🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 110 (from laksa053)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa110.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression","crawl_time":1769981468,"first_indexed_time":1660868921,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,medicalnewstoday!www,\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression s443","src_root_hash":"5853625527623639710","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Anxiety and depression: Which medications are best?","meta_descriptions":["Several medications can treat anxiety and depression. The most suitable treatment depends on individual factors, including the severity of the condition."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and benzodiazepines are the most common medications for anxiety and depression. The best option will depend on a person’s symptoms, overall health, and treatment aims.\nAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately\n5% of adults\nglobally experience depression. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental health condition in the United States, affecting\n40 million adults\nyearly.\nThis article discusses medications a doctor may prescribe to treat anxiety and depression. It also explores other treatment options and diagnostic processes for these conditions.\nThey often co-occur. Around\n45%\nof people worldwide with lifetime\nmajor depressive disorder\nalso experience one or more anxiety disorders.\nAnxiety\nAnxiety links closely with fear. This results in a future-oriented mood and behavioral response, where the person prepares for an anticipated event or situation that they perceive as threatening.\nDepression\nDepression is a mood disorder. It may result in symptoms such as:\npersistent sadness\nhopelessness\nirritability\ndifficulty sleeping\nand\nconcentrating\nthoughts of suicide\nLike anxiety, depression may interfere with a person’s daily life.\nDoctors may recommend medication in combination with other treatment options such as therapy for people experiencing anxiety and depression.\nThe most suitable treatment will depend on a person’s symptoms, co-occurring conditions, and the severity of their condition. Some medications can treat both conditions, while others are more suited to treating either anxiety or depression.\nAntidepressant medications\ncan help improve the symptoms of depression. With adequate treatment,\n70 to 80%\nof people with depression may experience a significant reduction in their symptoms.\nMedication for anxiety\ndoes not\ncure the condition but may help with\nsymptoms\nsuch as panic attacks, extreme fear, and worry.\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that doctors consider\nfirst-line\ntreatments for depression and\nanxiety\n.\nSSRIs\nwork by increasing the level of\nserotonin\nin the brain. Serotonin is a molecule that has important\nbodily roles\n, including regulating mood and behavior.\nResearchers\nbelieve that decreased serotonin in the brain may result in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. By increasing serotonin levels, SSRIs may help improve the symptoms of these conditions.\nHowever, it may take up to\n6 weeks\nbefore a person feels the beneficial effects of SSRIs.\nExamples of SSRIs that doctors prescribe in the United States\ninclude\n:\nfluoxetine (\nProzac\n)\nsertraline (\nZoloft\n)\nparoxetine (\nPaxil, Paxil CR, and Pexeva\n)\nfluvoxamine (Luvox)\ncitalopram (\nCelexa\n)\nescitalopram (\nLexapro\n)\nvilazodone (\nViibryd\n)\nSide effects\nSide effects of SSRIs\ninclude\n:\nanxiety\nrestlessness\ninsomnia\ndry mouth\nweight gain\nnausea\ndiarrhea\nsweating\nheadaches\ndizziness\ndecreased sex drive\nanorgasmia\n, or difficulty orgasming\nThere is also an\nincreased risk\nof suicidal ideation with SSRIs in young people up to age 25 years.\nSome SSRIs, such as citalopram, can affect the heart, potentially leading to\nabnormal heart rhythms\n.\nDosage\nA person takes SSRIs orally. They are available as tablets, capsules, liquid suspensions, and solutions.\nThe starting dose varies with each drug. For example, the\nstarting dose\nfor citalopram is 20 milligrams (mg) daily, while it is 5 to 10 mg per day for escitalopram.\nA doctor may increase or decrease a person’s dose depending on the severity of their anxiety and how well they respond to treatment.\nStopping medication\nA person may wish to discontinue SSRI treatment for various reasons, including side effects. A doctor will likely recommend that a person gradually lower their dosage over\nweeks or months\n.\nA person may experience discontinuation symptoms when coming off SSRIs, including low mood and irritability.\nSNRIs\nblock the reuptake of serotonin and another chemical known as noradrenaline or norepinephrine. This increases the levels of these chemicals in the brain.\nIn this way, they\ncan have\na beneficial effect on mood and emotion. SNRIs may take between\n6 to 8 weeks\nto have a noticeable effect.\nvenlafaxine (\nEffexor\n)\ndesvenlafaxine (\nPristiq\n)\nduloxetine (\nCymbalta\n)\nmilnacipran (Savella)\nlevomilnacipran (\nFetzima\n)\nSide effects\nCommon side effects of SNRIs\ninclude\n:\nnausea\ninsomnia\ndry mouth\nincreased blood pressure\nsexual dysfunction\nweight gain\nheadaches\nThere is also an association between this kind of medication and an\nincreased risk\nof reduced bone mineral density and falls. In the elderly, this may result in fractures.\nDosage\nThe starting dose for SNRIs may also vary depending on the drug. For example, the\nstarting dose\nfor milnacipran is 12.5 mg per day, while the starting dose for venlafaxine is 37.5 to 75 mg per day.\nAccording to research, the effects of benzodiazepines occur within\n30 to 60 minutes\n. These fast-acting drugs may help with anxiety symptoms such as\npanic attacks\n, insomnia, and\nmuscle tension\n.\nExamples of benzodiazepines include:\nalprazolam (\nXanax\n)\nclonazepam (\nKlonopin\n)\ndiazepam (\nValium\n)\nlorazepam (\nAtivan\n)\nSide effects\nThe drawback of benzodiazepines is that a person\nmay develop\ntolerance to the medication. This means they require a higher dose to have the same effect. Because of this, a person may become dependent, and doctors\nusually prescribe\nbenzodiazepines for short-term use only.\nA person using benzodiazepines may experience some side effects,\nsuch as\n:\ndrowsiness\ndizziness\nsedation\nloss of balance\nRisks\nPotential risks associated with long-term benzodiazepine use\ninclude\n:\ndementia\nor dementia-like illnesses\nimpaired motor function\naggressive behavior\nimpaired cognitive function\naddiction\nA doctor may prescribe\nbeta-blockers\nto help with symptoms of anxiety.\nBeta-blockers are a class of drugs doctors\nusually use\nto treat\nheart conditions\n. They inhibit the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), hormones that play a role in the body’s fight-or-flight response.\nBeta-blockers may be able to improve physical symptoms of anxiety,\nincluding\n:\na\nfast heart rate\na trembling voice\ndizziness\nsweating\nshaking hands\nCommon types of beta-blockers include:\nacebutolol (Sectral)\natenolol (Tenormin)\nbetaxolol (Kerlone)\nbisoprolol\/hydrochlorothiazide (Ziac)\nbisoprolol (Zebeta)\nmetoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)\nnadolol (Corgard)\npropranolol\n(Inderal)\nsotalol (Betapace)\ncarvedilol\n(Coreg)\nOptum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission.\nLearn more.\nMonoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down chemicals such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and\ndopamine\n. When a person takes MAOIs, the levels of these chemicals in the brain increase, with a therapeutic effect.\nMAOIs normally take\n2 to 3 weeks\nto work. However, doctors\ndo not\nconsider them first-line due to their side effects and interactions with other drugs.\nselegiline (Eldepryl and Zelapar)\nmoclobemide (Manerix)\nisocarboxazid (Marplan)\nphenelzine (Nardil)\nSide effects\ndry mouth\nnausea\ndiarrhea\nconstipation\ndrowsiness\ninsomnia\ndizziness\nMedication may not suit everyone, and a person may prefer other treatment options for depression and anxiety. They may wish to consider:\nCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):\nCBT\nfocuses on identifying and modifying behaviors to better manage anxiety and depression. It may provide individuals with skills and tools to react more productively to certain situations.\nExposure therapy:\nExposure therapy\ninvolves a person moving toward anxiety-causing situations that they normally avoid to learn how to manage anxiety and reduce its symptoms.\nArts and creative therapy:\nCreative therapy\ninvolves using music, painting, or drama to help a person express their feelings and manage symptoms.\nTalk therapy:\nTalk therapy\ninvolves a person speaking to a professional about experiences and feelings and may help them find new methods to manage situations.\nSupport groups:\nSupport groups\nprovide a setting for individuals to meet others with anxiety or depression with whom they can discuss their feelings.\nStress management techniques:\nStress management techniques\nsuch as\nexercise\n,\nmindfulness\n, and\nmeditation\nmay help reduce anxiety and depression symptoms.\nA person will need to see a doctor to receive a diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or both.\nA doctor will usually take a\nmedical history\nfrom the individual. Depending on the symptoms the person is experiencing, the doctor may also conduct a physical exam to rule out other conditions.\nThe doctor will likely ask about symptoms and the person’s mood and emotions. They may ask the person to complete a questionnaire identifying signs and symptoms of anxiety or depression.\nFor a person to receive a diagnosis of depression, their symptoms must be present for at least\n2 weeks\n.\nA person should speak with a doctor if they have been experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, such as low mood or anxious thoughts, for more than 2 weeks.\nThey may also want to see their doctor if they are on antidepressant or antianxiety medication and have been experiencing adverse effects.\nAnxiety and depression are mental health conditions that affect mood and emotion. Anxiety is linked to fear and depression to low mood.\nSome medications, such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs, treat both conditions. Others target one specific condition.\nNonmedicinal treatment options for anxiety and depression include CBT, exposure therapy, counseling, and support groups.\nPeople should speak with their doctor if they are experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. A doctor can advise them on suitable treatment options.","attrs_markdown":"- Health Conditions\n  ### Health Conditions\n  - [Alzheimer's & Dementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/alzheimers-and-dementia)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/anxiety)\n  - [Asthma & Allergies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/asthma-and-allergies)\n  - [Atopic Dermatitis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-atopic-dermatitis)\n  - [Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/breast-cancer)\n  - [Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cancer)\n  - [Cardiovascular Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cardiovascular-health)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/coronavirus?correlationId=2b137d5a-dcfb-464e-9ea6-72c5a54b4e92)\n  - [Diabetes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/diabetes)\n  - [Endometriosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/endometriosis)\n  - [Environment & Sustainability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/environment-and-sustainability)\n  - 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[Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n  - [Conscious Language](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/conscious-language)\n  \n  ### Find Community\n  - [Bezzy Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.bezzybc.com\/lp\/2\/?verzenio&utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect)\n  - [Bezzy MS](https:\/\/www.bezzyms.com\/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect)\n  - [Bezzy Migraine](https:\/\/www.bezzymigraine.com\/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect)\n  - [Bezzy Psoriasis](https:\/\/www.bezzypsoriasis.com\/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect)\n  ### Follow Us\n\nSubscribe\n\nExplore more in\n\n- Causes & Risk Factors\n- Home Remedies\n- Management\n- Prognosis\n- Symptoms\n- Treatment\n- Types\n- Complications\n- Related Conditions\n\nAnxiety\n\n#### Related Topics\n- ### Causes & Risk Factors\n  Causes & Risk Factors\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Causes Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323456)\n  - [Dehydration](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dehydration-and-anxiety)\n  - [Triggers](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326134)\n  - [Caffeine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-and-caffeine)\n  - [Long COVID](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/long-covid-anxiety)\n- ### Home Remedies\n  Home Remedies\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Home Remedies Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322396)\n  - [Homeopathic Treatment](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327011)\n  - [Herbs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/herbs-for-anxiety)\n  - [Magnesium](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-magnesium-supplements-for-anxiety)\n  - [Melatonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-melatonin-help-with-anxiety)\n  - [Passionflower](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323795)\n  - [Saffron](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/saffron-for-anxiety)\n  - [Ear seeds](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ear-seeds-for-anxiety)\n  - [Hemp Oil](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hemp-oil-for-anxiety)\n  - [Fidget Toys](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/fidget-toys-for-anxiety)\n  - [Best Supplements](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/supplements-for-anxiety)\n  - [Weighted Blankets](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/317037)\n  - [Valerian Root](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/318088)\n  - [Benadryl](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-benadryl-help-with-anxiety)\n  - [Kratom](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-kratom-for-anxiety)\n  - [Acupuncture](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/acupuncture-for-anxiety)\n- ### Management\n  Management\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Management Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326115)\n  - [EFT Tapping](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326434)\n  - [Without Medication](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-treat-anxiety-without-medication)\n  - [How to Stop a Panic Attack](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321510)\n  - [4-7-8 Breathing](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324417)\n  - [Foods that Help](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322652)\n  - [Ease Throat Tightness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-relax-throat-muscles-anxiety)\n  - [Service Dogs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322784)\n  - [Sour Candy for Panic Attacks](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sour-candy-and-anxiety)\n  - [Breathing Exercises](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/breathing-exercises-for-anxiety)\n  - [Journaling](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-journal-for-anxiety)\n  - [Disability Benefits](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-anxiety-a-disability)\n  - [Exercises](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-exercises)\n  - [333 Rule](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/333-rule)\n  - [Mindfulness Meditation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mindfulness-meditation-for-anxiety)\n  - [Box Breathing](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/318973)\n  - [Support Groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-support-groups)\n  - [Coping Tips](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/7603)\n  - [Best Books](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-books)\n  - [Mantras](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mantras-for-anxiety)\n  - [Support During Panic Attack](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-help-someone-who-is-having-a-panic-attack)\n  - [Coping Methods](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-cope-with-anxiety)\n  - [Yoga](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-yoga)\n  - [In Black Communities](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/black-anxiety)\n  - [Drawing](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-and-drawing)\n  - [Best Jobs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/jobs-for-people-with-anxiety)\n  - [Affirmations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/affirmations-for-anxiety)\n  - [Sleep Tips](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-fall-asleep-with-anxiety)\n  - [Support for Children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-help-kids-with-anxiety)\n- ### Prognosis\n  Prognosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Outlook Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-long-does-anxiety-last)\n  - [Is It Fatal?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-you-die-from-a-panic-attack)\n  - [What Makes It Worse](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/why-is-my-anxiety-so-bad)\n  - [Does Everyone Have Anxiety?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-everyone-have-anxiety)\n- ### Symptoms\n  Symptoms\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Symptoms Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322510)\n  - [Anxiety-Avoidance Cycle](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-avoidance)\n  - [Shortness of Breath](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326831)\n  - [Anxiety Attack](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/307863)\n  - [Dizziness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-and-dizziness)\n  - [Brain Fog](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-and-brain-fog)\n  - [Rash](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-rash)\n  - [Itching](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-itching)\n  - [Jaw Tension](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/jaw-tension-anxiety)\n  - [Panic vs. Anxiety Attack](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321798)\n  - [Facial Numbness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/facial-numbness-and-anxiety)\n  - [Lip Biting](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322093)\n  - [Heart Palpitations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-with-heart-palpitations)\n  - [Shaking](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-shaking)\n  - [Numbness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-anxiety-cause-numbness)\n  - [Fatigue](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-and-fatigue)\n  - [Physical Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/physical-symptoms-of-anxiety)\n  - [Appetite Changes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327437)\n  - [Headache](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-headaches)\n  - [Nervous Breakdown](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321018)\n  - [Tongue Tingling](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tingling-tongue-and-anxiety)\n  - [Nausea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326391)\n- ### Treatment\n  Treatment\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Treatment Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323494)\n  - [Anxiety Medications](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323666)\n  - [Beta-Blockers](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326397)\n  - [Medication for Anxiety and Depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression)\n  - [Xanax](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-xanax)\n  - [Ativan](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326015)\n  - [Propranolol](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-quickly-does-propranolol-work-for-anxiety)\n  - [Hydroxyzine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-hydroxyzine-oral-tablet)\n  - [Clonazepam](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/clonazepam-oral-tablet)\n  - [Diazepam](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/diazepam-oral-tablet)\n  - [Ketamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ketamine-for-anxiety)\n  - [Buspar](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/buspar-side-effects)\n  - [Social Anxiety Medication](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-social-anxiety)\n  - [Antipsychotics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/antipsychotics-for-anxiety)\n  - [Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tms-for-anxiety)\n  - [Best Online CBT Platforms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cbt-for-anxiety)\n- ### Types\n  Types\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Types Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-overcome-anxiety)\n  - [In the Morning](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325808)\n  - [Separation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322070)\n  - [Driving](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/driving-anxiety)\n  - [Anticipatory](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anticipatory-anxiety)\n  - [Debilitating](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/debilitating-anxiety)\n  - [Parental](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/parental-anxiety)\n  - [Hyperstimulation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hyperstimulation-anxiety)\n  - [Panic Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8872)\n  - [Generalized Anxiety Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326416)\n  - [Existential](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/existential-anxiety)\n  - [Travel](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/travel-anxiety)\n  - [Social](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/176891)\n  - [Trait vs. State Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/trait-anxiety)\n  - [Situational](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/situational-anxiety)\n  - [Political](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/political-anxiety)\n  - [Hospital](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hospital-anxiety)\n  - [Types of Social Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/types-of-social-anxiety)\n  - [Eco-Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327354)\n  - [Pathological](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pathological-anxiety-definition-causes-and-symptoms)\n  - [Free-Floating](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/free-floating-anxiety)\n  - [Anxiety Disorders](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/types-of-anxiety)\n  - [Anxiety in Children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-in-children)\n  - [High Functioning](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/high-functioning-anxiety)\n  - [Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/health-anxiety)\n  - [Before Period](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-before-period)\n  - [Dating](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dating-anxiety)\n  - [School](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/school-anxiety)\n  - [Friendship](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/friendship-anxiety)\n  - [Surgery](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/surgery-anxiety)\n  - [At Night](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-at-night)\n  - [Dental](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-to-know-about-dental-anxiety)\n  - [In Males](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-in-men-fighting-stereotypes)\n  - [Hangover](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hangover-anxiety)\n  - [Test](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/test-anxiety-tips)\n  - [Gym](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/gym-anxiety)\n- ### Complications\n  Complications\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Left Arm Pain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/left-arm-pain-from-anxiety)\n  - [Hot Flashes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-hot-flashes)\n  - [Acid Reflux](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/acid-reflux-and-anxiety)\n  - [Anxiety Poop](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-poop)\n  - [Atrial Fibrillation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-anxiety-cause-atrial-fibrillation)\n  - [Inflammation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-and-inflammation-is-there-a-link)\n  - [Anxiety Dreams](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-dreams)\n- ### Related Conditions\n  Related Conditions\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Vs. Depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-vs-depression)\n  - [Psychosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-psychosis)\n  - [Vs. Stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stress-vs-anxiety)\n  - [Tinnitus](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ringing-in-ears-anxiety)\n  - [Panic vs. Heart Attack](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322797)\n  - [AVPD vs. Social Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/avpd-vs-social-anxiety)\n  - [Vs. Paranoia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/paranoia-vs-anxiety)\n  - [Adjustment Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/adjustment-disorder-with-anxiety)\n\n# Which medications are best for anxiety and depression?\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ifeanyi-Olele-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Ifeanyi Olele, DO, MBA, MS, FAPA]() — Written by Sasha Santhakumar —  [Updated on August 19, 2025]()\n\n- [Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#overview)\n- [Medications](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#medications)\n- [SSRIs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#ssr-is)\n- [SNRIs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#snr-is)\n- [Benzodiazepines](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#benzodiazepines)\n- [Tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#tricyclic-antidepressants)\n- [Beta-blockers](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#beta-blockers)\n- [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors)\n- [Other treatment options](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#other-treatment-options)\n- [Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#Diagnosis)\n- [Seeking medical advice](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#seeking-medical-advice)\n- [Summary](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#Summary)\n\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and benzodiazepines are the most common medications for anxiety and depression. The best option will depend on a person’s symptoms, overall health, and treatment aims.\n\nAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately [5% of adults](https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression) globally experience depression. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental health condition in the United States, affecting [40 million adults](https:\/\/adaa.org\/understanding-anxiety\/facts-statistics) yearly.\n\nThis article discusses medications a doctor may prescribe to treat anxiety and depression. It also explores other treatment options and diagnostic processes for these conditions.\n\n### Key takeaways\n- SSRIs, SNRIs, and benzodiazepines are frequently prescribed medications for managing anxiety and depression, with the most appropriate choice depending on individual symptoms and health considerations.\n- While antidepressant medications can significantly reduce depression symptoms, anxiety medications primarily help manage symptoms like panic attacks without providing a cure.\n- Besides medication, alternative treatments such as CBT, talk therapy, and stress management techniques can be effective options for managing anxiety and depression.\n\n## [What are anxiety and depression?]()\n![A selection of medication of colored card.](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/medications_-depression_Stocksy_txp87bed3628pU300_Medium_4057770_Header-1-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528)\n\n[Share on Pinterest](https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fwhich-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F07%2Fmedications_-depression_Stocksy_txp87bed3628pU300_Medium_4057770_Header-1-1024x575.jpg&description=Anxiety%20and%20depression%3A%20Which%20medications%20are%20best%3F \"Share on Pinterest\")\n\nMarc Tran\/Stocksy\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323454) and [depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8933) are mental health conditions.\n\nThey often co-occur. Around [45%](https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20030305) of people worldwide with lifetime [major depressive disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/major-depressive-disorder) also experience one or more anxiety disorders.\n\n### Anxiety\nAnxiety links closely with fear. This results in a future-oriented mood and behavioral response, where the person prepares for an anticipated event or situation that they perceive as threatening.\n\nThe fear can become worse over time and may interfere with daily life. Different types of anxiety disorders include [generalized anxiety disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326416), [panic disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/319606), and [phobias](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/249347).\n\n### Depression\nDepression is a mood disorder. It may result in symptoms such as:\n\n- persistent sadness\n- hopelessness\n- [irritability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325564)\n- [difficulty sleeping](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327339) and [concentrating](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320111)\n- [thoughts of suicide](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/193026)\n\nLike anxiety, depression may interfere with a person’s daily life.\n\n[Learn more about common signs and symptoms of depression.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326769)\n\n## [Medications for anxiety and depression]()\nDoctors may recommend medication in combination with other treatment options such as therapy for people experiencing anxiety and depression.\n\nThe most suitable treatment will depend on a person’s symptoms, co-occurring conditions, and the severity of their condition. Some medications can treat both conditions, while others are more suited to treating either anxiety or depression.\n\n[Antidepressant medications](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320) can help improve the symptoms of depression. With adequate treatment, [70 to 80%](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) of people with depression may experience a significant reduction in their symptoms.\n\nMedication for anxiety [does not](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders) cure the condition but may help with [symptoms](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications) such as panic attacks, extreme fear, and worry.\n\n## [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]()\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that doctors consider [first-line](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6400617\/) treatments for depression and [anxiety](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/).\n\n[SSRIs](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) work by increasing the level of [serotonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/232248) in the brain. Serotonin is a molecule that has important [bodily roles](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK545168\/), including regulating mood and behavior.\n\n[Researchers](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) believe that decreased serotonin in the brain may result in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. By increasing serotonin levels, SSRIs may help improve the symptoms of these conditions.\n\nHowever, it may take up to [6 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) before a person feels the beneficial effects of SSRIs.\n\nExamples of SSRIs that doctors prescribe in the United States [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/):\n\n- fluoxetine ([Prozac](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322413))\n- sertraline ([Zoloft](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325632))\n- paroxetine ([Paxil, Paxil CR, and Pexeva](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323192))\n- fluvoxamine (Luvox)\n- citalopram ([Celexa](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/celexa))\n- escitalopram ([Lexapro](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/escitalopram-oral-tablet))\n- vilazodone ([Viibryd](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-viibryd))\n### Side effects\nSide effects of SSRIs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7428926\/):\n\n- anxiety\n- restlessness\n- [insomnia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9155)\n- [dry mouth](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/187640)\n- [weight gain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324872)\n- [nausea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-causes-nausea)\n- [diarrhea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/158634)\n- [sweating](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326441)\n- [headaches](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/headaches)\n- [dizziness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325251)\n- [decreased sex drive](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324861)\n- [anorgasmia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324112), or difficulty orgasming\n\nThere is also an [increased risk](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) of suicidal ideation with SSRIs in young people up to age 25 years.\n\nSome SSRIs, such as citalopram, can affect the heart, potentially leading to [abnormal heart rhythms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8887).\n\n### Dosage\nA person takes SSRIs orally. They are available as tablets, capsules, liquid suspensions, and solutions.\n\nThe starting dose varies with each drug. For example, the [starting dose](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) for citalopram is 20 milligrams (mg) daily, while it is 5 to 10 mg per day for escitalopram.\n\nA doctor may increase or decrease a person’s dose depending on the severity of their anxiety and how well they respond to treatment.\n\n### Stopping medication\nA person may wish to discontinue SSRI treatment for various reasons, including side effects. A doctor will likely recommend that a person gradually lower their dosage over [weeks or months](https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/diseases-and-conditions\/going-off-antidepressants).\n\nA person may experience discontinuation symptoms when coming off SSRIs, including low mood and irritability.\n\n[Learn more about antidepressant withdrawal.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322376)\n\n## [Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors]()\n[Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/snri) are another class of drugs that doctors consider [first-line](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/) treatment for anxiety and depression.\n\n[SNRIs](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) block the reuptake of serotonin and another chemical known as noradrenaline or norepinephrine. This increases the levels of these chemicals in the brain.\n\nIn this way, they [can have](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) a beneficial effect on mood and emotion. SNRIs may take between [6 to 8 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK361016\/) to have a noticeable effect.\n\nExamples of SNRIs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/):\n\n- venlafaxine ([Effexor](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/263705))\n- desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326615#_noHeaderPrefixedContent))\n- duloxetine ([Cymbalta](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/duloxetine-oral-capsule))\n- milnacipran (Savella)\n- levomilnacipran ([Fetzima](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-fetzima))\n### Side effects\nCommon side effects of SNRIs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4630974\/):\n\n- nausea\n- insomnia\n- dry mouth\n- [increased blood pressure](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/159283)\n- sexual dysfunction\n- weight gain\n- headaches\n\nThere is also an association between this kind of medication and an [increased risk](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6372777\/) of reduced bone mineral density and falls. In the elderly, this may result in fractures.\n\n### Dosage\nThe starting dose for SNRIs may also vary depending on the drug. For example, the [starting dose](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) for milnacipran is 12.5 mg per day, while the starting dose for venlafaxine is 37.5 to 75 mg per day.\n\n[Learn more about SSRIs and SNRIs.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ssri-vs-snri)\n\n## [Benzodiazepines]()\n[Benzodiazepines](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/262809) are a type of antianxiety medication that [may help](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8629021\/) reduce anxiety symptoms.\n\nThey work by [enhancing](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8629021\/) the activity of [gamma-aminobutyric acid,](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326847) a chemical in the brain that has a [repressive effect](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513311\/) on nerves and movement.\n\nAccording to research, the effects of benzodiazepines occur within [30 to 60 minutes](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/). These fast-acting drugs may help with anxiety symptoms such as [panic attacks](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321510), insomnia, and [muscle tension](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/rigid-muscles).\n\nExamples of benzodiazepines include:\n\n- alprazolam ([Xanax](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/263490))\n- clonazepam ([Klonopin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/clonazepam-oral-tablet))\n- diazepam ([Valium](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/diazepam-oral-tablet))\n- lorazepam ([Ativan](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326015))\n### Side effects\nThe drawback of benzodiazepines is that a person [may develop](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders#part_2225) tolerance to the medication. This means they require a higher dose to have the same effect. Because of this, a person may become dependent, and doctors [usually prescribe](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/) benzodiazepines for short-term use only.\n\n[Learn more about drug dependence.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drug-dependence)\n\nA person using benzodiazepines may experience some side effects, [such as](https:\/\/www.camh.ca\/en\/health-info\/mental-illness-and-addiction-index\/anti-anxiety-medications-benzodiazepines):\n\n- drowsiness\n- dizziness\n- sedation\n- loss of balance\n\n[Learn more about withdrawing from benzodiazepines.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/benzo-withdrawal)\n\n### Risks\nPotential risks associated with long-term benzodiazepine use [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8629021\/):\n\n- [dementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/142214) or dementia-like illnesses\n- impaired motor function\n- aggressive behavior\n- impaired cognitive function\n- addiction\n\n## [Tricyclic antidepressants]()\n[Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557791\/) are a class of medications doctors use to treat depression. Some may also prescribe them for anxiety.\n\nTCAs work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, increasing their levels in the brain.\n\nExamples of TCAs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/):\n\n- [amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/amitriptyline-oral-tablet)\n- imipramine (Tofranil)\n- nortriptyline (Pamelor)\n### Side effects\nSide effects of TCAs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/):\n\n- dry mouth\n- [urinary retention](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327417)\n- [constipation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/150322)\n- [seizures](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/seizures)\n- [low blood pressure](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/159609)\n\nAs they [can cause](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/) significant adverse effects, doctors do not often prescribe TCAs for anxiety.\n\n[Learn more about TCAs.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tricyclic-antidepressants)\n\n## [Beta-blockers]()\nA doctor may prescribe [beta-blockers](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/173068) to help with symptoms of anxiety.\n\nBeta-blockers are a class of drugs doctors [usually use](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532906\/) to treat [heart conditions](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/237191). They inhibit the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), hormones that play a role in the body’s fight-or-flight response.\n\nBeta-blockers may be able to improve physical symptoms of anxiety, [including](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/):\n\n- a [fast heart rate](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/175241)\n- a trembling voice\n- dizziness\n- sweating\n- [shaking hands](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322195)\n\nCommon types of beta-blockers include:\n\n- acebutolol (Sectral)\n- atenolol (Tenormin)\n- betaxolol (Kerlone)\n- bisoprolol\/hydrochlorothiazide (Ziac)\n- bisoprolol (Zebeta)\n- metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)\n- nadolol (Corgard)\n- [propranolol](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/316061) (Inderal)\n- sotalol (Betapace)\n- [carvedilol](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/carvedilol-oral-tablet) (Coreg)\n\n**»MORE:**[Get a refill for your medication in as little as 15 minutes with Optum Now Online Care.](https:\/\/now.optum.com\/online-care\/prescription-refill?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=organic-onlinecare-on&utm_content=linkto-oc-on-rxrefill&utm_campaign=mnt-article-oc-on-backlink%20%20%20%20)\n\nOptum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\n## [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]()\n[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/maois) are a type of antidepressant that [blocks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) the function of monoamine oxidase.\n\nMonoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down chemicals such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and [dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326090). When a person takes MAOIs, the levels of these chemicals in the brain increase, with a therapeutic effect.\n\nMAOIs normally take [2 to 3 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539848\/) to work. However, doctors [do not](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) consider them first-line due to their side effects and interactions with other drugs.\n\nExamples of MAOIs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/):\n\n- selegiline (Eldepryl and Zelapar)\n- moclobemide (Manerix)\n- isocarboxazid (Marplan)\n- phenelzine (Nardil)\n### Side effects\nAdverse effects of MAOIs [may include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539848\/):\n\n- dry mouth\n- nausea\n- diarrhea\n- constipation\n- drowsiness\n- insomnia\n- dizziness\n\n## [Other treatment options]()\nMedication may not suit everyone, and a person may prefer other treatment options for depression and anxiety. They may wish to consider:\n\n- **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):** [CBT](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/296579) focuses on identifying and modifying behaviors to better manage anxiety and depression. It may provide individuals with skills and tools to react more productively to certain situations.\n- **Exposure therapy:** [Exposure therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/exposure-therapy) involves a person moving toward anxiety-causing situations that they normally avoid to learn how to manage anxiety and reduce its symptoms.\n- **Arts and creative therapy:** [Creative therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/creative-therapy) involves using music, painting, or drama to help a person express their feelings and manage symptoms.\n- **Talk therapy:** [Talk therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/talk-therapy) involves a person speaking to a professional about experiences and feelings and may help them find new methods to manage situations.\n- **Support groups:** [Support groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-support-groups) provide a setting for individuals to meet others with anxiety or depression with whom they can discuss their feelings.\n- **Stress management techniques:** [Stress management techniques](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/145855) such as [exercise](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/153390), [mindfulness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324839), and [meditation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320392) may help reduce anxiety and depression symptoms.\n\n## [Diagnosis]()\nA person will need to see a doctor to receive a diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or both.\n\nA doctor will usually take a [medical history](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/) from the individual. Depending on the symptoms the person is experiencing, the doctor may also conduct a physical exam to rule out other conditions.\n\nThe doctor will likely ask about symptoms and the person’s mood and emotions. They may ask the person to complete a questionnaire identifying signs and symptoms of anxiety or depression.\n\nFor a person to receive a diagnosis of depression, their symptoms must be present for at least [2 weeks](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression).\n\n## [When to speak with a doctor]()\nA person should speak with a doctor if they have been experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, such as low mood or anxious thoughts, for more than 2 weeks.\n\nThey may also want to see their doctor if they are on antidepressant or antianxiety medication and have been experiencing adverse effects.\n\n## [Summary]()\nAnxiety and depression are mental health conditions that affect mood and emotion. Anxiety is linked to fear and depression to low mood.\n\nSome medications, such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs, treat both conditions. Others target one specific condition.\n\nNonmedicinal treatment options for anxiety and depression include CBT, exposure therapy, counseling, and support groups.\n\nPeople should speak with their doctor if they are experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. A doctor can advise them on suitable treatment options.\n\n- [Depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/depression)\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/mental-health)\n- [Anxiety \/ Stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/anxiety)\n- [Psychology \/ Psychiatry](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/psychology-psychiatry)\n- [Drugs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/drugs)\n\n### How we reviewed this article:\nSources\n\nMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/process).\n\n- Anxiety disorders. (2024).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders>\n- Anxiety disorders: Facts & statistics. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/adaa.org\/understanding-anxiety\/facts-statistics>\n- Bamalan OA, et al. (2023). Physiology, serotonin.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK545168\/>\n- Chand SP, et al. (2023). Anxiety.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/>\n- Chu A, et al. (2023). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/>\n- Depression. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression>\n- Depression. (2024).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression>\n- Depression: How effective are antidepressants? (2024).  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK361016\/>\n- Edinoff AN, et al. (2021). Benzodiazepines: Uses, dangers, and clinical considerations.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8629021\/>\n- Farzam K, et al. (2023). Beta blockers.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532906\/>\n- Jewett BE, et al. (2023). Physiology, GABA.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513311\/>\n- Jing E, et al. (2016). Sexual dysfunction in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and potential solutions: A narrative literature review.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6007725\/>\n- Kalin NH. (2020). The critical relationship between anxiety and depression.  \n  <https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20030305>\n- Kendrick T, et al. (2019). Which first-line antidepressant?  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6400617\/>\n- Mental health medications. (2022).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications>\n- Moraczewski J, et al. (2023). Tricyclic antidepressants.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557791\/>\n- Overcoming depression: How psychologists help with depressive disorders. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.apa.org\/topics\/depression\/overcoming>\n- Ramic E, et al. (2020). Assessment of the antidepressant side effects occurrence in patients treated in primary care.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7428926\/>\n- Regev D, et al. (2018). Effectiveness of art therapy with adult clients in 2018: What progress has been made?  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6124538\/>\n- Sheffler ZM, et al. (2023). Antidepressants.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/>\n- Sub Laban T, et al. (2023). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI).  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539848\/>\n- Wadhwa R, et al. (2017). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bone health: A review of clinical studies and plausible mechanisms.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6372777\/>\n\nShare this article\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ifeanyi-Olele-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Ifeanyi Olele, DO, MBA, MS, FAPA]() — Written by Sasha Santhakumar —  [Updated on August 19, 2025]()\n\n## Latest news\n- [Two days of oatmeal may help reduce 'bad' cholesterol levels, study finds](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/two-days-oatmeal-reduce-ldl-cholesterol-levels-study)\n- [Is sleep the missing piece in mental health?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-sleep-the-missing-piece-in-mental-health)\n- [Is this why dementia affects more women? How menopause alters the brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dementia-menopause-brain-health-gray-matter-memory-loss)\n- [Low dose aspirin does not reduce cancer risk in older adults, long-term study finds](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/low-dose-aspirin-does-not-reduce-cancer-risk-in-older-adults)\n- [Can treating rheumatoid arthritis before it sets in help delay its onset?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pretreatment-rheumatoid-arthritis-onset-delay-4-years)\n\n### Related Coverage\n- [How to choose the best medication for anxiety alongside depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-the-best-medication-for-anxiety-and-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Nicole Washington, DO, MPH](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [Learn about medications that treat both anxiety and depression, and which medications that treat both conditions individually are safe to combine.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-the-best-medication-for-anxiety-and-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-the-best-medication-for-anxiety-and-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What are the best medications for depression, anxiety, and ADHD?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-anxiety-depression-and-adhd?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Doctors prescribe a range of medications, such as SSRIs and SNRIs, to treat mental health conditions. Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-anxiety-depression-and-adhd?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-anxiety-depression-and-adhd?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What are the best medications to treat generalized anxiety disorder?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-generalized-anxiety-disorder?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Doctors may prescribe medications such as antidepressants to treat generalized anxiety disorder. Learn more here.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-generalized-anxiety-disorder?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-generalized-anxiety-disorder?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [How long does trazodone last in dogs?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-how-long-does-trazodone-last-in-dogs?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Vincent J. Tavella DVM, MPH](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [Trazodone is a generic prescription drug approved for anxiety in certain animals. Learn how long the drug lasts.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-how-long-does-trazodone-last-in-dogs?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-how-long-does-trazodone-last-in-dogs?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Exercise may reduce depression symptoms as effectively as therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/exercise-may-reduce-depression-symptoms-as-effectively-as-therapy?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Getting enough exercise, especially light to moderate intensity, may help reduce depression symptoms as effectively as psychological therapy, a new…](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/exercise-may-reduce-depression-symptoms-as-effectively-as-therapy?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/exercise-may-reduce-depression-symptoms-as-effectively-as-therapy?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. 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MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and benzodiazepines are the most common medications for anxiety and depression. The best option will depend on a person’s symptoms, overall health, and treatment aims.\n\nAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately [5% of adults](https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression) globally experience depression. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental health condition in the United States, affecting [40 million adults](https:\/\/adaa.org\/understanding-anxiety\/facts-statistics) yearly.\n\nThis article discusses medications a doctor may prescribe to treat anxiety and depression. It also explores other treatment options and diagnostic processes for these conditions.\n\nThey often co-occur. Around [45%](https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20030305) of people worldwide with lifetime [major depressive disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/major-depressive-disorder) also experience one or more anxiety disorders.\n\nAnxiety\n\nAnxiety links closely with fear. This results in a future-oriented mood and behavioral response, where the person prepares for an anticipated event or situation that they perceive as threatening.\n\nDepression\n\nDepression is a mood disorder. It may result in symptoms such as:\n\n- persistent sadness\n- hopelessness\n- [irritability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325564)\n- [difficulty sleeping](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327339) and [concentrating](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320111)\n- [thoughts of suicide](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/193026)\n\nLike anxiety, depression may interfere with a person’s daily life.\n\nDoctors may recommend medication in combination with other treatment options such as therapy for people experiencing anxiety and depression.\n\nThe most suitable treatment will depend on a person’s symptoms, co-occurring conditions, and the severity of their condition. Some medications can treat both conditions, while others are more suited to treating either anxiety or depression.\n\n[Antidepressant medications](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320) can help improve the symptoms of depression. With adequate treatment, [70 to 80%](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) of people with depression may experience a significant reduction in their symptoms.\n\nMedication for anxiety [does not](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders) cure the condition but may help with [symptoms](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications) such as panic attacks, extreme fear, and worry.\n\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that doctors consider [first-line](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6400617\/) treatments for depression and [anxiety](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/).\n\n[SSRIs](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) work by increasing the level of [serotonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/232248) in the brain. Serotonin is a molecule that has important [bodily roles](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK545168\/), including regulating mood and behavior.\n\n[Researchers](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) believe that decreased serotonin in the brain may result in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. By increasing serotonin levels, SSRIs may help improve the symptoms of these conditions.\n\nHowever, it may take up to [6 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) before a person feels the beneficial effects of SSRIs.\n\nExamples of SSRIs that doctors prescribe in the United States [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/):\n\n- fluoxetine ([Prozac](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322413))\n- sertraline ([Zoloft](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325632))\n- paroxetine ([Paxil, Paxil CR, and Pexeva](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323192))\n- fluvoxamine (Luvox)\n- citalopram ([Celexa](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/celexa))\n- escitalopram ([Lexapro](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/escitalopram-oral-tablet))\n- vilazodone ([Viibryd](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-viibryd))\n\nSide effects\n\nSide effects of SSRIs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7428926\/):\n\n- anxiety\n- restlessness\n- [insomnia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9155)\n- [dry mouth](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/187640)\n- [weight gain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324872)\n- [nausea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-causes-nausea)\n- [diarrhea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/158634)\n- [sweating](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326441)\n- [headaches](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/headaches)\n- [dizziness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325251)\n- [decreased sex drive](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324861)\n- [anorgasmia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324112), or difficulty orgasming\n\nThere is also an [increased risk](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) of suicidal ideation with SSRIs in young people up to age 25 years.\n\nSome SSRIs, such as citalopram, can affect the heart, potentially leading to [abnormal heart rhythms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8887).\n\nDosage\n\nA person takes SSRIs orally. They are available as tablets, capsules, liquid suspensions, and solutions.\n\nThe starting dose varies with each drug. For example, the [starting dose](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) for citalopram is 20 milligrams (mg) daily, while it is 5 to 10 mg per day for escitalopram.\n\nA doctor may increase or decrease a person’s dose depending on the severity of their anxiety and how well they respond to treatment.\n\nStopping medication\n\nA person may wish to discontinue SSRI treatment for various reasons, including side effects. A doctor will likely recommend that a person gradually lower their dosage over [weeks or months](https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/diseases-and-conditions\/going-off-antidepressants).\n\nA person may experience discontinuation symptoms when coming off SSRIs, including low mood and irritability.\n\n[SNRIs](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) block the reuptake of serotonin and another chemical known as noradrenaline or norepinephrine. This increases the levels of these chemicals in the brain.\n\nIn this way, they [can have](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) a beneficial effect on mood and emotion. SNRIs may take between [6 to 8 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK361016\/) to have a noticeable effect.\n\n- venlafaxine ([Effexor](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/263705))\n- desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326615#_noHeaderPrefixedContent))\n- duloxetine ([Cymbalta](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/duloxetine-oral-capsule))\n- milnacipran (Savella)\n- levomilnacipran ([Fetzima](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-fetzima))\n\nSide effects\n\nCommon side effects of SNRIs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4630974\/):\n\n- nausea\n- insomnia\n- dry mouth\n- [increased blood pressure](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/159283)\n- sexual dysfunction\n- weight gain\n- headaches\n\nThere is also an association between this kind of medication and an [increased risk](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6372777\/) of reduced bone mineral density and falls. In the elderly, this may result in fractures.\n\nDosage\n\nThe starting dose for SNRIs may also vary depending on the drug. For example, the [starting dose](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) for milnacipran is 12.5 mg per day, while the starting dose for venlafaxine is 37.5 to 75 mg per day.\n\nAccording to research, the effects of benzodiazepines occur within [30 to 60 minutes](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/). These fast-acting drugs may help with anxiety symptoms such as [panic attacks](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321510), insomnia, and [muscle tension](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/rigid-muscles).\n\nExamples of benzodiazepines include:\n\n- alprazolam ([Xanax](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/263490))\n- clonazepam ([Klonopin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/clonazepam-oral-tablet))\n- diazepam ([Valium](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/diazepam-oral-tablet))\n- lorazepam ([Ativan](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326015))\n\nSide effects\n\nThe drawback of benzodiazepines is that a person [may develop](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders#part_2225) tolerance to the medication. This means they require a higher dose to have the same effect. Because of this, a person may become dependent, and doctors [usually prescribe](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/) benzodiazepines for short-term use only.\n\nA person using benzodiazepines may experience some side effects, [such as](https:\/\/www.camh.ca\/en\/health-info\/mental-illness-and-addiction-index\/anti-anxiety-medications-benzodiazepines):\n\n- drowsiness\n- dizziness\n- sedation\n- loss of balance\n\nRisks\n\nPotential risks associated with long-term benzodiazepine use [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8629021\/):\n\n- [dementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/142214) or dementia-like illnesses\n- impaired motor function\n- aggressive behavior\n- impaired cognitive function\n- addiction\n\nA doctor may prescribe [beta-blockers](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/173068) to help with symptoms of anxiety.\n\nBeta-blockers are a class of drugs doctors [usually use](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532906\/) to treat [heart conditions](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/237191). They inhibit the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), hormones that play a role in the body’s fight-or-flight response.\n\nBeta-blockers may be able to improve physical symptoms of anxiety, [including](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/):\n\n- a [fast heart rate](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/175241)\n- a trembling voice\n- dizziness\n- sweating\n- [shaking hands](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322195)\n\nCommon types of beta-blockers include:\n\n- acebutolol (Sectral)\n- atenolol (Tenormin)\n- betaxolol (Kerlone)\n- bisoprolol\/hydrochlorothiazide (Ziac)\n- bisoprolol (Zebeta)\n- metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)\n- nadolol (Corgard)\n- [propranolol](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/316061) (Inderal)\n- sotalol (Betapace)\n- [carvedilol](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/carvedilol-oral-tablet) (Coreg)\n\nOptum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\nMonoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down chemicals such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and [dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326090). When a person takes MAOIs, the levels of these chemicals in the brain increase, with a therapeutic effect.\n\nMAOIs normally take [2 to 3 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539848\/) to work. However, doctors [do not](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) consider them first-line due to their side effects and interactions with other drugs.\n\n- selegiline (Eldepryl and Zelapar)\n- moclobemide (Manerix)\n- isocarboxazid (Marplan)\n- phenelzine (Nardil)\n\nSide effects\n\n- dry mouth\n- nausea\n- diarrhea\n- constipation\n- drowsiness\n- insomnia\n- dizziness\n\nMedication may not suit everyone, and a person may prefer other treatment options for depression and anxiety. They may wish to consider:\n\n- **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):** [CBT](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/296579) focuses on identifying and modifying behaviors to better manage anxiety and depression. It may provide individuals with skills and tools to react more productively to certain situations.\n- **Exposure therapy:** [Exposure therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/exposure-therapy) involves a person moving toward anxiety-causing situations that they normally avoid to learn how to manage anxiety and reduce its symptoms.\n- **Arts and creative therapy:** [Creative therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/creative-therapy) involves using music, painting, or drama to help a person express their feelings and manage symptoms.\n- **Talk therapy:** [Talk therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/talk-therapy) involves a person speaking to a professional about experiences and feelings and may help them find new methods to manage situations.\n- **Support groups:** [Support groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-support-groups) provide a setting for individuals to meet others with anxiety or depression with whom they can discuss their feelings.\n- **Stress management techniques:** [Stress management techniques](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/145855) such as [exercise](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/153390), [mindfulness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324839), and [meditation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320392) may help reduce anxiety and depression symptoms.\n\nA person will need to see a doctor to receive a diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or both.\n\nA doctor will usually take a [medical history](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470361\/) from the individual. Depending on the symptoms the person is experiencing, the doctor may also conduct a physical exam to rule out other conditions.\n\nThe doctor will likely ask about symptoms and the person’s mood and emotions. They may ask the person to complete a questionnaire identifying signs and symptoms of anxiety or depression.\n\nFor a person to receive a diagnosis of depression, their symptoms must be present for at least [2 weeks](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression).\n\nA person should speak with a doctor if they have been experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, such as low mood or anxious thoughts, for more than 2 weeks.\n\nThey may also want to see their doctor if they are on antidepressant or antianxiety medication and have been experiencing adverse effects.\n\nAnxiety and depression are mental health conditions that affect mood and emotion. Anxiety is linked to fear and depression to low mood.\n\nSome medications, such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs, treat both conditions. Others target one specific condition.\n\nNonmedicinal treatment options for anxiety and depression include CBT, exposure therapy, counseling, and support groups.\n\nPeople should speak with their doctor if they are experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. A doctor can advise them on suitable treatment options.","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression
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Meta Title	Anxiety and depression: Which medications are best?
Meta Description	Several medications can treat anxiety and depression. The most suitable treatment depends on individual factors, including the severity of the condition.
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Boilerpipe Text	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and benzodiazepines are the most common medications for anxiety and depression. The best option will depend on a person’s symptoms, overall health, and treatment aims. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 5% of adults globally experience depression. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental health condition in the United States, affecting 40 million adults yearly. This article discusses medications a doctor may prescribe to treat anxiety and depression. It also explores other treatment options and diagnostic processes for these conditions. They often co-occur. Around 45% of people worldwide with lifetime major depressive disorder also experience one or more anxiety disorders. Anxiety Anxiety links closely with fear. This results in a future-oriented mood and behavioral response, where the person prepares for an anticipated event or situation that they perceive as threatening. Depression Depression is a mood disorder. It may result in symptoms such as: persistent sadness hopelessness irritability difficulty sleeping and concentrating thoughts of suicide Like anxiety, depression may interfere with a person’s daily life. Doctors may recommend medication in combination with other treatment options such as therapy for people experiencing anxiety and depression. The most suitable treatment will depend on a person’s symptoms, co-occurring conditions, and the severity of their condition. Some medications can treat both conditions, while others are more suited to treating either anxiety or depression. Antidepressant medications can help improve the symptoms of depression. With adequate treatment, 70 to 80% of people with depression may experience a significant reduction in their symptoms. Medication for anxiety does not cure the condition but may help with symptoms such as panic attacks, extreme fear, and worry. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that doctors consider first-line treatments for depression and anxiety . SSRIs work by increasing the level of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is a molecule that has important bodily roles , including regulating mood and behavior. Researchers believe that decreased serotonin in the brain may result in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. By increasing serotonin levels, SSRIs may help improve the symptoms of these conditions. However, it may take up to 6 weeks before a person feels the beneficial effects of SSRIs. Examples of SSRIs that doctors prescribe in the United States include : fluoxetine ( Prozac ) sertraline ( Zoloft ) paroxetine ( Paxil, Paxil CR, and Pexeva ) fluvoxamine (Luvox) citalopram ( Celexa ) escitalopram ( Lexapro ) vilazodone ( Viibryd ) Side effects Side effects of SSRIs include : anxiety restlessness insomnia dry mouth weight gain nausea diarrhea sweating headaches dizziness decreased sex drive anorgasmia , or difficulty orgasming There is also an increased risk of suicidal ideation with SSRIs in young people up to age 25 years. Some SSRIs, such as citalopram, can affect the heart, potentially leading to abnormal heart rhythms . Dosage A person takes SSRIs orally. They are available as tablets, capsules, liquid suspensions, and solutions. The starting dose varies with each drug. For example, the starting dose for citalopram is 20 milligrams (mg) daily, while it is 5 to 10 mg per day for escitalopram. A doctor may increase or decrease a person’s dose depending on the severity of their anxiety and how well they respond to treatment. Stopping medication A person may wish to discontinue SSRI treatment for various reasons, including side effects. A doctor will likely recommend that a person gradually lower their dosage over weeks or months . A person may experience discontinuation symptoms when coming off SSRIs, including low mood and irritability. SNRIs block the reuptake of serotonin and another chemical known as noradrenaline or norepinephrine. This increases the levels of these chemicals in the brain. In this way, they can have a beneficial effect on mood and emotion. SNRIs may take between 6 to 8 weeks to have a noticeable effect. venlafaxine ( Effexor ) desvenlafaxine ( Pristiq ) duloxetine ( Cymbalta ) milnacipran (Savella) levomilnacipran ( Fetzima ) Side effects Common side effects of SNRIs include : nausea insomnia dry mouth increased blood pressure sexual dysfunction weight gain headaches There is also an association between this kind of medication and an increased risk of reduced bone mineral density and falls. In the elderly, this may result in fractures. Dosage The starting dose for SNRIs may also vary depending on the drug. For example, the starting dose for milnacipran is 12.5 mg per day, while the starting dose for venlafaxine is 37.5 to 75 mg per day. According to research, the effects of benzodiazepines occur within 30 to 60 minutes . These fast-acting drugs may help with anxiety symptoms such as panic attacks , insomnia, and muscle tension . Examples of benzodiazepines include: alprazolam ( Xanax ) clonazepam ( Klonopin ) diazepam ( Valium ) lorazepam ( Ativan ) Side effects The drawback of benzodiazepines is that a person may develop tolerance to the medication. This means they require a higher dose to have the same effect. Because of this, a person may become dependent, and doctors usually prescribe benzodiazepines for short-term use only. A person using benzodiazepines may experience some side effects, such as : drowsiness dizziness sedation loss of balance Risks Potential risks associated with long-term benzodiazepine use include : dementia or dementia-like illnesses impaired motor function aggressive behavior impaired cognitive function addiction A doctor may prescribe beta-blockers to help with symptoms of anxiety. Beta-blockers are a class of drugs doctors usually use to treat heart conditions . They inhibit the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), hormones that play a role in the body’s fight-or-flight response. Beta-blockers may be able to improve physical symptoms of anxiety, including : a fast heart rate a trembling voice dizziness sweating shaking hands Common types of beta-blockers include: acebutolol (Sectral) atenolol (Tenormin) betaxolol (Kerlone) bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide (Ziac) bisoprolol (Zebeta) metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) nadolol (Corgard) propranolol (Inderal) sotalol (Betapace) carvedilol (Coreg) Optum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. Learn more. Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down chemicals such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine . When a person takes MAOIs, the levels of these chemicals in the brain increase, with a therapeutic effect. MAOIs normally take 2 to 3 weeks to work. However, doctors do not consider them first-line due to their side effects and interactions with other drugs. selegiline (Eldepryl and Zelapar) moclobemide (Manerix) isocarboxazid (Marplan) phenelzine (Nardil) Side effects dry mouth nausea diarrhea constipation drowsiness insomnia dizziness Medication may not suit everyone, and a person may prefer other treatment options for depression and anxiety. They may wish to consider: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT focuses on identifying and modifying behaviors to better manage anxiety and depression. It may provide individuals with skills and tools to react more productively to certain situations. Exposure therapy: Exposure therapy involves a person moving toward anxiety-causing situations that they normally avoid to learn how to manage anxiety and reduce its symptoms. Arts and creative therapy: Creative therapy involves using music, painting, or drama to help a person express their feelings and manage symptoms. Talk therapy: Talk therapy involves a person speaking to a professional about experiences and feelings and may help them find new methods to manage situations. Support groups: Support groups provide a setting for individuals to meet others with anxiety or depression with whom they can discuss their feelings. Stress management techniques: Stress management techniques such as exercise , mindfulness , and meditation may help reduce anxiety and depression symptoms. A person will need to see a doctor to receive a diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or both. A doctor will usually take a medical history from the individual. Depending on the symptoms the person is experiencing, the doctor may also conduct a physical exam to rule out other conditions. The doctor will likely ask about symptoms and the person’s mood and emotions. They may ask the person to complete a questionnaire identifying signs and symptoms of anxiety or depression. For a person to receive a diagnosis of depression, their symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks . A person should speak with a doctor if they have been experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, such as low mood or anxious thoughts, for more than 2 weeks. They may also want to see their doctor if they are on antidepressant or antianxiety medication and have been experiencing adverse effects. Anxiety and depression are mental health conditions that affect mood and emotion. Anxiety is linked to fear and depression to low mood. Some medications, such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs, treat both conditions. Others target one specific condition. Nonmedicinal treatment options for anxiety and depression include CBT, exposure therapy, counseling, and support groups. People should speak with their doctor if they are experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. A doctor can advise them on suitable treatment options.
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[Types of Social Anxiety](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-social-anxiety) - [Eco-Anxiety](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327354) - [Pathological](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pathological-anxiety-definition-causes-and-symptoms) - [Free-Floating](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/free-floating-anxiety) - [Anxiety Disorders](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-anxiety) - [Anxiety in Children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-in-children) - [High Functioning](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-functioning-anxiety) - [Health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-anxiety) - [Before Period](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-before-period) - [Dating](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dating-anxiety) - [School](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/school-anxiety) - [Friendship](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/friendship-anxiety) - [Surgery](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/surgery-anxiety) - [At Night](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-at-night) - [Dental](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-to-know-about-dental-anxiety) - [In Males](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-in-men-fighting-stereotypes) - [Hangover](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hangover-anxiety) - [Test](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/test-anxiety-tips) - [Gym](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/gym-anxiety) - ### Complications Complications #### Related Articles - [Left Arm Pain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/left-arm-pain-from-anxiety) - [Hot Flashes](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-hot-flashes) - [Acid Reflux](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/acid-reflux-and-anxiety) - [Anxiety Poop](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-poop) - [Atrial Fibrillation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-anxiety-cause-atrial-fibrillation) - [Inflammation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-and-inflammation-is-there-a-link) - [Anxiety Dreams](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-dreams) - ### Related Conditions Related Conditions #### Related Articles - [Vs. Depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-vs-depression) - [Psychosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-psychosis) - [Vs. Stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stress-vs-anxiety) - [Tinnitus](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ringing-in-ears-anxiety) - [Panic vs. Heart Attack](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322797) - [AVPD vs. Social Anxiety](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/avpd-vs-social-anxiety) - [Vs. Paranoia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/paranoia-vs-anxiety) - [Adjustment Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/adjustment-disorder-with-anxiety) # Which medications are best for anxiety and depression? ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Ifeanyi-Olele-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Ifeanyi Olele, DO, MBA, MS, FAPA]() — Written by Sasha Santhakumar — [Updated on August 19, 2025]() - [Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#overview) - [Medications](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#medications) - [SSRIs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#ssr-is) - [SNRIs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#snr-is) - [Benzodiazepines](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#benzodiazepines) - [Tricyclic antidepressants](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#tricyclic-antidepressants) - [Beta-blockers](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#beta-blockers) - [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors) - [Other treatment options](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#other-treatment-options) - [Diagnosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#Diagnosis) - [Seeking medical advice](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#seeking-medical-advice) - [Summary](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/which-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression#Summary) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and benzodiazepines are the most common medications for anxiety and depression. The best option will depend on a person’s symptoms, overall health, and treatment aims. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately [5% of adults](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression) globally experience depression. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental health condition in the United States, affecting [40 million adults](https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/facts-statistics) yearly. This article discusses medications a doctor may prescribe to treat anxiety and depression. It also explores other treatment options and diagnostic processes for these conditions. ### Key takeaways - SSRIs, SNRIs, and benzodiazepines are frequently prescribed medications for managing anxiety and depression, with the most appropriate choice depending on individual symptoms and health considerations. - While antidepressant medications can significantly reduce depression symptoms, anxiety medications primarily help manage symptoms like panic attacks without providing a cure. - Besides medication, alternative treatments such as CBT, talk therapy, and stress management techniques can be effective options for managing anxiety and depression. ## [What are anxiety and depression?]() ![A selection of medication of colored card.](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/07/medications_-depression_Stocksy_txp87bed3628pU300_Medium_4057770_Header-1-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528) [Share on Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fwhich-medications-are-best-for-anxiety-and-depression&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F07%2Fmedications_-depression_Stocksy_txp87bed3628pU300_Medium_4057770_Header-1-1024x575.jpg&description=Anxiety%20and%20depression%3A%20Which%20medications%20are%20best%3F "Share on Pinterest") Marc Tran/Stocksy [Anxiety](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454) and [depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933) are mental health conditions. They often co-occur. Around [45%](https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030305) of people worldwide with lifetime [major depressive disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/major-depressive-disorder) also experience one or more anxiety disorders. ### Anxiety Anxiety links closely with fear. This results in a future-oriented mood and behavioral response, where the person prepares for an anticipated event or situation that they perceive as threatening. The fear can become worse over time and may interfere with daily life. Different types of anxiety disorders include [generalized anxiety disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326416), [panic disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319606), and [phobias](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249347). ### Depression Depression is a mood disorder. It may result in symptoms such as: - persistent sadness - hopelessness - [irritability](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325564) - [difficulty sleeping](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327339) and [concentrating](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320111) - [thoughts of suicide](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193026) Like anxiety, depression may interfere with a person’s daily life. [Learn more about common signs and symptoms of depression.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326769) ## [Medications for anxiety and depression]() Doctors may recommend medication in combination with other treatment options such as therapy for people experiencing anxiety and depression. The most suitable treatment will depend on a person’s symptoms, co-occurring conditions, and the severity of their condition. Some medications can treat both conditions, while others are more suited to treating either anxiety or depression. [Antidepressant medications](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320) can help improve the symptoms of depression. With adequate treatment, [70 to 80%](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) of people with depression may experience a significant reduction in their symptoms. Medication for anxiety [does not](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders) cure the condition but may help with [symptoms](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications) such as panic attacks, extreme fear, and worry. ## [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]() Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that doctors consider [first-line](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6400617/) treatments for depression and [anxiety](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/). [SSRIs](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) work by increasing the level of [serotonin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248) in the brain. Serotonin is a molecule that has important [bodily roles](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/), including regulating mood and behavior. [Researchers](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) believe that decreased serotonin in the brain may result in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. By increasing serotonin levels, SSRIs may help improve the symptoms of these conditions. However, it may take up to [6 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) before a person feels the beneficial effects of SSRIs. Examples of SSRIs that doctors prescribe in the United States [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/): - fluoxetine ([Prozac](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322413)) - sertraline ([Zoloft](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325632)) - paroxetine ([Paxil, Paxil CR, and Pexeva](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323192)) - fluvoxamine (Luvox) - citalopram ([Celexa](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/celexa)) - escitalopram ([Lexapro](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/escitalopram-oral-tablet)) - vilazodone ([Viibryd](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-viibryd)) ### Side effects Side effects of SSRIs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428926/): - anxiety - restlessness - [insomnia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9155) - [dry mouth](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187640) - [weight gain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324872) - [nausea](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-causes-nausea) - [diarrhea](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634) - [sweating](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326441) - [headaches](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/headaches) - [dizziness](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325251) - [decreased sex drive](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324861) - [anorgasmia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324112), or difficulty orgasming There is also an [increased risk](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) of suicidal ideation with SSRIs in young people up to age 25 years. Some SSRIs, such as citalopram, can affect the heart, potentially leading to [abnormal heart rhythms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8887). ### Dosage A person takes SSRIs orally. They are available as tablets, capsules, liquid suspensions, and solutions. The starting dose varies with each drug. For example, the [starting dose](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) for citalopram is 20 milligrams (mg) daily, while it is 5 to 10 mg per day for escitalopram. A doctor may increase or decrease a person’s dose depending on the severity of their anxiety and how well they respond to treatment. ### Stopping medication A person may wish to discontinue SSRI treatment for various reasons, including side effects. A doctor will likely recommend that a person gradually lower their dosage over [weeks or months](https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/going-off-antidepressants). A person may experience discontinuation symptoms when coming off SSRIs, including low mood and irritability. [Learn more about antidepressant withdrawal.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322376) ## [Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors]() [Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/snri) are another class of drugs that doctors consider [first-line](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/) treatment for anxiety and depression. [SNRIs](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) block the reuptake of serotonin and another chemical known as noradrenaline or norepinephrine. This increases the levels of these chemicals in the brain. In this way, they [can have](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) a beneficial effect on mood and emotion. SNRIs may take between [6 to 8 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/) to have a noticeable effect. Examples of SNRIs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/): - venlafaxine ([Effexor](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263705)) - desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326615#_noHeaderPrefixedContent)) - duloxetine ([Cymbalta](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/duloxetine-oral-capsule)) - milnacipran (Savella) - levomilnacipran ([Fetzima](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-fetzima)) ### Side effects Common side effects of SNRIs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4630974/): - nausea - insomnia - dry mouth - [increased blood pressure](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283) - sexual dysfunction - weight gain - headaches There is also an association between this kind of medication and an [increased risk](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6372777/) of reduced bone mineral density and falls. In the elderly, this may result in fractures. ### Dosage The starting dose for SNRIs may also vary depending on the drug. For example, the [starting dose](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) for milnacipran is 12.5 mg per day, while the starting dose for venlafaxine is 37.5 to 75 mg per day. [Learn more about SSRIs and SNRIs.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ssri-vs-snri) ## [Benzodiazepines]() [Benzodiazepines](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262809) are a type of antianxiety medication that [may help](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629021/) reduce anxiety symptoms. They work by [enhancing](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629021/) the activity of [gamma-aminobutyric acid,](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326847) a chemical in the brain that has a [repressive effect](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513311/) on nerves and movement. According to research, the effects of benzodiazepines occur within [30 to 60 minutes](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/). These fast-acting drugs may help with anxiety symptoms such as [panic attacks](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321510), insomnia, and [muscle tension](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/rigid-muscles). Examples of benzodiazepines include: - alprazolam ([Xanax](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263490)) - clonazepam ([Klonopin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/clonazepam-oral-tablet)) - diazepam ([Valium](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diazepam-oral-tablet)) - lorazepam ([Ativan](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326015)) ### Side effects The drawback of benzodiazepines is that a person [may develop](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders#part_2225) tolerance to the medication. This means they require a higher dose to have the same effect. Because of this, a person may become dependent, and doctors [usually prescribe](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/) benzodiazepines for short-term use only. [Learn more about drug dependence.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-dependence) A person using benzodiazepines may experience some side effects, [such as](https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/anti-anxiety-medications-benzodiazepines): - drowsiness - dizziness - sedation - loss of balance [Learn more about withdrawing from benzodiazepines.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/benzo-withdrawal) ### Risks Potential risks associated with long-term benzodiazepine use [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629021/): - [dementia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142214) or dementia-like illnesses - impaired motor function - aggressive behavior - impaired cognitive function - addiction ## [Tricyclic antidepressants]() [Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557791/) are a class of medications doctors use to treat depression. Some may also prescribe them for anxiety. TCAs work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, increasing their levels in the brain. Examples of TCAs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/): - [amitriptyline](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/amitriptyline-oral-tablet) - imipramine (Tofranil) - nortriptyline (Pamelor) ### Side effects Side effects of TCAs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/): - dry mouth - [urinary retention](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327417) - [constipation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150322) - [seizures](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/seizures) - [low blood pressure](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159609) As they [can cause](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/) significant adverse effects, doctors do not often prescribe TCAs for anxiety. [Learn more about TCAs.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tricyclic-antidepressants) ## [Beta-blockers]() A doctor may prescribe [beta-blockers](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173068) to help with symptoms of anxiety. Beta-blockers are a class of drugs doctors [usually use](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532906/) to treat [heart conditions](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/237191). They inhibit the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), hormones that play a role in the body’s fight-or-flight response. Beta-blockers may be able to improve physical symptoms of anxiety, [including](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/): - a [fast heart rate](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/175241) - a trembling voice - dizziness - sweating - [shaking hands](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322195) Common types of beta-blockers include: - acebutolol (Sectral) - atenolol (Tenormin) - betaxolol (Kerlone) - bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide (Ziac) - bisoprolol (Zebeta) - metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) - nadolol (Corgard) - [propranolol](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316061) (Inderal) - sotalol (Betapace) - [carvedilol](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/carvedilol-oral-tablet) (Coreg) »MORE:[Get a refill for your medication in as little as 15 minutes with Optum Now Online Care.](https://now.optum.com/online-care/prescription-refill?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=organic-onlinecare-on&utm_content=linkto-oc-on-rxrefill&utm_campaign=mnt-article-oc-on-backlink%20%20%20%20) Optum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) ## [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]() [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/maois) are a type of antidepressant that [blocks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) the function of monoamine oxidase. Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down chemicals such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and [dopamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326090). When a person takes MAOIs, the levels of these chemicals in the brain increase, with a therapeutic effect. MAOIs normally take [2 to 3 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/) to work. However, doctors [do not](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) consider them first-line due to their side effects and interactions with other drugs. Examples of MAOIs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/): - selegiline (Eldepryl and Zelapar) - moclobemide (Manerix) - isocarboxazid (Marplan) - phenelzine (Nardil) ### Side effects Adverse effects of MAOIs [may include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/): - dry mouth - nausea - diarrhea - constipation - drowsiness - insomnia - dizziness ## [Other treatment options]() Medication may not suit everyone, and a person may prefer other treatment options for depression and anxiety. They may wish to consider: - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): [CBT](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579) focuses on identifying and modifying behaviors to better manage anxiety and depression. It may provide individuals with skills and tools to react more productively to certain situations. - Exposure therapy: [Exposure therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/exposure-therapy) involves a person moving toward anxiety-causing situations that they normally avoid to learn how to manage anxiety and reduce its symptoms. - Arts and creative therapy: [Creative therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/creative-therapy) involves using music, painting, or drama to help a person express their feelings and manage symptoms. - Talk therapy: [Talk therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/talk-therapy) involves a person speaking to a professional about experiences and feelings and may help them find new methods to manage situations. - Support groups: [Support groups](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-support-groups) provide a setting for individuals to meet others with anxiety or depression with whom they can discuss their feelings. - Stress management techniques: [Stress management techniques](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855) such as [exercise](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153390), [mindfulness](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324839), and [meditation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320392) may help reduce anxiety and depression symptoms. ## [Diagnosis]() A person will need to see a doctor to receive a diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or both. A doctor will usually take a [medical history](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/) from the individual. Depending on the symptoms the person is experiencing, the doctor may also conduct a physical exam to rule out other conditions. The doctor will likely ask about symptoms and the person’s mood and emotions. They may ask the person to complete a questionnaire identifying signs and symptoms of anxiety or depression. For a person to receive a diagnosis of depression, their symptoms must be present for at least [2 weeks](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression). ## [When to speak with a doctor]() A person should speak with a doctor if they have been experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, such as low mood or anxious thoughts, for more than 2 weeks. They may also want to see their doctor if they are on antidepressant or antianxiety medication and have been experiencing adverse effects. ## [Summary]() Anxiety and depression are mental health conditions that affect mood and emotion. Anxiety is linked to fear and depression to low mood. Some medications, such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs, treat both conditions. Others target one specific condition. Nonmedicinal treatment options for anxiety and depression include CBT, exposure therapy, counseling, and support groups. People should speak with their doctor if they are experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. A doctor can advise them on suitable treatment options. - [Depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/depression) - [Mental Health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/mental-health) - [Anxiety / Stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/anxiety) - [Psychology / Psychiatry](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/psychology-psychiatry) - [Drugs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/drugs) ### How we reviewed this article: Sources Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process). - Anxiety disorders. (2024). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders> - Anxiety disorders: Facts & statistics. (n.d.). <https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/facts-statistics> - Bamalan OA, et al. (2023). Physiology, serotonin. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/> - Chand SP, et al. (2023). Anxiety. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/> - Chu A, et al. (2023). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/> - Depression. (2023). <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression> - Depression. (2024). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression> - Depression: How effective are antidepressants? (2024). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/> - Edinoff AN, et al. (2021). Benzodiazepines: Uses, dangers, and clinical considerations. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629021/> - Farzam K, et al. (2023). Beta blockers. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532906/> - Jewett BE, et al. (2023). Physiology, GABA. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513311/> - Jing E, et al. (2016). Sexual dysfunction in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and potential solutions: A narrative literature review. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6007725/> - Kalin NH. (2020). The critical relationship between anxiety and depression. <https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030305> - Kendrick T, et al. (2019). Which first-line antidepressant? <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6400617/> - Mental health medications. (2022). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications> - Moraczewski J, et al. (2023). Tricyclic antidepressants. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557791/> - Overcoming depression: How psychologists help with depressive disorders. (2023). <https://www.apa.org/topics/depression/overcoming> - Ramic E, et al. (2020). Assessment of the antidepressant side effects occurrence in patients treated in primary care. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428926/> - Regev D, et al. (2018). Effectiveness of art therapy with adult clients in 2018: What progress has been made? <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6124538/> - Sheffler ZM, et al. (2023). Antidepressants. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/> - Sub Laban T, et al. (2023). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/> - Wadhwa R, et al. (2017). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bone health: A review of clinical studies and plausible mechanisms. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6372777/> Share this article ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Ifeanyi-Olele-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Ifeanyi Olele, DO, MBA, MS, FAPA]() — Written by Sasha Santhakumar — [Updated on August 19, 2025]() ## Latest news - [Two days of oatmeal may help reduce 'bad' cholesterol levels, study finds](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/two-days-oatmeal-reduce-ldl-cholesterol-levels-study) - [Is sleep the missing piece in mental health?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-sleep-the-missing-piece-in-mental-health) - [Is this why dementia affects more women? 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Readable Markdown	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and benzodiazepines are the most common medications for anxiety and depression. The best option will depend on a person’s symptoms, overall health, and treatment aims. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately [5% of adults](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression) globally experience depression. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental health condition in the United States, affecting [40 million adults](https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/facts-statistics) yearly. This article discusses medications a doctor may prescribe to treat anxiety and depression. It also explores other treatment options and diagnostic processes for these conditions. They often co-occur. Around [45%](https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030305) of people worldwide with lifetime [major depressive disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/major-depressive-disorder) also experience one or more anxiety disorders. Anxiety Anxiety links closely with fear. This results in a future-oriented mood and behavioral response, where the person prepares for an anticipated event or situation that they perceive as threatening. Depression Depression is a mood disorder. It may result in symptoms such as: - persistent sadness - hopelessness - [irritability](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325564) - [difficulty sleeping](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327339) and [concentrating](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320111) - [thoughts of suicide](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193026) Like anxiety, depression may interfere with a person’s daily life. Doctors may recommend medication in combination with other treatment options such as therapy for people experiencing anxiety and depression. The most suitable treatment will depend on a person’s symptoms, co-occurring conditions, and the severity of their condition. Some medications can treat both conditions, while others are more suited to treating either anxiety or depression. [Antidepressant medications](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320) can help improve the symptoms of depression. With adequate treatment, [70 to 80%](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) of people with depression may experience a significant reduction in their symptoms. Medication for anxiety [does not](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders) cure the condition but may help with [symptoms](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications) such as panic attacks, extreme fear, and worry. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that doctors consider [first-line](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6400617/) treatments for depression and [anxiety](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/). [SSRIs](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) work by increasing the level of [serotonin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248) in the brain. Serotonin is a molecule that has important [bodily roles](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/), including regulating mood and behavior. [Researchers](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) believe that decreased serotonin in the brain may result in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. By increasing serotonin levels, SSRIs may help improve the symptoms of these conditions. However, it may take up to [6 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) before a person feels the beneficial effects of SSRIs. Examples of SSRIs that doctors prescribe in the United States [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/): - fluoxetine ([Prozac](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322413)) - sertraline ([Zoloft](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325632)) - paroxetine ([Paxil, Paxil CR, and Pexeva](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323192)) - fluvoxamine (Luvox) - citalopram ([Celexa](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/celexa)) - escitalopram ([Lexapro](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/escitalopram-oral-tablet)) - vilazodone ([Viibryd](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-viibryd)) Side effects Side effects of SSRIs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428926/): - anxiety - restlessness - [insomnia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9155) - [dry mouth](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187640) - [weight gain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324872) - [nausea](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-causes-nausea) - [diarrhea](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634) - [sweating](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326441) - [headaches](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/headaches) - [dizziness](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325251) - [decreased sex drive](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324861) - [anorgasmia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324112), or difficulty orgasming There is also an [increased risk](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) of suicidal ideation with SSRIs in young people up to age 25 years. Some SSRIs, such as citalopram, can affect the heart, potentially leading to [abnormal heart rhythms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8887). Dosage A person takes SSRIs orally. They are available as tablets, capsules, liquid suspensions, and solutions. The starting dose varies with each drug. For example, the [starting dose](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) for citalopram is 20 milligrams (mg) daily, while it is 5 to 10 mg per day for escitalopram. A doctor may increase or decrease a person’s dose depending on the severity of their anxiety and how well they respond to treatment. Stopping medication A person may wish to discontinue SSRI treatment for various reasons, including side effects. A doctor will likely recommend that a person gradually lower their dosage over [weeks or months](https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/going-off-antidepressants). A person may experience discontinuation symptoms when coming off SSRIs, including low mood and irritability. [SNRIs](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) block the reuptake of serotonin and another chemical known as noradrenaline or norepinephrine. This increases the levels of these chemicals in the brain. In this way, they [can have](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) a beneficial effect on mood and emotion. SNRIs may take between [6 to 8 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/) to have a noticeable effect. - venlafaxine ([Effexor](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263705)) - desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326615#_noHeaderPrefixedContent)) - duloxetine ([Cymbalta](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/duloxetine-oral-capsule)) - milnacipran (Savella) - levomilnacipran ([Fetzima](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-fetzima)) Side effects Common side effects of SNRIs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4630974/): - nausea - insomnia - dry mouth - [increased blood pressure](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283) - sexual dysfunction - weight gain - headaches There is also an association between this kind of medication and an [increased risk](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6372777/) of reduced bone mineral density and falls. In the elderly, this may result in fractures. Dosage The starting dose for SNRIs may also vary depending on the drug. For example, the [starting dose](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) for milnacipran is 12.5 mg per day, while the starting dose for venlafaxine is 37.5 to 75 mg per day. According to research, the effects of benzodiazepines occur within [30 to 60 minutes](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/). These fast-acting drugs may help with anxiety symptoms such as [panic attacks](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321510), insomnia, and [muscle tension](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/rigid-muscles). Examples of benzodiazepines include: - alprazolam ([Xanax](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263490)) - clonazepam ([Klonopin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/clonazepam-oral-tablet)) - diazepam ([Valium](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diazepam-oral-tablet)) - lorazepam ([Ativan](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326015)) Side effects The drawback of benzodiazepines is that a person [may develop](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders#part_2225) tolerance to the medication. This means they require a higher dose to have the same effect. Because of this, a person may become dependent, and doctors [usually prescribe](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/) benzodiazepines for short-term use only. A person using benzodiazepines may experience some side effects, [such as](https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/anti-anxiety-medications-benzodiazepines): - drowsiness - dizziness - sedation - loss of balance Risks Potential risks associated with long-term benzodiazepine use [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629021/): - [dementia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142214) or dementia-like illnesses - impaired motor function - aggressive behavior - impaired cognitive function - addiction A doctor may prescribe [beta-blockers](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173068) to help with symptoms of anxiety. Beta-blockers are a class of drugs doctors [usually use](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532906/) to treat [heart conditions](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/237191). They inhibit the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), hormones that play a role in the body’s fight-or-flight response. Beta-blockers may be able to improve physical symptoms of anxiety, [including](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/): - a [fast heart rate](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/175241) - a trembling voice - dizziness - sweating - [shaking hands](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322195) Common types of beta-blockers include: - acebutolol (Sectral) - atenolol (Tenormin) - betaxolol (Kerlone) - bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide (Ziac) - bisoprolol (Zebeta) - metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) - nadolol (Corgard) - [propranolol](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316061) (Inderal) - sotalol (Betapace) - [carvedilol](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/carvedilol-oral-tablet) (Coreg) Optum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down chemicals such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and [dopamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326090). When a person takes MAOIs, the levels of these chemicals in the brain increase, with a therapeutic effect. MAOIs normally take [2 to 3 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/) to work. However, doctors [do not](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) consider them first-line due to their side effects and interactions with other drugs. - selegiline (Eldepryl and Zelapar) - moclobemide (Manerix) - isocarboxazid (Marplan) - phenelzine (Nardil) Side effects - dry mouth - nausea - diarrhea - constipation - drowsiness - insomnia - dizziness Medication may not suit everyone, and a person may prefer other treatment options for depression and anxiety. They may wish to consider: - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): [CBT](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579) focuses on identifying and modifying behaviors to better manage anxiety and depression. It may provide individuals with skills and tools to react more productively to certain situations. - Exposure therapy: [Exposure therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/exposure-therapy) involves a person moving toward anxiety-causing situations that they normally avoid to learn how to manage anxiety and reduce its symptoms. - Arts and creative therapy: [Creative therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/creative-therapy) involves using music, painting, or drama to help a person express their feelings and manage symptoms. - Talk therapy: [Talk therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/talk-therapy) involves a person speaking to a professional about experiences and feelings and may help them find new methods to manage situations. - Support groups: [Support groups](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-support-groups) provide a setting for individuals to meet others with anxiety or depression with whom they can discuss their feelings. - Stress management techniques: [Stress management techniques](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855) such as [exercise](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153390), [mindfulness](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324839), and [meditation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320392) may help reduce anxiety and depression symptoms. A person will need to see a doctor to receive a diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or both. A doctor will usually take a [medical history](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/) from the individual. Depending on the symptoms the person is experiencing, the doctor may also conduct a physical exam to rule out other conditions. The doctor will likely ask about symptoms and the person’s mood and emotions. They may ask the person to complete a questionnaire identifying signs and symptoms of anxiety or depression. For a person to receive a diagnosis of depression, their symptoms must be present for at least [2 weeks](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression). A person should speak with a doctor if they have been experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, such as low mood or anxious thoughts, for more than 2 weeks. They may also want to see their doctor if they are on antidepressant or antianxiety medication and have been experiencing adverse effects. Anxiety and depression are mental health conditions that affect mood and emotion. Anxiety is linked to fear and depression to low mood. Some medications, such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs, treat both conditions. Others target one specific condition. Nonmedicinal treatment options for anxiety and depression include CBT, exposure therapy, counseling, and support groups. People should speak with their doctor if they are experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. A doctor can advise them on suitable treatment options.
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