🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 75 (from laksa050)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa075.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/nsaids/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/nsaids/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/nsaids\/","crawl_time":1775449608,"first_indexed_time":1749827681,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"uk,nhs,www!\/medicines\/nsaids\/ s443","src_root_hash":"11359509702434384875","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"NSAIDs - NHS","meta_descriptions":["Read about non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a medicine used for relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and bringing down a high temperature."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature.\nThey're often used to relieve symptoms of:\nheadaches\npainful periods\nsprains and strains\ncolds\nand\nflu\ncoronavirus (COVID-19)\nconditions such as \narthritis\nthat can cause long-term pain\nAlthough NSAIDs are commonly used, they're not suitable for everyone and can sometimes cause side effects.\nThis information is a general overview of NSAIDs.\nFor information about a specific medicine, you can \nlook up your medicine\n in the Medicines A to Z.\nTypes of NSAIDs\nNSAIDs are available as tablets, capsules, suppositories (capsules inserted into the bottom), creams, gels and injections.\nSome can be bought over the counter from pharmacies, while others need a prescription.\nThe main types of NSAIDs include:\nibuprofen\nnaproxen\ndiclofenac\ncelecoxib\nmefenamic acid\netoricoxib\nindomethacin\naspirin for pain relief\n (low-dose aspirin is not normally considered to be an NSAID)\nNSAIDs may be sold or prescribed under these names or a brand name.\nThey're all similarly effective, although you may find a particular one works best for you.\nWho can take NSAIDs\nMost people can take NSAIDs, but some people need to be careful about taking them.\nIt's a good idea to ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice before taking an NSAID if you:\nare over 65 years of age\nare pregnant or trying for a baby\nare breastfeeding\nhave \nasthma\nhave had an \nallergic reaction\nto NSAIDs in the past\nhave had \nstomach ulcers\nin the past\nhave any problems with your heart, liver, kidneys, blood pressure, circulation or bowels\nare taking other medicines\nare looking for medicine for a child under 16 (do not give any medicine that contains aspirin to children under 16)\nNSAIDs might not necessarily need to be avoided in these cases, but they should only be used on the advice of a healthcare professional as there may be a higher risk of side effects.\nIf NSAIDs are not suitable, your pharmacist or doctor may suggest alternatives to NSAIDs, such as\nparacetamol\n.\nSide effects of NSAIDs\nLike all medicines, there's a risk of side effects from NSAIDs.\nThese tend to be more common if you're taking high doses for a long time, or you're elderly or in poor general health.\nOver-the-counter NSAIDs generally have fewer side effects than stronger prescription medicines.\nPossible side effects of NSAIDs include:\nindigestion\n – including\nstomach aches\n, feeling sick and \ndiarrhoea\nstomach ulcers\n – these can cause internal bleeding and \nanaemia\n; extra medicine to protect your stomach may be prescribed to help reduce this risk\nheadaches\ndrowsiness\ndizziness\nallergic reactions\nin rare cases, problems with your liver, kidneys or heart and circulation, such as \nheart failure\n, \nheart attacks\n and \nstrokes\nIf you're bothered by side effects, stop taking your medicine and tell your doctor.\nInteractions with other medicines\nSome NSAIDs can react unpredictably with other medicines.\nThis can affect how well either medicine works and increase the risk of side effects.\nIt's particularly important to get medical advice before taking an NSAID if you're already taking:\nanother NSAID\nlow-dose aspirin\n or \nwarfarin\n – medicines used to prevent\nblood clots\nciclosporin – a medicine used to treat autoimmune conditions, such as\narthritis\nor \nulcerative colitis\ndiuretics – medicines sometimes used to treat \nhigh blood pressure\nlithium – a medicine used to treat mental health problems, including\nbipolar disorder\nand severe\ndepression\nmethotrexate – a medicine used to treat inflammatory conditions such as \nrheumatoid arthritis\na type of \nantidepressant medicine\n called a \nselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)\n– examples of SSRIs are\ncitalopram\nand\nfluoxetine (Prozac)\nIf you're not sure whether a medicine you're taking is safe to take at the same time as an NSAID, check the leaflet that comes with it, or ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice.\nFood and alcohol\nThe leaflet that comes with your medicine should say whether you need to avoid any particular foods or drinks. Ask your pharmacist or doctor if you're not sure.\nFor information about a specific medicine, check the\nproduct information about medicines on the GOV.UK website\n.\nGenerally, you do not need to avoid any specific foods while taking NSAIDs. \nTablets or capsules should normally be swallowed whole, without chewing, and taken with water or food to stop them upsetting your stomach.\nIt's usually safe to drink alcohol while taking NSAIDs, but drinking alcohol excessively may irritate your stomach.\nOverdoses of NSAIDs\nTaking too much of an NSAID can be dangerous. This is known as taking an overdose.\nContact your GP or \nNHS 111\nfor advice immediately if you take too much of your medicine.\nCall 999 for an ambulance immediately if you or someone else experiences serious effects of an overdose, such as fits (seizures), breathing difficulties, or loss of consciousness.\nAlternatives to NSAIDs\nAs NSAIDs can cause troublesome side effects, alternatives are often recommended first.\nThe main alternative for pain relief is \nparacetamol\n, which is available over the counter and is safe for most people to take.\nNSAID creams and gels that you rub into your skin may be worth trying first if you have muscle or \njoint pain\nin a particular part of your body, as they tend to have fewer side effects than tablets or capsules.\nYour doctor may also be able to recommend different medicines and therapies depending on the health problem you have.\nFor example,\nphysiotherapy\n may help some people with muscle or joint pain.\nPage last reviewed: 07 October 2022\nNext review due: 07 October 2025","attrs_markdown":"\n\n[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/nsaids\/#maincontent)\n\n- [Health A to Z](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/health-a-to-z\/)\n- [NHS services](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/)\n- [Healthy living](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/)\n- [Mental health](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/)\n- [Care and support](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/social-care-and-support\/)\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/)\n- Browse More\n\n1. [Home](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/)\n2. [Health A to Z](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/health-a-to-z\/)\n3. [Medicines A to Z](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/)\n\n[Back to Medicines A to Z](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/)\n\n# NSAIDs\n**Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature.**\n\nThey're often used to relieve symptoms of:\n\n- [headaches](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/headaches\/)\n- [painful periods](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/period-pain\/)\n- [sprains and strains](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/sprains-and-strains\/)\n- [colds](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/common-cold\/) and [flu](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/flu\/)\n- [coronavirus (COVID-19)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/coronavirus-covid-19\/)\n- conditions such as [arthritis](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/arthritis\/) that can cause long-term pain\n\nAlthough NSAIDs are commonly used, they're not suitable for everyone and can sometimes cause side effects.\n\nThis information is a general overview of NSAIDs.\n\nFor information about a specific medicine, you can [look up your medicine](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/) in the Medicines A to Z.\n\n## Types of NSAIDs\nNSAIDs are available as tablets, capsules, suppositories (capsules inserted into the bottom), creams, gels and injections.\n\nSome can be bought over the counter from pharmacies, while others need a prescription.\n\nThe main types of NSAIDs include:\n\n- [ibuprofen](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/ibuprofen-for-adults\/)\n- [naproxen](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/naproxen\/)\n- [diclofenac](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/diclofenac\/)\n- celecoxib\n- mefenamic acid\n- etoricoxib\n- indomethacin\n- [aspirin for pain relief](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/aspirin-for-pain-relief\/) (low-dose aspirin is not normally considered to be an NSAID)\n\nNSAIDs may be sold or prescribed under these names or a brand name.\n\nThey're all similarly effective, although you may find a particular one works best for you.\n\n## Who can take NSAIDs\nMost people can take NSAIDs, but some people need to be careful about taking them.\n\nIt's a good idea to ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice before taking an NSAID if you:\n\n- are over 65 years of age\n- are pregnant or trying for a baby\n- are breastfeeding\n- have [asthma](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/asthma\/)\n- have had an [allergic reaction](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/allergies\/symptoms\/) to NSAIDs in the past\n- have had [stomach ulcers](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/stomach-ulcer\/) in the past\n- have any problems with your heart, liver, kidneys, blood pressure, circulation or bowels\n- are taking other medicines\n- are looking for medicine for a child under 16 (do not give any medicine that contains aspirin to children under 16)\n\nNSAIDs might not necessarily need to be avoided in these cases, but they should only be used on the advice of a healthcare professional as there may be a higher risk of side effects.\n\nIf NSAIDs are not suitable, your pharmacist or doctor may suggest alternatives to NSAIDs, such as [paracetamol](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/paracetamol-for-adults\/).\n\n## Side effects of NSAIDs\nLike all medicines, there's a risk of side effects from NSAIDs.\n\nThese tend to be more common if you're taking high doses for a long time, or you're elderly or in poor general health.\n\nOver-the-counter NSAIDs generally have fewer side effects than stronger prescription medicines.\n\nPossible side effects of NSAIDs include:\n\n- [indigestion](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/indigestion\/) – including [stomach aches](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/stomach-ache\/), feeling sick and [diarrhoea](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/diarrhoea\/)\n- [stomach ulcers](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/stomach-ulcer\/) – these can cause internal bleeding and [anaemia](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/iron-deficiency-anaemia\/); extra medicine to protect your stomach may be prescribed to help reduce this risk\n- [headaches](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/headaches\/)\n- drowsiness\n- [dizziness](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/dizziness\/)\n- allergic reactions\n- in rare cases, problems with your liver, kidneys or heart and circulation, such as [heart failure](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/heart-failure\/), [heart attacks](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/heart-attack\/) and [strokes](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/stroke\/)\n\nIf you're bothered by side effects, stop taking your medicine and tell your doctor.\n\n## Interactions with other medicines\nSome NSAIDs can react unpredictably with other medicines.\n\nThis can affect how well either medicine works and increase the risk of side effects.\n\nIt's particularly important to get medical advice before taking an NSAID if you're already taking:\n\n- another NSAID\n- [low-dose aspirin](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/low-dose-aspirin\/) or [warfarin](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/warfarin\/) – medicines used to prevent [blood clots](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/blood-clots\/)\n- ciclosporin – a medicine used to treat autoimmune conditions, such as [arthritis](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/arthritis\/) or [ulcerative colitis](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/ulcerative-colitis\/)\n- diuretics – medicines sometimes used to treat [high blood pressure](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/high-blood-pressure-hypertension\/)\n- lithium – a medicine used to treat mental health problems, including [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/bipolar-disorder\/) and severe [depression](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/clinical-depression\/)\n- methotrexate – a medicine used to treat inflammatory conditions such as [rheumatoid arthritis](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/rheumatoid-arthritis\/)\n- a type of [antidepressant medicine](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/antidepressants\/) called a [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/ssri-antidepressants\/) – examples of SSRIs are [citalopram](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/citalopram\/) and [fluoxetine (Prozac)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/fluoxetine-prozac\/)\n\nIf you're not sure whether a medicine you're taking is safe to take at the same time as an NSAID, check the leaflet that comes with it, or ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice.\n\n## Food and alcohol\nThe leaflet that comes with your medicine should say whether you need to avoid any particular foods or drinks. Ask your pharmacist or doctor if you're not sure.\n\nFor information about a specific medicine, check the [product information about medicines on the GOV.UK website](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/find-product-information-about-medicines).\n\nGenerally, you do not need to avoid any specific foods while taking NSAIDs.\n\nTablets or capsules should normally be swallowed whole, without chewing, and taken with water or food to stop them upsetting your stomach.\n\nIt's usually safe to drink alcohol while taking NSAIDs, but drinking alcohol excessively may irritate your stomach.\n\n## Overdoses of NSAIDs\nTaking too much of an NSAID can be dangerous. This is known as taking an overdose.\n\nContact your GP or [NHS 111](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/using-the-nhs\/nhs-services\/urgent-and-emergency-care\/nhs-111\/) for advice immediately if you take too much of your medicine.\n\nCall 999 for an ambulance immediately if you or someone else experiences serious effects of an overdose, such as fits (seizures), breathing difficulties, or loss of consciousness.\n\n## Alternatives to NSAIDs\nAs NSAIDs can cause troublesome side effects, alternatives are often recommended first.\n\nThe main alternative for pain relief is [paracetamol](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/paracetamol-for-adults\/), which is available over the counter and is safe for most people to take.\n\nNSAID creams and gels that you rub into your skin may be worth trying first if you have muscle or [joint pain](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/joint-pain\/) in a particular part of your body, as they tend to have fewer side effects than tablets or capsules.\n\nYour doctor may also be able to recommend different medicines and therapies depending on the health problem you have.\n\nFor example, [physiotherapy](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/tests-and-treatments\/physiotherapy\/) may help some people with muscle or joint pain.\n\nPage last reviewed: 07 October 2022  \n Next review due: 07 October 2025\n\n## Support links\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/)\n- [Health A to Z](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/health-a-to-z\/)\n- [NHS services](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/)\n- [Healthy living](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/)\n- [Mental health](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/)\n- [Care and support](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/social-care-and-support\/)\n- [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/covid-19\/)\n\n- [NHS App](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-app\/)\n- [Find my NHS number](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/online-services\/find-nhs-number\/)\n- [View your GP health record](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/gps\/view-your-gp-health-record\/)\n- [View your test results](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-services\/online-services\/view-your-test-results\/)\n- [About the NHS](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/using-the-nhs\/about-the-nhs\/)\n- [Healthcare abroad](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/using-the-nhs\/healthcare-abroad\/)\n\n- [Other NHS websites](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/nhs-sites\/)\n- [Profile editor login](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/our-policies\/profile-editor-login\/)\n\n- [About us](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/about-us\/)\n- [Report an issue with the NHS website](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/report-an-issue-with-the-nhs-website)\n- [Accessibility statement](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/accessibility-statement\/)\n- [Our policies](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/our-policies\/)\n- [Cookies](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/our-policies\/choose-your-cookie-settings\/)\n\n© Crown copyright","attrs_readable_markdown":"**Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature.**\n\nThey're often used to relieve symptoms of:\n\n- [headaches](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/headaches\/)\n- [painful periods](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/period-pain\/)\n- [sprains and strains](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/sprains-and-strains\/)\n- [colds](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/common-cold\/) and [flu](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/flu\/)\n- [coronavirus (COVID-19)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/coronavirus-covid-19\/)\n- conditions such as [arthritis](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/arthritis\/) that can cause long-term pain\n\nAlthough NSAIDs are commonly used, they're not suitable for everyone and can sometimes cause side effects.\n\nThis information is a general overview of NSAIDs.\n\nFor information about a specific medicine, you can [look up your medicine](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/) in the Medicines A to Z.\n\n## Types of NSAIDs\nNSAIDs are available as tablets, capsules, suppositories (capsules inserted into the bottom), creams, gels and injections.\n\nSome can be bought over the counter from pharmacies, while others need a prescription.\n\nThe main types of NSAIDs include:\n\n- [ibuprofen](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/ibuprofen-for-adults\/)\n- [naproxen](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/naproxen\/)\n- [diclofenac](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/diclofenac\/)\n- celecoxib\n- mefenamic acid\n- etoricoxib\n- indomethacin\n- [aspirin for pain relief](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/aspirin-for-pain-relief\/) (low-dose aspirin is not normally considered to be an NSAID)\n\nNSAIDs may be sold or prescribed under these names or a brand name.\n\nThey're all similarly effective, although you may find a particular one works best for you.\n\n## Who can take NSAIDs\nMost people can take NSAIDs, but some people need to be careful about taking them.\n\nIt's a good idea to ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice before taking an NSAID if you:\n\n- are over 65 years of age\n- are pregnant or trying for a baby\n- are breastfeeding\n- have [asthma](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/asthma\/)\n- have had an [allergic reaction](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/allergies\/symptoms\/) to NSAIDs in the past\n- have had [stomach ulcers](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/stomach-ulcer\/) in the past\n- have any problems with your heart, liver, kidneys, blood pressure, circulation or bowels\n- are taking other medicines\n- are looking for medicine for a child under 16 (do not give any medicine that contains aspirin to children under 16)\n\nNSAIDs might not necessarily need to be avoided in these cases, but they should only be used on the advice of a healthcare professional as there may be a higher risk of side effects.\n\nIf NSAIDs are not suitable, your pharmacist or doctor may suggest alternatives to NSAIDs, such as [paracetamol](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/paracetamol-for-adults\/).\n\n## Side effects of NSAIDs\nLike all medicines, there's a risk of side effects from NSAIDs.\n\nThese tend to be more common if you're taking high doses for a long time, or you're elderly or in poor general health.\n\nOver-the-counter NSAIDs generally have fewer side effects than stronger prescription medicines.\n\nPossible side effects of NSAIDs include:\n\n- [indigestion](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/indigestion\/) – including [stomach aches](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/stomach-ache\/), feeling sick and [diarrhoea](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/diarrhoea\/)\n- [stomach ulcers](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/stomach-ulcer\/) – these can cause internal bleeding and [anaemia](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/iron-deficiency-anaemia\/); extra medicine to protect your stomach may be prescribed to help reduce this risk\n- [headaches](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/headaches\/)\n- drowsiness\n- [dizziness](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/dizziness\/)\n- allergic reactions\n- in rare cases, problems with your liver, kidneys or heart and circulation, such as [heart failure](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/heart-failure\/), [heart attacks](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/heart-attack\/) and [strokes](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/stroke\/)\n\nIf you're bothered by side effects, stop taking your medicine and tell your doctor.\n\n## Interactions with other medicines\nSome NSAIDs can react unpredictably with other medicines.\n\nThis can affect how well either medicine works and increase the risk of side effects.\n\nIt's particularly important to get medical advice before taking an NSAID if you're already taking:\n\n- another NSAID\n- [low-dose aspirin](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/low-dose-aspirin\/) or [warfarin](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/warfarin\/) – medicines used to prevent [blood clots](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/blood-clots\/)\n- ciclosporin – a medicine used to treat autoimmune conditions, such as [arthritis](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/arthritis\/) or [ulcerative colitis](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/ulcerative-colitis\/)\n- diuretics – medicines sometimes used to treat [high blood pressure](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/high-blood-pressure-hypertension\/)\n- lithium – a medicine used to treat mental health problems, including [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/bipolar-disorder\/) and severe [depression](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/clinical-depression\/)\n- methotrexate – a medicine used to treat inflammatory conditions such as [rheumatoid arthritis](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/rheumatoid-arthritis\/)\n- a type of [antidepressant medicine](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/antidepressants\/) called a [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/ssri-antidepressants\/) – examples of SSRIs are [citalopram](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/citalopram\/) and [fluoxetine (Prozac)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/fluoxetine-prozac\/)\n\nIf you're not sure whether a medicine you're taking is safe to take at the same time as an NSAID, check the leaflet that comes with it, or ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice.\n\n## Food and alcohol\nThe leaflet that comes with your medicine should say whether you need to avoid any particular foods or drinks. Ask your pharmacist or doctor if you're not sure.\n\nFor information about a specific medicine, check the [product information about medicines on the GOV.UK website](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/find-product-information-about-medicines).\n\nGenerally, you do not need to avoid any specific foods while taking NSAIDs.\n\nTablets or capsules should normally be swallowed whole, without chewing, and taken with water or food to stop them upsetting your stomach.\n\nIt's usually safe to drink alcohol while taking NSAIDs, but drinking alcohol excessively may irritate your stomach.\n\n## Overdoses of NSAIDs\nTaking too much of an NSAID can be dangerous. This is known as taking an overdose.\n\nContact your GP or [NHS 111](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/using-the-nhs\/nhs-services\/urgent-and-emergency-care\/nhs-111\/) for advice immediately if you take too much of your medicine.\n\nCall 999 for an ambulance immediately if you or someone else experiences serious effects of an overdose, such as fits (seizures), breathing difficulties, or loss of consciousness.\n\n## Alternatives to NSAIDs\nAs NSAIDs can cause troublesome side effects, alternatives are often recommended first.\n\nThe main alternative for pain relief is [paracetamol](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/paracetamol-for-adults\/), which is available over the counter and is safe for most people to take.\n\nNSAID creams and gels that you rub into your skin may be worth trying first if you have muscle or [joint pain](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/symptoms\/joint-pain\/) in a particular part of your body, as they tend to have fewer side effects than tablets or capsules.\n\nYour doctor may also be able to recommend different medicines and therapies depending on the health problem you have.\n\nFor example, [physiotherapy](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/tests-and-treatments\/physiotherapy\/) may help some people with muscle or joint pain.\n\nPage last reviewed: 07 October 2022  \n Next review due: 07 October 2025","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

1 day ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

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URL	https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/nsaids/
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Meta Title	NSAIDs - NHS
Meta Description	Read about non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a medicine used for relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and bringing down a high temperature.
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Boilerpipe Text	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature. They're often used to relieve symptoms of: headaches painful periods sprains and strains colds and flu coronavirus (COVID-19) conditions such as arthritis that can cause long-term pain Although NSAIDs are commonly used, they're not suitable for everyone and can sometimes cause side effects. This information is a general overview of NSAIDs. For information about a specific medicine, you can look up your medicine in the Medicines A to Z. Types of NSAIDs NSAIDs are available as tablets, capsules, suppositories (capsules inserted into the bottom), creams, gels and injections. Some can be bought over the counter from pharmacies, while others need a prescription. The main types of NSAIDs include: ibuprofen naproxen diclofenac celecoxib mefenamic acid etoricoxib indomethacin aspirin for pain relief (low-dose aspirin is not normally considered to be an NSAID) NSAIDs may be sold or prescribed under these names or a brand name. They're all similarly effective, although you may find a particular one works best for you. Who can take NSAIDs Most people can take NSAIDs, but some people need to be careful about taking them. It's a good idea to ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice before taking an NSAID if you: are over 65 years of age are pregnant or trying for a baby are breastfeeding have asthma have had an allergic reaction to NSAIDs in the past have had stomach ulcers in the past have any problems with your heart, liver, kidneys, blood pressure, circulation or bowels are taking other medicines are looking for medicine for a child under 16 (do not give any medicine that contains aspirin to children under 16) NSAIDs might not necessarily need to be avoided in these cases, but they should only be used on the advice of a healthcare professional as there may be a higher risk of side effects. If NSAIDs are not suitable, your pharmacist or doctor may suggest alternatives to NSAIDs, such as paracetamol . Side effects of NSAIDs Like all medicines, there's a risk of side effects from NSAIDs. These tend to be more common if you're taking high doses for a long time, or you're elderly or in poor general health. Over-the-counter NSAIDs generally have fewer side effects than stronger prescription medicines. Possible side effects of NSAIDs include: indigestion – including stomach aches , feeling sick and diarrhoea stomach ulcers – these can cause internal bleeding and anaemia ; extra medicine to protect your stomach may be prescribed to help reduce this risk headaches drowsiness dizziness allergic reactions in rare cases, problems with your liver, kidneys or heart and circulation, such as heart failure , heart attacks and strokes If you're bothered by side effects, stop taking your medicine and tell your doctor. Interactions with other medicines Some NSAIDs can react unpredictably with other medicines. This can affect how well either medicine works and increase the risk of side effects. It's particularly important to get medical advice before taking an NSAID if you're already taking: another NSAID low-dose aspirin or warfarin – medicines used to prevent blood clots ciclosporin – a medicine used to treat autoimmune conditions, such as arthritis or ulcerative colitis diuretics – medicines sometimes used to treat high blood pressure lithium – a medicine used to treat mental health problems, including bipolar disorder and severe depression methotrexate – a medicine used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis a type of antidepressant medicine called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) – examples of SSRIs are citalopram and fluoxetine (Prozac) If you're not sure whether a medicine you're taking is safe to take at the same time as an NSAID, check the leaflet that comes with it, or ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice. Food and alcohol The leaflet that comes with your medicine should say whether you need to avoid any particular foods or drinks. Ask your pharmacist or doctor if you're not sure. For information about a specific medicine, check the product information about medicines on the GOV.UK website . Generally, you do not need to avoid any specific foods while taking NSAIDs. Tablets or capsules should normally be swallowed whole, without chewing, and taken with water or food to stop them upsetting your stomach. It's usually safe to drink alcohol while taking NSAIDs, but drinking alcohol excessively may irritate your stomach. Overdoses of NSAIDs Taking too much of an NSAID can be dangerous. This is known as taking an overdose. Contact your GP or NHS 111 for advice immediately if you take too much of your medicine. Call 999 for an ambulance immediately if you or someone else experiences serious effects of an overdose, such as fits (seizures), breathing difficulties, or loss of consciousness. Alternatives to NSAIDs As NSAIDs can cause troublesome side effects, alternatives are often recommended first. The main alternative for pain relief is paracetamol , which is available over the counter and is safe for most people to take. NSAID creams and gels that you rub into your skin may be worth trying first if you have muscle or joint pain in a particular part of your body, as they tend to have fewer side effects than tablets or capsules. Your doctor may also be able to recommend different medicines and therapies depending on the health problem you have. For example, physiotherapy may help some people with muscle or joint pain. Page last reviewed: 07 October 2022 Next review due: 07 October 2025
Markdown	[Skip to main content](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/nsaids/#maincontent) - [Health A to Z](https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/) - [NHS services](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/) - [Healthy living](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/) - [Mental health](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/) - [Care and support](https://www.nhs.uk/social-care-and-support/) - [Home](https://www.nhs.uk/) - Browse More 1. [Home](https://www.nhs.uk/) 2. [Health A to Z](https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/) 3. [Medicines A to Z](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/) [Back to Medicines A to Z](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/) # NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature. They're often used to relieve symptoms of: - [headaches](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/headaches/) - [painful periods](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/period-pain/) - [sprains and strains](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sprains-and-strains/) - [colds](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/) and [flu](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/flu/) - [coronavirus (COVID-19)](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/) - conditions such as [arthritis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arthritis/) that can cause long-term pain Although NSAIDs are commonly used, they're not suitable for everyone and can sometimes cause side effects. This information is a general overview of NSAIDs. For information about a specific medicine, you can [look up your medicine](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/) in the Medicines A to Z. ## Types of NSAIDs NSAIDs are available as tablets, capsules, suppositories (capsules inserted into the bottom), creams, gels and injections. Some can be bought over the counter from pharmacies, while others need a prescription. The main types of NSAIDs include: - [ibuprofen](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) - [naproxen](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/naproxen/) - [diclofenac](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diclofenac/) - celecoxib - mefenamic acid - etoricoxib - indomethacin - [aspirin for pain relief](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/aspirin-for-pain-relief/) (low-dose aspirin is not normally considered to be an NSAID) NSAIDs may be sold or prescribed under these names or a brand name. They're all similarly effective, although you may find a particular one works best for you. ## Who can take NSAIDs Most people can take NSAIDs, but some people need to be careful about taking them. It's a good idea to ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice before taking an NSAID if you: - are over 65 years of age - are pregnant or trying for a baby - are breastfeeding - have [asthma](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/) - have had an [allergic reaction](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/allergies/symptoms/) to NSAIDs in the past - have had [stomach ulcers](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/) in the past - have any problems with your heart, liver, kidneys, blood pressure, circulation or bowels - are taking other medicines - are looking for medicine for a child under 16 (do not give any medicine that contains aspirin to children under 16) NSAIDs might not necessarily need to be avoided in these cases, but they should only be used on the advice of a healthcare professional as there may be a higher risk of side effects. If NSAIDs are not suitable, your pharmacist or doctor may suggest alternatives to NSAIDs, such as [paracetamol](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/). ## Side effects of NSAIDs Like all medicines, there's a risk of side effects from NSAIDs. These tend to be more common if you're taking high doses for a long time, or you're elderly or in poor general health. Over-the-counter NSAIDs generally have fewer side effects than stronger prescription medicines. Possible side effects of NSAIDs include: - [indigestion](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/indigestion/) – including [stomach aches](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/stomach-ache/), feeling sick and [diarrhoea](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diarrhoea/) - [stomach ulcers](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/) – these can cause internal bleeding and [anaemia](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/); extra medicine to protect your stomach may be prescribed to help reduce this risk - [headaches](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/headaches/) - drowsiness - [dizziness](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/dizziness/) - allergic reactions - in rare cases, problems with your liver, kidneys or heart and circulation, such as [heart failure](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/), [heart attacks](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/) and [strokes](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/) If you're bothered by side effects, stop taking your medicine and tell your doctor. ## Interactions with other medicines Some NSAIDs can react unpredictably with other medicines. This can affect how well either medicine works and increase the risk of side effects. It's particularly important to get medical advice before taking an NSAID if you're already taking: - another NSAID - [low-dose aspirin](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/low-dose-aspirin/) or [warfarin](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/warfarin/) – medicines used to prevent [blood clots](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-clots/) - ciclosporin – a medicine used to treat autoimmune conditions, such as [arthritis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arthritis/) or [ulcerative colitis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/) - diuretics – medicines sometimes used to treat [high blood pressure](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) - lithium – a medicine used to treat mental health problems, including [bipolar disorder](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bipolar-disorder/) and severe [depression](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/clinical-depression/) - methotrexate – a medicine used to treat inflammatory conditions such as [rheumatoid arthritis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/) - a type of [antidepressant medicine](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antidepressants/) called a [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ssri-antidepressants/) – examples of SSRIs are [citalopram](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/citalopram/) and [fluoxetine (Prozac)](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/fluoxetine-prozac/) If you're not sure whether a medicine you're taking is safe to take at the same time as an NSAID, check the leaflet that comes with it, or ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice. ## Food and alcohol The leaflet that comes with your medicine should say whether you need to avoid any particular foods or drinks. Ask your pharmacist or doctor if you're not sure. For information about a specific medicine, check the [product information about medicines on the GOV.UK website](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/find-product-information-about-medicines). Generally, you do not need to avoid any specific foods while taking NSAIDs. Tablets or capsules should normally be swallowed whole, without chewing, and taken with water or food to stop them upsetting your stomach. It's usually safe to drink alcohol while taking NSAIDs, but drinking alcohol excessively may irritate your stomach. ## Overdoses of NSAIDs Taking too much of an NSAID can be dangerous. This is known as taking an overdose. Contact your GP or [NHS 111](https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/nhs-services/urgent-and-emergency-care/nhs-111/) for advice immediately if you take too much of your medicine. Call 999 for an ambulance immediately if you or someone else experiences serious effects of an overdose, such as fits (seizures), breathing difficulties, or loss of consciousness. ## Alternatives to NSAIDs As NSAIDs can cause troublesome side effects, alternatives are often recommended first. The main alternative for pain relief is [paracetamol](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/), which is available over the counter and is safe for most people to take. NSAID creams and gels that you rub into your skin may be worth trying first if you have muscle or [joint pain](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/joint-pain/) in a particular part of your body, as they tend to have fewer side effects than tablets or capsules. Your doctor may also be able to recommend different medicines and therapies depending on the health problem you have. For example, [physiotherapy](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) may help some people with muscle or joint pain. Page last reviewed: 07 October 2022 Next review due: 07 October 2025 ## Support links - [Home](https://www.nhs.uk/) - [Health A to Z](https://www.nhs.uk/health-a-to-z/) - [NHS services](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/) - [Healthy living](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/) - [Mental health](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/) - [Care and support](https://www.nhs.uk/social-care-and-support/) - [COVID-19](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/) - [NHS App](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-app/) - [Find my NHS number](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/online-services/find-nhs-number/) - [View your GP health record](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/gps/view-your-gp-health-record/) - [View your test results](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/online-services/view-your-test-results/) - [About the NHS](https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/about-the-nhs/) - [Healthcare abroad](https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/) - [Other NHS websites](https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-sites/) - [Profile editor login](https://www.nhs.uk/our-policies/profile-editor-login/) - [About us](https://www.nhs.uk/about-us/) - [Report an issue with the NHS website](https://www.nhs.uk/report-an-issue-with-the-nhs-website) - [Accessibility statement](https://www.nhs.uk/accessibility-statement/) - [Our policies](https://www.nhs.uk/our-policies/) - [Cookies](https://www.nhs.uk/our-policies/choose-your-cookie-settings/) © Crown copyright
Readable Markdown	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature. They're often used to relieve symptoms of: - [headaches](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/headaches/) - [painful periods](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/period-pain/) - [sprains and strains](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sprains-and-strains/) - [colds](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/) and [flu](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/flu/) - [coronavirus (COVID-19)](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/) - conditions such as [arthritis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arthritis/) that can cause long-term pain Although NSAIDs are commonly used, they're not suitable for everyone and can sometimes cause side effects. This information is a general overview of NSAIDs. For information about a specific medicine, you can [look up your medicine](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/) in the Medicines A to Z. ## Types of NSAIDs NSAIDs are available as tablets, capsules, suppositories (capsules inserted into the bottom), creams, gels and injections. Some can be bought over the counter from pharmacies, while others need a prescription. The main types of NSAIDs include: - [ibuprofen](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/) - [naproxen](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/naproxen/) - [diclofenac](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diclofenac/) - celecoxib - mefenamic acid - etoricoxib - indomethacin - [aspirin for pain relief](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/aspirin-for-pain-relief/) (low-dose aspirin is not normally considered to be an NSAID) NSAIDs may be sold or prescribed under these names or a brand name. They're all similarly effective, although you may find a particular one works best for you. ## Who can take NSAIDs Most people can take NSAIDs, but some people need to be careful about taking them. It's a good idea to ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice before taking an NSAID if you: - are over 65 years of age - are pregnant or trying for a baby - are breastfeeding - have [asthma](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/) - have had an [allergic reaction](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/allergies/symptoms/) to NSAIDs in the past - have had [stomach ulcers](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/) in the past - have any problems with your heart, liver, kidneys, blood pressure, circulation or bowels - are taking other medicines - are looking for medicine for a child under 16 (do not give any medicine that contains aspirin to children under 16) NSAIDs might not necessarily need to be avoided in these cases, but they should only be used on the advice of a healthcare professional as there may be a higher risk of side effects. If NSAIDs are not suitable, your pharmacist or doctor may suggest alternatives to NSAIDs, such as [paracetamol](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/). ## Side effects of NSAIDs Like all medicines, there's a risk of side effects from NSAIDs. These tend to be more common if you're taking high doses for a long time, or you're elderly or in poor general health. Over-the-counter NSAIDs generally have fewer side effects than stronger prescription medicines. Possible side effects of NSAIDs include: - [indigestion](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/indigestion/) – including [stomach aches](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/stomach-ache/), feeling sick and [diarrhoea](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diarrhoea/) - [stomach ulcers](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/) – these can cause internal bleeding and [anaemia](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/); extra medicine to protect your stomach may be prescribed to help reduce this risk - [headaches](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/headaches/) - drowsiness - [dizziness](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/dizziness/) - allergic reactions - in rare cases, problems with your liver, kidneys or heart and circulation, such as [heart failure](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/), [heart attacks](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/) and [strokes](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/) If you're bothered by side effects, stop taking your medicine and tell your doctor. ## Interactions with other medicines Some NSAIDs can react unpredictably with other medicines. This can affect how well either medicine works and increase the risk of side effects. It's particularly important to get medical advice before taking an NSAID if you're already taking: - another NSAID - [low-dose aspirin](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/low-dose-aspirin/) or [warfarin](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/warfarin/) – medicines used to prevent [blood clots](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-clots/) - ciclosporin – a medicine used to treat autoimmune conditions, such as [arthritis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arthritis/) or [ulcerative colitis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/) - diuretics – medicines sometimes used to treat [high blood pressure](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/) - lithium – a medicine used to treat mental health problems, including [bipolar disorder](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bipolar-disorder/) and severe [depression](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/clinical-depression/) - methotrexate – a medicine used to treat inflammatory conditions such as [rheumatoid arthritis](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/) - a type of [antidepressant medicine](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antidepressants/) called a [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ssri-antidepressants/) – examples of SSRIs are [citalopram](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/citalopram/) and [fluoxetine (Prozac)](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/fluoxetine-prozac/) If you're not sure whether a medicine you're taking is safe to take at the same time as an NSAID, check the leaflet that comes with it, or ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice. ## Food and alcohol The leaflet that comes with your medicine should say whether you need to avoid any particular foods or drinks. Ask your pharmacist or doctor if you're not sure. For information about a specific medicine, check the [product information about medicines on the GOV.UK website](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/find-product-information-about-medicines). Generally, you do not need to avoid any specific foods while taking NSAIDs. Tablets or capsules should normally be swallowed whole, without chewing, and taken with water or food to stop them upsetting your stomach. It's usually safe to drink alcohol while taking NSAIDs, but drinking alcohol excessively may irritate your stomach. ## Overdoses of NSAIDs Taking too much of an NSAID can be dangerous. This is known as taking an overdose. Contact your GP or [NHS 111](https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/nhs-services/urgent-and-emergency-care/nhs-111/) for advice immediately if you take too much of your medicine. Call 999 for an ambulance immediately if you or someone else experiences serious effects of an overdose, such as fits (seizures), breathing difficulties, or loss of consciousness. ## Alternatives to NSAIDs As NSAIDs can cause troublesome side effects, alternatives are often recommended first. The main alternative for pain relief is [paracetamol](https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/), which is available over the counter and is safe for most people to take. NSAID creams and gels that you rub into your skin may be worth trying first if you have muscle or [joint pain](https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/joint-pain/) in a particular part of your body, as they tend to have fewer side effects than tablets or capsules. Your doctor may also be able to recommend different medicines and therapies depending on the health problem you have. For example, [physiotherapy](https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/physiotherapy/) may help some people with muscle or joint pain. Page last reviewed: 07 October 2022 Next review due: 07 October 2025
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