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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 110 (from laksa156)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa110.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia","crawl_time":1775048390,"first_indexed_time":1622022938,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,medicalnewstoday!www,\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia s443","src_root_hash":"5853625527623639710","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Stages of schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments","meta_descriptions":["Learn all about the stages, or phases, of schizophrenia, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and where to seek emergency care."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness.\nThis condition affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may experience:\ndelusions\nhallucinations\ndepression\nmemory problems\ndisorganized thoughts and speech\nPeople can manage their symptoms with the help of a care team that coordinates and delivers effective treatments. However, without treatment, symptoms of schizophrenia can severely impact a person’s ability to engage in work or school, live independently, and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships.\nThis article discusses the stages of schizophrenia, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and where to seek emergency care.\nThis is the first stage of\nschizophrenia\n. It occurs before noticeable psychotic symptoms appear. During this stage, a person undergoes behavioral and cognitive changes that can, in time, progress to\npsychosis\n.\nThe early stage of schizophrenia usually involves nonspecific symptoms that also occur in other mental illnesses, such as\ndepression\n.\nSymptoms of prodromal schizophrenia include:\nsocial isolation\nlack of motivation\nanxiety\nirritability\ndifficulty concentrating\nchanges to one’s normal routine\nsleep problems\nneglecting personal hygiene\nerratic behavior\nmild or poorly formed\nhallucinations\nAccording to the authors of one 2018 review, up to\n73% of people\nwith schizophrenia experience the prodromal stage before they develop the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia.\nIdentifying individuals in the prodromal stage remains challenging.\nIn the active or acute phase, people with schizophrenia exhibit characteristic\nsymptoms of psychosis\n, including hallucinations, delusions, and\nparanoia\n.\nActive schizophrenia, or active psychosis, involves obvious symptoms such as:\nhallucinations, including seeing, hearing, smelling, or feeling things that others do not\ndelusions\n, which are false notions or ideas that a person believes even when presented with evidence to the contrary\nconfused and disorganized thoughts\ndisordered or jumbled speech\nexcessive or useless movement\nwandering\nmumbling\nlaughing to oneself\napathy or numbing of emotions\nIn\nresidual schizophrenia\n, a person experiences fewer or less severe symptoms than those seen in the active stage.\nTypically, people in this stage do not experience positive symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions.\nThe residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience\nnegative symptoms\n, such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood.\nSymptoms of residual schizophrenia include:\nsocial withdrawal\ndifficulty concentrating\ndifficulty planning and participating in activities\nreduced or absent facial expressions\nflat, monotone voice\ngeneral disinterest\nSchizophrenia is a multidimensional condition that arises from a number of variables. Research has shed light on the possible causes of schizophrenia. However, the reasons why people move through the phases of schizophrenia remain unclear.\nA combination of environmental, genetic, and physiological factors may alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. These changes lead to schizophrenia.\nExperts associate the following factors with schizophrenia:\nGenetics:\nAccording to the\nNational Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)\n, people with a family history of schizophrenia are six times more likely to develop the condition.\nEnvironment:\nA person’s environment can impact their risk for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. The\nNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)\nstates that exposure to viruses,\nstress\n, and poverty may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Lifestyle choices, trauma, and substance misuse may also have an impact.\nBrain structure:\nChanges in brain structure and function can result in abnormal interactions between the brain’s neurotransmitters, such as\ndopamine\n. These changes may contribute to psychotic episodes and the progression of schizophrenia.\nSubstance use:\nResearch from 2017\nsuggests that substance use, especially during adolescence, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The\nNIMH suggests\nthat the genetic factors associated with schizophrenia may also contribute to the brain changes involved in addiction.\nHealthcare and mental health professionals often diagnose schizophrenia during the active stage, when symptoms are most prominent.\nA mental health professional must follow the criteria outlined in the\nDSM-5-TR\nto diagnose schizophrenia.\nAccording to the DSM-5, a schizophrenia diagnosis consists of the following elements:\nA person exhibits at least two of the following symptoms for a 1-month period:\ndelusions\nhallucinations\ndisorganized speech\ndisorganized or\ncatatonic\nbehavior\nnegative symptoms, such as reduced emotional expression or apathy\nThe symptoms reduce a person’s ability to function, affecting their professional or academic performance, interpersonal relations, or self-care.\nReduced functioning lasts for at least 6 months. During this 6-month period, a person exhibits symptoms for at least 1 month.\nThe active phase symptoms occur independently of major depressive or\nmanic\nepisodes.\nSymptoms did not result from another medical condition, substance abuse, or medication.\nWhile a person can develop schizophrenia at any age, the average age of onset varies slightly between males and females.\nAccording to\nNAMI\n, the initial symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear between the late teens to early 20s for males and the late 20s to early 30s for females.\nThe authors of one\n2018 case report\nstate that schizophrenia can occur in children less than 13 years old, though this appears to be rare.\nAlthough schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, it is treatable. Receiving timely and effective treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.\nTreatment options include:\nAntipsychotic drugs:\nAntipsychotic medications\nare available as daily oral doses or monthly injections. People who take antipsychotics as prescribed may experience less intense and less frequent psychotic symptoms. While effective, antipsychotic drugs can have adverse effects, such as weight gain and drowsiness.\nPsychotherapy, such as:\nCognitive behavioral therapy\n(CBT):\nCBT\ncan help people develop useful coping skills and strategies for working through disruptive thoughts.\nPsychodynamic therapy:\nAlso known as psychoanalytic therapy,\npsychodynamic therapy\ninvolves conversations between a psychologist and their patient. These conversations attempt to uncover emotional experiences and unconscious processes that contribute to a person’s current mental state.\nAcceptance and commitment therapy\n(ACT):\nACT\nis a type of behavioral therapy\nthat encourages\npeople to accept, rather than challenge, their deep feelings. ACT also focuses on commitments to personal goals and values and improving one’s overall quality of life. Finally, ACT teaches mindfulness skills that can help keep a person focused on the present moment instead of being consumed by negative thoughts or experiences. Combining these three conditions, a person can change their behaviors by first changing their attitude toward themself.\nFamily therapy:\nThis form of psychotherapy involves families and significant others of people with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions. It focuses on education, stress reduction, and emotional processing. It helps family members better communicate and resolve conflicts with one another.\nCoordinated specialty care (CSC):\nCSC involves a team of health professionals who manage medication, deliver psychotherapy, and provide education and employment support.\nIf an individual is experiencing\nsuicidal thoughts\nor exhibiting dangerous behaviors, please seek emergency care:\nDial 911 or visit the nearest emergency department.\nCall the NAMI HelpLine at 1-800-950-NAMI (6264).\nCall the SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-622-HELP (4357).\nFind a local extended observation unit (EOU) or crisis stabilization unit (CSU).\nSchizophrenia consists of three stages — prodromal, active, and residual.\nThe prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating.\nProdromal symptoms are not always obvious. As a result, diagnosing schizophrenia in this stage can be extremely difficult.\nActive schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. People require immediate medical attention at this stage.\nTimely diagnosis and prompt treatment can help reduce the severity and frequency of psychotic episodes.\nThe residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia.\nIn the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.","attrs_markdown":"- Health Conditions\n  Health Conditions\n  \n  - [Alzheimer's & Dementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/alzheimers-and-dementia)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/anxiety)\n  - [Asthma & Allergies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/asthma-and-allergies)\n  - [Atopic Dermatitis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-atopic-dermatitis)\n  - [Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/breast-cancer)\n  - [Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cancer)\n  - [Cardiovascular Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cardiovascular-health)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/coronavirus?correlationId=2b137d5a-dcfb-464e-9ea6-72c5a54b4e92)\n  - [Diabetes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/diabetes)\n  - [Endometriosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/endometriosis)\n  - [Environment & Sustainability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/environment-and-sustainability)\n  - 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[Religious Impacts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/religious-schizophrenia)\n  - [Trauma Induced](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/trauma-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Average Age of Onset](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-age-of-onset)\n  - [Risk of Occurance](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-common-is-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dopamine-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Genetic Impacts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-and-genetics)\n  - [Causes Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-do-you-get-schizophrenia)\n- ### Complications\n  Complications\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Impacts on Brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-part-of-the-brain-is-affected-by-schizophrenia)\n  - [Can It Affect Smell?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-smell)\n  - [Decompensation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/decompensated-schizophrenia)\n  - [Increased Risk of Parkinson's](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-may-increase-parkinsons-disease-risk)\n- ### Diagnosis\n  Diagnosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Brain Scans](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-schizophrenia-show-on-a-brain-scan)\n  - [Can it Go Undiagnosed?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/undiagnosed-schizophrenia)\n  - [Blood Tests](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/expert-perspectives-blood-tests-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Diagnosis Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-test)\n- ### Home Remedies\n  Home Remedies\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Alternative Treatments Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/alternative-treatments-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [CBD Oil](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-cbd-oil-help-schizophrenia)\n- ### Management\n  Management\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Managing Relationships](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dating-someone-with-schizophrenia)\n  - [Supporting Someone Else](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia)\n  - [Claiming Disability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-schizophrenia-a-disability)\n  - [Coping Tips](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-coping)\n  - [Support Groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-support-groups)\n  - [Expressed Emotion](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/expressed-emotion-schizophrenia)\n  - [Art Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-art)\n  - [Management Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/living-with-schizophrenia)\n- ### Treatment\n  Treatment\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ect-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abilify](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/abilify)\n  - [Rexulti](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/rexulti)\n  - [Injections](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-injection)\n  - [Latuda](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/latuda)\n  - [Caplyta](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-caplyta)\n  - [Invega](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega)\n  - [Cobenfy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-cobenfy)\n  - [Atypical Antipsychotics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/atypical-antipsychotics)\n  - [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cbt-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Fanapt](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-fanapt)\n  - [Risperdal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risperdal-schizophrenia)\n  - [Invega Sustenna](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-sustenna)\n  - [Lithium](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/lithium-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Lybalvi](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-lybalvi)\n  - [Aristada](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/aristada)\n  - [Combination Therapies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/combination-therapies-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-therapy)\n  - [Treatment Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abilify](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-aripiprazole-tablet)\n  - [Cobenfy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/breakthrough-in-schizophrenia-treatment)\n  - [Invega Trinza](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-trinza)\n  - [Abilify Maintena](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-abilify-maintena)\n  - [Abilify Asimtufii](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-abilify-asimtufii)\n  - [Invega Hafyera](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-hafyera)\n- ### Prognosis\n  Prognosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Work Life](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-people-with-schizophrenia-work)\n  - [Does it Worsen With Age?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-schizophrenia-get-worse-with-age)\n  - [Possible Cures](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-there-a-cure-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Outlook Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-life-expectancy)\n- ### Related Conditions\n  Related Conditions\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Drug-Induced](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drug-induced-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Psychosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Relationship to ADHD](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314464)\n  - [vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dissociative-identity-disorder-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [With Paranoia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621)\n  - [Autism & Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-you-have-autism-and-schizophrenia-at-the-same-time)\n  - [vs. Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizoaffective-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Dementia?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-and-dementia)\n  - [Alcohol-Induced Pyschosis Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Delusional Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/delusional-disorder-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Drug-Induced Pyschosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drug-induced-psychosis-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Asperger's](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/aspergers-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [With Depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-depression)\n  - [Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/190678)\n  - [Schizophreniform Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophreniform)\n  - [Link to Stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/link-between-stress-and-schizophrenia)\n- ### Stages\n  Stages\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Stages Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Prodromal Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/prodromal-schizophrenia)\n- ### Symptoms\n  Symptoms\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Auditory Hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/auditory-hallucinations)\n  - [Hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-hallucinations)\n  - [Avolition](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/avolition-schizophrenia)\n  - [Positive Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Delusions](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-delusions)\n  - [Disorganized Thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192361)\n  - [Negative Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [In Teens](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-in-teens)\n  - [vs. Neurotypical Brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-brain-vs-neurotypical-brain)\n  - [Early Signs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/early-signs-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abivalence](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ambivalence-schizophrenia)\n  - [Flat Affect](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/flat-affect-schizophrenia)\n  - [Clanging](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/clanging-schizophrenia)\n  - [Early Signs in Children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/early-signs-of-schizophrenia-in-children)\n- ### Types\n  Types\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Catatonic Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192263)\n  - [In Females](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-in-women)\n  - [Undifferentiated Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/undifferentiated-schizophrenia)\n  - [Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia)\n  - [Borderline Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/borderline-schizophrenia)\n  - [Acute Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/acute-schizophrenia)\n  - [Simple Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/simple-schizophrenia)\n  - [In Children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192104)\n  - [High Functioning Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/high-functioning-schizophrenia)\n  - [Types Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192770)\n\n[Investigating Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-schizophrenia \"Investigating Schizophrenia program landing page\")\n\nContent created by Medical News Today and supported by advertising. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/ad-policy)\n\n# What to know about the stages of schizophrenia\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Yalda-Safai-500x500-Bio1.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Yalda Safai, MD, MPH]() — Written by [Jamie Eske]() —  [Updated on May 9, 2025]()\n\n- [Prodromal stage](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#prodromal-stage)\n- [Active stage](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#active-stage)\n- [Residual stage](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#residual-stage)\n- [Causes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#causes)\n- [Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#diagnosis)\n- [Age of onset](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#age-of-onset)\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#treatment)\n- [Seeking emergency care](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#seeking-emergency-care)\n- [Summary](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia#summary)\n\n### Key takeaways\n- Schizophrenia has three stages: prodromal, active, and residual. A healthcare professional can diagnose a person’s stage and recommend suitable treatment to help them manage their condition.\n- The active stage of schizophrenia typically involves symptoms of psychosis. This may include delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations.\n- Schizophrenia treatment may include a combination of factors, such as psychotherapy, family therapy, antipsychotic medications, and coordinated specialty care. These may help a person manage their symptoms and prevent relapses.\n***\nSchizophrenia is a chronic mental illness.\n\nThis condition affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may experience:\n\n- delusions\n- hallucinations\n- depression\n- memory problems\n- disorganized thoughts and speech\n\nPeople can manage their symptoms with the help of a care team that coordinates and delivers effective treatments. However, without treatment, symptoms of schizophrenia can severely impact a person’s ability to engage in work or school, live independently, and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships.\n\nThis article discusses the stages of schizophrenia, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and where to seek emergency care.\n\n## [Prodromal stage]()\n![A person with their hands over their face, surrounded by smoke.](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/06\/stages_schizophrenia_GettyImages1338339014_Header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528)\n\n[Share on Pinterest](https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fstages-of-schizophrenia&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F06%2Fstages_schizophrenia_GettyImages1338339014_Header-1024x575.jpg&description=Stages%20of%20schizophrenia%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20causes%2C%20and%20treatments \"Share on Pinterest\")\n\nDavid Wall\/Getty Images\n\nThis is the first stage of [schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942). It occurs before noticeable psychotic symptoms appear. During this stage, a person undergoes behavioral and cognitive changes that can, in time, progress to [psychosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248159).\n\nThe early stage of schizophrenia usually involves nonspecific symptoms that also occur in other mental illnesses, such as [depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8933).\n\nSymptoms of prodromal schizophrenia include:\n\n- social isolation\n- lack of motivation\n- [anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323454)\n- irritability\n- difficulty concentrating\n- changes to one’s normal routine\n- sleep problems\n- neglecting personal hygiene\n- erratic behavior\n- mild or poorly formed [hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327014)\n\nAccording to the authors of one 2018 review, up to [73% of people](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6196741\/) with schizophrenia experience the prodromal stage before they develop the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia.\n\nIdentifying individuals in the prodromal stage remains challenging.\n\n## [Active stage]()\nIn the active or acute phase, people with schizophrenia exhibit characteristic [symptoms of psychosis](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis), including hallucinations, delusions, and [paranoia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621).\n\nActive schizophrenia, or active psychosis, involves obvious symptoms such as:\n\n- hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, smelling, or feeling things that others do not\n- [delusions](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-delusions), which are false notions or ideas that a person believes even when presented with evidence to the contrary\n- confused and disorganized thoughts\n- disordered or jumbled speech\n- excessive or useless movement\n- wandering\n- mumbling\n- laughing to oneself\n- apathy or numbing of emotions\n\n## [Residual schizophrenia]()\nThe [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition, Text Revision](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/) (DSM-5-TR) no longer recognizes the residual phase for diagnosing purposes. However, it is still useful for describing the symptoms of schizophrenia.\n\nIn [residual schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/residual-schizophrenia), a person experiences fewer or less severe symptoms than those seen in the active stage.\n\nTypically, people in this stage do not experience positive symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions.\n\nThe residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience [negative symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia), such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood.\n\nSymptoms of residual schizophrenia include:\n\n- social withdrawal\n- difficulty concentrating\n- difficulty planning and participating in activities\n- reduced or absent facial expressions\n- flat, monotone voice\n- general disinterest\n\n## [What causes these stages]()\nSchizophrenia is a multidimensional condition that arises from a number of variables. Research has shed light on the possible causes of schizophrenia. However, the reasons why people move through the phases of schizophrenia remain unclear.\n\nA combination of environmental, genetic, and physiological factors may alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. These changes lead to schizophrenia.\n\nExperts associate the following factors with schizophrenia:\n\n- **Genetics:** According to the [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia), people with a family history of schizophrenia are six times more likely to develop the condition.\n- **Environment:** A person’s environment can impact their risk for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. The\n  [National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia)\n  states that exposure to viruses, [stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/145855), and poverty may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Lifestyle choices, trauma, and substance misuse may also have an impact.\n- **Brain structure:** Changes in brain structure and function can result in abnormal interactions between the brain’s neurotransmitters, such as [dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dopamine-and-schizophrenia). These changes may contribute to psychotic episodes and the progression of schizophrenia.\n- **Substance use:**\n  [Research from 2017](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6094954\/)\n  suggests that substance use, especially during adolescence, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The [NIMH suggests](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia) that the genetic factors associated with schizophrenia may also contribute to the brain changes involved in addiction.\n\n## [Diagnosing schizophrenia]()\nHealthcare and mental health professionals often diagnose schizophrenia during the active stage, when symptoms are most prominent.\n\nA mental health professional must follow the criteria outlined in the [DSM-5-TR](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/) to diagnose schizophrenia.\n\nAccording to the DSM-5, a schizophrenia diagnosis consists of the following elements:\n\n- A person exhibits at least two of the following symptoms for a 1-month period:\n  - delusions\n  - hallucinations\n  - disorganized speech\n  - disorganized or [catatonic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192263) behavior\n  - negative symptoms, such as reduced emotional expression or apathy\n\n- The symptoms reduce a person’s ability to function, affecting their professional or academic performance, interpersonal relations, or self-care.\n\n- Reduced functioning lasts for at least 6 months. During this 6-month period, a person exhibits symptoms for at least 1 month.\n- The active phase symptoms occur independently of major depressive or [manic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mania) episodes.\n- Symptoms did not result from another medical condition, substance abuse, or medication.\n\n## [Age of onset for schizophrenia]()\n### A note about sex and gender\nSex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/232363)\n\nWhile a person can develop schizophrenia at any age, the average age of onset varies slightly between males and females.\n\nAccording to [NAMI](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia), the initial symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear between the late teens to early 20s for males and the late 20s to early 30s for females.\n\nThe authors of one [2018 case report](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6293945\/) state that schizophrenia can occur in children less than 13 years old, though this appears to be rare.\n\n## [Treatment for schizophrenia]()\nAlthough schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, it is treatable. Receiving timely and effective treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.\n\nTreatment options include:\n\n- **Antipsychotic drugs:** [Antipsychotic medications](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-psychosis) are available as daily oral doses or monthly injections. People who take antipsychotics as prescribed may experience less intense and less frequent psychotic symptoms. While effective, antipsychotic drugs can have adverse effects, such as weight gain and drowsiness.\n- **Psychotherapy, such as:**\n  - **Cognitive behavioral therapy** **(CBT):** [CBT](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/296579) can help people develop useful coping skills and strategies for working through disruptive thoughts.\n  - **Psychodynamic therapy:** Also known as psychoanalytic therapy, [psychodynamic therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/psychodynamic-therapy) involves conversations between a psychologist and their patient. These conversations attempt to uncover emotional experiences and unconscious processes that contribute to a person’s current mental state.\n  - **Acceptance and commitment therapy** **(ACT):** [ACT](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/act-therapy) is a type of behavioral therapy\n    [that encourages](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5492026\/)\n    people to accept, rather than challenge, their deep feelings. ACT also focuses on commitments to personal goals and values and improving one’s overall quality of life. Finally, ACT teaches mindfulness skills that can help keep a person focused on the present moment instead of being consumed by negative thoughts or experiences. Combining these three conditions, a person can change their behaviors by first changing their attitude toward themself.\n  - **Family therapy:** This form of psychotherapy involves families and significant others of people with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions. It focuses on education, stress reduction, and emotional processing. It helps family members better communicate and resolve conflicts with one another.\n- **Coordinated specialty care (CSC):** CSC involves a team of health professionals who manage medication, deliver psychotherapy, and provide education and employment support.\n\n## [Where to seek emergency care]()\nIf an individual is experiencing [suicidal thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/193026) or exhibiting dangerous behaviors, please seek emergency care:\n\n- Dial 911 or visit the nearest emergency department.\n- Call the NAMI HelpLine at 1-800-950-NAMI (6264).\n- Call the SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-622-HELP (4357).\n- Find a local extended observation unit (EOU) or crisis stabilization unit (CSU).\n\n### Help is out there\nIf you or someone you know is in crisis and considering suicide or self-harm, please seek support:\n\n- Call or text the [988 Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org. Caring counselors are available to listen and provide free and confidential support 24\/7.\n- Text HOME to the [Crisis Text Line](https:\/\/www.crisistextline.org\/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsPDQrdXH5wIVBRx9Ch1YdQjIEAAYASAAEgJ_1_D_BwE) at 741741 to connect with a volunteer crisis counselor for free and confidential support 24\/7.\n- Not in the United States? Find a helpline in your country with [Befrienders Worldwide](https:\/\/www.befrienders.org\/).\n- Call 911 or your local emergency services number if you feel safe to do so.\n\nIf you’re calling on behalf of someone else, stay with them until help arrives. You may remove weapons or substances that can cause harm if you can do so safely.\n\nIf you’re not in the same household, stay on the phone with them until help arrives.\n\n## [Summary]()\nSchizophrenia consists of three stages — prodromal, active, and residual.\n\nThe prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating.\n\nProdromal symptoms are not always obvious. As a result, diagnosing schizophrenia in this stage can be extremely difficult.\n\nActive schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. People require immediate medical attention at this stage.\n\nTimely diagnosis and prompt treatment can help reduce the severity and frequency of psychotic episodes.\n\nThe residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia.\n\nIn the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.\n\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/mental-health)\n- [Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/schizophrenia)\n- [Psychology \/ Psychiatry](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/psychology-psychiatry)\n\n### How we reviewed this article:\nSources\n\nMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/process).\n\n- Aneja J, et al. (2018). Very early-onset psychosis\/schizophrenia: Case studies of spectrum of presentation and management issues.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6293945\/>\n- Conroy S, et al. (2018). Identifying and treating the prodromal phases of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6196741\/>\n- Gaudiano B A, et al. (2017). Acceptance and commitment therapy for inpatients with psychosis (the REACH Study): Protocol for treatment development of pilot testing.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5492026\/>\n- Khokhar J Y, et al. (2017). The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: A unifying hypothesis.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6094954\/>\n- Schizophrenia. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia>\n- Schizophrenia. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia>\n- Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2016).  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/>\n- Understanding psychosis. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis>\n\nShare this article\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Yalda-Safai-500x500-Bio1.png?w=105&h=105)\n\nMedically reviewed by [Yalda Safai, MD, MPH](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers\/yalda-safai-md-mph) — Written by [Jamie Eske](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/authors\/jamie-eske) —  Updated on May 9, 2025\n\n## More in [Investigating Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-schizophrenia)\n- [What to know about schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942)\n- [What to know about the positive symptoms of schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia)\n- [What to know about treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia)\n- [View all](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-schizophrenia)\n\n### Related Coverage\n- [Your guide to helping someone with schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Caring for someone with schizophrenia requires patience and understanding. Learn how to support someone with schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to know about treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Treatment-resistant schizophrenia is when a person takes two or more types of medication for schizophrenia but symptoms do not improve. Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to know about the positive symptoms of schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Matthew Boland, PhD](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, and changes in thoughts or behaviors. Learn more here.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Psychosis vs. schizophrenia: How do they differ?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Psychosis is a common symptom of schizophrenia. However, there are other reasons a person may experience psychosis. Learn more here.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/contact-us)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/terms-of-use)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/privacy-policy)\n- Privacy Settings\n- [Advertising Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/ad-policy)\n\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/directory\/a-b)\n- [Health Hubs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/content-hubs)\n- [Medical Affairs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/reviewers)\n- [Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/newsletter)\n- © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness.\n\nThis condition affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may experience:\n\n- delusions\n- hallucinations\n- depression\n- memory problems\n- disorganized thoughts and speech\n\nPeople can manage their symptoms with the help of a care team that coordinates and delivers effective treatments. However, without treatment, symptoms of schizophrenia can severely impact a person’s ability to engage in work or school, live independently, and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships.\n\nThis article discusses the stages of schizophrenia, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and where to seek emergency care.\n\nThis is the first stage of [schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942). It occurs before noticeable psychotic symptoms appear. During this stage, a person undergoes behavioral and cognitive changes that can, in time, progress to [psychosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248159).\n\nThe early stage of schizophrenia usually involves nonspecific symptoms that also occur in other mental illnesses, such as [depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8933).\n\nSymptoms of prodromal schizophrenia include:\n\n- social isolation\n- lack of motivation\n- [anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323454)\n- irritability\n- difficulty concentrating\n- changes to one’s normal routine\n- sleep problems\n- neglecting personal hygiene\n- erratic behavior\n- mild or poorly formed [hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327014)\n\nAccording to the authors of one 2018 review, up to [73% of people](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6196741\/) with schizophrenia experience the prodromal stage before they develop the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia.\n\nIdentifying individuals in the prodromal stage remains challenging.\n\nIn the active or acute phase, people with schizophrenia exhibit characteristic [symptoms of psychosis](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/understanding-psychosis), including hallucinations, delusions, and [paranoia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621).\n\nActive schizophrenia, or active psychosis, involves obvious symptoms such as:\n\n- hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, smelling, or feeling things that others do not\n- [delusions](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-delusions), which are false notions or ideas that a person believes even when presented with evidence to the contrary\n- confused and disorganized thoughts\n- disordered or jumbled speech\n- excessive or useless movement\n- wandering\n- mumbling\n- laughing to oneself\n- apathy or numbing of emotions\n\nIn [residual schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/residual-schizophrenia), a person experiences fewer or less severe symptoms than those seen in the active stage.\n\nTypically, people in this stage do not experience positive symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions.\n\nThe residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience [negative symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia), such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood.\n\nSymptoms of residual schizophrenia include:\n\n- social withdrawal\n- difficulty concentrating\n- difficulty planning and participating in activities\n- reduced or absent facial expressions\n- flat, monotone voice\n- general disinterest\n\nSchizophrenia is a multidimensional condition that arises from a number of variables. Research has shed light on the possible causes of schizophrenia. However, the reasons why people move through the phases of schizophrenia remain unclear.\n\nA combination of environmental, genetic, and physiological factors may alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. These changes lead to schizophrenia.\n\nExperts associate the following factors with schizophrenia:\n\n- **Genetics:** According to the [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia), people with a family history of schizophrenia are six times more likely to develop the condition.\n- **Environment:** A person’s environment can impact their risk for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. The\n  [National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia)\n  states that exposure to viruses, [stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/145855), and poverty may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Lifestyle choices, trauma, and substance misuse may also have an impact.\n- **Brain structure:** Changes in brain structure and function can result in abnormal interactions between the brain’s neurotransmitters, such as [dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dopamine-and-schizophrenia). These changes may contribute to psychotic episodes and the progression of schizophrenia.\n- **Substance use:**\n  [Research from 2017](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6094954\/)\n  suggests that substance use, especially during adolescence, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The [NIMH suggests](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia) that the genetic factors associated with schizophrenia may also contribute to the brain changes involved in addiction.\n\nHealthcare and mental health professionals often diagnose schizophrenia during the active stage, when symptoms are most prominent.\n\nA mental health professional must follow the criteria outlined in the [DSM-5-TR](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/) to diagnose schizophrenia.\n\nAccording to the DSM-5, a schizophrenia diagnosis consists of the following elements:\n\n- A person exhibits at least two of the following symptoms for a 1-month period:\n  - delusions\n  - hallucinations\n  - disorganized speech\n  - disorganized or [catatonic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192263) behavior\n  - negative symptoms, such as reduced emotional expression or apathy\n\n- The symptoms reduce a person’s ability to function, affecting their professional or academic performance, interpersonal relations, or self-care.\n\n- Reduced functioning lasts for at least 6 months. During this 6-month period, a person exhibits symptoms for at least 1 month.\n- The active phase symptoms occur independently of major depressive or [manic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mania) episodes.\n- Symptoms did not result from another medical condition, substance abuse, or medication.\n\nWhile a person can develop schizophrenia at any age, the average age of onset varies slightly between males and females.\n\nAccording to [NAMI](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia), the initial symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear between the late teens to early 20s for males and the late 20s to early 30s for females.\n\nThe authors of one [2018 case report](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6293945\/) state that schizophrenia can occur in children less than 13 years old, though this appears to be rare.\n\nAlthough schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, it is treatable. Receiving timely and effective treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.\n\nTreatment options include:\n\n- **Antipsychotic drugs:** [Antipsychotic medications](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-psychosis) are available as daily oral doses or monthly injections. People who take antipsychotics as prescribed may experience less intense and less frequent psychotic symptoms. While effective, antipsychotic drugs can have adverse effects, such as weight gain and drowsiness.\n- **Psychotherapy, such as:**\n  - **Cognitive behavioral therapy** **(CBT):** [CBT](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/296579) can help people develop useful coping skills and strategies for working through disruptive thoughts.\n  - **Psychodynamic therapy:** Also known as psychoanalytic therapy, [psychodynamic therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/psychodynamic-therapy) involves conversations between a psychologist and their patient. These conversations attempt to uncover emotional experiences and unconscious processes that contribute to a person’s current mental state.\n  - **Acceptance and commitment therapy** **(ACT):** [ACT](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/act-therapy) is a type of behavioral therapy\n    [that encourages](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5492026\/)\n    people to accept, rather than challenge, their deep feelings. ACT also focuses on commitments to personal goals and values and improving one’s overall quality of life. Finally, ACT teaches mindfulness skills that can help keep a person focused on the present moment instead of being consumed by negative thoughts or experiences. Combining these three conditions, a person can change their behaviors by first changing their attitude toward themself.\n  - **Family therapy:** This form of psychotherapy involves families and significant others of people with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions. It focuses on education, stress reduction, and emotional processing. It helps family members better communicate and resolve conflicts with one another.\n- **Coordinated specialty care (CSC):** CSC involves a team of health professionals who manage medication, deliver psychotherapy, and provide education and employment support.\n\nIf an individual is experiencing [suicidal thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/193026) or exhibiting dangerous behaviors, please seek emergency care:\n\n- Dial 911 or visit the nearest emergency department.\n- Call the NAMI HelpLine at 1-800-950-NAMI (6264).\n- Call the SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-622-HELP (4357).\n- Find a local extended observation unit (EOU) or crisis stabilization unit (CSU).\n\nSchizophrenia consists of three stages — prodromal, active, and residual.\n\nThe prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating.\n\nProdromal symptoms are not always obvious. As a result, diagnosing schizophrenia in this stage can be extremely difficult.\n\nActive schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. People require immediate medical attention at this stage.\n\nTimely diagnosis and prompt treatment can help reduce the severity and frequency of psychotic episodes.\n\nThe residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia.\n\nIn the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Stages of schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
Meta Description	Learn all about the stages, or phases, of schizophrenia, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and where to seek emergency care.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness. This condition affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may experience: delusions hallucinations depression memory problems disorganized thoughts and speech People can manage their symptoms with the help of a care team that coordinates and delivers effective treatments. However, without treatment, symptoms of schizophrenia can severely impact a person’s ability to engage in work or school, live independently, and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships. This article discusses the stages of schizophrenia, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and where to seek emergency care. This is the first stage of schizophrenia . It occurs before noticeable psychotic symptoms appear. During this stage, a person undergoes behavioral and cognitive changes that can, in time, progress to psychosis . The early stage of schizophrenia usually involves nonspecific symptoms that also occur in other mental illnesses, such as depression . Symptoms of prodromal schizophrenia include: social isolation lack of motivation anxiety irritability difficulty concentrating changes to one’s normal routine sleep problems neglecting personal hygiene erratic behavior mild or poorly formed hallucinations According to the authors of one 2018 review, up to 73% of people with schizophrenia experience the prodromal stage before they develop the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. Identifying individuals in the prodromal stage remains challenging. In the active or acute phase, people with schizophrenia exhibit characteristic symptoms of psychosis , including hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia . Active schizophrenia, or active psychosis, involves obvious symptoms such as: hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, smelling, or feeling things that others do not delusions , which are false notions or ideas that a person believes even when presented with evidence to the contrary confused and disorganized thoughts disordered or jumbled speech excessive or useless movement wandering mumbling laughing to oneself apathy or numbing of emotions In residual schizophrenia , a person experiences fewer or less severe symptoms than those seen in the active stage. Typically, people in this stage do not experience positive symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions. The residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience negative symptoms , such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood. Symptoms of residual schizophrenia include: social withdrawal difficulty concentrating difficulty planning and participating in activities reduced or absent facial expressions flat, monotone voice general disinterest Schizophrenia is a multidimensional condition that arises from a number of variables. Research has shed light on the possible causes of schizophrenia. However, the reasons why people move through the phases of schizophrenia remain unclear. A combination of environmental, genetic, and physiological factors may alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. These changes lead to schizophrenia. Experts associate the following factors with schizophrenia: Genetics: According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) , people with a family history of schizophrenia are six times more likely to develop the condition. Environment: A person’s environment can impact their risk for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states that exposure to viruses, stress , and poverty may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Lifestyle choices, trauma, and substance misuse may also have an impact. Brain structure: Changes in brain structure and function can result in abnormal interactions between the brain’s neurotransmitters, such as dopamine . These changes may contribute to psychotic episodes and the progression of schizophrenia. Substance use: Research from 2017 suggests that substance use, especially during adolescence, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The NIMH suggests that the genetic factors associated with schizophrenia may also contribute to the brain changes involved in addiction. Healthcare and mental health professionals often diagnose schizophrenia during the active stage, when symptoms are most prominent. A mental health professional must follow the criteria outlined in the DSM-5-TR to diagnose schizophrenia. According to the DSM-5, a schizophrenia diagnosis consists of the following elements: A person exhibits at least two of the following symptoms for a 1-month period: delusions hallucinations disorganized speech disorganized or catatonic behavior negative symptoms, such as reduced emotional expression or apathy The symptoms reduce a person’s ability to function, affecting their professional or academic performance, interpersonal relations, or self-care. Reduced functioning lasts for at least 6 months. During this 6-month period, a person exhibits symptoms for at least 1 month. The active phase symptoms occur independently of major depressive or manic episodes. Symptoms did not result from another medical condition, substance abuse, or medication. While a person can develop schizophrenia at any age, the average age of onset varies slightly between males and females. According to NAMI , the initial symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear between the late teens to early 20s for males and the late 20s to early 30s for females. The authors of one 2018 case report state that schizophrenia can occur in children less than 13 years old, though this appears to be rare. Although schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, it is treatable. Receiving timely and effective treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent relapses. Treatment options include: Antipsychotic drugs: Antipsychotic medications are available as daily oral doses or monthly injections. People who take antipsychotics as prescribed may experience less intense and less frequent psychotic symptoms. While effective, antipsychotic drugs can have adverse effects, such as weight gain and drowsiness. Psychotherapy, such as: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can help people develop useful coping skills and strategies for working through disruptive thoughts. Psychodynamic therapy: Also known as psychoanalytic therapy, psychodynamic therapy involves conversations between a psychologist and their patient. These conversations attempt to uncover emotional experiences and unconscious processes that contribute to a person’s current mental state. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): ACT is a type of behavioral therapy that encourages people to accept, rather than challenge, their deep feelings. ACT also focuses on commitments to personal goals and values and improving one’s overall quality of life. Finally, ACT teaches mindfulness skills that can help keep a person focused on the present moment instead of being consumed by negative thoughts or experiences. Combining these three conditions, a person can change their behaviors by first changing their attitude toward themself. Family therapy: This form of psychotherapy involves families and significant others of people with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions. It focuses on education, stress reduction, and emotional processing. It helps family members better communicate and resolve conflicts with one another. Coordinated specialty care (CSC): CSC involves a team of health professionals who manage medication, deliver psychotherapy, and provide education and employment support. If an individual is experiencing suicidal thoughts or exhibiting dangerous behaviors, please seek emergency care: Dial 911 or visit the nearest emergency department. Call the NAMI HelpLine at 1-800-950-NAMI (6264). Call the SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-622-HELP (4357). Find a local extended observation unit (EOU) or crisis stabilization unit (CSU). Schizophrenia consists of three stages — prodromal, active, and residual. The prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating. Prodromal symptoms are not always obvious. As a result, diagnosing schizophrenia in this stage can be extremely difficult. Active schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. People require immediate medical attention at this stage. Timely diagnosis and prompt treatment can help reduce the severity and frequency of psychotic episodes. The residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia. In the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.
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[Causes Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-do-you-get-schizophrenia) - ### Complications Complications #### Related Articles - [Impacts on Brain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-part-of-the-brain-is-affected-by-schizophrenia) - [Can It Affect Smell?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-smell) - [Decompensation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/decompensated-schizophrenia) - [Increased Risk of Parkinson's](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-may-increase-parkinsons-disease-risk) - ### Diagnosis Diagnosis #### Related Articles - [Brain Scans](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/does-schizophrenia-show-on-a-brain-scan) - [Can it Go Undiagnosed?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/undiagnosed-schizophrenia) - [Blood Tests](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/expert-perspectives-blood-tests-and-schizophrenia) - [Diagnosis Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-test) - ### Home Remedies Home Remedies #### Related Articles - [Alternative Treatments Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/alternative-treatments-for-schizophrenia) - [CBD Oil](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/does-cbd-oil-help-schizophrenia) - ### Management Management #### Related Articles - [Managing Relationships](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dating-someone-with-schizophrenia) - [Supporting Someone Else](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia) - [Claiming Disability](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-schizophrenia-a-disability) - [Coping Tips](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-coping) - [Support Groups](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-support-groups) - [Expressed Emotion](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/expressed-emotion-schizophrenia) - [Art Therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-art) - [Management Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/living-with-schizophrenia) - ### Treatment Treatment #### Related Articles - [Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ect-for-schizophrenia) - [Abilify](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/abilify) - [Rexulti](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/rexulti) - [Injections](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-injection) - [Latuda](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/latuda) - [Caplyta](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-caplyta) - [Invega](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega) - [Cobenfy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-cobenfy) - [Atypical Antipsychotics](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atypical-antipsychotics) - [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cbt-for-schizophrenia) - [Fanapt](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-fanapt) - [Risperdal](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/risperdal-schizophrenia) - [Invega Sustenna](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega-sustenna) - [Lithium](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lithium-for-schizophrenia) - [Lybalvi](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-lybalvi) - [Aristada](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aristada) - [Combination Therapies](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/combination-therapies-for-schizophrenia) - [Therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-therapy) - [Treatment Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/best-medication-for-schizophrenia) - [Abilify](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-aripiprazole-tablet) - [Cobenfy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breakthrough-in-schizophrenia-treatment) - [Invega Trinza](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega-trinza) - [Abilify Maintena](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-abilify-maintena) - [Abilify Asimtufii](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-abilify-asimtufii) - [Invega Hafyera](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega-hafyera) - ### Prognosis Prognosis #### Related Articles - [Work Life](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-people-with-schizophrenia-work) - [Does it Worsen With Age?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/does-schizophrenia-get-worse-with-age) - [Possible Cures](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-there-a-cure-for-schizophrenia) - [Outlook Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-life-expectancy) - ### Related Conditions Related Conditions #### Related Articles - [Drug-Induced](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-induced-schizophrenia) - [vs. Psychosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia) - [Relationship to ADHD](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314464) - [vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dissociative-identity-disorder-and-schizophrenia) - [With Paranoia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621) - [Autism & Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-you-have-autism-and-schizophrenia-at-the-same-time) - [vs. Schizoaffective Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizoaffective-vs-schizophrenia) - [Link to Dementia?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-and-dementia) - [Alcohol-Induced Pyschosis Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia) - [vs. Delusional Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/delusional-disorder-vs-schizophrenia) - [vs. Drug-Induced Pyschosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-induced-psychosis-vs-schizophrenia) - [Link to Asperger's](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aspergers-and-schizophrenia) - [With Depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-depression) - [Schizoaffective Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190678) - [Schizophreniform Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophreniform) - [Link to Stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/link-between-stress-and-schizophrenia) - ### Stages Stages #### Related Articles - [Stages Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia) - [Prodromal Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prodromal-schizophrenia) - ### Symptoms Symptoms #### Related Articles - [Auditory Hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/auditory-hallucinations) - [Hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-hallucinations) - [Avolition](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/avolition-schizophrenia) - [Positive Symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) - [Delusions](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-delusions) - [Disorganized Thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192361) - [Negative Symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) - [In Teens](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-in-teens) - [vs. Neurotypical Brain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-brain-vs-neurotypical-brain) - [Early Signs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-schizophrenia) - [Abivalence](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ambivalence-schizophrenia) - [Flat Affect](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/flat-affect-schizophrenia) - [Clanging](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/clanging-schizophrenia) - [Early Signs in Children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-schizophrenia-in-children) - ### Types Types #### Related Articles - [Catatonic Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192263) - [In Females](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-in-women) - [Undifferentiated Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/undifferentiated-schizophrenia) - [Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) - [Borderline Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/borderline-schizophrenia) - [Acute Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/acute-schizophrenia) - [Simple Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/simple-schizophrenia) - [In Children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192104) - [High Functioning Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-functioning-schizophrenia) - [Types Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192770) [Investigating Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/investigating-schizophrenia "Investigating Schizophrenia program landing page") Content created by Medical News Today and supported by advertising. [Learn more](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/ad-policy) # What to know about the stages of schizophrenia ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Yalda-Safai-500x500-Bio1.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Yalda Safai, MD, MPH]() — Written by [Jamie Eske]() — [Updated on May 9, 2025]() - [Prodromal stage](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#prodromal-stage) - [Active stage](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#active-stage) - [Residual stage](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#residual-stage) - [Causes](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#causes) - [Diagnosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#diagnosis) - [Age of onset](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#age-of-onset) - [Treatment](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#treatment) - [Seeking emergency care](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#seeking-emergency-care) - [Summary](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia#summary) ### Key takeaways - Schizophrenia has three stages: prodromal, active, and residual. A healthcare professional can diagnose a person’s stage and recommend suitable treatment to help them manage their condition. - The active stage of schizophrenia typically involves symptoms of psychosis. This may include delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations. - Schizophrenia treatment may include a combination of factors, such as psychotherapy, family therapy, antipsychotic medications, and coordinated specialty care. These may help a person manage their symptoms and prevent relapses. * Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness. This condition affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may experience: - delusions - hallucinations - depression - memory problems - disorganized thoughts and speech People can manage their symptoms with the help of a care team that coordinates and delivers effective treatments. However, without treatment, symptoms of schizophrenia can severely impact a person’s ability to engage in work or school, live independently, and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships. This article discusses the stages of schizophrenia, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and where to seek emergency care. ## [Prodromal stage]() ![A person with their hands over their face, surrounded by smoke.](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/stages_schizophrenia_GettyImages1338339014_Header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528) [Share on Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fstages-of-schizophrenia&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F06%2Fstages_schizophrenia_GettyImages1338339014_Header-1024x575.jpg&description=Stages%20of%20schizophrenia%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20causes%2C%20and%20treatments "Share on Pinterest") David Wall/Getty Images This is the first stage of [schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942). It occurs before noticeable psychotic symptoms appear. During this stage, a person undergoes behavioral and cognitive changes that can, in time, progress to [psychosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159). The early stage of schizophrenia usually involves nonspecific symptoms that also occur in other mental illnesses, such as [depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933). Symptoms of prodromal schizophrenia include: - social isolation - lack of motivation - [anxiety](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454) - irritability - difficulty concentrating - changes to one’s normal routine - sleep problems - neglecting personal hygiene - erratic behavior - mild or poorly formed [hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327014) According to the authors of one 2018 review, up to [73% of people](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6196741/) with schizophrenia experience the prodromal stage before they develop the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. Identifying individuals in the prodromal stage remains challenging. ## [Active stage]() In the active or acute phase, people with schizophrenia exhibit characteristic [symptoms of psychosis](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis), including hallucinations, delusions, and [paranoia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621). Active schizophrenia, or active psychosis, involves obvious symptoms such as: - hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, smelling, or feeling things that others do not - [delusions](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-delusions), which are false notions or ideas that a person believes even when presented with evidence to the contrary - confused and disorganized thoughts - disordered or jumbled speech - excessive or useless movement - wandering - mumbling - laughing to oneself - apathy or numbing of emotions ## [Residual schizophrenia]() The [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition, Text Revision](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/) (DSM-5-TR) no longer recognizes the residual phase for diagnosing purposes. However, it is still useful for describing the symptoms of schizophrenia. In [residual schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/residual-schizophrenia), a person experiences fewer or less severe symptoms than those seen in the active stage. Typically, people in this stage do not experience positive symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions. The residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience [negative symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia), such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood. Symptoms of residual schizophrenia include: - social withdrawal - difficulty concentrating - difficulty planning and participating in activities - reduced or absent facial expressions - flat, monotone voice - general disinterest ## [What causes these stages]() Schizophrenia is a multidimensional condition that arises from a number of variables. Research has shed light on the possible causes of schizophrenia. However, the reasons why people move through the phases of schizophrenia remain unclear. A combination of environmental, genetic, and physiological factors may alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. These changes lead to schizophrenia. Experts associate the following factors with schizophrenia: - Genetics: According to the [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia), people with a family history of schizophrenia are six times more likely to develop the condition. - Environment: A person’s environment can impact their risk for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. The [National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia) states that exposure to viruses, [stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855), and poverty may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Lifestyle choices, trauma, and substance misuse may also have an impact. - Brain structure: Changes in brain structure and function can result in abnormal interactions between the brain’s neurotransmitters, such as [dopamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dopamine-and-schizophrenia). These changes may contribute to psychotic episodes and the progression of schizophrenia. - Substance use: [Research from 2017](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6094954/) suggests that substance use, especially during adolescence, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The [NIMH suggests](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia) that the genetic factors associated with schizophrenia may also contribute to the brain changes involved in addiction. ## [Diagnosing schizophrenia]() Healthcare and mental health professionals often diagnose schizophrenia during the active stage, when symptoms are most prominent. A mental health professional must follow the criteria outlined in the [DSM-5-TR](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/) to diagnose schizophrenia. According to the DSM-5, a schizophrenia diagnosis consists of the following elements: - A person exhibits at least two of the following symptoms for a 1-month period: - delusions - hallucinations - disorganized speech - disorganized or [catatonic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192263) behavior - negative symptoms, such as reduced emotional expression or apathy - The symptoms reduce a person’s ability to function, affecting their professional or academic performance, interpersonal relations, or self-care. - Reduced functioning lasts for at least 6 months. During this 6-month period, a person exhibits symptoms for at least 1 month. - The active phase symptoms occur independently of major depressive or [manic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mania) episodes. - Symptoms did not result from another medical condition, substance abuse, or medication. ## [Age of onset for schizophrenia]() ### A note about sex and gender Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. [Learn more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363) While a person can develop schizophrenia at any age, the average age of onset varies slightly between males and females. According to [NAMI](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia), the initial symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear between the late teens to early 20s for males and the late 20s to early 30s for females. The authors of one [2018 case report](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6293945/) state that schizophrenia can occur in children less than 13 years old, though this appears to be rare. ## [Treatment for schizophrenia]() Although schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, it is treatable. Receiving timely and effective treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent relapses. Treatment options include: - Antipsychotic drugs: [Antipsychotic medications](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/best-medication-for-psychosis) are available as daily oral doses or monthly injections. People who take antipsychotics as prescribed may experience less intense and less frequent psychotic symptoms. While effective, antipsychotic drugs can have adverse effects, such as weight gain and drowsiness. - Psychotherapy, such as: - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): [CBT](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579) can help people develop useful coping skills and strategies for working through disruptive thoughts. - Psychodynamic therapy: Also known as psychoanalytic therapy, [psychodynamic therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/psychodynamic-therapy) involves conversations between a psychologist and their patient. These conversations attempt to uncover emotional experiences and unconscious processes that contribute to a person’s current mental state. - Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): [ACT](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/act-therapy) is a type of behavioral therapy [that encourages](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492026/) people to accept, rather than challenge, their deep feelings. ACT also focuses on commitments to personal goals and values and improving one’s overall quality of life. Finally, ACT teaches mindfulness skills that can help keep a person focused on the present moment instead of being consumed by negative thoughts or experiences. Combining these three conditions, a person can change their behaviors by first changing their attitude toward themself. - Family therapy: This form of psychotherapy involves families and significant others of people with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions. It focuses on education, stress reduction, and emotional processing. It helps family members better communicate and resolve conflicts with one another. - Coordinated specialty care (CSC):** CSC involves a team of health professionals who manage medication, deliver psychotherapy, and provide education and employment support. ## [Where to seek emergency care]() If an individual is experiencing [suicidal thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193026) or exhibiting dangerous behaviors, please seek emergency care: - Dial 911 or visit the nearest emergency department. - Call the NAMI HelpLine at 1-800-950-NAMI (6264). - Call the SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-622-HELP (4357). - Find a local extended observation unit (EOU) or crisis stabilization unit (CSU). ### Help is out there If you or someone you know is in crisis and considering suicide or self-harm, please seek support: - Call or text the [988 Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org. Caring counselors are available to listen and provide free and confidential support 24/7. - Text HOME to the [Crisis Text Line](https://www.crisistextline.org/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsPDQrdXH5wIVBRx9Ch1YdQjIEAAYASAAEgJ_1_D_BwE) at 741741 to connect with a volunteer crisis counselor for free and confidential support 24/7. - Not in the United States? Find a helpline in your country with [Befrienders Worldwide](https://www.befrienders.org/). - Call 911 or your local emergency services number if you feel safe to do so. If you’re calling on behalf of someone else, stay with them until help arrives. You may remove weapons or substances that can cause harm if you can do so safely. If you’re not in the same household, stay on the phone with them until help arrives. ## [Summary]() Schizophrenia consists of three stages — prodromal, active, and residual. The prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating. Prodromal symptoms are not always obvious. As a result, diagnosing schizophrenia in this stage can be extremely difficult. Active schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. People require immediate medical attention at this stage. Timely diagnosis and prompt treatment can help reduce the severity and frequency of psychotic episodes. The residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia. In the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage. - [Mental Health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/mental-health) - [Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/schizophrenia) - [Psychology / Psychiatry](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/psychology-psychiatry) ### How we reviewed this article: Sources Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process). - Aneja J, et al. (2018). Very early-onset psychosis/schizophrenia: Case studies of spectrum of presentation and management issues. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6293945/> - Conroy S, et al. (2018). Identifying and treating the prodromal phases of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6196741/> - Gaudiano B A, et al. (2017). Acceptance and commitment therapy for inpatients with psychosis (the REACH Study): Protocol for treatment development of pilot testing. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492026/> - Khokhar J Y, et al. (2017). The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: A unifying hypothesis. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6094954/> - Schizophrenia. (n.d.). <https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia> - Schizophrenia. (2023). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia> - Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2016). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/> - Understanding psychosis. (n.d.). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis> Share this article ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Yalda-Safai-500x500-Bio1.png?w=105&h=105) Medically reviewed by [Yalda Safai, MD, MPH](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers/yalda-safai-md-mph) — Written by [Jamie Eske](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/authors/jamie-eske) — Updated on May 9, 2025 ## More in [Investigating Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/investigating-schizophrenia) - [What to know about schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942) - [What to know about the positive symptoms of schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) - [What to know about treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) - [View all](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/investigating-schizophrenia) ### Related Coverage - [Your guide to helping someone with schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [Caring for someone with schizophrenia requires patience and understanding. Learn how to support someone with schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What to know about treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [Treatment-resistant schizophrenia is when a person takes two or more types of medication for schizophrenia but symptoms do not improve. Learn more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What to know about the positive symptoms of schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Matthew Boland, PhD](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers) [Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, and changes in thoughts or behaviors. Learn more here.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Psychosis vs. schizophrenia: How do they differ?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [Psychosis is a common symptom of schizophrenia. However, there are other reasons a person may experience psychosis. Learn more here.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. 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Readable Markdown	Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness. This condition affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may experience: - delusions - hallucinations - depression - memory problems - disorganized thoughts and speech People can manage their symptoms with the help of a care team that coordinates and delivers effective treatments. However, without treatment, symptoms of schizophrenia can severely impact a person’s ability to engage in work or school, live independently, and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships. This article discusses the stages of schizophrenia, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and where to seek emergency care. This is the first stage of [schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942). It occurs before noticeable psychotic symptoms appear. During this stage, a person undergoes behavioral and cognitive changes that can, in time, progress to [psychosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159). The early stage of schizophrenia usually involves nonspecific symptoms that also occur in other mental illnesses, such as [depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933). Symptoms of prodromal schizophrenia include: - social isolation - lack of motivation - [anxiety](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454) - irritability - difficulty concentrating - changes to one’s normal routine - sleep problems - neglecting personal hygiene - erratic behavior - mild or poorly formed [hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327014) According to the authors of one 2018 review, up to [73% of people](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6196741/) with schizophrenia experience the prodromal stage before they develop the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. Identifying individuals in the prodromal stage remains challenging. In the active or acute phase, people with schizophrenia exhibit characteristic [symptoms of psychosis](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis), including hallucinations, delusions, and [paranoia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621). Active schizophrenia, or active psychosis, involves obvious symptoms such as: - hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, smelling, or feeling things that others do not - [delusions](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-delusions), which are false notions or ideas that a person believes even when presented with evidence to the contrary - confused and disorganized thoughts - disordered or jumbled speech - excessive or useless movement - wandering - mumbling - laughing to oneself - apathy or numbing of emotions In [residual schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/residual-schizophrenia), a person experiences fewer or less severe symptoms than those seen in the active stage. Typically, people in this stage do not experience positive symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions. The residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience [negative symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia), such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood. Symptoms of residual schizophrenia include: - social withdrawal - difficulty concentrating - difficulty planning and participating in activities - reduced or absent facial expressions - flat, monotone voice - general disinterest Schizophrenia is a multidimensional condition that arises from a number of variables. Research has shed light on the possible causes of schizophrenia. However, the reasons why people move through the phases of schizophrenia remain unclear. A combination of environmental, genetic, and physiological factors may alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. These changes lead to schizophrenia. Experts associate the following factors with schizophrenia: - Genetics: According to the [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia), people with a family history of schizophrenia are six times more likely to develop the condition. - Environment: A person’s environment can impact their risk for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. The [National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia) states that exposure to viruses, [stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855), and poverty may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Lifestyle choices, trauma, and substance misuse may also have an impact. - Brain structure: Changes in brain structure and function can result in abnormal interactions between the brain’s neurotransmitters, such as [dopamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dopamine-and-schizophrenia). These changes may contribute to psychotic episodes and the progression of schizophrenia. - Substance use: [Research from 2017](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6094954/) suggests that substance use, especially during adolescence, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The [NIMH suggests](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia) that the genetic factors associated with schizophrenia may also contribute to the brain changes involved in addiction. Healthcare and mental health professionals often diagnose schizophrenia during the active stage, when symptoms are most prominent. A mental health professional must follow the criteria outlined in the [DSM-5-TR](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/) to diagnose schizophrenia. According to the DSM-5, a schizophrenia diagnosis consists of the following elements: - A person exhibits at least two of the following symptoms for a 1-month period: - delusions - hallucinations - disorganized speech - disorganized or [catatonic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192263) behavior - negative symptoms, such as reduced emotional expression or apathy - The symptoms reduce a person’s ability to function, affecting their professional or academic performance, interpersonal relations, or self-care. - Reduced functioning lasts for at least 6 months. During this 6-month period, a person exhibits symptoms for at least 1 month. - The active phase symptoms occur independently of major depressive or [manic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mania) episodes. - Symptoms did not result from another medical condition, substance abuse, or medication. While a person can develop schizophrenia at any age, the average age of onset varies slightly between males and females. According to [NAMI](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia), the initial symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear between the late teens to early 20s for males and the late 20s to early 30s for females. The authors of one [2018 case report](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6293945/) state that schizophrenia can occur in children less than 13 years old, though this appears to be rare. Although schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, it is treatable. Receiving timely and effective treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent relapses. Treatment options include: - Antipsychotic drugs: [Antipsychotic medications](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/best-medication-for-psychosis) are available as daily oral doses or monthly injections. People who take antipsychotics as prescribed may experience less intense and less frequent psychotic symptoms. While effective, antipsychotic drugs can have adverse effects, such as weight gain and drowsiness. - Psychotherapy, such as: - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): [CBT](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579) can help people develop useful coping skills and strategies for working through disruptive thoughts. - Psychodynamic therapy: Also known as psychoanalytic therapy, [psychodynamic therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/psychodynamic-therapy) involves conversations between a psychologist and their patient. These conversations attempt to uncover emotional experiences and unconscious processes that contribute to a person’s current mental state. - Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): [ACT](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/act-therapy) is a type of behavioral therapy [that encourages](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492026/) people to accept, rather than challenge, their deep feelings. ACT also focuses on commitments to personal goals and values and improving one’s overall quality of life. Finally, ACT teaches mindfulness skills that can help keep a person focused on the present moment instead of being consumed by negative thoughts or experiences. Combining these three conditions, a person can change their behaviors by first changing their attitude toward themself. - Family therapy: This form of psychotherapy involves families and significant others of people with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions. It focuses on education, stress reduction, and emotional processing. It helps family members better communicate and resolve conflicts with one another. - Coordinated specialty care (CSC): CSC involves a team of health professionals who manage medication, deliver psychotherapy, and provide education and employment support. If an individual is experiencing [suicidal thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193026) or exhibiting dangerous behaviors, please seek emergency care: - Dial 911 or visit the nearest emergency department. - Call the NAMI HelpLine at 1-800-950-NAMI (6264). - Call the SAMHSA’s National Helpline at 1-800-622-HELP (4357). - Find a local extended observation unit (EOU) or crisis stabilization unit (CSU). Schizophrenia consists of three stages — prodromal, active, and residual. The prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating. Prodromal symptoms are not always obvious. As a result, diagnosing schizophrenia in this stage can be extremely difficult. Active schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. People require immediate medical attention at this stage. Timely diagnosis and prompt treatment can help reduce the severity and frequency of psychotic episodes. The residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia. In the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.
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