🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 34 (from laksa093)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa034.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-solo-401k\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-solo-401k\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-solo-401k","crawl_time":1776002284,"first_indexed_time":1762323292,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,nerdwallet!www,\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-solo-401k s443","src_root_hash":"10009614238684002234","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"What Is a Solo 401(k)? Self-Employed Retirement Plans - NerdWallet","meta_descriptions":["A solo 401(k) is a 401(k) for a business owner with no employees. There are no age or income restrictions, but you must be a business owner with no employees."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"The perks of self-employment are plenty, but there’s at least one significant drawback: the lack of an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a\n401(k)\n.\nEnter the solo 401(k), or what the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k). Designed for self-employed workers, a solo 401(k) mimics many of the features of an employer-sponsored plan.\nWhat is a solo 401(k) plan?\nA solo 401(k) is an individual 401(k) designed for a business owner with no employees. In fact, IRS rules say you can’t contribute to a solo 401(k) if you have full-time employees, though you can use the plan to cover both you and your spouse.\nQuick facts and who qualifies for a solo 401(k)\nJust want the need-to-know basics about this retirement account? Here’s the breakdown:\nEligibility rules\nNo age or income restrictions, but must be a business owner with no employees.\nContribution limit\n$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra $8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250.\nTaxes on contributions\nTraditional 401(k): Contributions are made pre-tax, reducing taxable income for the year.\nRoth 401(k): Contributions are made with after-tax dollars.\nTaxes on qualified distributions in retirement\nTraditional 401(k): Qualified distributions are taxed at ordinary income rates.\nRoth 401(k): Qualified distributions are tax-free.\nHow to open\nAs long as you have an employer identification number, you can open a solo 401(k) at many online brokers — any of the ones on our list of best brokers for IRAs would also be a good fit for a 401(k).\nSolo 401(k) contribution limits\nTo understand solo 401(k) contribution rules, you want to think of yourself as two people: an employer (of yourself) and an employee (yes, also of yourself). Even though there is an overall contribution limit, your contributions are subject to additional limits within each specific role.\nSolo 401(k) limits for 2025\nThe total solo 401(k) contribution limit is up to $70,000 in 2025.\nAs the employee\n, you can contribute up to $23,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional $7,500. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act.\nAs the employer,\nyou can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is $350,000 in 2025. These contributions need to be made by the\ntax filing deadline\n(April 15, 2026) or extension deadline, if applicable.\nKeep in mind that if you’re side-gigging, employee 401(k) limits apply by person, rather than by plan. That means if you’re also participating in a 401(k) at your day job, the limit applies to contributions across all plans, not each individual plan.\nSolo 401(k) limits for 2026\nThe total solo 401(k) contribution limit is $72,000 in 2026.\nAs the employee\n, you can contribute up to $24,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional $8,000. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act.\nAs the employer,\nyou can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is $360,000 in 2026. These contributions need to be made by the\ntax filing deadline\n(April 15, 2027) or extension deadline, if applicable.\nBrokerage firms\nNerdWallet rating\nLearn more\non Charles Schwab's website\nNerdWallet rating\nLearn more\non E*TRADE's website\nNerdWallet rating\nLearn more\non Vanguard's website\nNerdWallet rating\nLearn more\non Fidelity's website\nIs a solo 401(k) tax deductible?\nThe nice thing about a solo 401(k) is you get to pick your tax advantage: You can opt for the traditional 401(k), under which contributions reduce your income in the year they are made. In that case, distributions in retirement will be taxed as ordinary income. The alternative is the Roth solo 401(k), which offers no initial tax break but allows you to take distributions in retirement tax-free.\nIn general, a Roth is a better option if you expect your income to be higher in retirement and\/or you expect\ntax brackets\nto be higher in the future — which experts say is likely. If you think your income will go down in retirement, or you expect tax brackets to remain the same or lower, opt for the tax break today with a traditional 401(k).\nBecause of these tax perks, the IRS has pretty strict rules about when you can tap the money you put into either type of account: With few exceptions, you’ll pay taxes and penalties on any distributions before age 59 ½.\nCovering your spouse under your solo 401(k)\nThe IRS allows one exception to the no-employees rule on the solo 401(k): your spouse, if they earn income from your business.\nThat could effectively double the amount you can contribute as a family, depending on your income. Your spouse would make elective deferrals as your employee, up to the employee contribution limit (plus the 50-and-older\ncatch-up provision\n, if applicable). As the employer, you can then make the plan’s profit-sharing contribution for your spouse, of up to 25% of compensation.\nHow to open a solo 401(k)\nYou can open a solo 401(k) at most online brokers, though you’ll need an\nemployer identification number\n. The broker will provide a plan adoption agreement for you to complete, as well as an account application. Once you’ve done that, you can set up contributions. You’ll have access to many of the investments offered by your broker, including mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, individual stocks and bonds.\nIf you want to make a contribution for this year, you must establish the plan by Dec. 31 and make your employee contribution by the end of the calendar year. You can typically make employer profit-sharing contributions until your tax-filing deadline for the tax year.\nNote that once the plan gets going, it may require some additional paperwork — the IRS requires an annual report on Form 5500-SF if your 401(k) plan has $250,000 or more in assets at the end of a given year\n.\nIf you need help managing the funds in your solo 401(k), a financial advisor could help you decide what to do.\nHere are more resources to help you weigh your options as a self-employed worker:","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-solo-401k#main)[![Nerdwallet 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logo](data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20height%3D%2221px%22%20width%3D%22127px%22%20viewBox%3D%22-361.3%20271.3%20128.3%2018.5%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%20%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%238DC63F%22%20d%3D%22M-233.4%20279.6h-2.7v5c0%20.6.1%201.1.4%201.4.2.3.7.5%201.3.5.2%200%20.4%200%20.7-.1h.1c.2%200%20.4.1.5.4v2.4c0%20.2-.1.3-.3.4-.2.1-.5.1-.8.2-.5.1-.9.1-1.4.1-.9%200-1.6-.1-2.2-.3-.6-.2-1.1-.5-1.4-.9-.4-.4-.6-.9-.8-1.5-.2-.6-.2-1.2-.2-1.9v-11.7c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h3c.3%200%20.5.2.5.5l.3%203h2.7c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v2.4c-.1%200-.3.1-.5.1zm-17.7%204.4c0%20.4.1.7.3%201%20.2.3.4.6.7.8.3.2.6.4%201%20.5.4.1.7.2%201.1.2.7%200%201.3-.1%201.7-.4l.9-.6c.2-.2.4-.2.6%200l1.8%201.9c.2.2.2.5%200%20.6-.5.4-1%20.8-1.6%201.1-1%20.5-2.2.7-3.5.7-1%200-1.9-.2-2.8-.5-.9-.3-1.6-.7-2.3-1.3-.7-.6-1.2-1.3-1.5-2.1-.4-.9-.6-1.8-.6-2.9%200-1.1.2-2%20.5-2.9.4-.9.9-1.6%201.5-2.2.6-.6%201.4-1.1%202.2-1.4.9-.3%201.8-.5%202.8-.5%201%200%201.8.2%202.6.5s1.5.8%202.1%201.4c.6.6%201%201.3%201.3%202.2.3.9.5%201.9.5%203v1h-9.3v-.1zm4.9-4.4c-.4-.5-1.1-.7-1.9-.7-.4%200-.8.1-1.1.2-.3.1-.7.3-.9.5-.3.2-.5.5-.6.8-.2.3-.2.6-.3%201h5.5c-.1-.7-.3-1.3-.7-1.8zm-10.9%209.7h-3.6c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-17.3c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h3.6c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v17.3c-.1.2-.2.4-.4.4zm-7.2%200h-3.6c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-17.3c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h3.6c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v17.3c0%20.2-.2.4-.4.4zm-7.1%200h-2.6c-.2%200-.4-.1-.5-.4l-.3-1c-.4.4-1%20.8-1.7%201.1-.6.3-1.3.5-2.1.5h-.7c-1%200-1.8-.2-2.6-.6-.8-.4-1.4-.9-1.9-1.5s-.9-1.4-1.2-2.2c-.3-.8-.4-1.7-.4-2.6%200-.9.1-1.8.4-2.6.3-.8.7-1.5%201.2-2.2.5-.6%201.2-1.1%201.9-1.5.8-.4%201.6-.5%202.5-.5%201.1%200%202%20.2%202.7.5.6.3%201%20.6%201.4.9l.3-1.2c.1-.2.3-.4.5-.4h3c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v12.7c.1.4-.1.6-.3.6zm-3.9-7.7c-.1-.4-.4-.8-.6-1.1-.3-.3-.6-.6-1-.8-.4-.2-.8-.3-1.3-.3s-.9.1-1.3.3c-.4.2-.7.4-1%20.7-.3.3-.5.7-.6%201.1-.1.4-.2.8-.2%201.2%200%20.4.1.8.2%201.2.1.4.3.8.6%201.1.3.3.6.6%201%20.8.4.2.8.3%201.3.3s.9-.1%201.3-.3c.4-.2.7-.4%201-.8.3-.3.5-.7.6-1.1.1-.4.2-.8.2-1.2%200-.3-.1-.7-.2-1.1zm-14.4%207.4c-.1.2-.2.3-.4.3h-3.8c-.2%200-.3-.1-.4-.3l-2.5-7.8h-.1l-2.4%207.8c0%20.2-.2.3-.4.3h-3.8c-.2%200-.3-.1-.4-.3l-4.2-12.2c-.1-.2.1-.5.4-.5h3.8c.2%200%20.3.1.4.3l2.2%207.9h.1l2.2-7.9c0-.2.2-.3.4-.3h3.7c.2%200%20.3.1.4.3l2.3%207.9h.1l2.2-7.9c0-.2.2-.3.4-.3h3.6c.3%200%20.4.3.4.5l-4.2%2012.2zm-19.5.3h-2.6c-.2%200-.4-.1-.5-.4l-.3-.8c-.4.4-.9.7-1.5%201-.7.4-1.6.5-2.6.6h-.3c-1%200-1.8-.2-2.6-.6-.8-.4-1.4-.9-1.9-1.5s-.9-1.4-1.2-2.2c-.3-.8-.4-1.7-.4-2.6%200-.9.1-1.8.4-2.6.3-.8.7-1.5%201.2-2.2.5-.6%201.2-1.1%201.9-1.5.8-.4%201.6-.5%202.5-.5%201%200%201.8.2%202.4.5.7.4%201.2.8%201.5%201.2h.1v-6.1c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h3.5c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v17.3c-.1.2-.2.4-.4.4zm-4-7.7c-.1-.4-.4-.8-.6-1.1-.3-.3-.6-.6-1-.8-.4-.2-.8-.3-1.3-.3s-.9.1-1.3.3c-.4.2-.7.4-1%20.7-.3.3-.5.7-.6%201.1-.1.4-.2.8-.2%201.2%200%20.4.1.8.2%201.2.1.4.3.8.6%201.1.3.3.6.6%201%20.8.4.2.8.3%201.3.3s.9-.1%201.3-.3c.4-.2.7-.4%201-.8.3-.3.5-.7.6-1.1.1-.4.2-.8.2-1.2%200-.3%200-.7-.2-1.1zm-10.2-5.2l-.1%203c0%20.2-.2.4-.4.3h-.7c-.6%200-1.1.1-1.4.3-.4.2-.7.5-.9.8-.2.3-.4.6-.5%201-.1.3-.2.6-.2.9v6.3c0%20.2-.2.4-.4.4h-3.5c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-12.2c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h2.8c.2%200%20.4.2.5.4l.3.9a5%205%200%200%201%201.6-1.1c.2-.1.4-.2.6-.2.5-.2%201-.3%201.5-.3h.6c.1-.1.2.1.2.3zm-19.5%207.6c0%20.4.1.7.3%201%20.2.3.4.6.7.8.3.2.6.4%201%20.5.4.1.7.2%201.1.2.7%200%201.3-.1%201.7-.4l.9-.6c.2-.2.4-.2.6%200l1.8%201.9c.2.2.2.5%200%20.6-.5.4-1%20.8-1.6%201.1-1%20.5-2.2.7-3.5.7-1%200-1.9-.2-2.8-.5-.9-.3-1.6-.7-2.3-1.3-.7-.6-1.2-1.3-1.5-2.1-.4-.9-.6-1.8-.6-2.9%200-1.1.2-2%20.5-2.9.4-.9.9-1.6%201.5-2.2.6-.6%201.4-1.1%202.2-1.4.9-.3%201.8-.5%202.8-.5%201%200%201.8.2%202.6.5s1.5.8%202.1%201.4c.6.6%201%201.3%201.3%202.2.3.9.5%201.9.5%203v1h-9.3v-.1zm4.8-4.4c-.4-.5-1.1-.7-1.9-.7-.4%200-.8.1-1.1.2-.3.1-.7.3-.9.5-.3.2-.5.5-.6.8-.2.3-.2.6-.3%201h5.5c0-.7-.2-1.3-.7-1.8zm-10.7%209.7h-3.6c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-6.7c0-.4%200-.7-.1-1l-.3-.9c-.1-.3-.3-.5-.6-.6-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1%20.2c-.3.1-.5.4-.7.6-.2.3-.3.6-.4.9-.1.3-.1.7-.1%201.1v6.7c0%20.2-.2.4-.4.4h-3.6c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-12.2c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h2.8c.2%200%20.4.1.5.4l.3.8c.4-.4.9-.7%201.5-1%20.7-.3%201.5-.5%202.5-.5h.1c.8%200%201.6.2%202.1.5.6.3%201.1.7%201.5%201.2.4.5.6%201.1.8%201.7.2.6.2%201.3.2%201.9v7.6c.2.1.1.3-.1.3z%22%20%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/)\n\nCredit 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)\n\n![Close](data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDUxMiA1MTIiID48cGF0aCBkPSJNNDA1IDEzN0wyODYgMjU2bDExOSAxMTktMzAgMzAtMTE5LTExOS0xMTkgMTE5LTMwLTMwIDExOS0xMTktMTE5LTExOSAzMC0zMCAxMTkgMTE5IDExOS0xMTl6IiAvPjwvc3ZnPg==)\n\n[Retirement](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement)\n\nWhat Is a Solo 401(k)? Self-Employed Retirement Plans\n\nAdvertiser disclosure\n\n### You're our first priority. Every time.\nNerdWallet, Inc. is an independent publisher and comparison service, not an investment advisor. Its articles, interactive tools and other content are provided to you for free, as self-help tools and for informational purposes only. They are not intended to provide investment advice. NerdWallet does not and cannot guarantee the accuracy or applicability of any information in regard to your individual circumstances. Examples are hypothetical, and we encourage you to seek personalized advice from qualified professionals regarding specific investment issues. Our estimates are based on past market performance, and past performance is not a guarantee of future performance.\n\nWe believe everyone should be able to make financial decisions with confidence. And while our site doesn’t feature every company or financial product available on the market, we’re proud that the guidance we offer, the information we provide and the tools we create are objective, independent, straightforward — and free.\n\nSo how do we make money? Our partners compensate us. This may influence which products we review and write about (and where those products appear on the site), but it in no way affects our recommendations or advice, which are grounded in thousands of hours of research. Our partners cannot pay us to guarantee favorable reviews of their products or services.  [Here is a list of our partners](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/p\/our-partners).\n# What Is a Solo 401(k)? Self-Employed Retirement Plans\nA solo 401(k) allows self-employed people to save more for retirement. Find out if this tax-advantaged retirement account is right for you.\n\n![What Is a Solo 401(k)?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2018\/02\/GettyImages-1250127941.jpg?resize=1920%2C1152)\n\nMany, or all, of the products featured on this page are from our advertising partners who compensate us when you take certain actions on our website or click to take an action on their website. However, this does not influence our evaluations. Our opinions are our own. Here is a list of [our partners](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/p\/our-partners) and [here's how we make money](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/p\/advertiser-disclosure).\n***\nThe investing information provided on this page is for educational purposes only. NerdWallet, Inc. does not offer advisory or brokerage services, nor does it recommend or advise investors to buy or sell particular stocks, securities or other investments.\n\nUpdated\n\nNov 14, 2025\n\n· 2 min read\n\nFact Checked\n\nHow is this page expert verified?\n\nNerdWallet's content is fact-checked for accuracy, timeliness and relevance. It undergoes a thorough review process involving writers and editors to ensure the information is as clear and complete as possible.\n\n[More on our editorial rigor](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/l\/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines)\n\n[![Arielle O'Shea](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/assets\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/aoshea-user-avatar-160x160.jpg)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/arielle-oshea)\n\nWritten by\n\nArielle O'Shea\n\n[![Arielle O'Shea](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/assets\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/aoshea-user-avatar-160x160.jpg)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/arielle-oshea)\n\n[Arielle O'Shea](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/arielle-oshea)\n\nHead of Content, Investing & Taxes\n***\n19 years of experience\n\nExpertise\n\n- Retirement planning\n- investment management\n- investment accounts\n\nArielle O’Shea leads the investing and taxes team at NerdWallet. She has covered personal finance and investing for nearly 20 years, and was a senior writer and spokesperson at NerdWallet before becoming an editor. Previously, she was a researcher and reporter for leading personal finance journalist and author Jean Chatzky, a role that included developing financial education programs, interviewing subject matter experts and helping to produce television and radio segments. Arielle has appeared on the \"Today\" show, NBC News and ABC's \"World News Tonight,\" and has been quoted in national publications including The New York Times, MarketWatch and Bloomberg News. She is based in Charlottesville, Virginia.\n\nPublished in ![The New York Times](https:\/\/cdns3.nerdwallet.com\/lending\/publication-logos\/TheNewYorkTimes.webp)![The Associated Press](https:\/\/cdns3.nerdwallet.com\/lending\/publication-logos\/TheAssociatedPress.webp)![MarketWatch](https:\/\/cdns3.nerdwallet.com\/lending\/publication-logos\/Marketwatch.webp)![USA Today](https:\/\/cdns3.nerdwallet.com\/lending\/publication-logos\/USAToday.webp)\n\nHead of Content, Investing & Taxes\n\n\\+    more\n\n[![Jody D’Agostini](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2022\/05\/Jody-DAgostini-Photo-002.png?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/reviewer\/jody-dagostini)\n\nReviewed by\n\nJody D’Agostini\n\n[![Jody D’Agostini](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2022\/05\/Jody-DAgostini-Photo-002.png?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/reviewer\/jody-dagostini)\n\n[Jody D’Agostini](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/reviewer\/jody-dagostini)\n\nCertified Financial Planner®\n***\nExpertise\n\n- financial planning\n- investing\n- family investing\n- retirement\n- wealth management\n\nJody D’Agostini, financial advisor with Equitable Advisors, focuses her practice in the areas of comprehensive financial planning and wealth management for individuals and closely held businesses using a goal-based, holistic approach to their finances. She specializes in the areas of retirement and estate planning, having obtained a certificate in retirement planning from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. D’Agostini has been working with family law attorneys and mediators for over 15 years providing insight into the financial issues surrounding divorce to assist individuals in achieving a fair and equitable settlement, but most importantly to assist in making decisions that give them a clear view of their future and a path toward achieving their life goals. She helps them feel empowered to move forward towards a brighter future.\n***\nAt NerdWallet, our content goes through a rigorous [editorial review process.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/l\/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines) We have such confidence in our accurate and useful content that we let outside experts inspect our work.\n\nCertified Financial Planner®\n\n\\+    more\n\n[![Robert Beaupre](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2025\/08\/rb.png?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/robert-beaupre)\n\nEdited by\n\nRobert Beaupre\n\n[![Robert Beaupre](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2025\/08\/rb.png?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/robert-beaupre)\n\n[Robert Beaupre](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/robert-beaupre)\n\nHead of Content, Small Business\n***\n14 years of experience\n\nExpertise\n\n- Small business finances\n- investing\n- banking\n\nRobert Beaupre leads the SMB team at NerdWallet. He has covered financial topics as an editor for more than a decade. Before joining NerdWallet, he served as senior editorial manager of QuinStreet's insurance sites and managing editor of Insure.com. In addition, he served as an online media manager for the University of Nevada, Reno.\n\nPublished in ![MarketWatch](https:\/\/cdns3.nerdwallet.com\/lending\/publication-logos\/Marketwatch.webp)![TheStreet](https:\/\/cdns3.nerdwallet.com\/lending\/publication-logos\/TheStreet.webp)\n\nHead of Content, Small Business\n\n\\+    more\n\nSOME CARD INFO MAY BE OUTDATED\n\nThis page includes information about these cards, currently unavailable on NerdWallet. The information has been collected by NerdWallet and has not been provided or reviewed by the card issuer.\n\nThe perks of self-employment are plenty, but there’s at least one significant drawback: the lack of an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a [401(k)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k).\n\nEnter the solo 401(k), or what the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k). Designed for self-employed workers, a solo 401(k) mimics many of the features of an employer-sponsored plan.\n\n## What is a solo 401(k) plan?\nA solo 401(k) is an individual 401(k) designed for a business owner with no employees. In fact, IRS rules say you can’t contribute to a solo 401(k) if you have full-time employees, though you can use the plan to cover both you and your spouse.\n\n### Quick facts and who qualifies for a solo 401(k)\nJust want the need-to-know basics about this retirement account? Here’s the breakdown:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Eligibility rules | No age or income restrictions, but must be a business owner with no employees. |\n| Contribution limit | \\$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \\$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250. |\n| Taxes on contributions | Traditional 401(k): Contributions are made pre-tax, reducing taxable income for the year.Roth 401(k): Contributions are made with after-tax dollars. |\n| Taxes on qualified distributions in retirement | Traditional 401(k): Qualified distributions are taxed at ordinary income rates.Roth 401(k): Qualified distributions are tax-free. |\n| How to open | As long as you have an employer identification number, you can open a solo 401(k) at many online brokers — any of the ones on our list of best brokers for IRAs would also be a good fit for a 401(k). |\n## Solo 401(k) contribution limits\nTo understand solo 401(k) contribution rules, you want to think of yourself as two people: an employer (of yourself) and an employee (yes, also of yourself). Even though there is an overall contribution limit, your contributions are subject to additional limits within each specific role.\n\n### Solo 401(k) limits for 2025\n- The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is up to \\$70,000 in 2025.\n\n- As the employee, you can contribute up to \\$23,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional \\$7,500. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act.\n\n- As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is \\$350,000 in 2025. These contributions need to be made by the [tax filing deadline](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/taxes\/learn\/tax-deadline-tax-day-taxes-due) (April 15, 2026) or extension deadline, if applicable.\n\nKeep in mind that if you’re side-gigging, employee 401(k) limits apply by person, rather than by plan. That means if you’re also participating in a 401(k) at your day job, the limit applies to contributions across all plans, not each individual plan.\n\n» MORE: [Calculate how long your retirement savings might last](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/how-long-will-your-retirement-savings-last)\n\n### Solo 401(k) limits for 2026\n- The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is \\$72,000 in 2026.\n\n- As the employee, you can contribute up to \\$24,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional \\$8,000. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act.\n\n- As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is \\$360,000 in 2026. These contributions need to be made by the [tax filing deadline](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/taxes\/learn\/tax-deadline-tax-day-taxes-due) (April 15, 2027) or extension deadline, if applicable.\n\n| Brokerage firms |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![Charles Schwab](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/quality=85\/cdn\/investing\/logos\/CharlesTrial.png)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61fabd58-44eb-11e8-9c02-fb51e6eec6b5?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/reviews\/schwab-brokerage \"Read review\") NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for online brokers and robo-advisors takes into account over 15 factors, including account fees and minimums, investment choices, customer support and mobile app capabilities. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61fabd58-44eb-11e8-9c02-fb51e6eec6b5?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Charles Schwab's website | [![E\\*TRADE](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/quality=85\/cdn\/investing\/logos\/etrade_ms.png)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61f673ba-44eb-11e8-9c02-9b9860598c1e?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/reviews\/etrade \"Read review\") NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for online brokers and robo-advisors takes into account over 15 factors, including account fees and minimums, investment choices, customer support and mobile app capabilities. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61f673ba-44eb-11e8-9c02-9b9860598c1e?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on E\\*TRADE's website |\n| [![Vanguard](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/quality=85\/cdn\/investing\/logos\/vanglogo.png)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61f78eb2-44eb-11e8-9c02-eb58816e8aeb?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/reviews\/vanguard \"Read review\") NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for online brokers and robo-advisors takes into account over 15 factors, including account fees and minimums, investment choices, customer support and mobile app capabilities. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61f78eb2-44eb-11e8-9c02-eb58816e8aeb?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Vanguard's website | [![Fidelity](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/quality=85\/cdn\/investing\/logos\/FidNewLogo.png)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61ed8d72-44eb-11e8-9c02-53658283ffc3?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/reviews\/fidelity \"Read review\") NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for online brokers and robo-advisors takes into account over 15 factors, including account fees and minimums, investment choices, customer support and mobile app capabilities. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61ed8d72-44eb-11e8-9c02-53658283ffc3?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Fidelity's website |\n## Is a solo 401(k) tax deductible?\nThe nice thing about a solo 401(k) is you get to pick your tax advantage: You can opt for the traditional 401(k), under which contributions reduce your income in the year they are made. In that case, distributions in retirement will be taxed as ordinary income. The alternative is the Roth solo 401(k), which offers no initial tax break but allows you to take distributions in retirement tax-free.\n\nIn general, a Roth is a better option if you expect your income to be higher in retirement and\/or you expect [tax brackets](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/taxes\/learn\/federal-income-tax-brackets) to be higher in the future — which experts say is likely. If you think your income will go down in retirement, or you expect tax brackets to remain the same or lower, opt for the tax break today with a traditional 401(k).\n\nBecause of these tax perks, the IRS has pretty strict rules about when you can tap the money you put into either type of account: With few exceptions, you’ll pay taxes and penalties on any distributions before age 59 ½.\n\n» MORE: [Learn how wealth management works](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/financial-advisors\/learn\/what-is-wealth-management)\n\n## Covering your spouse under your solo 401(k)\nThe IRS allows one exception to the no-employees rule on the solo 401(k): your spouse, if they earn income from your business.\n\nThat could effectively double the amount you can contribute as a family, depending on your income. Your spouse would make elective deferrals as your employee, up to the employee contribution limit (plus the 50-and-older [catch-up provision](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/catch-up-contributions), if applicable). As the employer, you can then make the plan’s profit-sharing contribution for your spouse, of up to 25% of compensation.\n\n## How to open a solo 401(k)\nYou can open a solo 401(k) at most online brokers, though you’ll need an [employer identification number](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/taxes\/learn\/what-is-a-tax-id-number-do-i-need-one). The broker will provide a plan adoption agreement for you to complete, as well as an account application. Once you’ve done that, you can set up contributions. You’ll have access to many of the investments offered by your broker, including mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, individual stocks and bonds.\n\nIf you want to make a contribution for this year, you must establish the plan by Dec. 31 and make your employee contribution by the end of the calendar year. You can typically make employer profit-sharing contributions until your tax-filing deadline for the tax year.\n\nNote that once the plan gets going, it may require some additional paperwork — the IRS requires an annual report on Form 5500-SF if your 401(k) plan has \\$250,000 or more in assets at the end of a given year\n\n\\[1\\]\n\nInternal Revenue Service. [Financial Advisors: Are Assets in Your Client’s One-Participant Plans More Than \\$250,000?.](https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/retirement-plans\/financial-advisors-are-assets-in-your-clients-one-participant-plans-more-than-250000) Accessed Nov 15, 2025.\n\n[View all sources](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-solo-401k#citation-list)\n\n.\n\nIf you need help managing the funds in your solo 401(k), a financial advisor could help you decide what to do.\n\nHere are more resources to help you weigh your options as a self-employed worker:\n\n- [Compare a solo 401(k) to other self-employed retirement plan options](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/retirement-plans-self-employed)\n- [Read about the SEP IRA](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-sep-ira), another good option for solo workers\n- Try out our [retirement calculator](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/calculators\/retirement-calculator) to estimate your savings\n\nArticle sources  Article sources\n\nNerdWallet writers are subject matter authorities who use primary, trustworthy sources to inform their work, including peer-reviewed studies, government websites, academic research and interviews with industry experts. All content is fact-checked for accuracy, timeliness and relevance. You can learn more about NerdWallet's high standards for journalism by reading our  [editorial guidelines.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/l\/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines)\n\n- [1\\.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-solo-401k#citation-4284022942)  Internal Revenue Service. [Financial Advisors: Are Assets in Your Client’s One-Participant Plans More Than \\$250,000?.](https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/retirement-plans\/financial-advisors-are-assets-in-your-clients-one-participant-plans-more-than-250000) Accessed Nov 15, 2025.\n\n[Back to top]()\n\nAbout the author\n\n[![Arielle O'Shea](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2019\/08\/aoshea-user-avatar.jpg?resize=70%2C70)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/arielle-oshea)\n\n[Arielle O'Shea](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/arielle-oshea)  Arielle is a NerdWallet authority on retirement and investing, with appearances on the \"Today\" Show, \"NBC Nightly News\" and other national media.  [See full bio.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/arielle-oshea)\n\nHelpful resources\n\n[Best Financial Advisors](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/financial-advisors\/best)\n\n[3 Ways to Search for a Financial Advisor Near You](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/financial-advisors\/learn\/how-to-find-a-financial-advisor-near-you)\n\n[How to Choose a Financial Advisor in 5 Steps](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/financial-advisors\/learn\/how-to-choose-a-financial-advisor)\n\n[3 Best Wealth Management Services](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/financial-advisors\/best\/wealth-advisors)\n\nMore like this\n\n[Investment Basics](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/learn)[Investing](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing)\n\nRelated articles\n\n[![](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2018\/04\/GettyImages-1163568487.jpg?resize=600%2C360) How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost? ![Andrea Coombes's profile 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(CA resident license no.OK92033) [Insurance Licenses](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/nerdwallet-insurance-services-inc-licenses-and-disclosures)\n\nFundera, Inc. NMLS ID\\# 1240038[NMLS Consumer Access](https:\/\/nmlsconsumeraccess.org\/)\n\nCalifornia: California Finance Lender loans arranged pursuant to the Department of Financial Protection and Innovation Finance Lenders License \\#603L288\n\nNerdWallet has engaged Atomic Invest LLC (“Atomic”), an SEC-registered investment adviser, to bring you the opportunity to open investment advisory accounts (Automated Investing Account and\/or Treasury Account) with Atomic. NerdWallet receives compensation of 0% to 0.85% of assets under management annualized, payable monthly, for each referred client who opens an Atomic account and a percentage of free cash interest earned by clients, which creates a conflict of interest. Brokerage services for Atomic are provided by Atomic Brokerage LLC (\"Atomic Brokerage\"), member of [FINRA](https:\/\/www.finra.org\/#\/)\/[SIPC](https:\/\/www.sipc.org\/) and an affiliate of Atomic, which creates a conflict of interest. See details about Atomic, in their [Form CRS](https:\/\/reports.adviserinfo.sec.gov\/crs\/crs_313255.pdf), [Form ADV Part 2A](https:\/\/adviserinfo.sec.gov\/firm\/brochure\/313255) and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/legal.atomicvest.com\/usa.privacy.de3d0277-78f7-4741-9e9f-755f6b4f03ba.pdf). See details about Atomic Brokerage in their [Form CRS](https:\/\/files.brokercheck.finra.org\/crs_315263.pdf), [General Disclosures](https:\/\/legal.atomicvest.com\/usa.broker.disclosures.003464f3-f6bd-41c3-bbdf-7050e50b43a2.pdf), [fee schedule](https:\/\/legal.atomicvest.com\/usa.broker.schedule.7ea28665-88a9-4542-a748-987e90ea46b6.pdf), and FINRA’s [BrokerCheck](https:\/\/brokercheck.finra.org\/).\n\nYou also can open a Cash Account offered by Atomic Brokerage which allows you to earn interest on your cash through a cash sweep program. [View Important Cash Account Disclosures.](https:\/\/www.atomicvest.com\/legal\/disclosures\/7d9c31dd-bf97-46ae-9803-1774b97187af)\n\nNeither Atomic Invest nor Atomic Brokerage, nor any of their affiliates is a bank. Investments in securities: Not FDIC Insured, Not Bank Guaranteed, May Lose Value. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Before investing, consider your investment objectives and the fees and expenses charged.\n\nImages are for illustrative purposes only.\n\nNerdWallet™ \\| 4150 N Drinkwater Blvd, Suite 200, Scottsdale, AZ 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perks of self-employment are plenty, but there’s at least one significant drawback: the lack of an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a [401(k)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k).\n\nEnter the solo 401(k), or what the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k). Designed for self-employed workers, a solo 401(k) mimics many of the features of an employer-sponsored plan.\n\nWhat is a solo 401(k) plan?\n\nA solo 401(k) is an individual 401(k) designed for a business owner with no employees. In fact, IRS rules say you can’t contribute to a solo 401(k) if you have full-time employees, though you can use the plan to cover both you and your spouse.\n\nQuick facts and who qualifies for a solo 401(k)\n\nJust want the need-to-know basics about this retirement account? Here’s the breakdown:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Eligibility rules | No age or income restrictions, but must be a business owner with no employees. |\n| Contribution limit | \\$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \\$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250. |\n| Taxes on contributions | Traditional 401(k): Contributions are made pre-tax, reducing taxable income for the year.Roth 401(k): Contributions are made with after-tax dollars. |\n| Taxes on qualified distributions in retirement | Traditional 401(k): Qualified distributions are taxed at ordinary income rates.Roth 401(k): Qualified distributions are tax-free. |\n| How to open | As long as you have an employer identification number, you can open a solo 401(k) at many online brokers — any of the ones on our list of best brokers for IRAs would also be a good fit for a 401(k). |\n\nSolo 401(k) contribution limits\n\nTo understand solo 401(k) contribution rules, you want to think of yourself as two people: an employer (of yourself) and an employee (yes, also of yourself). Even though there is an overall contribution limit, your contributions are subject to additional limits within each specific role.\n\nSolo 401(k) limits for 2025\n\n- The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is up to \\$70,000 in 2025.\n\n- As the employee, you can contribute up to \\$23,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional \\$7,500. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act.\n\n- As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is \\$350,000 in 2025. These contributions need to be made by the [tax filing deadline](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/taxes\/learn\/tax-deadline-tax-day-taxes-due) (April 15, 2026) or extension deadline, if applicable.\n\nKeep in mind that if you’re side-gigging, employee 401(k) limits apply by person, rather than by plan. That means if you’re also participating in a 401(k) at your day job, the limit applies to contributions across all plans, not each individual plan.\n\nSolo 401(k) limits for 2026\n\n- The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is \\$72,000 in 2026.\n\n- As the employee, you can contribute up to \\$24,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional \\$8,000. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act.\n\n- As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is \\$360,000 in 2026. These contributions need to be made by the [tax filing deadline](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/taxes\/learn\/tax-deadline-tax-day-taxes-due) (April 15, 2027) or extension deadline, if applicable.\n\n| Brokerage firms |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![Charles Schwab](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/quality=85\/cdn\/investing\/logos\/CharlesTrial.png)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61fabd58-44eb-11e8-9c02-fb51e6eec6b5?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/reviews\/schwab-brokerage \"Read review\") [Learn more](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61fabd58-44eb-11e8-9c02-fb51e6eec6b5?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Charles Schwab's website | [![E\\*TRADE](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/quality=85\/cdn\/investing\/logos\/etrade_ms.png)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61f673ba-44eb-11e8-9c02-9b9860598c1e?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/reviews\/etrade \"Read review\") [Learn more](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61f673ba-44eb-11e8-9c02-9b9860598c1e?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on E\\*TRADE's website |\n| [![Vanguard](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/quality=85\/cdn\/investing\/logos\/vanglogo.png)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61f78eb2-44eb-11e8-9c02-eb58816e8aeb?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/reviews\/vanguard \"Read review\") [Learn more](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61f78eb2-44eb-11e8-9c02-eb58816e8aeb?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Vanguard's website | [![Fidelity](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/quality=85\/cdn\/investing\/logos\/FidNewLogo.png)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61ed8d72-44eb-11e8-9c02-53658283ffc3?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/reviews\/fidelity \"Read review\") [Learn more](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/redirect\/61ed8d72-44eb-11e8-9c02-53658283ffc3?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Fidelity's website |\n\nIs a solo 401(k) tax deductible?\n\nThe nice thing about a solo 401(k) is you get to pick your tax advantage: You can opt for the traditional 401(k), under which contributions reduce your income in the year they are made. In that case, distributions in retirement will be taxed as ordinary income. The alternative is the Roth solo 401(k), which offers no initial tax break but allows you to take distributions in retirement tax-free.\n\nIn general, a Roth is a better option if you expect your income to be higher in retirement and\/or you expect [tax brackets](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/taxes\/learn\/federal-income-tax-brackets) to be higher in the future — which experts say is likely. If you think your income will go down in retirement, or you expect tax brackets to remain the same or lower, opt for the tax break today with a traditional 401(k).\n\nBecause of these tax perks, the IRS has pretty strict rules about when you can tap the money you put into either type of account: With few exceptions, you’ll pay taxes and penalties on any distributions before age 59 ½.\n\nCovering your spouse under your solo 401(k)\n\nThe IRS allows one exception to the no-employees rule on the solo 401(k): your spouse, if they earn income from your business.\n\nThat could effectively double the amount you can contribute as a family, depending on your income. Your spouse would make elective deferrals as your employee, up to the employee contribution limit (plus the 50-and-older [catch-up provision](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/catch-up-contributions), if applicable). As the employer, you can then make the plan’s profit-sharing contribution for your spouse, of up to 25% of compensation.\n\nHow to open a solo 401(k)\n\nYou can open a solo 401(k) at most online brokers, though you’ll need an [employer identification number](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/taxes\/learn\/what-is-a-tax-id-number-do-i-need-one). The broker will provide a plan adoption agreement for you to complete, as well as an account application. Once you’ve done that, you can set up contributions. You’ll have access to many of the investments offered by your broker, including mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, individual stocks and bonds.\n\nIf you want to make a contribution for this year, you must establish the plan by Dec. 31 and make your employee contribution by the end of the calendar year. You can typically make employer profit-sharing contributions until your tax-filing deadline for the tax year.\n\nNote that once the plan gets going, it may require some additional paperwork — the IRS requires an annual report on Form 5500-SF if your 401(k) plan has \\$250,000 or more in assets at the end of a given year.\n\nIf you need help managing the funds in your solo 401(k), a financial advisor could help you decide what to do.\n\nHere are more resources to help you weigh your options as a self-employed worker:","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-solo-401k
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Meta Title	What Is a Solo 401(k)? Self-Employed Retirement Plans - NerdWallet
Meta Description	A solo 401(k) is a 401(k) for a business owner with no employees. There are no age or income restrictions, but you must be a business owner with no employees.
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Boilerpipe Text	The perks of self-employment are plenty, but there’s at least one significant drawback: the lack of an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a 401(k) . Enter the solo 401(k), or what the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k). Designed for self-employed workers, a solo 401(k) mimics many of the features of an employer-sponsored plan. What is a solo 401(k) plan? A solo 401(k) is an individual 401(k) designed for a business owner with no employees. In fact, IRS rules say you can’t contribute to a solo 401(k) if you have full-time employees, though you can use the plan to cover both you and your spouse. Quick facts and who qualifies for a solo 401(k) Just want the need-to-know basics about this retirement account? Here’s the breakdown: Eligibility rules No age or income restrictions, but must be a business owner with no employees. Contribution limit $24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra $8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250. Taxes on contributions Traditional 401(k): Contributions are made pre-tax, reducing taxable income for the year. Roth 401(k): Contributions are made with after-tax dollars. Taxes on qualified distributions in retirement Traditional 401(k): Qualified distributions are taxed at ordinary income rates. Roth 401(k): Qualified distributions are tax-free. How to open As long as you have an employer identification number, you can open a solo 401(k) at many online brokers — any of the ones on our list of best brokers for IRAs would also be a good fit for a 401(k). Solo 401(k) contribution limits To understand solo 401(k) contribution rules, you want to think of yourself as two people: an employer (of yourself) and an employee (yes, also of yourself). Even though there is an overall contribution limit, your contributions are subject to additional limits within each specific role. Solo 401(k) limits for 2025 The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is up to $70,000 in 2025. As the employee , you can contribute up to $23,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional $7,500. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act. As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is $350,000 in 2025. These contributions need to be made by the tax filing deadline (April 15, 2026) or extension deadline, if applicable. Keep in mind that if you’re side-gigging, employee 401(k) limits apply by person, rather than by plan. That means if you’re also participating in a 401(k) at your day job, the limit applies to contributions across all plans, not each individual plan. Solo 401(k) limits for 2026 The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is $72,000 in 2026. As the employee , you can contribute up to $24,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional $8,000. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act. As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is $360,000 in 2026. These contributions need to be made by the tax filing deadline (April 15, 2027) or extension deadline, if applicable. Brokerage firms NerdWallet rating Learn more on Charles Schwab's website NerdWallet rating Learn more on E*TRADE's website NerdWallet rating Learn more on Vanguard's website NerdWallet rating Learn more on Fidelity's website Is a solo 401(k) tax deductible? The nice thing about a solo 401(k) is you get to pick your tax advantage: You can opt for the traditional 401(k), under which contributions reduce your income in the year they are made. In that case, distributions in retirement will be taxed as ordinary income. The alternative is the Roth solo 401(k), which offers no initial tax break but allows you to take distributions in retirement tax-free. In general, a Roth is a better option if you expect your income to be higher in retirement and/or you expect tax brackets to be higher in the future — which experts say is likely. If you think your income will go down in retirement, or you expect tax brackets to remain the same or lower, opt for the tax break today with a traditional 401(k). Because of these tax perks, the IRS has pretty strict rules about when you can tap the money you put into either type of account: With few exceptions, you’ll pay taxes and penalties on any distributions before age 59 ½. Covering your spouse under your solo 401(k) The IRS allows one exception to the no-employees rule on the solo 401(k): your spouse, if they earn income from your business. That could effectively double the amount you can contribute as a family, depending on your income. Your spouse would make elective deferrals as your employee, up to the employee contribution limit (plus the 50-and-older catch-up provision , if applicable). As the employer, you can then make the plan’s profit-sharing contribution for your spouse, of up to 25% of compensation. How to open a solo 401(k) You can open a solo 401(k) at most online brokers, though you’ll need an employer identification number . The broker will provide a plan adoption agreement for you to complete, as well as an account application. Once you’ve done that, you can set up contributions. You’ll have access to many of the investments offered by your broker, including mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, individual stocks and bonds. If you want to make a contribution for this year, you must establish the plan by Dec. 31 and make your employee contribution by the end of the calendar year. You can typically make employer profit-sharing contributions until your tax-filing deadline for the tax year. Note that once the plan gets going, it may require some additional paperwork — the IRS requires an annual report on Form 5500-SF if your 401(k) plan has $250,000 or more in assets at the end of a given year . If you need help managing the funds in your solo 401(k), a financial advisor could help you decide what to do. Here are more resources to help you weigh your options as a self-employed worker:
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Find out if this tax-advantaged retirement account is right for you. ![What Is a Solo 401(k)?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2018/02/GettyImages-1250127941.jpg?resize=1920%2C1152) Many, or all, of the products featured on this page are from our advertising partners who compensate us when you take certain actions on our website or click to take an action on their website. However, this does not influence our evaluations. Our opinions are our own. Here is a list of [our partners](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/our-partners) and [here's how we make money](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/advertiser-disclosure). * The investing information provided on this page is for educational purposes only. NerdWallet, Inc. does not offer advisory or brokerage services, nor does it recommend or advise investors to buy or sell particular stocks, securities or other investments. Updated Nov 14, 2025 · 2 min read Fact Checked How is this page expert verified? NerdWallet's content is fact-checked for accuracy, timeliness and relevance. It undergoes a thorough review process involving writers and editors to ensure the information is as clear and complete as possible. [More on our editorial rigor](https://www.nerdwallet.com/l/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines) [![Arielle O'Shea](https://www.nerdwallet.com/assets/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/aoshea-user-avatar-160x160.jpg)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/arielle-oshea) Written by Arielle O'Shea [![Arielle O'Shea](https://www.nerdwallet.com/assets/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/aoshea-user-avatar-160x160.jpg)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/arielle-oshea) [Arielle O'Shea](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/arielle-oshea) Head of Content, Investing & Taxes * 19 years of experience Expertise - Retirement planning - investment management - investment accounts Arielle O’Shea leads the investing and taxes team at NerdWallet. She has covered personal finance and investing for nearly 20 years, and was a senior writer and spokesperson at NerdWallet before becoming an editor. Previously, she was a researcher and reporter for leading personal finance journalist and author Jean Chatzky, a role that included developing financial education programs, interviewing subject matter experts and helping to produce television and radio segments. Arielle has appeared on the "Today" show, NBC News and ABC's "World News Tonight," and has been quoted in national publications including The New York Times, MarketWatch and Bloomberg News. She is based in Charlottesville, Virginia. Published in ![The New York Times](https://cdns3.nerdwallet.com/lending/publication-logos/TheNewYorkTimes.webp)![The Associated Press](https://cdns3.nerdwallet.com/lending/publication-logos/TheAssociatedPress.webp)![MarketWatch](https://cdns3.nerdwallet.com/lending/publication-logos/Marketwatch.webp)![USA Today](https://cdns3.nerdwallet.com/lending/publication-logos/USAToday.webp) Head of Content, Investing & Taxes \+ more [![Jody D’Agostini](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2022/05/Jody-DAgostini-Photo-002.png?resize=160%2C160)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/reviewer/jody-dagostini) Reviewed by Jody D’Agostini [![Jody D’Agostini](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2022/05/Jody-DAgostini-Photo-002.png?resize=160%2C160)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/reviewer/jody-dagostini) [Jody D’Agostini](https://www.nerdwallet.com/reviewer/jody-dagostini) Certified Financial Planner® * Expertise - financial planning - investing - family investing - retirement - wealth management Jody D’Agostini, financial advisor with Equitable Advisors, focuses her practice in the areas of comprehensive financial planning and wealth management for individuals and closely held businesses using a goal-based, holistic approach to their finances. She specializes in the areas of retirement and estate planning, having obtained a certificate in retirement planning from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. D’Agostini has been working with family law attorneys and mediators for over 15 years providing insight into the financial issues surrounding divorce to assist individuals in achieving a fair and equitable settlement, but most importantly to assist in making decisions that give them a clear view of their future and a path toward achieving their life goals. She helps them feel empowered to move forward towards a brighter future. * At NerdWallet, our content goes through a rigorous [editorial review process.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/l/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines) We have such confidence in our accurate and useful content that we let outside experts inspect our work. Certified Financial Planner® \+ more [![Robert Beaupre](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2025/08/rb.png?resize=160%2C160)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/robert-beaupre) Edited by Robert Beaupre [![Robert Beaupre](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2025/08/rb.png?resize=160%2C160)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/robert-beaupre) [Robert Beaupre](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/robert-beaupre) Head of Content, Small Business *** 14 years of experience Expertise - Small business finances - investing - banking Robert Beaupre leads the SMB team at NerdWallet. He has covered financial topics as an editor for more than a decade. Before joining NerdWallet, he served as senior editorial manager of QuinStreet's insurance sites and managing editor of Insure.com. In addition, he served as an online media manager for the University of Nevada, Reno. Published in ![MarketWatch](https://cdns3.nerdwallet.com/lending/publication-logos/Marketwatch.webp)![TheStreet](https://cdns3.nerdwallet.com/lending/publication-logos/TheStreet.webp) Head of Content, Small Business \+ more SOME CARD INFO MAY BE OUTDATED This page includes information about these cards, currently unavailable on NerdWallet. The information has been collected by NerdWallet and has not been provided or reviewed by the card issuer. The perks of self-employment are plenty, but there’s at least one significant drawback: the lack of an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a [401(k)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k). Enter the solo 401(k), or what the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k). Designed for self-employed workers, a solo 401(k) mimics many of the features of an employer-sponsored plan. ## What is a solo 401(k) plan? A solo 401(k) is an individual 401(k) designed for a business owner with no employees. In fact, IRS rules say you can’t contribute to a solo 401(k) if you have full-time employees, though you can use the plan to cover both you and your spouse. ### Quick facts and who qualifies for a solo 401(k) Just want the need-to-know basics about this retirement account? Here’s the breakdown: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Eligibility rules \| No age or income restrictions, but must be a business owner with no employees. \| \| Contribution limit \| \$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250. \| \| Taxes on contributions \| Traditional 401(k): Contributions are made pre-tax, reducing taxable income for the year.Roth 401(k): Contributions are made with after-tax dollars. \| \| Taxes on qualified distributions in retirement \| Traditional 401(k): Qualified distributions are taxed at ordinary income rates.Roth 401(k): Qualified distributions are tax-free. \| \| How to open \| As long as you have an employer identification number, you can open a solo 401(k) at many online brokers — any of the ones on our list of best brokers for IRAs would also be a good fit for a 401(k). \| ## Solo 401(k) contribution limits To understand solo 401(k) contribution rules, you want to think of yourself as two people: an employer (of yourself) and an employee (yes, also of yourself). Even though there is an overall contribution limit, your contributions are subject to additional limits within each specific role. ### Solo 401(k) limits for 2025 - The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is up to \$70,000 in 2025. - As the employee, you can contribute up to \$23,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional \$7,500. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act. - As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is \$350,000 in 2025. These contributions need to be made by the [tax filing deadline](https://www.nerdwallet.com/taxes/learn/tax-deadline-tax-day-taxes-due) (April 15, 2026) or extension deadline, if applicable. Keep in mind that if you’re side-gigging, employee 401(k) limits apply by person, rather than by plan. That means if you’re also participating in a 401(k) at your day job, the limit applies to contributions across all plans, not each individual plan. » MORE: [Calculate how long your retirement savings might last](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/how-long-will-your-retirement-savings-last) ### Solo 401(k) limits for 2026 - The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is \$72,000 in 2026. - As the employee, you can contribute up to \$24,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional \$8,000. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act. - As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is \$360,000 in 2026. These contributions need to be made by the [tax filing deadline](https://www.nerdwallet.com/taxes/learn/tax-deadline-tax-day-taxes-due) (April 15, 2027) or extension deadline, if applicable. \| Brokerage firms \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![Charles Schwab](https://www.nerdwallet.com/cdn-cgi/image/quality=85/cdn/investing/logos/CharlesTrial.png)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61fabd58-44eb-11e8-9c02-fb51e6eec6b5?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/reviews/schwab-brokerage "Read review") NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for online brokers and robo-advisors takes into account over 15 factors, including account fees and minimums, investment choices, customer support and mobile app capabilities. [Learn more](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61fabd58-44eb-11e8-9c02-fb51e6eec6b5?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Charles Schwab's website \| [![E\TRADE](https://www.nerdwallet.com/cdn-cgi/image/quality=85/cdn/investing/logos/etrade_ms.png)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61f673ba-44eb-11e8-9c02-9b9860598c1e?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/reviews/etrade "Read review") NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for online brokers and robo-advisors takes into account over 15 factors, including account fees and minimums, investment choices, customer support and mobile app capabilities. [Learn more](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61f673ba-44eb-11e8-9c02-9b9860598c1e?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on E\TRADE's website \| \| [![Vanguard](https://www.nerdwallet.com/cdn-cgi/image/quality=85/cdn/investing/logos/vanglogo.png)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61f78eb2-44eb-11e8-9c02-eb58816e8aeb?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/reviews/vanguard "Read review") NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for online brokers and robo-advisors takes into account over 15 factors, including account fees and minimums, investment choices, customer support and mobile app capabilities. [Learn more](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61f78eb2-44eb-11e8-9c02-eb58816e8aeb?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Vanguard's website \| [![Fidelity](https://www.nerdwallet.com/cdn-cgi/image/quality=85/cdn/investing/logos/FidNewLogo.png)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61ed8d72-44eb-11e8-9c02-53658283ffc3?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/reviews/fidelity "Read review") NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for online brokers and robo-advisors takes into account over 15 factors, including account fees and minimums, investment choices, customer support and mobile app capabilities. [Learn more](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61ed8d72-44eb-11e8-9c02-53658283ffc3?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Fidelity's website \| ## Is a solo 401(k) tax deductible? The nice thing about a solo 401(k) is you get to pick your tax advantage: You can opt for the traditional 401(k), under which contributions reduce your income in the year they are made. In that case, distributions in retirement will be taxed as ordinary income. The alternative is the Roth solo 401(k), which offers no initial tax break but allows you to take distributions in retirement tax-free. In general, a Roth is a better option if you expect your income to be higher in retirement and/or you expect [tax brackets](https://www.nerdwallet.com/taxes/learn/federal-income-tax-brackets) to be higher in the future — which experts say is likely. If you think your income will go down in retirement, or you expect tax brackets to remain the same or lower, opt for the tax break today with a traditional 401(k). Because of these tax perks, the IRS has pretty strict rules about when you can tap the money you put into either type of account: With few exceptions, you’ll pay taxes and penalties on any distributions before age 59 ½. » MORE: [Learn how wealth management works](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/what-is-wealth-management) ## Covering your spouse under your solo 401(k) The IRS allows one exception to the no-employees rule on the solo 401(k): your spouse, if they earn income from your business. That could effectively double the amount you can contribute as a family, depending on your income. Your spouse would make elective deferrals as your employee, up to the employee contribution limit (plus the 50-and-older [catch-up provision](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/catch-up-contributions), if applicable). As the employer, you can then make the plan’s profit-sharing contribution for your spouse, of up to 25% of compensation. ## How to open a solo 401(k) You can open a solo 401(k) at most online brokers, though you’ll need an [employer identification number](https://www.nerdwallet.com/taxes/learn/what-is-a-tax-id-number-do-i-need-one). The broker will provide a plan adoption agreement for you to complete, as well as an account application. Once you’ve done that, you can set up contributions. You’ll have access to many of the investments offered by your broker, including mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, individual stocks and bonds. If you want to make a contribution for this year, you must establish the plan by Dec. 31 and make your employee contribution by the end of the calendar year. You can typically make employer profit-sharing contributions until your tax-filing deadline for the tax year. Note that once the plan gets going, it may require some additional paperwork — the IRS requires an annual report on Form 5500-SF if your 401(k) plan has \$250,000 or more in assets at the end of a given year \[1\] Internal Revenue Service. [Financial Advisors: Are Assets in Your Client’s One-Participant Plans More Than \$250,000?.](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/financial-advisors-are-assets-in-your-clients-one-participant-plans-more-than-250000) Accessed Nov 15, 2025. [View all sources](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-solo-401k#citation-list) . If you need help managing the funds in your solo 401(k), a financial advisor could help you decide what to do. Here are more resources to help you weigh your options as a self-employed worker: - [Compare a solo 401(k) to other self-employed retirement plan options](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/retirement-plans-self-employed) - [Read about the SEP IRA](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-sep-ira), another good option for solo workers - Try out our [retirement calculator](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/calculators/retirement-calculator) to estimate your savings Article sources Article sources NerdWallet writers are subject matter authorities who use primary, trustworthy sources to inform their work, including peer-reviewed studies, government websites, academic research and interviews with industry experts. All content is fact-checked for accuracy, timeliness and relevance. You can learn more about NerdWallet's high standards for journalism by reading our [editorial guidelines.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/l/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines) - [1\.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-solo-401k#citation-4284022942) Internal Revenue Service. [Financial Advisors: Are Assets in Your Client’s One-Participant Plans More Than \$250,000?.](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/financial-advisors-are-assets-in-your-clients-one-participant-plans-more-than-250000) Accessed Nov 15, 2025. [Back to top]() About the author [![Arielle O'Shea](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2019/08/aoshea-user-avatar.jpg?resize=70%2C70)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/arielle-oshea) [Arielle O'Shea](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/arielle-oshea) Arielle is a NerdWallet authority on retirement and investing, with appearances on the "Today" Show, "NBC Nightly News" and other national media. [See full bio.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/arielle-oshea) Helpful resources [Best Financial Advisors](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/best) [3 Ways to Search for a Financial Advisor Near You](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/how-to-find-a-financial-advisor-near-you) [How to Choose a Financial Advisor in 5 Steps](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/how-to-choose-a-financial-advisor) [3 Best Wealth Management Services](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/best/wealth-advisors) More like this [Investment Basics](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/learn)[Investing](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing) Related articles [![](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2018/04/GettyImages-1163568487.jpg?resize=600%2C360) How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost? ![Andrea Coombes's profile picture](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2019/08/acoombes-user-avatar.jpg?resize=70%2C70) 2 By Andrea Coombes, Taryn 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policy](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/nerdwallet-california-privacy-policy)[Privacy preferences](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/privacy-policy)[Do not sell or share my personal information](https://privacyportal.onetrust.com/webform/694a76f6-1f82-455e-b46e-ffeed902c3fa/db85134f-a11a-451c-a462-3f2f39a662bc) Disclaimer: NerdWallet strives to keep its information accurate and up to date. This information may be different than what you see when you visit a financial institution, service provider or specific product's site. All financial products, shopping products and services are presented without warranty. When evaluating offers, please review the financial institution's Terms and Conditions. Pre-qualified offers are not binding. If you find discrepancies with your credit score or information from your credit report, please contact TransUnion® directly. NerdWallet Compare, Inc. NMLS ID\# 1617539[NMLS Consumer Access](https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1617539) \\|[Licenses and Disclosures](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/nerdwallet-compare-inc-licenses-and-disclosures) California: California Finance Lender loans arranged pursuant to Department of Financial Protection and Innovation Finance Lenders License \#60DBO-74812 Insurance Services offered through NerdWallet Insurance Services, Inc. (CA resident license no.OK92033) [Insurance Licenses](https://www.nerdwallet.com/nerdwallet-insurance-services-inc-licenses-and-disclosures) Fundera, Inc. NMLS ID\# 1240038[NMLS Consumer Access](https://nmlsconsumeraccess.org/) California: California Finance Lender loans arranged pursuant to the Department of Financial Protection and Innovation Finance Lenders License \#603L288 NerdWallet has engaged Atomic Invest LLC (“Atomic”), an SEC-registered investment adviser, to bring you the opportunity to open investment advisory accounts (Automated Investing Account and/or Treasury Account) with Atomic. NerdWallet receives compensation of 0% to 0.85% of assets under management annualized, payable monthly, for each referred client who opens an Atomic account and a percentage of free cash interest earned by clients, which creates a conflict of interest. Brokerage services for Atomic are provided by Atomic Brokerage LLC ("Atomic Brokerage"), member of [FINRA](https://www.finra.org/#/)/[SIPC](https://www.sipc.org/) and an affiliate of Atomic, which creates a conflict of interest. See details about Atomic, in their [Form CRS](https://reports.adviserinfo.sec.gov/crs/crs_313255.pdf), [Form ADV Part 2A](https://adviserinfo.sec.gov/firm/brochure/313255) and [Privacy Policy](https://legal.atomicvest.com/usa.privacy.de3d0277-78f7-4741-9e9f-755f6b4f03ba.pdf). See details about Atomic Brokerage in their [Form CRS](https://files.brokercheck.finra.org/crs_315263.pdf), [General Disclosures](https://legal.atomicvest.com/usa.broker.disclosures.003464f3-f6bd-41c3-bbdf-7050e50b43a2.pdf), [fee schedule](https://legal.atomicvest.com/usa.broker.schedule.7ea28665-88a9-4542-a748-987e90ea46b6.pdf), and FINRA’s [BrokerCheck](https://brokercheck.finra.org/). You also can open a Cash Account offered by Atomic Brokerage which allows you to earn interest on your cash through a cash sweep program. [View Important Cash Account Disclosures.](https://www.atomicvest.com/legal/disclosures/7d9c31dd-bf97-46ae-9803-1774b97187af) Neither Atomic Invest nor Atomic Brokerage, nor any of their affiliates is a bank. Investments in securities: Not FDIC Insured, Not Bank Guaranteed, May Lose Value. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Before investing, consider your investment objectives and the fees and expenses charged. Images are for illustrative purposes only. NerdWallet™ \\| 4150 N Drinkwater Blvd, Suite 200, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 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Readable Markdown	The perks of self-employment are plenty, but there’s at least one significant drawback: the lack of an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a [401(k)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k). Enter the solo 401(k), or what the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k). Designed for self-employed workers, a solo 401(k) mimics many of the features of an employer-sponsored plan. What is a solo 401(k) plan? A solo 401(k) is an individual 401(k) designed for a business owner with no employees. In fact, IRS rules say you can’t contribute to a solo 401(k) if you have full-time employees, though you can use the plan to cover both you and your spouse. Quick facts and who qualifies for a solo 401(k) Just want the need-to-know basics about this retirement account? Here’s the breakdown: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Eligibility rules \| No age or income restrictions, but must be a business owner with no employees. \| \| Contribution limit \| \$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250. \| \| Taxes on contributions \| Traditional 401(k): Contributions are made pre-tax, reducing taxable income for the year.Roth 401(k): Contributions are made with after-tax dollars. \| \| Taxes on qualified distributions in retirement \| Traditional 401(k): Qualified distributions are taxed at ordinary income rates.Roth 401(k): Qualified distributions are tax-free. \| \| How to open \| As long as you have an employer identification number, you can open a solo 401(k) at many online brokers — any of the ones on our list of best brokers for IRAs would also be a good fit for a 401(k). \| Solo 401(k) contribution limits To understand solo 401(k) contribution rules, you want to think of yourself as two people: an employer (of yourself) and an employee (yes, also of yourself). Even though there is an overall contribution limit, your contributions are subject to additional limits within each specific role. Solo 401(k) limits for 2025 - The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is up to \$70,000 in 2025. - As the employee, you can contribute up to \$23,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional \$7,500. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act. - As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is \$350,000 in 2025. These contributions need to be made by the [tax filing deadline](https://www.nerdwallet.com/taxes/learn/tax-deadline-tax-day-taxes-due) (April 15, 2026) or extension deadline, if applicable. Keep in mind that if you’re side-gigging, employee 401(k) limits apply by person, rather than by plan. That means if you’re also participating in a 401(k) at your day job, the limit applies to contributions across all plans, not each individual plan. Solo 401(k) limits for 2026 - The total solo 401(k) contribution limit is \$72,000 in 2026. - As the employee, you can contribute up to \$24,500, or 100% of compensation, whichever is less, by December 31, 2025. Those 50 or older get to contribute an additional \$8,000. People ages 60 to 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250 due to the Secure 2.0 Act. - As the employer, you can make an additional profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your compensation or net self-employment income. The limit on compensation that can be used to factor your contribution is \$360,000 in 2026. These contributions need to be made by the [tax filing deadline](https://www.nerdwallet.com/taxes/learn/tax-deadline-tax-day-taxes-due) (April 15, 2027) or extension deadline, if applicable. \| Brokerage firms \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![Charles Schwab](https://www.nerdwallet.com/cdn-cgi/image/quality=85/cdn/investing/logos/CharlesTrial.png)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61fabd58-44eb-11e8-9c02-fb51e6eec6b5?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/reviews/schwab-brokerage "Read review") [Learn more](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61fabd58-44eb-11e8-9c02-fb51e6eec6b5?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Charles Schwab's website \| [![E\TRADE](https://www.nerdwallet.com/cdn-cgi/image/quality=85/cdn/investing/logos/etrade_ms.png)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61f673ba-44eb-11e8-9c02-9b9860598c1e?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/reviews/etrade "Read review") [Learn more](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61f673ba-44eb-11e8-9c02-9b9860598c1e?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on E\TRADE's website \| \| [![Vanguard](https://www.nerdwallet.com/cdn-cgi/image/quality=85/cdn/investing/logos/vanglogo.png)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61f78eb2-44eb-11e8-9c02-eb58816e8aeb?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/reviews/vanguard "Read review") [Learn more](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61f78eb2-44eb-11e8-9c02-eb58816e8aeb?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Vanguard's website \| [![Fidelity](https://www.nerdwallet.com/cdn-cgi/image/quality=85/cdn/investing/logos/FidNewLogo.png)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61ed8d72-44eb-11e8-9c02-53658283ffc3?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=product_image&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) [NerdWallet rating](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/reviews/fidelity "Read review") [Learn more](https://www.nerdwallet.com/redirect/61ed8d72-44eb-11e8-9c02-53658283ffc3?calling_deployable_name=seo-pages&calling_deployable_version=1.0.0&cta_type=apply_now_button&finish_type=external_application&impression_position=0&impression_section=mini_product_card) on Fidelity's website \| Is a solo 401(k) tax deductible? The nice thing about a solo 401(k) is you get to pick your tax advantage: You can opt for the traditional 401(k), under which contributions reduce your income in the year they are made. In that case, distributions in retirement will be taxed as ordinary income. The alternative is the Roth solo 401(k), which offers no initial tax break but allows you to take distributions in retirement tax-free. In general, a Roth is a better option if you expect your income to be higher in retirement and/or you expect [tax brackets](https://www.nerdwallet.com/taxes/learn/federal-income-tax-brackets) to be higher in the future — which experts say is likely. If you think your income will go down in retirement, or you expect tax brackets to remain the same or lower, opt for the tax break today with a traditional 401(k). Because of these tax perks, the IRS has pretty strict rules about when you can tap the money you put into either type of account: With few exceptions, you’ll pay taxes and penalties on any distributions before age 59 ½. Covering your spouse under your solo 401(k) The IRS allows one exception to the no-employees rule on the solo 401(k): your spouse, if they earn income from your business. That could effectively double the amount you can contribute as a family, depending on your income. Your spouse would make elective deferrals as your employee, up to the employee contribution limit (plus the 50-and-older [catch-up provision](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/catch-up-contributions), if applicable). As the employer, you can then make the plan’s profit-sharing contribution for your spouse, of up to 25% of compensation. How to open a solo 401(k) You can open a solo 401(k) at most online brokers, though you’ll need an [employer identification number](https://www.nerdwallet.com/taxes/learn/what-is-a-tax-id-number-do-i-need-one). The broker will provide a plan adoption agreement for you to complete, as well as an account application. Once you’ve done that, you can set up contributions. You’ll have access to many of the investments offered by your broker, including mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, individual stocks and bonds. If you want to make a contribution for this year, you must establish the plan by Dec. 31 and make your employee contribution by the end of the calendar year. You can typically make employer profit-sharing contributions until your tax-filing deadline for the tax year. Note that once the plan gets going, it may require some additional paperwork — the IRS requires an annual report on Form 5500-SF if your 401(k) plan has \$250,000 or more in assets at the end of a given year. If you need help managing the funds in your solo 401(k), a financial advisor could help you decide what to do. Here are more resources to help you weigh your options as a self-employed worker:
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