🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 75 (from laksa019)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa075.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/panic-disorder\/","crawl_time":1776345585,"first_indexed_time":1615374084,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"uk,nhs,www!\/mental-health\/conditions\/panic-disorder\/ s443","src_root_hash":"11359509702434384875","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Panic disorder - NHS","meta_descriptions":["Panic disorder is where you keep having panic attacks, often for no obvious reason. Includes symptoms, treatments and self-help tips."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear.\nEveryone experiences feelings of \nanxiety\nand panic at certain times. It's a natural response to stressful or dangerous situations.\nBut someone with panic disorder has feelings of anxiety, stress and panic regularly and at any time, often for no apparent reason.\nSymptoms of panic disorder\nAnxiety\nAnxiety is a feeling of unease. It can range from mild to severe, and can include feelings of worry and fear. Panic is the most severe form of anxiety.\nYou may start to avoid certain situations because you fear they'll trigger another attack.\nThis can create a cycle of living \"in fear of fear\". It can add to your sense of panic and may cause you to have more attacks.\nPanic attacks\nDuring a panic attack you get a rush of intense mental and physical symptoms. It can come on very quickly and for no apparent reason.\nA panic attack can be very frightening and distressing.\nSymptoms include:\na racing heartbeat\nfeeling\nfaint\nsweating\nnausea\nchest pain\nshortness of breath\ntrembling\nhot flushes\nchills\nshaky limbs\na choking sensation\ndizziness\nnumbness or\npins and needles\ndry mouth\na feeling of dread or a fear of dying\na churning stomach\na tingling in your fingers\nfeeling like you're not connected to your body\nMost panic attacks last between 5 and 20 minutes. Some have been reported to last up to an hour.\nThe number of attacks you have will depend on how severe your condition is. Some people have attacks once or twice a month, while others have them several times a week.\nAlthough panic attacks are frightening, they're not dangerous. An attack will not cause you any physical harm, and it's unlikely you'll be admitted to hospital if you have one.\nBe aware that most of these symptoms can also be symptoms of other conditions or problems, so you may not always be experiencing a panic attack.\nFor example, you may have a racing heartbeat if you have very low blood pressure.\nWhen to get help\nSee a GP if you've been experiencing symptoms of panic disorder.\nThey'll ask you to describe your symptoms, how often you get them, and how long you have had them.\nThey may also carry out a physical examination to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms.\nIt can sometimes be difficult to talk about your feelings, emotions and personal life, but try not to feel anxious or embarrassed.\nYou may be diagnosed with panic disorder if you have regular and unexpected panic attacks followed by at least a month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks.\nTreatments for panic disorder\nTreatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks you have and ease your symptoms.\nTalking therapies\nand medicine are the main treatments for panic disorder. Your treatment will depend on your symptoms.\nTalking therapies\nYou can refer yourself directly to a talking therapies service for treatment based on\ncognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)\n.\nFind a talking therapies service (England only)\nIf you prefer, you can see a GP and they can refer you.\nYour therapist may discuss with you how you react when you have a panic attack and what you think about.\nThey can teach you ways of changing your behaviour to help you keep calm during an attack.\nYou may need to see your GP regularly while you're having CBT so they can assess your progress.\nMedicine\nIf you and your doctor think it might be helpful, you may be prescribed:\na type of\nantidepressant\ncalled a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or, if SSRIs are not suitable, a tricyclic antidepressant (usually imipramine or clomipramine)\nan anti-epilepsy medicine such as\npregabalin\n or, if your anxiety is severe,\nclonazepam\n(these medicines are also beneficial for treating anxiety)\nAntidepressants\ncan take 2 to 4 weeks before they start to work, and up to 8 weeks to work fully.\nKeep taking your medicines, even if you feel they're not working, and only stop taking them if your GP advises you to do so.\nReferral to a specialist\nIf your symptoms do not improve after CBT, medicine and connecting with a support group, your GP may refer you to a mental health specialist such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist.\nThe specialist will carry out an assessment and devise a treatment plan to help you manage your symptoms.\nVideo: Talking therapies for stress, anxiety and depression\nAnimated video explaining self-referral to talking therapies services for stress, anxiety or depression. Includes British Sign Language (BSL) translation.\nMedia last reviewed: 6 March 2023\nMedia review due: 6 March 2026\nThings you can try yourself\nWhat to do during a panic attack\nThe next time you feel a panic attack coming on:\nstay where you are, if possible\nbreathe slowly and deeply\nremind yourself that the attack will pass\nfocus on positive, peaceful and relaxing images\nremember it's not life threatening\nPreventing a further attack\nIt may help to:\nread a self-help book for anxiety based on the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – ask your GP to recommend one\ntry activities like yoga and pilates, to help you relax\nlearn\nbreathing exercises for stress\nto help ease symptoms\ndo\nregular physical exercise\nto reduce stress and tension\navoid sugary food and drinks, caffeine and alcohol, and\nstop smoking\n, as they can all make attacks worse\nFor more help on how to deal with panic attacks, read about\nanxiety, fear and panic\n.\nSupport groups\nPanic disorder can have a big impact on your life, but support is available. It might help to speak to other people with the same condition, or to connect with a charity.\nYou may find the following links useful:\nAnxiety UK\nMind: understanding anxiety and panic attacks\nNo Panic\nTriumph Over Phobia (TOP UK)\nAsk your GP about support groups for panic disorder near you.\nFind mental health services in your area\nComplications of panic disorder\nPanic disorder is treatable so it's best to get medical help as soon as you can.\nIf you do not get medical help, panic disorder can escalate and become very difficult to cope with.\nYou're more at risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as\nagoraphobia\nor other\nphobias\n, or an alcohol or drug problem.\nHaving panic disorder may affect your ability to drive. The law requires you to inform the\nDriver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)\nabout a medical condition that could impact your driving ability.\nVisit GOV.UK for further information about\ndriving with a disability or health condition\n.\nCauses\nAs with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood.\nBut it's thought to be linked to a combination of things, including:\na traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as\nbereavement\nhaving a close family member with panic disorder\nan imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain\nPanic disorder in children\nIf your child has the signs and symptoms of panic disorder, they should see a GP.\nAfter taking a detailed medical history the GP will carry out a thorough physical examination to rule out any physical causes for the symptoms.\nThey may refer your child to a specialist for further assessment and treatment. The specialist may recommend a course of\nCBT\nfor your child.\nRead more about\nanxiety disorders in children\nor find out about\nmental health support for children and young people\n.","attrs_markdown":"\n\n[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/panic-disorder\/#maincontent)\n\n- [Health A to Z](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/health-a-to-z\/)\n- [NHS services](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/)\n- [Healthy living](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/)\n- [Mental health](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/)\n- [Care and support](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/social-care-and-support\/)\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/)\n- Browse More\n\n1. [Home](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/)\n2. [Health A to Z](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/health-a-to-z\/)\n3. [Mental health](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/)\n4. [Mental health conditions](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/)\n\n[Back to Mental health conditions](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/)\n\n# Panic disorder\n**Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear.**\n\nEveryone experiences feelings of [anxiety](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/feelings-symptoms-behaviours\/feelings-and-symptoms\/anxiety-fear-panic\/) and panic at certain times. It's a natural response to stressful or dangerous situations.\n\nBut someone with panic disorder has feelings of anxiety, stress and panic regularly and at any time, often for no apparent reason.\n\n## Symptoms of panic disorder\n### Anxiety\nAnxiety is a feeling of unease. It can range from mild to severe, and can include feelings of worry and fear. Panic is the most severe form of anxiety.\n\nYou may start to avoid certain situations because you fear they'll trigger another attack.\n\nThis can create a cycle of living \"in fear of fear\". It can add to your sense of panic and may cause you to have more attacks.\n\n### Panic attacks\nDuring a panic attack you get a rush of intense mental and physical symptoms. It can come on very quickly and for no apparent reason.\n\nA panic attack can be very frightening and distressing.\n\nSymptoms include:\n\n- a racing heartbeat\n- feeling [faint](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/fainting\/)\n- sweating\n- nausea\n- chest pain\n- [shortness of breath](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/shortness-of-breath\/)\n- trembling\n- hot flushes\n- chills\n- shaky limbs\n- a choking sensation\n- dizziness\n- numbness or [pins and needles](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/pins-and-needles\/)\n- [dry mouth](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/dry-mouth\/)\n- a feeling of dread or a fear of dying\n- a churning stomach\n- a tingling in your fingers\n- feeling like you're not connected to your body\n\nMost panic attacks last between 5 and 20 minutes. Some have been reported to last up to an hour.\n\nThe number of attacks you have will depend on how severe your condition is. Some people have attacks once or twice a month, while others have them several times a week.\n\nAlthough panic attacks are frightening, they're not dangerous. An attack will not cause you any physical harm, and it's unlikely you'll be admitted to hospital if you have one.\n\nBe aware that most of these symptoms can also be symptoms of other conditions or problems, so you may not always be experiencing a panic attack.\n\nFor example, you may have a racing heartbeat if you have very low blood pressure.\n\n## When to get help\nSee a GP if you've been experiencing symptoms of panic disorder.\n\nThey'll ask you to describe your symptoms, how often you get them, and how long you have had them.\n\nThey may also carry out a physical examination to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms.\n\nIt can sometimes be difficult to talk about your feelings, emotions and personal life, but try not to feel anxious or embarrassed.\n\nYou may be diagnosed with panic disorder if you have regular and unexpected panic attacks followed by at least a month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks.\n\n## Treatments for panic disorder\nTreatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks you have and ease your symptoms.\n\n[Talking therapies](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/tests-and-treatments\/talking-therapies\/) and medicine are the main treatments for panic disorder. Your treatment will depend on your symptoms.\n\n### Talking therapies\nYou can refer yourself directly to a talking therapies service for treatment based on [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/tests-and-treatments\/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt\/).\n\n[Find a talking therapies service (England only)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/mental-health-services\/find-nhs-talking-therapies-for-anxiety-and-depression\/)\n\nIf you prefer, you can see a GP and they can refer you.\n\nYour therapist may discuss with you how you react when you have a panic attack and what you think about.\n\nThey can teach you ways of changing your behaviour to help you keep calm during an attack.\n\nYou may need to see your GP regularly while you're having CBT so they can assess your progress.\n\n### Medicine\nIf you and your doctor think it might be helpful, you may be prescribed:\n\n- a type of [antidepressant](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/antidepressants\/) called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or, if SSRIs are not suitable, a tricyclic antidepressant (usually imipramine or clomipramine)\n- an anti-epilepsy medicine such as [pregabalin](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/pregabalin\/) or, if your anxiety is severe, [clonazepam](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/clonazepam\/) (these medicines are also beneficial for treating anxiety)\n\n[Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/antidepressants\/) can take 2 to 4 weeks before they start to work, and up to 8 weeks to work fully.\n\nKeep taking your medicines, even if you feel they're not working, and only stop taking them if your GP advises you to do so.\n\n### Referral to a specialist\nIf your symptoms do not improve after CBT, medicine and connecting with a support group, your GP may refer you to a mental health specialist such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist.\n\nThe specialist will carry out an assessment and devise a treatment plan to help you manage your symptoms.\n\n### Video: Talking therapies for stress, anxiety and depression\nAnimated video explaining self-referral to talking therapies services for stress, anxiety or depression. Includes British Sign Language (BSL) translation.\n\nMedia last reviewed: 6 March 2023  \n Media review due: 6 March 2026\n\n## Things you can try yourself\n### What to do during a panic attack\nThe next time you feel a panic attack coming on:\n\n- stay where you are, if possible\n- breathe slowly and deeply\n- remind yourself that the attack will pass\n- focus on positive, peaceful and relaxing images\n- remember it's not life threatening\n### Preventing a further attack\nIt may help to:\n\n- read a self-help book for anxiety based on the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – ask your GP to recommend one\n- try activities like yoga and pilates, to help you relax\n- learn [breathing exercises for stress](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/self-help\/guides-tools-and-activities\/breathing-exercises-for-stress\/) to help ease symptoms\n- do [regular physical exercise](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/exercise\/) to reduce stress and tension\n- avoid sugary food and drinks, caffeine and alcohol, and [stop smoking](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/quit-smoking\/), as they can all make attacks worse\n\nFor more help on how to deal with panic attacks, read about [anxiety, fear and panic](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/feelings-symptoms-behaviours\/feelings-and-symptoms\/anxiety-fear-panic\/).\n\n### Support groups\nPanic disorder can have a big impact on your life, but support is available. It might help to speak to other people with the same condition, or to connect with a charity.\n\nYou may find the following links useful:\n\n- [Anxiety UK](https:\/\/www.anxietyuk.org.uk\/)\n- [Mind: understanding anxiety and panic attacks](https:\/\/www.mind.org.uk\/information-support\/types-of-mental-health-problems\/anxiety-and-panic-attacks\/panic-attacks\/#.WaACq0UrJhE)\n- [No Panic](https:\/\/www.nopanic.org.uk\/)\n- [Triumph Over Phobia (TOP UK)](https:\/\/www.topuk.org\/)\n\nAsk your GP about support groups for panic disorder near you.\n\n[Find mental health services in your area](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/mental-health-services\/)\n\n## Complications of panic disorder\nPanic disorder is treatable so it's best to get medical help as soon as you can.\n\nIf you do not get medical help, panic disorder can escalate and become very difficult to cope with.\n\nYou're more at risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as [agoraphobia](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/agoraphobia\/) or other [phobias](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/phobias-old\/), or an alcohol or drug problem.\n\nHaving panic disorder may affect your ability to drive. The law requires you to inform the [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agency) about a medical condition that could impact your driving ability.\n\nVisit GOV.UK for further information about [driving with a disability or health condition](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/browse\/driving\/disability-health-condition).\n\n## Causes\nAs with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood.\n\nBut it's thought to be linked to a combination of things, including:\n\n- a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as [bereavement](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/feelings-symptoms-behaviours\/feelings-and-symptoms\/grief-bereavement-loss\/)\n- having a close family member with panic disorder\n- an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain\n\n## Panic disorder in children\nIf your child has the signs and symptoms of panic disorder, they should see a GP.\n\nAfter taking a detailed medical history the GP will carry out a thorough physical examination to rule out any physical causes for the symptoms.\n\nThey may refer your child to a specialist for further assessment and treatment. The specialist may recommend a course of [CBT](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/tests-and-treatments\/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt\/) for your child.\n\nRead more about [anxiety disorders in children](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/children-and-young-adults\/advice-for-parents\/anxiety-disorders-in-children\/) or find out about [mental health support for children and young people](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/nhs-voluntary-charity-services\/nhs-services\/children-young-people-mental-health-services-cypmhs\/).\n\nPage last reviewed: 22 August 2023   \n Next review due: 22 August 2026\n\n## Support links\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/)\n- [Health A to Z](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/health-a-to-z\/)\n- [NHS services](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/)\n- [Healthy living](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/)\n- [Mental health](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/)\n- [Care and support](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/social-care-and-support\/)\n- [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/covid-19\/)\n\n- [NHS App](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-app\/)\n- [Find my NHS number](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/online-services\/find-nhs-number\/)\n- [View your GP health record](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/gps\/view-your-gp-health-record\/)\n- [View your test results](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/online-services\/view-your-test-results\/)\n- [About the NHS](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/using-the-nhs\/about-the-nhs\/)\n- [Healthcare abroad](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/using-the-nhs\/healthcare-abroad\/)\n\n- [Other NHS websites](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-sites\/)\n- [Profile editor login](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/our-policies\/profile-editor-login\/)\n\n- [About us](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/about-us\/)\n- [Report an issue with the NHS website](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/report-an-issue-with-the-nhs-website)\n- [Accessibility statement](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/accessibility-statement\/)\n- [Our policies](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/our-policies\/)\n- [Cookies](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/our-policies\/choose-your-cookie-settings\/)\n\n© Crown copyright","attrs_readable_markdown":"**Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear.**\n\nEveryone experiences feelings of [anxiety](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/feelings-symptoms-behaviours\/feelings-and-symptoms\/anxiety-fear-panic\/) and panic at certain times. It's a natural response to stressful or dangerous situations.\n\nBut someone with panic disorder has feelings of anxiety, stress and panic regularly and at any time, often for no apparent reason.\n\n## Symptoms of panic disorder\n### Anxiety\nAnxiety is a feeling of unease. It can range from mild to severe, and can include feelings of worry and fear. Panic is the most severe form of anxiety.\n\nYou may start to avoid certain situations because you fear they'll trigger another attack.\n\nThis can create a cycle of living \"in fear of fear\". It can add to your sense of panic and may cause you to have more attacks.\n\n### Panic attacks\nDuring a panic attack you get a rush of intense mental and physical symptoms. It can come on very quickly and for no apparent reason.\n\nA panic attack can be very frightening and distressing.\n\nSymptoms include:\n\n- a racing heartbeat\n- feeling [faint](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/fainting\/)\n- sweating\n- nausea\n- chest pain\n- [shortness of breath](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/shortness-of-breath\/)\n- trembling\n- hot flushes\n- chills\n- shaky limbs\n- a choking sensation\n- dizziness\n- numbness or [pins and needles](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/pins-and-needles\/)\n- [dry mouth](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/dry-mouth\/)\n- a feeling of dread or a fear of dying\n- a churning stomach\n- a tingling in your fingers\n- feeling like you're not connected to your body\n\nMost panic attacks last between 5 and 20 minutes. Some have been reported to last up to an hour.\n\nThe number of attacks you have will depend on how severe your condition is. Some people have attacks once or twice a month, while others have them several times a week.\n\nAlthough panic attacks are frightening, they're not dangerous. An attack will not cause you any physical harm, and it's unlikely you'll be admitted to hospital if you have one.\n\nBe aware that most of these symptoms can also be symptoms of other conditions or problems, so you may not always be experiencing a panic attack.\n\nFor example, you may have a racing heartbeat if you have very low blood pressure.\n\n## When to get help\nSee a GP if you've been experiencing symptoms of panic disorder.\n\nThey'll ask you to describe your symptoms, how often you get them, and how long you have had them.\n\nThey may also carry out a physical examination to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms.\n\nIt can sometimes be difficult to talk about your feelings, emotions and personal life, but try not to feel anxious or embarrassed.\n\nYou may be diagnosed with panic disorder if you have regular and unexpected panic attacks followed by at least a month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks.\n\n## Treatments for panic disorder\nTreatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks you have and ease your symptoms.\n\n[Talking therapies](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/tests-and-treatments\/talking-therapies\/) and medicine are the main treatments for panic disorder. Your treatment will depend on your symptoms.\n\n### Talking therapies\nYou can refer yourself directly to a talking therapies service for treatment based on [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/tests-and-treatments\/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt\/).\n\n[Find a talking therapies service (England only)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/mental-health-services\/find-nhs-talking-therapies-for-anxiety-and-depression\/)\n\nIf you prefer, you can see a GP and they can refer you.\n\nYour therapist may discuss with you how you react when you have a panic attack and what you think about.\n\nThey can teach you ways of changing your behaviour to help you keep calm during an attack.\n\nYou may need to see your GP regularly while you're having CBT so they can assess your progress.\n\n### Medicine\nIf you and your doctor think it might be helpful, you may be prescribed:\n\n- a type of [antidepressant](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/antidepressants\/) called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or, if SSRIs are not suitable, a tricyclic antidepressant (usually imipramine or clomipramine)\n- an anti-epilepsy medicine such as [pregabalin](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/pregabalin\/) or, if your anxiety is severe, [clonazepam](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/clonazepam\/) (these medicines are also beneficial for treating anxiety)\n\n[Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/antidepressants\/) can take 2 to 4 weeks before they start to work, and up to 8 weeks to work fully.\n\nKeep taking your medicines, even if you feel they're not working, and only stop taking them if your GP advises you to do so.\n\n### Referral to a specialist\nIf your symptoms do not improve after CBT, medicine and connecting with a support group, your GP may refer you to a mental health specialist such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist.\n\nThe specialist will carry out an assessment and devise a treatment plan to help you manage your symptoms.\n\n### Video: Talking therapies for stress, anxiety and depression\nAnimated video explaining self-referral to talking therapies services for stress, anxiety or depression. Includes British Sign Language (BSL) translation.\n\nMedia last reviewed: 6 March 2023  \n Media review due: 6 March 2026\n\n## Things you can try yourself\n### What to do during a panic attack\nThe next time you feel a panic attack coming on:\n\n- stay where you are, if possible\n- breathe slowly and deeply\n- remind yourself that the attack will pass\n- focus on positive, peaceful and relaxing images\n- remember it's not life threatening\n### Preventing a further attack\nIt may help to:\n\n- read a self-help book for anxiety based on the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – ask your GP to recommend one\n- try activities like yoga and pilates, to help you relax\n- learn [breathing exercises for stress](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/self-help\/guides-tools-and-activities\/breathing-exercises-for-stress\/) to help ease symptoms\n- do [regular physical exercise](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/exercise\/) to reduce stress and tension\n- avoid sugary food and drinks, caffeine and alcohol, and [stop smoking](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/quit-smoking\/), as they can all make attacks worse\n\nFor more help on how to deal with panic attacks, read about [anxiety, fear and panic](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/feelings-symptoms-behaviours\/feelings-and-symptoms\/anxiety-fear-panic\/).\n\n### Support groups\nPanic disorder can have a big impact on your life, but support is available. It might help to speak to other people with the same condition, or to connect with a charity.\n\nYou may find the following links useful:\n\n- [Anxiety UK](https:\/\/www.anxietyuk.org.uk\/)\n- [Mind: understanding anxiety and panic attacks](https:\/\/www.mind.org.uk\/information-support\/types-of-mental-health-problems\/anxiety-and-panic-attacks\/panic-attacks\/#.WaACq0UrJhE)\n- [No Panic](https:\/\/www.nopanic.org.uk\/)\n- [Triumph Over Phobia (TOP UK)](https:\/\/www.topuk.org\/)\n\nAsk your GP about support groups for panic disorder near you.\n\n[Find mental health services in your area](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/mental-health-services\/)\n\n## Complications of panic disorder\nPanic disorder is treatable so it's best to get medical help as soon as you can.\n\nIf you do not get medical help, panic disorder can escalate and become very difficult to cope with.\n\nYou're more at risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as [agoraphobia](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/agoraphobia\/) or other [phobias](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/phobias-old\/), or an alcohol or drug problem.\n\nHaving panic disorder may affect your ability to drive. The law requires you to inform the [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agency) about a medical condition that could impact your driving ability.\n\nVisit GOV.UK for further information about [driving with a disability or health condition](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/browse\/driving\/disability-health-condition).\n\n## Causes\nAs with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood.\n\nBut it's thought to be linked to a combination of things, including:\n\n- a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as [bereavement](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/feelings-symptoms-behaviours\/feelings-and-symptoms\/grief-bereavement-loss\/)\n- having a close family member with panic disorder\n- an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain\n\n## Panic disorder in children\nIf your child has the signs and symptoms of panic disorder, they should see a GP.\n\nAfter taking a detailed medical history the GP will carry out a thorough physical examination to rule out any physical causes for the symptoms.\n\nThey may refer your child to a specialist for further assessment and treatment. The specialist may recommend a course of [CBT](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/tests-and-treatments\/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt\/) for your child.\n\nRead more about [anxiety disorders in children](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/children-and-young-adults\/advice-for-parents\/anxiety-disorders-in-children\/) or find out about [mental health support for children and young people](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/nhs-voluntary-charity-services\/nhs-services\/children-young-people-mental-health-services-cypmhs\/).","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Panic disorder - NHS
Meta Description	Panic disorder is where you keep having panic attacks, often for no obvious reason. Includes symptoms, treatments and self-help tips.
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Boilerpipe Text	Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. Everyone experiences feelings of anxiety and panic at certain times. It's a natural response to stressful or dangerous situations. But someone with panic disorder has feelings of anxiety, stress and panic regularly and at any time, often for no apparent reason. Symptoms of panic disorder Anxiety Anxiety is a feeling of unease. It can range from mild to severe, and can include feelings of worry and fear. Panic is the most severe form of anxiety. You may start to avoid certain situations because you fear they'll trigger another attack. This can create a cycle of living "in fear of fear". It can add to your sense of panic and may cause you to have more attacks. Panic attacks During a panic attack you get a rush of intense mental and physical symptoms. It can come on very quickly and for no apparent reason. A panic attack can be very frightening and distressing. Symptoms include: a racing heartbeat feeling faint sweating nausea chest pain shortness of breath trembling hot flushes chills shaky limbs a choking sensation dizziness numbness or pins and needles dry mouth a feeling of dread or a fear of dying a churning stomach a tingling in your fingers feeling like you're not connected to your body Most panic attacks last between 5 and 20 minutes. Some have been reported to last up to an hour. The number of attacks you have will depend on how severe your condition is. Some people have attacks once or twice a month, while others have them several times a week. Although panic attacks are frightening, they're not dangerous. An attack will not cause you any physical harm, and it's unlikely you'll be admitted to hospital if you have one. Be aware that most of these symptoms can also be symptoms of other conditions or problems, so you may not always be experiencing a panic attack. For example, you may have a racing heartbeat if you have very low blood pressure. When to get help See a GP if you've been experiencing symptoms of panic disorder. They'll ask you to describe your symptoms, how often you get them, and how long you have had them. They may also carry out a physical examination to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. It can sometimes be difficult to talk about your feelings, emotions and personal life, but try not to feel anxious or embarrassed. You may be diagnosed with panic disorder if you have regular and unexpected panic attacks followed by at least a month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks. Treatments for panic disorder Treatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks you have and ease your symptoms. Talking therapies and medicine are the main treatments for panic disorder. Your treatment will depend on your symptoms. Talking therapies You can refer yourself directly to a talking therapies service for treatment based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) . Find a talking therapies service (England only) If you prefer, you can see a GP and they can refer you. Your therapist may discuss with you how you react when you have a panic attack and what you think about. They can teach you ways of changing your behaviour to help you keep calm during an attack. You may need to see your GP regularly while you're having CBT so they can assess your progress. Medicine If you and your doctor think it might be helpful, you may be prescribed: a type of antidepressant called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or, if SSRIs are not suitable, a tricyclic antidepressant (usually imipramine or clomipramine) an anti-epilepsy medicine such as pregabalin or, if your anxiety is severe, clonazepam (these medicines are also beneficial for treating anxiety) Antidepressants can take 2 to 4 weeks before they start to work, and up to 8 weeks to work fully. Keep taking your medicines, even if you feel they're not working, and only stop taking them if your GP advises you to do so. Referral to a specialist If your symptoms do not improve after CBT, medicine and connecting with a support group, your GP may refer you to a mental health specialist such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. The specialist will carry out an assessment and devise a treatment plan to help you manage your symptoms. Video: Talking therapies for stress, anxiety and depression Animated video explaining self-referral to talking therapies services for stress, anxiety or depression. Includes British Sign Language (BSL) translation. Media last reviewed: 6 March 2023 Media review due: 6 March 2026 Things you can try yourself What to do during a panic attack The next time you feel a panic attack coming on: stay where you are, if possible breathe slowly and deeply remind yourself that the attack will pass focus on positive, peaceful and relaxing images remember it's not life threatening Preventing a further attack It may help to: read a self-help book for anxiety based on the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – ask your GP to recommend one try activities like yoga and pilates, to help you relax learn breathing exercises for stress to help ease symptoms do regular physical exercise to reduce stress and tension avoid sugary food and drinks, caffeine and alcohol, and stop smoking , as they can all make attacks worse For more help on how to deal with panic attacks, read about anxiety, fear and panic . Support groups Panic disorder can have a big impact on your life, but support is available. It might help to speak to other people with the same condition, or to connect with a charity. You may find the following links useful: Anxiety UK Mind: understanding anxiety and panic attacks No Panic Triumph Over Phobia (TOP UK) Ask your GP about support groups for panic disorder near you. Find mental health services in your area Complications of panic disorder Panic disorder is treatable so it's best to get medical help as soon as you can. If you do not get medical help, panic disorder can escalate and become very difficult to cope with. You're more at risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as agoraphobia or other phobias , or an alcohol or drug problem. Having panic disorder may affect your ability to drive. The law requires you to inform the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) about a medical condition that could impact your driving ability. Visit GOV.UK for further information about driving with a disability or health condition . Causes As with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. But it's thought to be linked to a combination of things, including: a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as bereavement having a close family member with panic disorder an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain Panic disorder in children If your child has the signs and symptoms of panic disorder, they should see a GP. After taking a detailed medical history the GP will carry out a thorough physical examination to rule out any physical causes for the symptoms. They may refer your child to a specialist for further assessment and treatment. The specialist may recommend a course of CBT for your child. Read more about anxiety disorders in children or find out about mental health support for children and young people .
Markdown	[Skip to main content](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder/#maincontent) - [Health A to Z](https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/) - [NHS services](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/) - [Healthy living](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/) - [Mental health](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/) - [Care and support](https://www.nhs.uk/social-care-and-support/) - [Home](https://www.nhs.uk/) - Browse More 1. [Home](https://www.nhs.uk/) 2. [Health A to Z](https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/) 3. [Mental health](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/) 4. [Mental health conditions](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/) [Back to Mental health conditions](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/) # Panic disorder Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. Everyone experiences feelings of [anxiety](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/anxiety-fear-panic/) and panic at certain times. It's a natural response to stressful or dangerous situations. But someone with panic disorder has feelings of anxiety, stress and panic regularly and at any time, often for no apparent reason. ## Symptoms of panic disorder ### Anxiety Anxiety is a feeling of unease. It can range from mild to severe, and can include feelings of worry and fear. Panic is the most severe form of anxiety. You may start to avoid certain situations because you fear they'll trigger another attack. This can create a cycle of living "in fear of fear". It can add to your sense of panic and may cause you to have more attacks. ### Panic attacks During a panic attack you get a rush of intense mental and physical symptoms. It can come on very quickly and for no apparent reason. A panic attack can be very frightening and distressing. Symptoms include: - a racing heartbeat - feeling [faint](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/fainting/) - sweating - nausea - chest pain - [shortness of breath](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/) - trembling - hot flushes - chills - shaky limbs - a choking sensation - dizziness - numbness or [pins and needles](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/pins-and-needles/) - [dry mouth](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/dry-mouth/) - a feeling of dread or a fear of dying - a churning stomach - a tingling in your fingers - feeling like you're not connected to your body Most panic attacks last between 5 and 20 minutes. Some have been reported to last up to an hour. The number of attacks you have will depend on how severe your condition is. Some people have attacks once or twice a month, while others have them several times a week. Although panic attacks are frightening, they're not dangerous. An attack will not cause you any physical harm, and it's unlikely you'll be admitted to hospital if you have one. Be aware that most of these symptoms can also be symptoms of other conditions or problems, so you may not always be experiencing a panic attack. For example, you may have a racing heartbeat if you have very low blood pressure. ## When to get help See a GP if you've been experiencing symptoms of panic disorder. They'll ask you to describe your symptoms, how often you get them, and how long you have had them. They may also carry out a physical examination to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. It can sometimes be difficult to talk about your feelings, emotions and personal life, but try not to feel anxious or embarrassed. You may be diagnosed with panic disorder if you have regular and unexpected panic attacks followed by at least a month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks. ## Treatments for panic disorder Treatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks you have and ease your symptoms. [Talking therapies](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/talking-therapies/) and medicine are the main treatments for panic disorder. Your treatment will depend on your symptoms. ### Talking therapies You can refer yourself directly to a talking therapies service for treatment based on [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/). [Find a talking therapies service (England only)](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/mental-health-services/find-nhs-talking-therapies-for-anxiety-and-depression/) If you prefer, you can see a GP and they can refer you. Your therapist may discuss with you how you react when you have a panic attack and what you think about. They can teach you ways of changing your behaviour to help you keep calm during an attack. You may need to see your GP regularly while you're having CBT so they can assess your progress. ### Medicine If you and your doctor think it might be helpful, you may be prescribed: - a type of [antidepressant](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/antidepressants/) called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or, if SSRIs are not suitable, a tricyclic antidepressant (usually imipramine or clomipramine) - an anti-epilepsy medicine such as [pregabalin](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/pregabalin/) or, if your anxiety is severe, [clonazepam](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/clonazepam/) (these medicines are also beneficial for treating anxiety) [Antidepressants](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/antidepressants/) can take 2 to 4 weeks before they start to work, and up to 8 weeks to work fully. Keep taking your medicines, even if you feel they're not working, and only stop taking them if your GP advises you to do so. ### Referral to a specialist If your symptoms do not improve after CBT, medicine and connecting with a support group, your GP may refer you to a mental health specialist such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. The specialist will carry out an assessment and devise a treatment plan to help you manage your symptoms. ### Video: Talking therapies for stress, anxiety and depression Animated video explaining self-referral to talking therapies services for stress, anxiety or depression. Includes British Sign Language (BSL) translation. Media last reviewed: 6 March 2023 Media review due: 6 March 2026 ## Things you can try yourself ### What to do during a panic attack The next time you feel a panic attack coming on: - stay where you are, if possible - breathe slowly and deeply - remind yourself that the attack will pass - focus on positive, peaceful and relaxing images - remember it's not life threatening ### Preventing a further attack It may help to: - read a self-help book for anxiety based on the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – ask your GP to recommend one - try activities like yoga and pilates, to help you relax - learn [breathing exercises for stress](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/guides-tools-and-activities/breathing-exercises-for-stress/) to help ease symptoms - do [regular physical exercise](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/) to reduce stress and tension - avoid sugary food and drinks, caffeine and alcohol, and [stop smoking](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/quit-smoking/), as they can all make attacks worse For more help on how to deal with panic attacks, read about [anxiety, fear and panic](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/anxiety-fear-panic/). ### Support groups Panic disorder can have a big impact on your life, but support is available. It might help to speak to other people with the same condition, or to connect with a charity. You may find the following links useful: - [Anxiety UK](https://www.anxietyuk.org.uk/) - [Mind: understanding anxiety and panic attacks](https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/anxiety-and-panic-attacks/panic-attacks/#.WaACq0UrJhE) - [No Panic](https://www.nopanic.org.uk/) - [Triumph Over Phobia (TOP UK)](https://www.topuk.org/) Ask your GP about support groups for panic disorder near you. [Find mental health services in your area](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/mental-health-services/) ## Complications of panic disorder Panic disorder is treatable so it's best to get medical help as soon as you can. If you do not get medical help, panic disorder can escalate and become very difficult to cope with. You're more at risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as [agoraphobia](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/agoraphobia/) or other [phobias](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias-old/), or an alcohol or drug problem. Having panic disorder may affect your ability to drive. The law requires you to inform the [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agency) about a medical condition that could impact your driving ability. Visit GOV.UK for further information about [driving with a disability or health condition](https://www.gov.uk/browse/driving/disability-health-condition). ## Causes As with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. But it's thought to be linked to a combination of things, including: - a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as [bereavement](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/grief-bereavement-loss/) - having a close family member with panic disorder - an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain ## Panic disorder in children If your child has the signs and symptoms of panic disorder, they should see a GP. After taking a detailed medical history the GP will carry out a thorough physical examination to rule out any physical causes for the symptoms. They may refer your child to a specialist for further assessment and treatment. The specialist may recommend a course of [CBT](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) for your child. Read more about [anxiety disorders in children](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/) or find out about [mental health support for children and young people](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/nhs-voluntary-charity-services/nhs-services/children-young-people-mental-health-services-cypmhs/). Page last reviewed: 22 August 2023 Next review due: 22 August 2026 ## Support links - [Home](https://www.nhs.uk/) - [Health A to Z](https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/) - [NHS services](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/) - [Healthy living](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/) - [Mental health](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/) - [Care and support](https://www.nhs.uk/social-care-and-support/) - [COVID-19](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/) - [NHS App](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-app/) - [Find my NHS number](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/online-services/find-nhs-number/) - [View your GP health record](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/gps/view-your-gp-health-record/) - [View your test results](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/online-services/view-your-test-results/) - [About the NHS](https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/about-the-nhs/) - [Healthcare abroad](https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/) - [Other NHS websites](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-sites/) - [Profile editor login](https://www.nhs.uk/our-policies/profile-editor-login/) - [About us](https://www.nhs.uk/about-us/) - [Report an issue with the NHS website](https://www.nhs.uk/report-an-issue-with-the-nhs-website) - [Accessibility statement](https://www.nhs.uk/accessibility-statement/) - [Our policies](https://www.nhs.uk/our-policies/) - [Cookies](https://www.nhs.uk/our-policies/choose-your-cookie-settings/) © Crown copyright
Readable Markdown	Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. Everyone experiences feelings of [anxiety](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/anxiety-fear-panic/) and panic at certain times. It's a natural response to stressful or dangerous situations. But someone with panic disorder has feelings of anxiety, stress and panic regularly and at any time, often for no apparent reason. ## Symptoms of panic disorder ### Anxiety Anxiety is a feeling of unease. It can range from mild to severe, and can include feelings of worry and fear. Panic is the most severe form of anxiety. You may start to avoid certain situations because you fear they'll trigger another attack. This can create a cycle of living "in fear of fear". It can add to your sense of panic and may cause you to have more attacks. ### Panic attacks During a panic attack you get a rush of intense mental and physical symptoms. It can come on very quickly and for no apparent reason. A panic attack can be very frightening and distressing. Symptoms include: - a racing heartbeat - feeling [faint](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/fainting/) - sweating - nausea - chest pain - [shortness of breath](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/) - trembling - hot flushes - chills - shaky limbs - a choking sensation - dizziness - numbness or [pins and needles](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/pins-and-needles/) - [dry mouth](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/dry-mouth/) - a feeling of dread or a fear of dying - a churning stomach - a tingling in your fingers - feeling like you're not connected to your body Most panic attacks last between 5 and 20 minutes. Some have been reported to last up to an hour. The number of attacks you have will depend on how severe your condition is. Some people have attacks once or twice a month, while others have them several times a week. Although panic attacks are frightening, they're not dangerous. An attack will not cause you any physical harm, and it's unlikely you'll be admitted to hospital if you have one. Be aware that most of these symptoms can also be symptoms of other conditions or problems, so you may not always be experiencing a panic attack. For example, you may have a racing heartbeat if you have very low blood pressure. ## When to get help See a GP if you've been experiencing symptoms of panic disorder. They'll ask you to describe your symptoms, how often you get them, and how long you have had them. They may also carry out a physical examination to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. It can sometimes be difficult to talk about your feelings, emotions and personal life, but try not to feel anxious or embarrassed. You may be diagnosed with panic disorder if you have regular and unexpected panic attacks followed by at least a month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks. ## Treatments for panic disorder Treatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks you have and ease your symptoms. [Talking therapies](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/talking-therapies/) and medicine are the main treatments for panic disorder. Your treatment will depend on your symptoms. ### Talking therapies You can refer yourself directly to a talking therapies service for treatment based on [cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/). [Find a talking therapies service (England only)](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/mental-health-services/find-nhs-talking-therapies-for-anxiety-and-depression/) If you prefer, you can see a GP and they can refer you. Your therapist may discuss with you how you react when you have a panic attack and what you think about. They can teach you ways of changing your behaviour to help you keep calm during an attack. You may need to see your GP regularly while you're having CBT so they can assess your progress. ### Medicine If you and your doctor think it might be helpful, you may be prescribed: - a type of [antidepressant](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/antidepressants/) called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or, if SSRIs are not suitable, a tricyclic antidepressant (usually imipramine or clomipramine) - an anti-epilepsy medicine such as [pregabalin](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/pregabalin/) or, if your anxiety is severe, [clonazepam](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/clonazepam/) (these medicines are also beneficial for treating anxiety) [Antidepressants](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/antidepressants/) can take 2 to 4 weeks before they start to work, and up to 8 weeks to work fully. Keep taking your medicines, even if you feel they're not working, and only stop taking them if your GP advises you to do so. ### Referral to a specialist If your symptoms do not improve after CBT, medicine and connecting with a support group, your GP may refer you to a mental health specialist such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. The specialist will carry out an assessment and devise a treatment plan to help you manage your symptoms. ### Video: Talking therapies for stress, anxiety and depression Animated video explaining self-referral to talking therapies services for stress, anxiety or depression. Includes British Sign Language (BSL) translation. Media last reviewed: 6 March 2023 Media review due: 6 March 2026 ## Things you can try yourself ### What to do during a panic attack The next time you feel a panic attack coming on: - stay where you are, if possible - breathe slowly and deeply - remind yourself that the attack will pass - focus on positive, peaceful and relaxing images - remember it's not life threatening ### Preventing a further attack It may help to: - read a self-help book for anxiety based on the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – ask your GP to recommend one - try activities like yoga and pilates, to help you relax - learn [breathing exercises for stress](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/guides-tools-and-activities/breathing-exercises-for-stress/) to help ease symptoms - do [regular physical exercise](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/) to reduce stress and tension - avoid sugary food and drinks, caffeine and alcohol, and [stop smoking](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/quit-smoking/), as they can all make attacks worse For more help on how to deal with panic attacks, read about [anxiety, fear and panic](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/anxiety-fear-panic/). ### Support groups Panic disorder can have a big impact on your life, but support is available. It might help to speak to other people with the same condition, or to connect with a charity. You may find the following links useful: - [Anxiety UK](https://www.anxietyuk.org.uk/) - [Mind: understanding anxiety and panic attacks](https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/anxiety-and-panic-attacks/panic-attacks/#.WaACq0UrJhE) - [No Panic](https://www.nopanic.org.uk/) - [Triumph Over Phobia (TOP UK)](https://www.topuk.org/) Ask your GP about support groups for panic disorder near you. [Find mental health services in your area](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/mental-health-services/) ## Complications of panic disorder Panic disorder is treatable so it's best to get medical help as soon as you can. If you do not get medical help, panic disorder can escalate and become very difficult to cope with. You're more at risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as [agoraphobia](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/agoraphobia/) or other [phobias](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias-old/), or an alcohol or drug problem. Having panic disorder may affect your ability to drive. The law requires you to inform the [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agency) about a medical condition that could impact your driving ability. Visit GOV.UK for further information about [driving with a disability or health condition](https://www.gov.uk/browse/driving/disability-health-condition). ## Causes As with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. But it's thought to be linked to a combination of things, including: - a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as [bereavement](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/grief-bereavement-loss/) - having a close family member with panic disorder - an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain ## Panic disorder in children If your child has the signs and symptoms of panic disorder, they should see a GP. After taking a detailed medical history the GP will carry out a thorough physical examination to rule out any physical causes for the symptoms. They may refer your child to a specialist for further assessment and treatment. The specialist may recommend a course of [CBT](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/) for your child. Read more about [anxiety disorders in children](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/) or find out about [mental health support for children and young people](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/nhs-voluntary-charity-services/nhs-services/children-young-people-mental-health-services-cypmhs/).
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