🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 34 (from laksa137)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa034.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k","crawl_time":1775699765,"first_indexed_time":1762486783,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,nerdwallet!www,\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k s443","src_root_hash":"10009614238684002234","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"401(k) Plan: What It Is and How It Works - NerdWallet","meta_descriptions":["A 401(k) plan is retirement account into which employees contribute part of their pay. There are tax advantages, and employers often match the contributions."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Making the most of your 401(k) plan starts with differentiating between 401(k) types, choosing a contribution limit and selecting investments to help your account grow.\nWhat is a 401(k) plan?\nA 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored account that allows employees to contribute a portion of their paycheck to save for retirement. Oftentimes, employers may match part of these contributions, but it is not required.\nThere are two main types of 401(k) plans: traditional and Roth. The traditional 401(k) is funded with pretax money, while the Roth 401(k) takes after-tax contributions. The type of plan you have determines what tax advantages you can receive, either now or during retirement.\nHow does a 401(k) work?\nHere’s a step-by-step process of how a 401(k) works:\nEmployee contributions.\nEmployees choose a percentage of their paycheck to go into their 401(k) account. It’s deducted automatically and deposited directly into their 401(k) account. \nEmployer match.\nMany employers offer to match a percentage of these contributions. This free money can provide an extra boost of retirement savings. \nInvestment selections.\nOptions within a 401(k) plan can include stocks, bonds and mutual funds, but depend on your plan provider. A common investment option is\ntarget-date funds\n, which automatically adjust their investment mix from aggressive to conservative over time as the account owner approaches retirement age.\nRead more on how to invest your 401(k)\n. \nVesting schedule.\nWhile an employee’s contributions are always theirs, their employer’s match may be subject to a vesting schedule. This means the employee might not fully own the employer contributions until after a set period of time.\nStarting 2025, employees are automatically enrolled in 401(k) and 403(b) plans by their employers once eligible. This rule doesn't apply to plans beginning before December 29, 2022. If your plan was started before this date, you'll need to opt-in manually. The contribution rate will increase annually until it reaches a maximum of 15%. This is a change ushered in by the\nSecure 2.0 Act\n, which aims to help workers save for retirement\n.\nTypes of 401(k) plans\nThe two main types of 401(k) plans —\nRoth\nand traditional — are differentiated by their tax advantages.\nRoth 401(k)\nTraditional 401(k)\nContribution limits\nThe\n401(k) contribution limit\napplies to both accounts.\nYou can contribute to both accounts in the same year, as long as you keep your total contributions under the cap. You can contribute\n$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra $8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250.\n.\nTax treatment of contributions\nContributions are made after taxes, with no effect on current adjusted gross income. Employer matching dollars must go into a pretax account and are taxed when distributed.\nContributions are made pretax, which reduces your current adjusted gross income.\nTax treatment of withdrawals\nNo taxes on qualified distributions in retirement.\nDistributions in retirement are taxed as ordinary income.\nWithdrawal rules\nWithdrawals of contributions and earnings are not taxed as long as the distribution is considered qualified by the IRS: The account has been held for five years or more and the distribution is:\nDue to disability or death.\nOn or after age 59 ½.\nUnlike a Roth IRA, you cannot withdraw contributions any time you choose.\nWithdrawals of contributions and earnings are taxed. Distributions may be penalized if taken before age 59 ½, unless you meet one of the IRS exceptions.\nAD\nHow does your\nnet worth stack up?\nSee where you stand compared to households like yours, and get steps you could take to grow from here.\nRun the numbers\nNWWP is an SEC-registered investment adviser. Registration does not imply skill or training. Calculator by NerdWallet, Inc., an affiliate, for informational purposes only.\nHow much can I contribute to my 401(k)?\nEvery year, the IRS announces new contribution limits for retirement plans, including 401(k)s. In 2026, the 401(k) contribution limit for employees is\n$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra $8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250.\nThe total contribution limit in 2026, which includes both employee and employer contributions, is $72,000 or 100% of employee compensation, whichever is less. That combined limit is $80,000 for those age 50 and older, and $83,250 for those age 60 to 63.\nA 401(k) plan offers higher annual contribution limits than\nindividual retirement accounts\n(IRAs). An IRA tops out at\n$7,000 for 2025 ($8,000 if aged 50 and older). For 2026, the limit is $7,500 ($8,600 if aged 50 and older)\n.\nMany financial professionals say you should aim to contribute 10% to 15% of your income to retirement savings. According to Fidelity Investments, the average 401(k) contribution rate was 14.2% in the third quarter of 2025, and that includes employer and employee contributions\n.\nIf 10% to 15% of your salary feels too steep, it's fine to contribute what you can and work your way up as you can afford to. You aren’t required to contribute the maximum, but it’s a good rule of thumb to consider contributing enough to get your employer match if one is offered.\nCalculate how long your money will last in retirement\nCalculate how long your money will last in retirement\nHow to make after-tax 401(k) contributions\nIf your plan allows after-tax 401(k) contributions, you can contribute beyond the 401(k) employee limit and towards the overall combined contribution limit. After-tax contributions don’t reduce your taxable income, but they can be withdrawn tax-free up to the amount contributed.\nEarnings on those contributions grow tax-deferred and are taxed when withdrawn unless they’re rolled into a Roth account, a strategy sometimes referred to as a\nmega backdoor Roth\n. Not all plans offer after-tax contributions or in-service rollovers, so you’ll need to check your plan’s rules.\nWhat are the 401(k) withdrawal rules?\nTo make a qualifying withdrawal from a traditional 401(k), you must be at least 59 ½, have a qualifying disability or qualify for a hardship withdrawal\n. If you don't meet these requirements, you may face a 10% early withdrawal penalty, plus you'll have to include your withdrawal as part of your income when you file your taxes.\nYou can withdraw emergency expenses of up to $1,000 per year without paying the 10%  penalty\n. If the money isn't repaid within three years, no additional emergency distributions are allowed over those three years.\nStill, in most cases, an early 401(k) withdrawal will trigger taxes and leave less money in the account to invest over time.\nWhat are required minimum distributions?\nOnce you reach age 73, taking withdrawals from your traditional 401(k) stops being a choice.\nRequired minimum distributions\nare the amounts you must take out of your 401(k) each year unless you're still working and choose to defer until retirement.\nYou are allowed to withdraw more than the minimum, and the distributions are part of your taxable income for the year\n.\nIf you have a Roth 401(k), there are no required minimum distributions.\nWhat happens to your 401(k) if you quit your job\nRollovers completed within 60 days usually are not taxable\n.\nYou also could leave it in your old employer’s plan, but you can’t keep contributing to it.\nCan I lose money in a 401(k)?\nYes, you can lose money in a 401(k) plan. Because the money is invested, there is always a risk of loss based on economic changes, financial market movements or other factors.\nHow long does it take for my 401(k) to vest?\nThat depends on your plan's rules. Your contributions are always yours. Your employer’s contributions, on the other hand, may vest immediately or on a fixed schedule. The best way to find out is to check with your human resources team or directly with your employer plan provider.\nWhat is a solo 401(k)?\nA\nsolo 401(k)\nis a retirement account for business owners who have no employees. The plan can only cover the business owner and their spouse, if they have one. A solo 401(k), which the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k) plan, has many of the same features of a traditional 401(k) plan.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#main)[![Nerdwallet 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logo](data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20height%3D%2221px%22%20width%3D%22127px%22%20viewBox%3D%22-361.3%20271.3%20128.3%2018.5%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%20%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%238DC63F%22%20d%3D%22M-233.4%20279.6h-2.7v5c0%20.6.1%201.1.4%201.4.2.3.7.5%201.3.5.2%200%20.4%200%20.7-.1h.1c.2%200%20.4.1.5.4v2.4c0%20.2-.1.3-.3.4-.2.1-.5.1-.8.2-.5.1-.9.1-1.4.1-.9%200-1.6-.1-2.2-.3-.6-.2-1.1-.5-1.4-.9-.4-.4-.6-.9-.8-1.5-.2-.6-.2-1.2-.2-1.9v-11.7c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h3c.3%200%20.5.2.5.5l.3%203h2.7c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v2.4c-.1%200-.3.1-.5.1zm-17.7%204.4c0%20.4.1.7.3%201%20.2.3.4.6.7.8.3.2.6.4%201%20.5.4.1.7.2%201.1.2.7%200%201.3-.1%201.7-.4l.9-.6c.2-.2.4-.2.6%200l1.8%201.9c.2.2.2.5%200%20.6-.5.4-1%20.8-1.6%201.1-1%20.5-2.2.7-3.5.7-1%200-1.9-.2-2.8-.5-.9-.3-1.6-.7-2.3-1.3-.7-.6-1.2-1.3-1.5-2.1-.4-.9-.6-1.8-.6-2.9%200-1.1.2-2%20.5-2.9.4-.9.9-1.6%201.5-2.2.6-.6%201.4-1.1%202.2-1.4.9-.3%201.8-.5%202.8-.5%201%200%201.8.2%202.6.5s1.5.8%202.1%201.4c.6.6%201%201.3%201.3%202.2.3.9.5%201.9.5%203v1h-9.3v-.1zm4.9-4.4c-.4-.5-1.1-.7-1.9-.7-.4%200-.8.1-1.1.2-.3.1-.7.3-.9.5-.3.2-.5.5-.6.8-.2.3-.2.6-.3%201h5.5c-.1-.7-.3-1.3-.7-1.8zm-10.9%209.7h-3.6c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-17.3c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h3.6c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v17.3c-.1.2-.2.4-.4.4zm-7.2%200h-3.6c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-17.3c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h3.6c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v17.3c0%20.2-.2.4-.4.4zm-7.1%200h-2.6c-.2%200-.4-.1-.5-.4l-.3-1c-.4.4-1%20.8-1.7%201.1-.6.3-1.3.5-2.1.5h-.7c-1%200-1.8-.2-2.6-.6-.8-.4-1.4-.9-1.9-1.5s-.9-1.4-1.2-2.2c-.3-.8-.4-1.7-.4-2.6%200-.9.1-1.8.4-2.6.3-.8.7-1.5%201.2-2.2.5-.6%201.2-1.1%201.9-1.5.8-.4%201.6-.5%202.5-.5%201.1%200%202%20.2%202.7.5.6.3%201%20.6%201.4.9l.3-1.2c.1-.2.3-.4.5-.4h3c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v12.7c.1.4-.1.6-.3.6zm-3.9-7.7c-.1-.4-.4-.8-.6-1.1-.3-.3-.6-.6-1-.8-.4-.2-.8-.3-1.3-.3s-.9.1-1.3.3c-.4.2-.7.4-1%20.7-.3.3-.5.7-.6%201.1-.1.4-.2.8-.2%201.2%200%20.4.1.8.2%201.2.1.4.3.8.6%201.1.3.3.6.6%201%20.8.4.2.8.3%201.3.3s.9-.1%201.3-.3c.4-.2.7-.4%201-.8.3-.3.5-.7.6-1.1.1-.4.2-.8.2-1.2%200-.3-.1-.7-.2-1.1zm-14.4%207.4c-.1.2-.2.3-.4.3h-3.8c-.2%200-.3-.1-.4-.3l-2.5-7.8h-.1l-2.4%207.8c0%20.2-.2.3-.4.3h-3.8c-.2%200-.3-.1-.4-.3l-4.2-12.2c-.1-.2.1-.5.4-.5h3.8c.2%200%20.3.1.4.3l2.2%207.9h.1l2.2-7.9c0-.2.2-.3.4-.3h3.7c.2%200%20.3.1.4.3l2.3%207.9h.1l2.2-7.9c0-.2.2-.3.4-.3h3.6c.3%200%20.4.3.4.5l-4.2%2012.2zm-19.5.3h-2.6c-.2%200-.4-.1-.5-.4l-.3-.8c-.4.4-.9.7-1.5%201-.7.4-1.6.5-2.6.6h-.3c-1%200-1.8-.2-2.6-.6-.8-.4-1.4-.9-1.9-1.5s-.9-1.4-1.2-2.2c-.3-.8-.4-1.7-.4-2.6%200-.9.1-1.8.4-2.6.3-.8.7-1.5%201.2-2.2.5-.6%201.2-1.1%201.9-1.5.8-.4%201.6-.5%202.5-.5%201%200%201.8.2%202.4.5.7.4%201.2.8%201.5%201.2h.1v-6.1c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h3.5c.2%200%20.4.2.4.4v17.3c-.1.2-.2.4-.4.4zm-4-7.7c-.1-.4-.4-.8-.6-1.1-.3-.3-.6-.6-1-.8-.4-.2-.8-.3-1.3-.3s-.9.1-1.3.3c-.4.2-.7.4-1%20.7-.3.3-.5.7-.6%201.1-.1.4-.2.8-.2%201.2%200%20.4.1.8.2%201.2.1.4.3.8.6%201.1.3.3.6.6%201%20.8.4.2.8.3%201.3.3s.9-.1%201.3-.3c.4-.2.7-.4%201-.8.3-.3.5-.7.6-1.1.1-.4.2-.8.2-1.2%200-.3%200-.7-.2-1.1zm-10.2-5.2l-.1%203c0%20.2-.2.4-.4.3h-.7c-.6%200-1.1.1-1.4.3-.4.2-.7.5-.9.8-.2.3-.4.6-.5%201-.1.3-.2.6-.2.9v6.3c0%20.2-.2.4-.4.4h-3.5c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-12.2c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h2.8c.2%200%20.4.2.5.4l.3.9a5%205%200%200%201%201.6-1.1c.2-.1.4-.2.6-.2.5-.2%201-.3%201.5-.3h.6c.1-.1.2.1.2.3zm-19.5%207.6c0%20.4.1.7.3%201%20.2.3.4.6.7.8.3.2.6.4%201%20.5.4.1.7.2%201.1.2.7%200%201.3-.1%201.7-.4l.9-.6c.2-.2.4-.2.6%200l1.8%201.9c.2.2.2.5%200%20.6-.5.4-1%20.8-1.6%201.1-1%20.5-2.2.7-3.5.7-1%200-1.9-.2-2.8-.5-.9-.3-1.6-.7-2.3-1.3-.7-.6-1.2-1.3-1.5-2.1-.4-.9-.6-1.8-.6-2.9%200-1.1.2-2%20.5-2.9.4-.9.9-1.6%201.5-2.2.6-.6%201.4-1.1%202.2-1.4.9-.3%201.8-.5%202.8-.5%201%200%201.8.2%202.6.5s1.5.8%202.1%201.4c.6.6%201%201.3%201.3%202.2.3.9.5%201.9.5%203v1h-9.3v-.1zm4.8-4.4c-.4-.5-1.1-.7-1.9-.7-.4%200-.8.1-1.1.2-.3.1-.7.3-.9.5-.3.2-.5.5-.6.8-.2.3-.2.6-.3%201h5.5c0-.7-.2-1.3-.7-1.8zm-10.7%209.7h-3.6c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-6.7c0-.4%200-.7-.1-1l-.3-.9c-.1-.3-.3-.5-.6-.6-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1%20.2c-.3.1-.5.4-.7.6-.2.3-.3.6-.4.9-.1.3-.1.7-.1%201.1v6.7c0%20.2-.2.4-.4.4h-3.6c-.2%200-.4-.2-.4-.4v-12.2c0-.2.2-.4.4-.4h2.8c.2%200%20.4.1.5.4l.3.8c.4-.4.9-.7%201.5-1%20.7-.3%201.5-.5%202.5-.5h.1c.8%200%201.6.2%202.1.5.6.3%201.1.7%201.5%201.2.4.5.6%201.1.8%201.7.2.6.2%201.3.2%201.9v7.6c.2.1.1.3-.1.3z%22%20%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/)\n\nCredit 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)\n\n![Close](data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDUxMiA1MTIiID48cGF0aCBkPSJNNDA1IDEzN0wyODYgMjU2bDExOSAxMTktMzAgMzAtMTE5LTExOS0xMTkgMTE5LTMwLTMwIDExOS0xMTktMTE5LTExOSAzMC0zMCAxMTkgMTE5IDExOS0xMTl6IiAvPjwvc3ZnPg==)\n\n[Retirement](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement)\n\nWhat is a 401(k)?\n\nAdvertiser disclosure\n\n### You're our first priority. Every time.\nNerdWallet, Inc. is an independent publisher and comparison service, not an investment advisor. Its articles, interactive tools and other content are provided to you for free, as self-help tools and for informational purposes only. They are not intended to provide investment advice. NerdWallet does not and cannot guarantee the accuracy or applicability of any information in regard to your individual circumstances. Examples are hypothetical, and we encourage you to seek personalized advice from qualified professionals regarding specific investment issues. Our estimates are based on past market performance, and past performance is not a guarantee of future performance.\n\nWe believe everyone should be able to make financial decisions with confidence. And while our site doesn’t feature every company or financial product available on the market, we’re proud that the guidance we offer, the information we provide and the tools we create are objective, independent, straightforward — and free.\n\nSo how do we make money? Our partners compensate us. This may influence which products we review and write about (and where those products appear on the site), but it in no way affects our recommendations or advice, which are grounded in thousands of hours of research. Our partners cannot pay us to guarantee favorable reviews of their products or services.  [Here is a list of our partners](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/p\/our-partners).\n# What is a 401(k)?\nA 401(k) plan is a tax-advantaged retirement account employers offer to help their employees save for retirement.\n\n![](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/assets\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/GettyImages-1146500509-what-is-a-401k-1920x1152.jpg)\n\nMany, or all, of the products featured on this page are from our advertising partners who compensate us when you take certain actions on our website or click to take an action on their website. However, this does not influence our evaluations. Our opinions are our own. Here is a list of [our partners](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/p\/our-partners) and [here's how we make money](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/p\/advertiser-disclosure).\n***\nThe investing information provided on this page is for educational purposes only. NerdWallet, Inc. does not offer advisory or brokerage services, nor does it recommend or advise investors to buy or sell particular stocks, securities or other investments.\n\nUpdated\n\nFeb 12, 2026\n\n· 3 min read\n\nFact Checked\n\nHow is this page expert verified?\n\nNerdWallet's content is fact-checked for accuracy, timeliness and relevance. It undergoes a thorough review process involving writers and editors to ensure the information is as clear and complete as possible.\n\n[More on our editorial rigor](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/l\/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines)\n\n[![June Sham](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2023\/04\/336189831_5685987188176353_2746243523277238701_n-e1681950652588.jpg?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/june-sham)\n\nWritten by\n\nJune Sham\n\n[![June Sham](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2023\/04\/336189831_5685987188176353_2746243523277238701_n-e1681950652588.jpg?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/june-sham)\n\n[June Sham](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/june-sham)\n\nLead Writer\n***\n4 years of experience\n\nExpertise\n\n- Personal finance\n- retirement\n\nJune Sham is a lead writer on NerdWallet’s investing and taxes team covering retirement and personal finance. She is a licensed insurance producer, and previously was an insurance writer for Bankrate specializing in home, auto and life insurance. She earned her Bachelor of Arts in creative writing at the University of California, Riverside.\n\nLead Writer\n\n\\+    more\n\n[![Jody D’Agostini](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2022\/05\/Jody-DAgostini-Photo-002.png?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/reviewer\/jody-dagostini)\n\nReviewed by\n\nJody D’Agostini\n\n[![Jody D’Agostini](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2022\/05\/Jody-DAgostini-Photo-002.png?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/reviewer\/jody-dagostini)\n\n[Jody D’Agostini](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/reviewer\/jody-dagostini)\n\nCertified Financial Planner®\n***\nExpertise\n\n- financial planning\n- investing\n- family investing\n- retirement\n- wealth management\n\nJody D’Agostini, financial advisor with Equitable Advisors, focuses her practice in the areas of comprehensive financial planning and wealth management for individuals and closely held businesses using a goal-based, holistic approach to their finances. She specializes in the areas of retirement and estate planning, having obtained a certificate in retirement planning from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. D’Agostini has been working with family law attorneys and mediators for over 15 years providing insight into the financial issues surrounding divorce to assist individuals in achieving a fair and equitable settlement, but most importantly to assist in making decisions that give them a clear view of their future and a path toward achieving their life goals. She helps them feel empowered to move forward towards a brighter future.\n***\nAt NerdWallet, our content goes through a rigorous [editorial review process.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/l\/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines) We have such confidence in our accurate and useful content that we let outside experts inspect our work.\n\nCertified Financial Planner®\n\n\\+    more\n\n[![Pamela de la Fuente](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-01-at-2.07.15-PM.png?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/pamela-de-la-fuente)\n\nEdited by\n\nPamela de la Fuente\n\n[![Pamela de la Fuente](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-01-at-2.07.15-PM.png?resize=160%2C160)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/pamela-de-la-fuente)\n\n[Pamela de la Fuente](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/pamela-de-la-fuente)\n\nManaging Editor\n***\n23 years of experience\n\nExpertise\n\n- Personal Finance\n- Budgeting\n- Taxes\n- Retirement\n- Underrepresented communities\n\nPamela de la Fuente is a managing editor of NerdWallet's personal finance content. She leads budgeting, money-making, consumer credit and and debt coverage.\n\nAsk her and her talented team about why credit scores matter, how to save money on your grocery bill, finding the right side hustle, how to protect your identity for free and more.\n\nPreviously, she led taxes and retirement coverage at NerdWallet.\n\nPamela joined NerdWallet after working at companies including Hallmark Cards, Sprint Corp. and The Kansas City Star. She has been a writer and editor for more than 20 years.\n\nPamela is a thought leader in content diversity, equity, inclusion and belonging, and finds ways to make every piece of content conversational and accessible to all.\n\nShe is a graduate of the Maynard Institute's Maynard 200 program, and the National Association of Black Journalists Executive Leadership Academy. She is a two-time winner of the Kansas City Association of Black Journalists' President's Award. She was also founding co-chair of NerdWallet's Nerds of Color employee resource group.\n\nManaging Editor\n\n\\+    more\n\nSOME CARD INFO MAY BE OUTDATED\n\nThis page includes information about these cards, currently unavailable on NerdWallet. The information has been collected by NerdWallet and has not been provided or reviewed by the card issuer.\n\nMaking the most of your 401(k) plan starts with differentiating between 401(k) types, choosing a contribution limit and selecting investments to help your account grow.\n\n## What is a 401(k) plan?\nA 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored account that allows employees to contribute a portion of their paycheck to save for retirement. Oftentimes, employers may match part of these contributions, but it is not required.\n\nThere are two main types of 401(k) plans: traditional and Roth. The traditional 401(k) is funded with pretax money, while the Roth 401(k) takes after-tax contributions. The type of plan you have determines what tax advantages you can receive, either now or during retirement.\n\n» MORE: [How to find a financial advisor who can help plan retirement](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/financial-advisors\/learn\/how-to-choose-a-financial-advisor)\n\n## How does a 401(k) work?\nHere’s a step-by-step process of how a 401(k) works:\n\n1. Employee contributions. Employees choose a percentage of their paycheck to go into their 401(k) account. It’s deducted automatically and deposited directly into their 401(k) account.\n2. Employer match. Many employers offer to match a percentage of these contributions. This free money can provide an extra boost of retirement savings.\n3. Investment selections. Options within a 401(k) plan can include stocks, bonds and mutual funds, but depend on your plan provider. A common investment option is [target-date funds](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/learn\/target-date-funds), which automatically adjust their investment mix from aggressive to conservative over time as the account owner approaches retirement age. [Read more on how to invest your 401(k)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/401k-asset-allocation).\n4. Vesting schedule. While an employee’s contributions are always theirs, their employer’s match may be subject to a vesting schedule. This means the employee might not fully own the employer contributions until after a set period of time.\n\nStarting 2025, employees are automatically enrolled in 401(k) and 403(b) plans by their employers once eligible. This rule doesn't apply to plans beginning before December 29, 2022. If your plan was started before this date, you'll need to opt-in manually. The contribution rate will increase annually until it reaches a maximum of 15%. This is a change ushered in by the [Secure 2.0 Act](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/secure-act), which aims to help workers save for retirement\n\n\\[1\\]\n\nSenate.gov. [SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022.](https:\/\/www.finance.senate.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/Secure%202.0_Section%20by%20Section%20Summary%2012-19-22%20FINAL.pdf) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n\n[View all sources](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-list)\n\n.\n\n» MORE: [Estimate your future balance with our 401(k) calculator](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/calculators\/401k-calculator)\n\n## Types of 401(k) plans\nThe two main types of 401(k) plans — [Roth](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/ \"https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/roth-401k\") and traditional — are differentiated by their tax advantages.\n\n|   | Roth 401(k) | Traditional 401(k) |\n|---|---|---|\n| Contribution limits | The [401(k) contribution limit](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/401k-contribution-limits) applies to both accounts.You can contribute to both accounts in the same year, as long as you keep your total contributions under the cap. You can contribute \\$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \\$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250.. |   |\n| Tax treatment of contributions | Contributions are made after taxes, with no effect on current adjusted gross income. Employer matching dollars must go into a pretax account and are taxed when distributed. | Contributions are made pretax, which reduces your current adjusted gross income. |\n| Tax treatment of withdrawals | No taxes on qualified distributions in retirement. | Distributions in retirement are taxed as ordinary income. |\n| Withdrawal rules | Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are not taxed as long as the distribution is considered qualified by the IRS: The account has been held for five years or more and the distribution is:Due to disability or death. On or after age 59 ½.Unlike a Roth IRA, you cannot withdraw contributions any time you choose. | Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are taxed. Distributions may be penalized if taken before age 59 ½, unless you meet one of the IRS exceptions. |\n\n» Dive deeper: [Our full explainer on traditional vs. Roth 401(k) plans](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/roth-401k-vs-401k)\n\nAD\n\nHow does your\n\nnet worth stack up?\n\nSee where you stand compared to households like yours, and get steps you could take to grow from here.\n\n![Head, Person, Face](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/assets\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-14.jpg)\n\n[Run the numbers](https:\/\/nerdwalletwealthpartners.com\/lp\/networthcalculator?utm_medium=nw_wealth_partners_cta&utm_source=nerdwallet&utm_campaign=nwwp_mtkg__networthad_internal_032526&utm_term=%2Fretirement%2Flearn%2Fwhat-is-a-401k)\n\nNWWP is an SEC-registered investment adviser. Registration does not imply skill or training. Calculator by NerdWallet, Inc., an affiliate, for informational purposes only.\n## How much can I contribute to my 401(k)?\nEvery year, the IRS announces new contribution limits for retirement plans, including 401(k)s. In 2026, the 401(k) contribution limit for employees is \\$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \\$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250.\n\nThe total contribution limit in 2026, which includes both employee and employer contributions, is \\$72,000 or 100% of employee compensation, whichever is less. That combined limit is \\$80,000 for those age 50 and older, and \\$83,250 for those age 60 to 63.\n\nA 401(k) plan offers higher annual contribution limits than [individual retirement accounts](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/learn-about-ira-accounts) (IRAs). An IRA tops out at \\$7,000 for 2025 (\\$8,000 if aged 50 and older). For 2026, the limit is \\$7,500 (\\$8,600 if aged 50 and older).\n\nMany financial professionals say you should aim to contribute 10% to 15% of your income to retirement savings. According to Fidelity Investments, the average 401(k) contribution rate was 14.2% in the third quarter of 2025, and that includes employer and employee contributions\n\n\\[2\\]\n\nFidelity Investments. [Q3 2025 Retirement Analysis.](https:\/\/about.fidelity.com\/data-and-insights\/q3-2025-retirement-analysis) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n\n[View all sources](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-list)\n\n.\n\nIf 10% to 15% of your salary feels too steep, it's fine to contribute what you can and work your way up as you can afford to. You aren’t required to contribute the maximum, but it’s a good rule of thumb to consider contributing enough to get your employer match if one is offered.\n\nCalculate how long your money will last in retirement  Calculate how long your money will last in retirement\n\n» MORE: [How to choose a good financial advisor](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/financial-advisors\/learn\/how-to-choose-a-financial-advisor)\n\n### How to make after-tax 401(k) contributions\nIf your plan allows after-tax 401(k) contributions, you can contribute beyond the 401(k) employee limit and towards the overall combined contribution limit. After-tax contributions don’t reduce your taxable income, but they can be withdrawn tax-free up to the amount contributed.\n\nEarnings on those contributions grow tax-deferred and are taxed when withdrawn unless they’re rolled into a Roth account, a strategy sometimes referred to as a [mega backdoor Roth](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/mega-backdoor-roths-work). Not all plans offer after-tax contributions or in-service rollovers, so you’ll need to check your plan’s rules.\n\n» MORE: [Learn more about after-tax 401(k) contributions](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/after-tax-401k-contributions)\n\n## What are the 401(k) withdrawal rules?\nTo make a qualifying withdrawal from a traditional 401(k), you must be at least 59 ½, have a qualifying disability or qualify for a hardship withdrawal\n\n\\[3\\]\n\nInternal Revenue Service. [401(k) Resource Guide - Plan Participants - General Distribution Rules.](https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/retirement-plans\/plan-participant-employee\/401k-resource-guide-plan-participants-general-distribution-rules) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n\n[View all sources](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-list)\n\n. If you don't meet these requirements, you may face a 10% early withdrawal penalty, plus you'll have to include your withdrawal as part of your income when you file your taxes.\n\nYou can withdraw emergency expenses of up to \\$1,000 per year without paying the 10% penalty\n\n\\[1\\]\n\nSenate.gov. [SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022.](https:\/\/www.finance.senate.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/Secure%202.0_Section%20by%20Section%20Summary%2012-19-22%20FINAL.pdf) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n\n[View all sources](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-list)\n\n. If the money isn't repaid within three years, no additional emergency distributions are allowed over those three years.\n\nStill, in most cases, an early 401(k) withdrawal will trigger taxes and leave less money in the account to invest over time.\n\n» MORE: [Learn more about 401(k) early withdrawal rules](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/early-withdrawals-401ks)\n\n## What are required minimum distributions?\nOnce you reach age 73, taking withdrawals from your traditional 401(k) stops being a choice. [Required minimum distributions](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/calculators\/required-minimum-distributions) are the amounts you must take out of your 401(k) each year unless you're still working and choose to defer until retirement.\n\n- You are allowed to withdraw more than the minimum, and the distributions are part of your taxable income for the year\n  \n  \\[5\\]\n  \n  Internal Revenue Service. [Retirement plan and IRA Required Minimum Distributions FAQs.](https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/retirement-plans\/retirement-plan-and-ira-required-minimum-distributions-faqs) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n  \n  [View all sources](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-list)\n  \n  .\n- If you have a Roth 401(k), there are no required minimum distributions.\n## What happens to your 401(k) if you quit your job\nIf you leave your job, you [can take your 401(k) money with you](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/401k-rollover-ira-guide). You can roll the money into your new employer’s 401(k) plan or into an IRA.\n\n- Rollovers completed within 60 days usually are not taxable\n  \n  \\[6\\]\n  \n  Internal Revenue Service. [401(k) Resource Guide - Plan Sponsors - General Distribution Rules.](https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/retirement-plans\/plan-sponsor\/401k-resource-guide-plan-sponsors-general-distribution-rules) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n  \n  [View all sources](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-list)\n  \n  .\n- You also could leave it in your old employer’s plan, but you can’t keep contributing to it.\n## Can I lose money in a 401(k)?\nYes, you can lose money in a 401(k) plan. Because the money is invested, there is always a risk of loss based on economic changes, financial market movements or other factors.\n\n## How long does it take for my 401(k) to vest?\nThat depends on your plan's rules. Your contributions are always yours. Your employer’s contributions, on the other hand, may vest immediately or on a fixed schedule. The best way to find out is to check with your human resources team or directly with your employer plan provider.\n\n## What is a solo 401(k)?\nA [solo 401(k)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-solo-401k) is a retirement account for business owners who have no employees. The plan can only cover the business owner and their spouse, if they have one. A solo 401(k), which the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k) plan, has many of the same features of a traditional 401(k) plan.\n\nArticle sources  Article sources\n\nNerdWallet writers are subject matter authorities who use primary, trustworthy sources to inform their work, including peer-reviewed studies, government websites, academic research and interviews with industry experts. All content is fact-checked for accuracy, timeliness and relevance. You can learn more about NerdWallet's high standards for journalism by reading our  [editorial guidelines.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/l\/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines)\n\n- [1\\.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-3551942015)  Senate.gov. [SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022.](https:\/\/www.finance.senate.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/Secure%202.0_Section%20by%20Section%20Summary%2012-19-22%20FINAL.pdf) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n- [2\\.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-2786721845)  Fidelity Investments. [Q3 2025 Retirement Analysis.](https:\/\/about.fidelity.com\/data-and-insights\/q3-2025-retirement-analysis) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n- [3\\.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-1354525159)  Internal Revenue Service. [401(k) Resource Guide - Plan Participants - General Distribution Rules.](https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/retirement-plans\/plan-participant-employee\/401k-resource-guide-plan-participants-general-distribution-rules) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n- [1\\.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-3302741951)  Senate.gov. [SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022.](https:\/\/www.finance.senate.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/Secure%202.0_Section%20by%20Section%20Summary%2012-19-22%20FINAL.pdf) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n- [5\\.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-2180225168)  Internal Revenue Service. [Retirement plan and IRA Required Minimum Distributions FAQs.](https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/retirement-plans\/retirement-plan-and-ira-required-minimum-distributions-faqs) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n- [6\\.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#citation-638884036)  Internal Revenue Service. [401(k) Resource Guide - Plan Sponsors - General Distribution Rules.](https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/retirement-plans\/plan-sponsor\/401k-resource-guide-plan-sponsors-general-distribution-rules) Accessed Feb 12, 2026.\n\n[Back to top]()\n\nAbout the author\n\n[![June Sham](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2023\/04\/336189831_5685987188176353_2746243523277238701_n-e1681950652588.jpg?resize=70%2C70)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/june-sham)\n\n[June Sham](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/june-sham)  June Sham is a lead writer on NerdWallet's investing and taxes team covering retirement and personal finance.  [See full bio.](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/author\/june-sham)\n\nOn this page\n\n[Back to top ↑]()\n\nOn this page\n\n╳\n\n- [What is a 401(k) plan?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#what-is-a-401k-plan)\n- [How does a 401(k) work?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#how-does-a-401k-work)\n- [Types of 401(k) plans](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#types-of-401k-plans)\n- [How much can I contribute to my 401(k)?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#how-much-can-i-contribute-to-my-401k)\n  How much can I contribute to my 401(k)?\n  - [How to make after-tax 401(k) contributions](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#how-to-make-aftertax-401k-contributions)\n- [What are the 401(k) withdrawal rules?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#what-are-the-401k-withdrawal-rules)\n- [What are required minimum distributions?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#what-are-required-minimum-distributions)\n- [What happens to your 401(k) if you quit your job](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#what-happens-to-your-401k-if-you-quit-your-job)\n- [Can I lose money in a 401(k)?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#can-i-lose-money-in-a-401k)\n- [How long does it take for my 401(k) to vest?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#how-long-does-it-take-for-my-401k-to-vest)\n- [What is a solo 401(k)?](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-401k#what-is-a-solo-401k)\n\nMore like this\n\n[Investment Basics](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/learn)[Investing](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing)\n\nRelated articles\n\n[![](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/tachyon\/2018\/04\/GettyImages-1163568487.jpg?resize=600%2C360) How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost? ![Andrea 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(CA resident license no.OK92033) [Insurance Licenses](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/nerdwallet-insurance-services-inc-licenses-and-disclosures)\n\nFundera, Inc. NMLS ID\\# 1240038[NMLS Consumer Access](https:\/\/nmlsconsumeraccess.org\/)\n\nCalifornia: California Finance Lender loans arranged pursuant to the Department of Financial Protection and Innovation Finance Lenders License \\#603L288\n\nNerdWallet has engaged Atomic Invest LLC (“Atomic”), an SEC-registered investment adviser, to bring you the opportunity to open investment advisory accounts (Automated Investing Account and\/or Treasury Account) with Atomic. NerdWallet receives compensation of 0% to 0.85% of assets under management annualized, payable monthly, for each referred client who opens an Atomic account and a percentage of free cash interest earned by clients, which creates a conflict of interest. Brokerage services for Atomic are provided by Atomic Brokerage LLC (\"Atomic Brokerage\"), member of [FINRA](https:\/\/www.finra.org\/#\/)\/[SIPC](https:\/\/www.sipc.org\/) and an affiliate of Atomic, which creates a conflict of interest. See details about Atomic, in their [Form CRS](https:\/\/reports.adviserinfo.sec.gov\/crs\/crs_313255.pdf), [Form ADV Part 2A](https:\/\/adviserinfo.sec.gov\/firm\/brochure\/313255) and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/legal.atomicvest.com\/usa.privacy.de3d0277-78f7-4741-9e9f-755f6b4f03ba.pdf). See details about Atomic Brokerage in their [Form CRS](https:\/\/files.brokercheck.finra.org\/crs_315263.pdf), [General Disclosures](https:\/\/legal.atomicvest.com\/usa.broker.disclosures.003464f3-f6bd-41c3-bbdf-7050e50b43a2.pdf), [fee schedule](https:\/\/legal.atomicvest.com\/usa.broker.schedule.7ea28665-88a9-4542-a748-987e90ea46b6.pdf), and FINRA’s [BrokerCheck](https:\/\/brokercheck.finra.org\/).\n\nYou also can open a Cash Account offered by Atomic Brokerage which allows you to earn interest on your cash through a cash sweep program. [View Important Cash Account Disclosures.](https:\/\/www.atomicvest.com\/legal\/disclosures\/7d9c31dd-bf97-46ae-9803-1774b97187af)\n\nNeither Atomic Invest nor Atomic Brokerage, nor any of their affiliates is a bank. Investments in securities: Not FDIC Insured, Not Bank Guaranteed, May Lose Value. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Before investing, consider your investment objectives and the fees and expenses charged.\n\nImages are for illustrative purposes only.\n\nNerdWallet™ \\| 4150 N Drinkwater Blvd, Suite 200, Scottsdale, AZ 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the most of your 401(k) plan starts with differentiating between 401(k) types, choosing a contribution limit and selecting investments to help your account grow.\n\nWhat is a 401(k) plan?\n\nA 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored account that allows employees to contribute a portion of their paycheck to save for retirement. Oftentimes, employers may match part of these contributions, but it is not required.\n\nThere are two main types of 401(k) plans: traditional and Roth. The traditional 401(k) is funded with pretax money, while the Roth 401(k) takes after-tax contributions. The type of plan you have determines what tax advantages you can receive, either now or during retirement.\n\nHow does a 401(k) work?\n\nHere’s a step-by-step process of how a 401(k) works:\n\n1. Employee contributions. Employees choose a percentage of their paycheck to go into their 401(k) account. It’s deducted automatically and deposited directly into their 401(k) account.\n2. Employer match. Many employers offer to match a percentage of these contributions. This free money can provide an extra boost of retirement savings.\n3. Investment selections. Options within a 401(k) plan can include stocks, bonds and mutual funds, but depend on your plan provider. A common investment option is [target-date funds](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/investing\/learn\/target-date-funds), which automatically adjust their investment mix from aggressive to conservative over time as the account owner approaches retirement age. [Read more on how to invest your 401(k)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/401k-asset-allocation).\n4. Vesting schedule. While an employee’s contributions are always theirs, their employer’s match may be subject to a vesting schedule. This means the employee might not fully own the employer contributions until after a set period of time.\n\nStarting 2025, employees are automatically enrolled in 401(k) and 403(b) plans by their employers once eligible. This rule doesn't apply to plans beginning before December 29, 2022. If your plan was started before this date, you'll need to opt-in manually. The contribution rate will increase annually until it reaches a maximum of 15%. This is a change ushered in by the [Secure 2.0 Act](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/secure-act), which aims to help workers save for retirement.\n\nTypes of 401(k) plans\n\nThe two main types of 401(k) plans — [Roth](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/ \"https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/roth-401k\") and traditional — are differentiated by their tax advantages.\n\n|   | Roth 401(k) | Traditional 401(k) |\n|---|---|---|\n| Contribution limits | The [401(k) contribution limit](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/401k-contribution-limits) applies to both accounts.You can contribute to both accounts in the same year, as long as you keep your total contributions under the cap. You can contribute \\$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \\$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250.. |   |\n| Tax treatment of contributions | Contributions are made after taxes, with no effect on current adjusted gross income. Employer matching dollars must go into a pretax account and are taxed when distributed. | Contributions are made pretax, which reduces your current adjusted gross income. |\n| Tax treatment of withdrawals | No taxes on qualified distributions in retirement. | Distributions in retirement are taxed as ordinary income. |\n| Withdrawal rules | Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are not taxed as long as the distribution is considered qualified by the IRS: The account has been held for five years or more and the distribution is:Due to disability or death. On or after age 59 ½.Unlike a Roth IRA, you cannot withdraw contributions any time you choose. | Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are taxed. Distributions may be penalized if taken before age 59 ½, unless you meet one of the IRS exceptions. |\n\nAD\n\nHow does your\n\nnet worth stack up?\n\nSee where you stand compared to households like yours, and get steps you could take to grow from here.\n\n![Head, Person, Face](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/assets\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-14.jpg)\n\n[Run the numbers](https:\/\/nerdwalletwealthpartners.com\/lp\/networthcalculator?utm_medium=nw_wealth_partners_cta&utm_source=nerdwallet&utm_campaign=nwwp_mtkg__networthad_internal_032526&utm_term=%2Fretirement%2Flearn%2Fwhat-is-a-401k)\n\nNWWP is an SEC-registered investment adviser. Registration does not imply skill or training. Calculator by NerdWallet, Inc., an affiliate, for informational purposes only.\n\nHow much can I contribute to my 401(k)?\n\nEvery year, the IRS announces new contribution limits for retirement plans, including 401(k)s. In 2026, the 401(k) contribution limit for employees is \\$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \\$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \\$11,250.\n\nThe total contribution limit in 2026, which includes both employee and employer contributions, is \\$72,000 or 100% of employee compensation, whichever is less. That combined limit is \\$80,000 for those age 50 and older, and \\$83,250 for those age 60 to 63.\n\nA 401(k) plan offers higher annual contribution limits than [individual retirement accounts](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/learn-about-ira-accounts) (IRAs). An IRA tops out at \\$7,000 for 2025 (\\$8,000 if aged 50 and older). For 2026, the limit is \\$7,500 (\\$8,600 if aged 50 and older).\n\nMany financial professionals say you should aim to contribute 10% to 15% of your income to retirement savings. According to Fidelity Investments, the average 401(k) contribution rate was 14.2% in the third quarter of 2025, and that includes employer and employee contributions.\n\nIf 10% to 15% of your salary feels too steep, it's fine to contribute what you can and work your way up as you can afford to. You aren’t required to contribute the maximum, but it’s a good rule of thumb to consider contributing enough to get your employer match if one is offered.\n\nCalculate how long your money will last in retirement  Calculate how long your money will last in retirement\n\nHow to make after-tax 401(k) contributions\n\nIf your plan allows after-tax 401(k) contributions, you can contribute beyond the 401(k) employee limit and towards the overall combined contribution limit. After-tax contributions don’t reduce your taxable income, but they can be withdrawn tax-free up to the amount contributed.\n\nEarnings on those contributions grow tax-deferred and are taxed when withdrawn unless they’re rolled into a Roth account, a strategy sometimes referred to as a [mega backdoor Roth](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/mega-backdoor-roths-work). Not all plans offer after-tax contributions or in-service rollovers, so you’ll need to check your plan’s rules.\n\nWhat are the 401(k) withdrawal rules?\n\nTo make a qualifying withdrawal from a traditional 401(k), you must be at least 59 ½, have a qualifying disability or qualify for a hardship withdrawal. If you don't meet these requirements, you may face a 10% early withdrawal penalty, plus you'll have to include your withdrawal as part of your income when you file your taxes.\n\nYou can withdraw emergency expenses of up to \\$1,000 per year without paying the 10% penalty. If the money isn't repaid within three years, no additional emergency distributions are allowed over those three years.\n\nStill, in most cases, an early 401(k) withdrawal will trigger taxes and leave less money in the account to invest over time.\n\nWhat are required minimum distributions?\n\nOnce you reach age 73, taking withdrawals from your traditional 401(k) stops being a choice. [Required minimum distributions](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/calculators\/required-minimum-distributions) are the amounts you must take out of your 401(k) each year unless you're still working and choose to defer until retirement.\n\n- You are allowed to withdraw more than the minimum, and the distributions are part of your taxable income for the year.\n- If you have a Roth 401(k), there are no required minimum distributions.\n\nWhat happens to your 401(k) if you quit your job\n\n- Rollovers completed within 60 days usually are not taxable.\n- You also could leave it in your old employer’s plan, but you can’t keep contributing to it.\n\nCan I lose money in a 401(k)?\n\nYes, you can lose money in a 401(k) plan. Because the money is invested, there is always a risk of loss based on economic changes, financial market movements or other factors.\n\nHow long does it take for my 401(k) to vest?\n\nThat depends on your plan's rules. Your contributions are always yours. Your employer’s contributions, on the other hand, may vest immediately or on a fixed schedule. The best way to find out is to check with your human resources team or directly with your employer plan provider.\n\nWhat is a solo 401(k)?\n\nA [solo 401(k)](https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/retirement\/learn\/what-is-a-solo-401k) is a retirement account for business owners who have no employees. The plan can only cover the business owner and their spouse, if they have one. A solo 401(k), which the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k) plan, has many of the same features of a traditional 401(k) plan.","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k
Last Crawled	2026-04-09 01:56:05 (1 day ago)
First Indexed	2025-11-07 03:39:43 (5 months ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	401(k) Plan: What It Is and How It Works - NerdWallet
Meta Description	A 401(k) plan is retirement account into which employees contribute part of their pay. There are tax advantages, and employers often match the contributions.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Making the most of your 401(k) plan starts with differentiating between 401(k) types, choosing a contribution limit and selecting investments to help your account grow. What is a 401(k) plan? A 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored account that allows employees to contribute a portion of their paycheck to save for retirement. Oftentimes, employers may match part of these contributions, but it is not required. There are two main types of 401(k) plans: traditional and Roth. The traditional 401(k) is funded with pretax money, while the Roth 401(k) takes after-tax contributions. The type of plan you have determines what tax advantages you can receive, either now or during retirement. How does a 401(k) work? Here’s a step-by-step process of how a 401(k) works: Employee contributions. Employees choose a percentage of their paycheck to go into their 401(k) account. It’s deducted automatically and deposited directly into their 401(k) account. Employer match. Many employers offer to match a percentage of these contributions. This free money can provide an extra boost of retirement savings. Investment selections. Options within a 401(k) plan can include stocks, bonds and mutual funds, but depend on your plan provider. A common investment option is target-date funds , which automatically adjust their investment mix from aggressive to conservative over time as the account owner approaches retirement age. Read more on how to invest your 401(k) . Vesting schedule. While an employee’s contributions are always theirs, their employer’s match may be subject to a vesting schedule. This means the employee might not fully own the employer contributions until after a set period of time. Starting 2025, employees are automatically enrolled in 401(k) and 403(b) plans by their employers once eligible. This rule doesn't apply to plans beginning before December 29, 2022. If your plan was started before this date, you'll need to opt-in manually. The contribution rate will increase annually until it reaches a maximum of 15%. This is a change ushered in by the Secure 2.0 Act , which aims to help workers save for retirement . Types of 401(k) plans The two main types of 401(k) plans — Roth and traditional — are differentiated by their tax advantages. Roth 401(k) Traditional 401(k) Contribution limits The 401(k) contribution limit applies to both accounts. You can contribute to both accounts in the same year, as long as you keep your total contributions under the cap. You can contribute $24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra $8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250. . Tax treatment of contributions Contributions are made after taxes, with no effect on current adjusted gross income. Employer matching dollars must go into a pretax account and are taxed when distributed. Contributions are made pretax, which reduces your current adjusted gross income. Tax treatment of withdrawals No taxes on qualified distributions in retirement. Distributions in retirement are taxed as ordinary income. Withdrawal rules Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are not taxed as long as the distribution is considered qualified by the IRS: The account has been held for five years or more and the distribution is: Due to disability or death. On or after age 59 ½. Unlike a Roth IRA, you cannot withdraw contributions any time you choose. Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are taxed. Distributions may be penalized if taken before age 59 ½, unless you meet one of the IRS exceptions. AD How does your net worth stack up? See where you stand compared to households like yours, and get steps you could take to grow from here. Run the numbers NWWP is an SEC-registered investment adviser. Registration does not imply skill or training. Calculator by NerdWallet, Inc., an affiliate, for informational purposes only. How much can I contribute to my 401(k)? Every year, the IRS announces new contribution limits for retirement plans, including 401(k)s. In 2026, the 401(k) contribution limit for employees is $24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra $8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250. The total contribution limit in 2026, which includes both employee and employer contributions, is $72,000 or 100% of employee compensation, whichever is less. That combined limit is $80,000 for those age 50 and older, and $83,250 for those age 60 to 63. A 401(k) plan offers higher annual contribution limits than individual retirement accounts (IRAs). An IRA tops out at $7,000 for 2025 ($8,000 if aged 50 and older). For 2026, the limit is $7,500 ($8,600 if aged 50 and older) . Many financial professionals say you should aim to contribute 10% to 15% of your income to retirement savings. According to Fidelity Investments, the average 401(k) contribution rate was 14.2% in the third quarter of 2025, and that includes employer and employee contributions . If 10% to 15% of your salary feels too steep, it's fine to contribute what you can and work your way up as you can afford to. You aren’t required to contribute the maximum, but it’s a good rule of thumb to consider contributing enough to get your employer match if one is offered. Calculate how long your money will last in retirement Calculate how long your money will last in retirement How to make after-tax 401(k) contributions If your plan allows after-tax 401(k) contributions, you can contribute beyond the 401(k) employee limit and towards the overall combined contribution limit. After-tax contributions don’t reduce your taxable income, but they can be withdrawn tax-free up to the amount contributed. Earnings on those contributions grow tax-deferred and are taxed when withdrawn unless they’re rolled into a Roth account, a strategy sometimes referred to as a mega backdoor Roth . Not all plans offer after-tax contributions or in-service rollovers, so you’ll need to check your plan’s rules. What are the 401(k) withdrawal rules? To make a qualifying withdrawal from a traditional 401(k), you must be at least 59 ½, have a qualifying disability or qualify for a hardship withdrawal . If you don't meet these requirements, you may face a 10% early withdrawal penalty, plus you'll have to include your withdrawal as part of your income when you file your taxes. You can withdraw emergency expenses of up to $1,000 per year without paying the 10% penalty . If the money isn't repaid within three years, no additional emergency distributions are allowed over those three years. Still, in most cases, an early 401(k) withdrawal will trigger taxes and leave less money in the account to invest over time. What are required minimum distributions? Once you reach age 73, taking withdrawals from your traditional 401(k) stops being a choice. Required minimum distributions are the amounts you must take out of your 401(k) each year unless you're still working and choose to defer until retirement. You are allowed to withdraw more than the minimum, and the distributions are part of your taxable income for the year . If you have a Roth 401(k), there are no required minimum distributions. What happens to your 401(k) if you quit your job Rollovers completed within 60 days usually are not taxable . You also could leave it in your old employer’s plan, but you can’t keep contributing to it. Can I lose money in a 401(k)? Yes, you can lose money in a 401(k) plan. Because the money is invested, there is always a risk of loss based on economic changes, financial market movements or other factors. How long does it take for my 401(k) to vest? That depends on your plan's rules. Your contributions are always yours. Your employer’s contributions, on the other hand, may vest immediately or on a fixed schedule. The best way to find out is to check with your human resources team or directly with your employer plan provider. What is a solo 401(k)? A solo 401(k) is a retirement account for business owners who have no employees. The plan can only cover the business owner and their spouse, if they have one. A solo 401(k), which the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k) plan, has many of the same features of a traditional 401(k) plan.
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A 401(k) plan is a tax-advantaged retirement account employers offer to help their employees save for retirement. ![](https://www.nerdwallet.com/assets/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/GettyImages-1146500509-what-is-a-401k-1920x1152.jpg) Many, or all, of the products featured on this page are from our advertising partners who compensate us when you take certain actions on our website or click to take an action on their website. However, this does not influence our evaluations. Our opinions are our own. Here is a list of [our partners](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/our-partners) and [here's how we make money](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/advertiser-disclosure). * The investing information provided on this page is for educational purposes only. NerdWallet, Inc. does not offer advisory or brokerage services, nor does it recommend or advise investors to buy or sell particular stocks, securities or other investments. 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Making the most of your 401(k) plan starts with differentiating between 401(k) types, choosing a contribution limit and selecting investments to help your account grow. ## What is a 401(k) plan? A 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored account that allows employees to contribute a portion of their paycheck to save for retirement. Oftentimes, employers may match part of these contributions, but it is not required. There are two main types of 401(k) plans: traditional and Roth. The traditional 401(k) is funded with pretax money, while the Roth 401(k) takes after-tax contributions. The type of plan you have determines what tax advantages you can receive, either now or during retirement. » MORE: [How to find a financial advisor who can help plan retirement](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/how-to-choose-a-financial-advisor) ## How does a 401(k) work? Here’s a step-by-step process of how a 401(k) works: 1. Employee contributions. Employees choose a percentage of their paycheck to go into their 401(k) account. It’s deducted automatically and deposited directly into their 401(k) account. 2. Employer match. Many employers offer to match a percentage of these contributions. This free money can provide an extra boost of retirement savings. 3. Investment selections. Options within a 401(k) plan can include stocks, bonds and mutual funds, but depend on your plan provider. A common investment option is [target-date funds](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/learn/target-date-funds), which automatically adjust their investment mix from aggressive to conservative over time as the account owner approaches retirement age. [Read more on how to invest your 401(k)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/401k-asset-allocation). 4. Vesting schedule. While an employee’s contributions are always theirs, their employer’s match may be subject to a vesting schedule. This means the employee might not fully own the employer contributions until after a set period of time. Starting 2025, employees are automatically enrolled in 401(k) and 403(b) plans by their employers once eligible. This rule doesn't apply to plans beginning before December 29, 2022. If your plan was started before this date, you'll need to opt-in manually. The contribution rate will increase annually until it reaches a maximum of 15%. This is a change ushered in by the [Secure 2.0 Act](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/secure-act), which aims to help workers save for retirement \[1\] Senate.gov. [SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022.](https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Secure%202.0_Section%20by%20Section%20Summary%2012-19-22%20FINAL.pdf) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. [View all sources](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-list) . » MORE: [Estimate your future balance with our 401(k) calculator](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/calculators/401k-calculator) ## Types of 401(k) plans The two main types of 401(k) plans — [Roth](https://www.nerdwallet.com/ "https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/roth-401k") and traditional — are differentiated by their tax advantages. \| \| Roth 401(k) \| Traditional 401(k) \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Contribution limits \| The [401(k) contribution limit](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/401k-contribution-limits) applies to both accounts.You can contribute to both accounts in the same year, as long as you keep your total contributions under the cap. You can contribute \$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250.. \| \| \| Tax treatment of contributions \| Contributions are made after taxes, with no effect on current adjusted gross income. Employer matching dollars must go into a pretax account and are taxed when distributed. \| Contributions are made pretax, which reduces your current adjusted gross income. \| \| Tax treatment of withdrawals \| No taxes on qualified distributions in retirement. \| Distributions in retirement are taxed as ordinary income. \| \| Withdrawal rules \| Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are not taxed as long as the distribution is considered qualified by the IRS: The account has been held for five years or more and the distribution is:Due to disability or death. On or after age 59 ½.Unlike a Roth IRA, you cannot withdraw contributions any time you choose. \| Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are taxed. Distributions may be penalized if taken before age 59 ½, unless you meet one of the IRS exceptions. \| » Dive deeper: [Our full explainer on traditional vs. Roth 401(k) plans](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/roth-401k-vs-401k) AD How does your net worth stack up? See where you stand compared to households like yours, and get steps you could take to grow from here. ![Head, Person, Face](https://www.nerdwallet.com/assets/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-14.jpg) [Run the numbers](https://nerdwalletwealthpartners.com/lp/networthcalculator?utm_medium=nw_wealth_partners_cta&utm_source=nerdwallet&utm_campaign=nwwp_mtkg__networthad_internal_032526&utm_term=%2Fretirement%2Flearn%2Fwhat-is-a-401k) NWWP is an SEC-registered investment adviser. Registration does not imply skill or training. Calculator by NerdWallet, Inc., an affiliate, for informational purposes only. ## How much can I contribute to my 401(k)? Every year, the IRS announces new contribution limits for retirement plans, including 401(k)s. In 2026, the 401(k) contribution limit for employees is \$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250. The total contribution limit in 2026, which includes both employee and employer contributions, is \$72,000 or 100% of employee compensation, whichever is less. That combined limit is \$80,000 for those age 50 and older, and \$83,250 for those age 60 to 63. A 401(k) plan offers higher annual contribution limits than [individual retirement accounts](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/learn-about-ira-accounts) (IRAs). An IRA tops out at \$7,000 for 2025 (\$8,000 if aged 50 and older). For 2026, the limit is \$7,500 (\$8,600 if aged 50 and older). Many financial professionals say you should aim to contribute 10% to 15% of your income to retirement savings. According to Fidelity Investments, the average 401(k) contribution rate was 14.2% in the third quarter of 2025, and that includes employer and employee contributions \[2\] Fidelity Investments. [Q3 2025 Retirement Analysis.](https://about.fidelity.com/data-and-insights/q3-2025-retirement-analysis) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. [View all sources](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-list) . If 10% to 15% of your salary feels too steep, it's fine to contribute what you can and work your way up as you can afford to. You aren’t required to contribute the maximum, but it’s a good rule of thumb to consider contributing enough to get your employer match if one is offered. Calculate how long your money will last in retirement Calculate how long your money will last in retirement » MORE: [How to choose a good financial advisor](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/how-to-choose-a-financial-advisor) ### How to make after-tax 401(k) contributions If your plan allows after-tax 401(k) contributions, you can contribute beyond the 401(k) employee limit and towards the overall combined contribution limit. After-tax contributions don’t reduce your taxable income, but they can be withdrawn tax-free up to the amount contributed. Earnings on those contributions grow tax-deferred and are taxed when withdrawn unless they’re rolled into a Roth account, a strategy sometimes referred to as a [mega backdoor Roth](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/mega-backdoor-roths-work). Not all plans offer after-tax contributions or in-service rollovers, so you’ll need to check your plan’s rules. » MORE: [Learn more about after-tax 401(k) contributions](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/after-tax-401k-contributions) ## What are the 401(k) withdrawal rules? To make a qualifying withdrawal from a traditional 401(k), you must be at least 59 ½, have a qualifying disability or qualify for a hardship withdrawal \[3\] Internal Revenue Service. [401(k) Resource Guide - Plan Participants - General Distribution Rules.](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-participant-employee/401k-resource-guide-plan-participants-general-distribution-rules) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. [View all sources](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-list) . If you don't meet these requirements, you may face a 10% early withdrawal penalty, plus you'll have to include your withdrawal as part of your income when you file your taxes. You can withdraw emergency expenses of up to \$1,000 per year without paying the 10% penalty \[1\] Senate.gov. [SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022.](https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Secure%202.0_Section%20by%20Section%20Summary%2012-19-22%20FINAL.pdf) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. [View all sources](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-list) . If the money isn't repaid within three years, no additional emergency distributions are allowed over those three years. Still, in most cases, an early 401(k) withdrawal will trigger taxes and leave less money in the account to invest over time. » MORE: [Learn more about 401(k) early withdrawal rules](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/early-withdrawals-401ks) ## What are required minimum distributions? Once you reach age 73, taking withdrawals from your traditional 401(k) stops being a choice. [Required minimum distributions](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/calculators/required-minimum-distributions) are the amounts you must take out of your 401(k) each year unless you're still working and choose to defer until retirement. - You are allowed to withdraw more than the minimum, and the distributions are part of your taxable income for the year \[5\] Internal Revenue Service. [Retirement plan and IRA Required Minimum Distributions FAQs.](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/retirement-plan-and-ira-required-minimum-distributions-faqs) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. [View all sources](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-list) . - If you have a Roth 401(k), there are no required minimum distributions. ## What happens to your 401(k) if you quit your job If you leave your job, you [can take your 401(k) money with you](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/401k-rollover-ira-guide). You can roll the money into your new employer’s 401(k) plan or into an IRA. - Rollovers completed within 60 days usually are not taxable \[6\] Internal Revenue Service. [401(k) Resource Guide - Plan Sponsors - General Distribution Rules.](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-sponsor/401k-resource-guide-plan-sponsors-general-distribution-rules) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. [View all sources](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-list) . - You also could leave it in your old employer’s plan, but you can’t keep contributing to it. ## Can I lose money in a 401(k)? Yes, you can lose money in a 401(k) plan. Because the money is invested, there is always a risk of loss based on economic changes, financial market movements or other factors. ## How long does it take for my 401(k) to vest? That depends on your plan's rules. Your contributions are always yours. Your employer’s contributions, on the other hand, may vest immediately or on a fixed schedule. The best way to find out is to check with your human resources team or directly with your employer plan provider. ## What is a solo 401(k)? A [solo 401(k)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-solo-401k) is a retirement account for business owners who have no employees. The plan can only cover the business owner and their spouse, if they have one. A solo 401(k), which the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k) plan, has many of the same features of a traditional 401(k) plan. Article sources Article sources NerdWallet writers are subject matter authorities who use primary, trustworthy sources to inform their work, including peer-reviewed studies, government websites, academic research and interviews with industry experts. All content is fact-checked for accuracy, timeliness and relevance. You can learn more about NerdWallet's high standards for journalism by reading our [editorial guidelines.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/l/nerdwallet-editorial-guidelines) - [1\.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-3551942015) Senate.gov. [SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022.](https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Secure%202.0_Section%20by%20Section%20Summary%2012-19-22%20FINAL.pdf) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. - [2\.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-2786721845) Fidelity Investments. [Q3 2025 Retirement Analysis.](https://about.fidelity.com/data-and-insights/q3-2025-retirement-analysis) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. - [3\.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-1354525159) Internal Revenue Service. [401(k) Resource Guide - Plan Participants - General Distribution Rules.](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-participant-employee/401k-resource-guide-plan-participants-general-distribution-rules) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. - [1\.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-3302741951) Senate.gov. [SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022.](https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Secure%202.0_Section%20by%20Section%20Summary%2012-19-22%20FINAL.pdf) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. - [5\.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-2180225168) Internal Revenue Service. [Retirement plan and IRA Required Minimum Distributions FAQs.](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/retirement-plan-and-ira-required-minimum-distributions-faqs) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. - [6\.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#citation-638884036) Internal Revenue Service. [401(k) Resource Guide - Plan Sponsors - General Distribution Rules.](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-sponsor/401k-resource-guide-plan-sponsors-general-distribution-rules) Accessed Feb 12, 2026. [Back to top]() About the author [![June Sham](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2023/04/336189831_5685987188176353_2746243523277238701_n-e1681950652588.jpg?resize=70%2C70)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/june-sham) [June Sham](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/june-sham) June Sham is a lead writer on NerdWallet's investing and taxes team covering retirement and personal finance. [See full bio.](https://www.nerdwallet.com/author/june-sham) On this page [Back to top ↑]() On this page ╳ - [What is a 401(k) plan?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#what-is-a-401k-plan) - [How does a 401(k) work?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#how-does-a-401k-work) - [Types of 401(k) plans](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#types-of-401k-plans) - [How much can I contribute to my 401(k)?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#how-much-can-i-contribute-to-my-401k) How much can I contribute to my 401(k)? - [How to make after-tax 401(k) contributions](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#how-to-make-aftertax-401k-contributions) - [What are the 401(k) withdrawal rules?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#what-are-the-401k-withdrawal-rules) - [What are required minimum distributions?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#what-are-required-minimum-distributions) - [What happens to your 401(k) if you quit your job](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#what-happens-to-your-401k-if-you-quit-your-job) - [Can I lose money in a 401(k)?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#can-i-lose-money-in-a-401k) - [How long does it take for my 401(k) to vest?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#how-long-does-it-take-for-my-401k-to-vest) - [What is a solo 401(k)?](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-401k#what-is-a-solo-401k) More like this [Investment Basics](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/learn)[Investing](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing) Related articles [![](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2018/04/GettyImages-1163568487.jpg?resize=600%2C360) How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost? ![Andrea Coombes's profile picture](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2019/08/acoombes-user-avatar.jpg?resize=70%2C70) 2 By Andrea Coombes, Taryn Phaneuf](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/how-much-does-a-financial-advisor-cost) [![Person thinking](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2025/08/GettyImages-1180357593.jpg?resize=600%2C360) Do You Need a Financial Advisor? 7 Ways to Tell ![Taryn Phaneuf's profile picture](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2022/03/Taryn-bio-photo.jpeg?resize=70%2C70) By Taryn Phaneuf](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/do-i-need-financial-advisor) [![free-financial-advice](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2018/08/free-financial-advice.jpeg?resize=600%2C360) How to Find Cheap or Free Financial Advice ![Anna-Louise Jackson's profile picture](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2019/08/ajackson-user-avatar.jpg?resize=70%2C70) By Anna-Louise Jackson](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/free-financial-advice) [![People in a meeting](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2026/03/GettyImages-1331101172.jpg?resize=600%2C360) 3 Steps to Prepare for Your First Financial Advisor Meeting ![June Sham's profile picture](https://www.nerdwallet.com/tachyon/2023/04/336189831_5685987188176353_2746243523277238701_n-e1681950652588.jpg?resize=70%2C70) By June Sham](https://www.nerdwallet.com/financial-advisors/learn/bring-prepare-financial-advisor-meeting) ![Nerdwallet advisors logo](https://cdns3.nerdwallet.com/bain-components/nw-advisors/nw-advisors-logo-large.svg) AD Advertisement Get matched to a financial advisor for free with NerdWallet Advisors Match. 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policy](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/nerdwallet-california-privacy-policy)[Privacy preferences](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/privacy-policy)[Do not sell or share my personal information](https://privacyportal.onetrust.com/webform/694a76f6-1f82-455e-b46e-ffeed902c3fa/db85134f-a11a-451c-a462-3f2f39a662bc) Disclaimer: NerdWallet strives to keep its information accurate and up to date. This information may be different than what you see when you visit a financial institution, service provider or specific product's site. All financial products, shopping products and services are presented without warranty. When evaluating offers, please review the financial institution's Terms and Conditions. Pre-qualified offers are not binding. If you find discrepancies with your credit score or information from your credit report, please contact TransUnion® directly. NerdWallet Compare, Inc. NMLS ID\# 1617539[NMLS Consumer Access](https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1617539) \\|[Licenses and Disclosures](https://www.nerdwallet.com/p/nerdwallet-compare-inc-licenses-and-disclosures) California: California Finance Lender loans arranged pursuant to Department of Financial Protection and Innovation Finance Lenders License \#60DBO-74812 Insurance Services offered through NerdWallet Insurance Services, Inc. (CA resident license no.OK92033) [Insurance Licenses](https://www.nerdwallet.com/nerdwallet-insurance-services-inc-licenses-and-disclosures) Fundera, Inc. NMLS ID\# 1240038[NMLS Consumer Access](https://nmlsconsumeraccess.org/) California: California Finance Lender loans arranged pursuant to the Department of Financial Protection and Innovation Finance Lenders License \#603L288 NerdWallet has engaged Atomic Invest LLC (“Atomic”), an SEC-registered investment adviser, to bring you the opportunity to open investment advisory accounts (Automated Investing Account and/or Treasury Account) with Atomic. NerdWallet receives compensation of 0% to 0.85% of assets under management annualized, payable monthly, for each referred client who opens an Atomic account and a percentage of free cash interest earned by clients, which creates a conflict of interest. Brokerage services for Atomic are provided by Atomic Brokerage LLC ("Atomic Brokerage"), member of [FINRA](https://www.finra.org/#/)/[SIPC](https://www.sipc.org/) and an affiliate of Atomic, which creates a conflict of interest. See details about Atomic, in their [Form CRS](https://reports.adviserinfo.sec.gov/crs/crs_313255.pdf), [Form ADV Part 2A](https://adviserinfo.sec.gov/firm/brochure/313255) and [Privacy Policy](https://legal.atomicvest.com/usa.privacy.de3d0277-78f7-4741-9e9f-755f6b4f03ba.pdf). See details about Atomic Brokerage in their [Form CRS](https://files.brokercheck.finra.org/crs_315263.pdf), [General Disclosures](https://legal.atomicvest.com/usa.broker.disclosures.003464f3-f6bd-41c3-bbdf-7050e50b43a2.pdf), [fee schedule](https://legal.atomicvest.com/usa.broker.schedule.7ea28665-88a9-4542-a748-987e90ea46b6.pdf), and FINRA’s [BrokerCheck](https://brokercheck.finra.org/). You also can open a Cash Account offered by Atomic Brokerage which allows you to earn interest on your cash through a cash sweep program. [View Important Cash Account Disclosures.](https://www.atomicvest.com/legal/disclosures/7d9c31dd-bf97-46ae-9803-1774b97187af) Neither Atomic Invest nor Atomic Brokerage, nor any of their affiliates is a bank. Investments in securities: Not FDIC Insured, Not Bank Guaranteed, May Lose Value. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Before investing, consider your investment objectives and the fees and expenses charged. Images are for illustrative purposes only. NerdWallet™ \\| 4150 N Drinkwater Blvd, Suite 200, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 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Readable Markdown	Making the most of your 401(k) plan starts with differentiating between 401(k) types, choosing a contribution limit and selecting investments to help your account grow. What is a 401(k) plan? A 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored account that allows employees to contribute a portion of their paycheck to save for retirement. Oftentimes, employers may match part of these contributions, but it is not required. There are two main types of 401(k) plans: traditional and Roth. The traditional 401(k) is funded with pretax money, while the Roth 401(k) takes after-tax contributions. The type of plan you have determines what tax advantages you can receive, either now or during retirement. How does a 401(k) work? Here’s a step-by-step process of how a 401(k) works: 1. Employee contributions. Employees choose a percentage of their paycheck to go into their 401(k) account. It’s deducted automatically and deposited directly into their 401(k) account. 2. Employer match. Many employers offer to match a percentage of these contributions. This free money can provide an extra boost of retirement savings. 3. Investment selections. Options within a 401(k) plan can include stocks, bonds and mutual funds, but depend on your plan provider. A common investment option is [target-date funds](https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/learn/target-date-funds), which automatically adjust their investment mix from aggressive to conservative over time as the account owner approaches retirement age. [Read more on how to invest your 401(k)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/401k-asset-allocation). 4. Vesting schedule. While an employee’s contributions are always theirs, their employer’s match may be subject to a vesting schedule. This means the employee might not fully own the employer contributions until after a set period of time. Starting 2025, employees are automatically enrolled in 401(k) and 403(b) plans by their employers once eligible. This rule doesn't apply to plans beginning before December 29, 2022. If your plan was started before this date, you'll need to opt-in manually. The contribution rate will increase annually until it reaches a maximum of 15%. This is a change ushered in by the [Secure 2.0 Act](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/secure-act), which aims to help workers save for retirement. Types of 401(k) plans The two main types of 401(k) plans — [Roth](https://www.nerdwallet.com/ "https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/roth-401k") and traditional — are differentiated by their tax advantages. \| \| Roth 401(k) \| Traditional 401(k) \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Contribution limits \| The [401(k) contribution limit](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/401k-contribution-limits) applies to both accounts.You can contribute to both accounts in the same year, as long as you keep your total contributions under the cap. You can contribute \$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250.. \| \| \| Tax treatment of contributions \| Contributions are made after taxes, with no effect on current adjusted gross income. Employer matching dollars must go into a pretax account and are taxed when distributed. \| Contributions are made pretax, which reduces your current adjusted gross income. \| \| Tax treatment of withdrawals \| No taxes on qualified distributions in retirement. \| Distributions in retirement are taxed as ordinary income. \| \| Withdrawal rules \| Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are not taxed as long as the distribution is considered qualified by the IRS: The account has been held for five years or more and the distribution is:Due to disability or death. On or after age 59 ½.Unlike a Roth IRA, you cannot withdraw contributions any time you choose. \| Withdrawals of contributions and earnings are taxed. Distributions may be penalized if taken before age 59 ½, unless you meet one of the IRS exceptions. \| AD How does your net worth stack up? See where you stand compared to households like yours, and get steps you could take to grow from here. ![Head, Person, Face](https://www.nerdwallet.com/assets/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-14.jpg) [Run the numbers](https://nerdwalletwealthpartners.com/lp/networthcalculator?utm_medium=nw_wealth_partners_cta&utm_source=nerdwallet&utm_campaign=nwwp_mtkg__networthad_internal_032526&utm_term=%2Fretirement%2Flearn%2Fwhat-is-a-401k) NWWP is an SEC-registered investment adviser. Registration does not imply skill or training. Calculator by NerdWallet, Inc., an affiliate, for informational purposes only. How much can I contribute to my 401(k)? Every year, the IRS announces new contribution limits for retirement plans, including 401(k)s. In 2026, the 401(k) contribution limit for employees is \$24,500 in 2026. People aged 50 and older can contribute an extra \$8,000 as a catch-up contribution. Due to the Secure 2.0 Act, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of \$11,250. The total contribution limit in 2026, which includes both employee and employer contributions, is \$72,000 or 100% of employee compensation, whichever is less. That combined limit is \$80,000 for those age 50 and older, and \$83,250 for those age 60 to 63. A 401(k) plan offers higher annual contribution limits than [individual retirement accounts](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/learn-about-ira-accounts) (IRAs). An IRA tops out at \$7,000 for 2025 (\$8,000 if aged 50 and older). For 2026, the limit is \$7,500 (\$8,600 if aged 50 and older). Many financial professionals say you should aim to contribute 10% to 15% of your income to retirement savings. According to Fidelity Investments, the average 401(k) contribution rate was 14.2% in the third quarter of 2025, and that includes employer and employee contributions. If 10% to 15% of your salary feels too steep, it's fine to contribute what you can and work your way up as you can afford to. You aren’t required to contribute the maximum, but it’s a good rule of thumb to consider contributing enough to get your employer match if one is offered. Calculate how long your money will last in retirement Calculate how long your money will last in retirement How to make after-tax 401(k) contributions If your plan allows after-tax 401(k) contributions, you can contribute beyond the 401(k) employee limit and towards the overall combined contribution limit. After-tax contributions don’t reduce your taxable income, but they can be withdrawn tax-free up to the amount contributed. Earnings on those contributions grow tax-deferred and are taxed when withdrawn unless they’re rolled into a Roth account, a strategy sometimes referred to as a [mega backdoor Roth](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/mega-backdoor-roths-work). Not all plans offer after-tax contributions or in-service rollovers, so you’ll need to check your plan’s rules. What are the 401(k) withdrawal rules? To make a qualifying withdrawal from a traditional 401(k), you must be at least 59 ½, have a qualifying disability or qualify for a hardship withdrawal. If you don't meet these requirements, you may face a 10% early withdrawal penalty, plus you'll have to include your withdrawal as part of your income when you file your taxes. You can withdraw emergency expenses of up to \$1,000 per year without paying the 10% penalty. If the money isn't repaid within three years, no additional emergency distributions are allowed over those three years. Still, in most cases, an early 401(k) withdrawal will trigger taxes and leave less money in the account to invest over time. What are required minimum distributions? Once you reach age 73, taking withdrawals from your traditional 401(k) stops being a choice. [Required minimum distributions](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/calculators/required-minimum-distributions) are the amounts you must take out of your 401(k) each year unless you're still working and choose to defer until retirement. - You are allowed to withdraw more than the minimum, and the distributions are part of your taxable income for the year. - If you have a Roth 401(k), there are no required minimum distributions. What happens to your 401(k) if you quit your job - Rollovers completed within 60 days usually are not taxable. - You also could leave it in your old employer’s plan, but you can’t keep contributing to it. Can I lose money in a 401(k)? Yes, you can lose money in a 401(k) plan. Because the money is invested, there is always a risk of loss based on economic changes, financial market movements or other factors. How long does it take for my 401(k) to vest? That depends on your plan's rules. Your contributions are always yours. Your employer’s contributions, on the other hand, may vest immediately or on a fixed schedule. The best way to find out is to check with your human resources team or directly with your employer plan provider. What is a solo 401(k)? A [solo 401(k)](https://www.nerdwallet.com/retirement/learn/what-is-a-solo-401k) is a retirement account for business owners who have no employees. The plan can only cover the business owner and their spouse, if they have one. A solo 401(k), which the IRS calls a one-participant 401(k) plan, has many of the same features of a traditional 401(k) plan.
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