best treatment may take trial and error, and both psychotherapy and medication can take some time to work. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can be effective when delivered in person or virtually via telehealth. A provider may support or supplement therapy using digital or mobile technology, like apps or other tools. Different therapies work for different types of people. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a research-supported type of psychotherapy, is commonly used to treat panic disorder. CBT teaches a person different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to the feelings that happen during or before a panic attack. The attacks can become less frequent once a person learns to react differently to the physical sensations of anxiety and fear during a panic attack. CBT has been well studied and is the “gold standard” choice for psychotherapy. Exposure therapy is a common CBT method that focuses on confronting the fears and beliefs associated with panic disorder symptoms to help a person engage in activities they have been avoiding. Interoceptive exposure is a CBT technique that involves exposure to bodily sensations associated with panic attacks and panic disorder symptoms. Exposure therapy may be used along with relaxation exercises and breathing training techniques. Learn more about psychotherapy . Medication Health care providers may prescribe medication to treat panic disorder. Different types of medication can be effective, including: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Beta-blockers Anti-anxiety medications, such as benzodiazepines SSRI and SNRI antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression, but they also can help treat the symptoms of panic disorder. They may take several weeks to start working. These medications also may cause side effects, such as headaches, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. These side effects are usually not severe, especially if the dose starts off low and is increased slowly over time. Beta-blockers can help control some of the physical symptoms of panic disorder, such as rapid heart rate, sweating, and tremors. Although health care providers do not commonly prescribe beta-blockers for panic disorder, the medication may be helpful in certain situations that precede a panic attack. Benzodiazepines, which are anti-anxiety sedative medications, can be very effective in rapidly decreasing panic attack symptoms. However, some people build up a tolerance to these medications and need increasingly higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Some people even become dependent on them. Therefore, a health care provider may prescribe them only for brief periods of time. Learn more about mental health medications . Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website . Healthy habits Practicing a healthy lifestyle can also help combat panic disorder, although this alone cannot replace treatment. Make sure to get enough sleep and exercise, eat a healthy diet, and turn to family and friends you trust for support. Learn more ways to take care of your mental health . How can I support myself or a loved one with panic disorder? Educate yourself A good way to help yourself or a loved one who may be struggling with panic attacks or panic disorder is to seek information. Research the signs and symptoms, learn about treatment options, and keep up to date with current research. Communicate If you are experiencing panic disorder symptoms, have an honest conversation about how you’re feeling with someone you trust. If you think a friend or family member may be struggling with panic disorder, set aside a time to talk with them to express your concern and reassure them of your support. Know when to seek help If your anxiety, or the anxiety of a loved one, starts to cause problems in everyday life—such as at school, at work, or with friends and family—it’s time to seek professional help. Practice compassion Be kind and patient with yourself and others. Acknowledge progress, no matter how small, and recognize that managing panic attacks or panic disorder may involve setbacks along the way. How can I find help? If you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find   tips for talking with a health care provider about your mental health. You can learn more about getting help  on the NIMH website. You can also learn about finding support and locating mental health services in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org . In life-threatening situations, call 911 . What are clinical trials and why are they important? Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available. NIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about participating in clinical trials . For more information The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Revised 2025
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[What other illnesses can co-occur with panic disorder?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6109) - [How is panic disorder treated?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_12096) - [How can I support myself or a loved one with panic disorder?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_12097) - [How can I find help?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6111) - [What are clinical trials and why are they important?](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_12102) - [For more information](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_6253) - [Reprints](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms#part_11021) # Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know - [En español](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/espanol/trastorno-de-panico-cuando-el-miedo-agobia) ## What is panic disorder? People with panic disorder have frequent and unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are characterized by a sudden wave of fear or discomfort or a sense of losing control even when there is no clear danger or trigger. Not everyone who experiences a panic attack will develop panic disorder. Panic attacks often include physical symptoms that might feel like a heart attack, such as trembling or tingling in the body or a rapid heart rate. Panic attacks can occur at any time, sometimes even during sleep. Many people with panic disorder worry about the possibility of having another attack and may significantly change their lives to avoid having another attack. Panic attacks can occur as frequently as several times a day or as rarely as a few times a year. Panic disorder often begins in the late teens or early adulthood. Women are more likely than men to develop panic disorder. With the right treatment and support, people with panic disorder can manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. ## What are the signs and symptoms of panic disorder? People with panic disorder may have: - Sudden and repeated panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety and fear - A feeling of being out of control - A fear of death or impending doom during a panic attack - An intense worry about when the next panic attack will happen - A fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past Physical symptoms during a panic attack may include: - Pounding or racing heart - Sweating - Chills - Trembling - Difficulty breathing - Weakness or dizziness - Tingly or numb hands - Chest pain - Stomach pain or nausea A panic attack can last from a few minutes to an hour or sometimes longer. While these feelings can be distressing, panic attacks themselves are not life-threatening, and the physical symptoms usually resolve with time. However, for some, the fear of future attacks may lead to ongoing anxiety. ### What is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder? A panic attack is a one-time or occasional episode of intense fear with physical and emotional symptoms. An isolated panic attack is not a mental disorder. Panic disorder may be diagnosed when a person experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with ongoing worry or behavioral changes due to the fear of future attacks, often interfering with daily life. ## What causes panic disorder? Panic disorder sometimes runs in families, but no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don’t. Researchers have found that several parts of the brain and certain biological processes may play a crucial role in fear and anxiety. Some researchers think panic attacks are like “false alarms,” where our body’s typical survival instincts are active either too often or too strongly, or some combination of the two. For example, someone with panic disorder might feel their heart pounding and assume they’re having a heart attack. This may lead to a vicious cycle, causing a person to experience panic attacks seemingly out of the blue, the central feature of panic disorder. In addition, researchers are looking at the ways stress and environmental factors play a role in the disorder. ## How is panic disorder diagnosed? To be diagnosed with panic disorder, a person must experience recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. They must also spend at least 1 month worrying about having more panic attacks, feeling scared about what the attacks mean, or changing their behavior to try to avoid future attacks. If you think you’re experiencing symptoms of panic disorder, talk to a health care provider, such as a primary care doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker. During the visit, the provider may ask when your symptoms began, how long they have lasted, how often they occur, and their impact on your life. After discussing your history, the provider may conduct a physical exam to ensure that an unrelated physical problem is not causing your symptoms. ## What other illnesses can co-occur with panic disorder? Some people with panic disorder have other mental and physical health disorders or conditions, including depression, other anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, or thyroid problems. Panic disorder is also commonly associated with alcohol and substance misuse. Agoraphobia can sometimes develop as a co-occurring condition of panic disorder. People with agoraphobia have an intense fear or anxiety of certain places or situations where escape or obtaining help might be difficult or unavailable if they were to experience a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. Learn more about [agoraphobia](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/phobias-and-phobia-related-disorders). The presence of multiple disorders can make treatment more complex, and people with panic disorder and co-occurring mental disorders may benefit from a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses all aspects of their mental health. ## How is panic disorder treated? Treatment for panic disorder typically involves psychotherapy, medication, or both. Choosing the right treatment plan is based on a person’s needs, preferences, and medical situation, as well as consultation with a mental health professional or a health care provider. Finding the best treatment may take trial and error, and both psychotherapy and medication can take some time to work. ### Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can be effective when delivered in person or virtually via telehealth. A provider may support or supplement therapy using digital or mobile technology, like apps or other tools. Different therapies work for different types of people. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a research-supported type of psychotherapy, is commonly used to treat panic disorder. CBT teaches a person different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to the feelings that happen during or before a panic attack. The attacks can become less frequent once a person learns to react differently to the physical sensations of anxiety and fear during a panic attack. CBT has been well studied and is the “gold standard” choice for psychotherapy. Exposure therapy is a common CBT method that focuses on confronting the fears and beliefs associated with panic disorder symptoms to help a person engage in activities they have been avoiding. Interoceptive exposure is a CBT technique that involves exposure to bodily sensations associated with panic attacks and panic disorder symptoms. Exposure therapy may be used along with relaxation exercises and breathing training techniques. Learn more about [psychotherapy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies). ### Medication Health care providers may prescribe medication to treat panic disorder. Different types of medication can be effective, including: - Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Beta-blockers - Anti-anxiety medications, such as benzodiazepines SSRI and SNRI antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression, but they also can help treat the symptoms of panic disorder. They may take several weeks to start working. These medications also may cause side effects, such as headaches, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. These side effects are usually not severe, especially if the dose starts off low and is increased slowly over time. Beta-blockers can help control some of the physical symptoms of panic disorder, such as rapid heart rate, sweating, and tremors. Although health care providers do not commonly prescribe beta-blockers for panic disorder, the medication may be helpful in certain situations that precede a panic attack. Benzodiazepines, which are anti-anxiety sedative medications, can be very effective in rapidly decreasing panic attack symptoms. However, some people build up a tolerance to these medications and need increasingly higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Some people even become dependent on them. Therefore, a health care provider may prescribe them only for brief periods of time. Learn more about [mental health medications](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications). Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm) . ### Healthy habits Practicing a healthy lifestyle can also help combat panic disorder, although this alone cannot replace treatment. Make sure to get enough sleep and exercise, eat a healthy diet, and turn to family and friends you trust for support. Learn more ways to [take care of your mental health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/caring-for-your-mental-health). ## How can I support myself or a loved one with panic disorder? ### Educate yourself A good way to help yourself or a loved one who may be struggling with panic attacks or panic disorder is to seek information. Research the signs and symptoms, learn about treatment options, and keep up to date with current research. ### Communicate If you are experiencing panic disorder symptoms, have an honest conversation about how you’re feeling with someone you trust. If you think a friend or family member may be struggling with panic disorder, set aside a time to talk with them to express your concern and reassure them of your support. ### Know when to seek help If your anxiety, or the anxiety of a loved one, starts to cause problems in everyday life—such as at school, at work, or with friends and family—it’s time to seek professional help. ### Practice compassion Be kind and patient with yourself and others. Acknowledge progress, no matter how small, and recognize that managing panic attacks or panic disorder may involve setbacks along the way. ## How can I find help? If you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find [tips for talking with a health care provider](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider) about your mental health. You can [learn more about getting help](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-help) on the NIMH website. You can also learn about [finding support](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-support) and [locating mental health services](https://findtreatment.gov/) in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) at 988 or chat at [988lifeline.org](https://988lifeline.org/) . In life-threatening situations, call 911. ## What are clinical trials and why are they important? Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available. NIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/trials). ## For more information The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages) as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2718) to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. ## Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages "Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2718 "Website Policies") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Revised 2025 ## Disclaimer We link to external websites for informational purposes only, but we do not endorse or guarantee their accuracy. Once you leave our site, you will be subject to the new website’s privacy policy. Read NIMH’s [full external linking policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2717) for more information. ##### NIMH Resources [Health Topics](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics) [Brochures and Fact Sheets](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications) [Contact Us](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/contact-nimh) [Información en español](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/espanol) ##### Policies and Notices [Privacy Policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/privacy-policy) [Website Policies](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies) [FOIA](http://www.nih.gov/icd/od/foia/index.htm) [Accessibility](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/accessibility) [HHS Vulnerability Disclosure](https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html) ##### Federal Resources [National Institutes of Health (NIH)](http://www.nih.gov/) [NIH Virtual Tour](https://www.nih.gov/virtual-tour/) [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](https://www.hhs.gov/) [USA.gov](http://www.usa.gov/) The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of NIH, a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 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Readable Markdown	## What is panic disorder? People with panic disorder have frequent and unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are characterized by a sudden wave of fear or discomfort or a sense of losing control even when there is no clear danger or trigger. Not everyone who experiences a panic attack will develop panic disorder. Panic attacks often include physical symptoms that might feel like a heart attack, such as trembling or tingling in the body or a rapid heart rate. Panic attacks can occur at any time, sometimes even during sleep. Many people with panic disorder worry about the possibility of having another attack and may significantly change their lives to avoid having another attack. Panic attacks can occur as frequently as several times a day or as rarely as a few times a year. Panic disorder often begins in the late teens or early adulthood. Women are more likely than men to develop panic disorder. With the right treatment and support, people with panic disorder can manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. ## What are the signs and symptoms of panic disorder? People with panic disorder may have: - Sudden and repeated panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety and fear - A feeling of being out of control - A fear of death or impending doom during a panic attack - An intense worry about when the next panic attack will happen - A fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past Physical symptoms during a panic attack may include: - Pounding or racing heart - Sweating - Chills - Trembling - Difficulty breathing - Weakness or dizziness - Tingly or numb hands - Chest pain - Stomach pain or nausea A panic attack can last from a few minutes to an hour or sometimes longer. While these feelings can be distressing, panic attacks themselves are not life-threatening, and the physical symptoms usually resolve with time. However, for some, the fear of future attacks may lead to ongoing anxiety. ### What is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder? A panic attack is a one-time or occasional episode of intense fear with physical and emotional symptoms. An isolated panic attack is not a mental disorder. Panic disorder may be diagnosed when a person experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with ongoing worry or behavioral changes due to the fear of future attacks, often interfering with daily life. ## What causes panic disorder? Panic disorder sometimes runs in families, but no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don’t. Researchers have found that several parts of the brain and certain biological processes may play a crucial role in fear and anxiety. Some researchers think panic attacks are like “false alarms,” where our body’s typical survival instincts are active either too often or too strongly, or some combination of the two. For example, someone with panic disorder might feel their heart pounding and assume they’re having a heart attack. This may lead to a vicious cycle, causing a person to experience panic attacks seemingly out of the blue, the central feature of panic disorder. In addition, researchers are looking at the ways stress and environmental factors play a role in the disorder. ## How is panic disorder diagnosed? To be diagnosed with panic disorder, a person must experience recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. They must also spend at least 1 month worrying about having more panic attacks, feeling scared about what the attacks mean, or changing their behavior to try to avoid future attacks. If you think you’re experiencing symptoms of panic disorder, talk to a health care provider, such as a primary care doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker. During the visit, the provider may ask when your symptoms began, how long they have lasted, how often they occur, and their impact on your life. After discussing your history, the provider may conduct a physical exam to ensure that an unrelated physical problem is not causing your symptoms. ## What other illnesses can co-occur with panic disorder? Some people with panic disorder have other mental and physical health disorders or conditions, including depression, other anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, or thyroid problems. Panic disorder is also commonly associated with alcohol and substance misuse. Agoraphobia can sometimes develop as a co-occurring condition of panic disorder. People with agoraphobia have an intense fear or anxiety of certain places or situations where escape or obtaining help might be difficult or unavailable if they were to experience a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. Learn more about [agoraphobia](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/phobias-and-phobia-related-disorders). The presence of multiple disorders can make treatment more complex, and people with panic disorder and co-occurring mental disorders may benefit from a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses all aspects of their mental health. ## How is panic disorder treated? Treatment for panic disorder typically involves psychotherapy, medication, or both. Choosing the right treatment plan is based on a person’s needs, preferences, and medical situation, as well as consultation with a mental health professional or a health care provider. Finding the best treatment may take trial and error, and both psychotherapy and medication can take some time to work. ### Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can be effective when delivered in person or virtually via telehealth. A provider may support or supplement therapy using digital or mobile technology, like apps or other tools. Different therapies work for different types of people. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a research-supported type of psychotherapy, is commonly used to treat panic disorder. CBT teaches a person different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to the feelings that happen during or before a panic attack. The attacks can become less frequent once a person learns to react differently to the physical sensations of anxiety and fear during a panic attack. CBT has been well studied and is the “gold standard” choice for psychotherapy. Exposure therapy is a common CBT method that focuses on confronting the fears and beliefs associated with panic disorder symptoms to help a person engage in activities they have been avoiding. Interoceptive exposure is a CBT technique that involves exposure to bodily sensations associated with panic attacks and panic disorder symptoms. Exposure therapy may be used along with relaxation exercises and breathing training techniques. Learn more about [psychotherapy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies). ### Medication Health care providers may prescribe medication to treat panic disorder. Different types of medication can be effective, including: - Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Beta-blockers - Anti-anxiety medications, such as benzodiazepines SSRI and SNRI antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression, but they also can help treat the symptoms of panic disorder. They may take several weeks to start working. These medications also may cause side effects, such as headaches, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. These side effects are usually not severe, especially if the dose starts off low and is increased slowly over time. Beta-blockers can help control some of the physical symptoms of panic disorder, such as rapid heart rate, sweating, and tremors. Although health care providers do not commonly prescribe beta-blockers for panic disorder, the medication may be helpful in certain situations that precede a panic attack. Benzodiazepines, which are anti-anxiety sedative medications, can be very effective in rapidly decreasing panic attack symptoms. However, some people build up a tolerance to these medications and need increasingly higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Some people even become dependent on them. Therefore, a health care provider may prescribe them only for brief periods of time. Learn more about [mental health medications](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications). Read the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings on the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm) . ### Healthy habits Practicing a healthy lifestyle can also help combat panic disorder, although this alone cannot replace treatment. Make sure to get enough sleep and exercise, eat a healthy diet, and turn to family and friends you trust for support. Learn more ways to [take care of your mental health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/caring-for-your-mental-health). ## How can I support myself or a loved one with panic disorder? ### Educate yourself A good way to help yourself or a loved one who may be struggling with panic attacks or panic disorder is to seek information. Research the signs and symptoms, learn about treatment options, and keep up to date with current research. ### Communicate If you are experiencing panic disorder symptoms, have an honest conversation about how you’re feeling with someone you trust. If you think a friend or family member may be struggling with panic disorder, set aside a time to talk with them to express your concern and reassure them of your support. ### Know when to seek help If your anxiety, or the anxiety of a loved one, starts to cause problems in everyday life—such as at school, at work, or with friends and family—it’s time to seek professional help. ### Practice compassion Be kind and patient with yourself and others. Acknowledge progress, no matter how small, and recognize that managing panic attacks or panic disorder may involve setbacks along the way. ## How can I find help? If you have concerns about your mental health, talk to a primary care provider. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out the next steps. Find [tips for talking with a health care provider](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider) about your mental health. You can [learn more about getting help](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-help) on the NIMH website. You can also learn about [finding support](https://www.samhsa.gov/find-support) and [locating mental health services](https://findtreatment.gov/) in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the [988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) at 988 or chat at [988lifeline.org](https://988lifeline.org/) . In life-threatening situations, call 911. ## What are clinical trials and why are they important? Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try treatments that aren’t widely available. NIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. Learn more about [participating in clinical trials](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/trials). ## For more information The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages) as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2718) to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. ## Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please [cite the National Institute of Mental Health](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/citing-nimh-publications-and-webpages "Citing NIMH Publications and Webpages") as the source. [Read our copyright policy](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/site-info/policies#part_2718 "Website Policies") to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Revised 2025
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