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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 110 (from laksa117)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa110.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pcr-vs-rapid-test\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pcr-vs-rapid-test\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pcr-vs-rapid-test","crawl_time":1768496963,"first_indexed_time":1648650611,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,medicalnewstoday!www,\/articles\/pcr-vs-rapid-test s443","src_root_hash":"5853625527623639710","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"PCR vs. rapid test: Differences and more","meta_descriptions":["Antigen and PCR tests diagnose COVID-19. Read about how these tests differ in their method of determining results, accuracy, timing, skill requirement, and costs."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid (antigen) tests for COVID-19 both involve taking a swab. Results for a PCR test take longer, as it needs to go to a laboratory. It is more costly but tends to be more accurate. A rapid test produces results within minutes and is for home use.\nA person should speak with a healthcare professional to discuss any concerns regarding symptoms or testing.\nCOVID-19\nis a highly contagious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a type of\ncoronavirus\nthat emerged late in 2019.\nIt affects people differently, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. However, most people with the virus will have mild to moderate illnesses and recover without medical attention.\nCommon symptoms include:\ncough\nfever\nfatigue\nloss of smell or\ntaste\nThe virus spreads when a person breathes in the air with tiny particles or droplets containing the virus. Most of the symptoms appear\n2–14 days\nafter exposure. To detect COVID-19, people can test using\npolymerase chain reaction\n(PCR) swabs or\nrapid tests (antigen)\n.\nThis article discusses the differences between PCR and antigen tests and answers frequently asked questions.\nTo date, there have been more than\n830 million tests\nin the United States since testing began early in 2020. The country currently has a positive rate of 4.3%.\nThe positive rate or positivity rate is the percentage of tests returning positive relative to the total number of tests.\nOptum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission.\nLearn more.\nThe PCR and rapid tests are diagnostic tools that people and doctors can use to determine the presence of COVID-19 infection in a person.\nThey collect samples the same way for both tests, typically through a swab. They perform this by taking a sample from the back of the throat, the nose, or both using a long cotton swab.\nDoctors can also\ncollect\nsaliva samples as a person can spit into a tube rather than using a nose or throat swab.\nHowever, the main differences include:\nthe type of test and what it tests\nthe procedure\navailability\ncosts and timings\naccuracy\nresults\nType of test\nA lateral flow test is another term for an antigen test. While medical experts have been using these terms interchangeably with COVID-19 tests, researchers were using lateral flow technology long before COVID-19.\nAn antigen test uses lateral flow technology to confirm the presence or absence of a pathogen or biomarker. Other terms for lateral flow tests include antigen test, dipstick, test strip, rapid test, and quick test.\nA PCR test is a molecular test. The PCR technique allows scientists to generate millions of copies from a very small amount of DNA.\nWhat it tests for\nA lateral flow test looks for protein (antigen) pieces found at the virus’s surface. An antigen is a substance that stimulates the body to produce\nantibodies\nas an immune response.\nThe test strip contains antibodies that are specific to SARS-CoV-2. If antigens are present in the sample, the antibodies in the test strip bind to them, causing the colored line to appear in the test cassette.\nIn comparison, a PCR test detects the RNA or the genetic material that comes with the virus. A PCR test uses chemicals to “amplify” or reproduce millions of copies of genetic material so that it can trace even the smallest amount of COVID genetic material.\nThe procedure\nAlthough people perform both tests in the same way, using a swab, the procedure itself differs.\nFor a PCR, a person or a healthcare professional will take a swab. Then, lab technicians run, process, and analyze the PCR sample in an equipped laboratory.\nAntigen testing does not require training, and a person can take a sample using a swab and determine the result at home.\nAvailability\nLateral flow tests are available, easy to use, and do not require special training. A person can buy them at pharmacies and supermarkets and self-administer the test at home.\nEase of use and fast turnover makes them ideal for mass testing. A\n2021 study\nfound antigen tests to have a promising performance for mass testing.\nIn contrast, PCR tests require special equipment and skilled laboratory technicians, and only large facilities can conduct many of these tests simultaneously.\nCosts and timings\nDue to the rigorous process of PCR tests, a person may have to wait for hours to days as lab technicians test their sample. This timing can vary by area and state. The PCR testing process also makes it more expensive.\nOn the other hand, antigen tests are relatively cheaper and have a much shorter turnaround time of\n15–30 minutes\n.\nAccuracy\nBecause PCR tests can trace small amounts of COVID genetic material, they are highly sensitive and less likely to generate false-negative results.\nRapid antigen tests may not be as accurate as PCR tests. A\n2021 study\nfound that an antigen test is likely to be more accurate in people with high viral loads. Another\n2021 study\nfound that antigen tests are more specific when a person already presents with symptoms.\nWhile many studies show that antigen tests have a low sensitivity compared with PCR tests,\nfurther research\nstates they have a high specificity or can detect people who do not have the disease correctly.\nResults\nSince lateral flow tests do not amplify the material they are looking for, the sample needs to contain enough viral antigen for the test to detect it. This makes it less accurate and shows a false-negative result in the early stages of infection when a person is asymptomatic and after the acute phase of the disease when the viral load\ndecreases\n.\nThe\nFood and Drug Administration\nalso warned healthcare professionals that false-positive results might occur in antigen tests, especially when users do not follow the instructions.\nA\n2022 Canadian study\nfound that around 0.05% of tests conducted in 537 workplaces had a false-positive result, which the authors attributed to manufacturing issues rather than faulty implementation.\nOn the other hand, the CDC state that PCR tests may render positive results weeks to months after the initial infection.\nDo both tests check for all variants?\nAccording to the\nWorld Health Organization\n, both PCR and rapid antigen tests can detect the Omicron variant and older variants.\nWhen to test?\nA person who shows symptoms should take a test immediately. A person who does not show symptoms but has had close contact with someone with COVID-19 should take a test at least five days after exposure.\nPeople who will travel should follow the guidelines set by their destination countries.\nWhich test is right for you?\nThe type of test depends on the person’s situation and symptoms. A person who needs urgent results or is currently experiencing symptoms may take an antigen test to get an immediate result.\nHowever, an antigen test may not provide an accurate result for people who are not experiencing symptoms.\nPeople who have had exposure to the virus, or have been in high-risk areas, who need to undergo a medical procedure, or continue to have symptoms even with a negative antigen test, should take a PCR test.\nAn antigen test can also be helpful for people in isolation who want to check if they are still infectious.\nHow to order tests?\nA person can buy antigen tests in local pharmacies and some online stores. PCR tests are only available in centers, facilities, and hospitals.\nWhat type of samples are there for COVID testing?\nHealthcare professionals can obtain samples from the nose, throat, or mouth (saliva). There are three methods for collecting a sample through a nasal swab:\nNasopharyngeal:\nThis method involves inserting a long swab to collect a sample from the back of the nose.\nMid-turbinate:\nThis involves inserting a soft swab less than an inch (2 centimeters) into the nostril to collect a sample.\nAnterior nasal (anterior nares) swab:\nThis method involves inserting a swab at least half an inch, or 1 cm, into the nostril to collect a sample.\nOther methods include collecting saliva into a sterile cap container or inserting a long swab at the back of the throat (oropharyngeal) to collect a sample.\nHow to understand COVID-19 test results\nA positive viral test (PCR or antigen test) indicates that a person had COVID-19 at the time of testing. It may show one of the following results:\nDetected:\nThere is an active infection\nNot detected:\nResults do not indicate an active infection\nIndeterminate:\nThis result occurs when there is not enough amplifiable material or substances in the specimen for analysis. Doctors may recommend retesting.\nIn an antigen test, two lines mean that the test detects the virus in the sample, while a single line (in the control line) indicates that the virus is not in the specimen.\nPCR and antigen tests have their advantages and disadvantages. They differ in their procedure, accuracy, results, timing, skill requirement, price, and availability.\nThe best test to use would depend on the person’s purpose and current symptoms.\nAntigen and PCR tests are both widely used to diagnose COVID-19. PCR tests appear to be more accurate in diagnosing COVID-19. However, antigen tests are also accurate and specific when a person already has symptoms.\nAntigen tests are affordable and may be helpful in situations such as when a person needs serial testing, wants to know if they are still infectious, or needs quick results.","attrs_markdown":"- Health Conditions\n  ### Health Conditions\n  - [Alzheimer's & Dementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/alzheimers-and-dementia)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/anxiety)\n  - [Asthma & Allergies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/asthma-and-allergies)\n  - [Atopic Dermatitis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-atopic-dermatitis)\n  - [Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/breast-cancer)\n  - [Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cancer)\n  - [Cardiovascular Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cardiovascular-health)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/coronavirus?correlationId=2b137d5a-dcfb-464e-9ea6-72c5a54b4e92)\n  - 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Results for a PCR test take longer, as it needs to go to a laboratory. It is more costly but tends to be more accurate. A rapid test produces results within minutes and is for home use.\n\nA person should speak with a healthcare professional to discuss any concerns regarding symptoms or testing.\n\n[COVID-19](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/covid-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a type of [coronavirus](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/256521) that emerged late in 2019.\n\nIt affects people differently, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. However, most people with the virus will have mild to moderate illnesses and recover without medical attention.\n\nCommon symptoms include:\n\n- [cough](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/220349)\n- [fever](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/168266)\n- [fatigue](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248002)\n- loss of smell or [taste](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325281)\n\n[Learn more about COVID-19 symptoms and their progression here](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/progression-of-covid-19-symptoms).\n\nThe virus spreads when a person breathes in the air with tiny particles or droplets containing the virus. Most of the symptoms appear [2–14 days](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/symptoms-testing\/symptoms.html) after exposure. To detect COVID-19, people can test using [polymerase chain reaction](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-pcr-test) (PCR) swabs or [rapid tests (antigen)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/at-home-coronavirus-test).\n\nThis article discusses the differences between PCR and antigen tests and answers frequently asked questions.\n\n## [COVID cases]()\n![A person testing for COVID-19 from a drive-through test centre](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/02\/covid_test_pcr_vs_antigen_1296x728_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528)\n\n[Share on Pinterest](https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fpcr-vs-rapid-test&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F02%2Fcovid_test_pcr_vs_antigen_1296x728_header-1024x575.jpg&description=PCR%20vs.%20rapid%20test%3A%20Differences%20and%20more \"Share on Pinterest\")\n\nBrandon Bell\/Getty Images\n\nTo date, there have been more than [830 million tests](https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/full-list-total-tests-for-covid-19?yScale=log) in the United States since testing began early in 2020. The country currently has a positive rate of 4.3%.\n\nThe positive rate or positivity rate is the percentage of tests returning positive relative to the total number of tests.\n\n**»MORE:**[Get an online treatment plan for COVID-19 in as little as 15 minutes with Optum Now Online Care.](https:\/\/now.optum.com\/online-care\/app\/cp_12q_449a_covid19coronavirus?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=organic-onlinecare-on&utm_content=linkto-oc-on-covid-19&utm_campaign=mnt-article-oc-on-backlink)\n\nOptum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\n## [Overview of differences]()\nThe PCR and rapid tests are diagnostic tools that people and doctors can use to determine the presence of COVID-19 infection in a person.\n\nThey collect samples the same way for both tests, typically through a swab. They perform this by taking a sample from the back of the throat, the nose, or both using a long cotton swab.\n\nDoctors can also [collect](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/covid-19-test-basics) saliva samples as a person can spit into a tube rather than using a nose or throat swab.\n\nHowever, the main differences include:\n\n- the type of test and what it tests\n- the procedure\n- availability\n- costs and timings\n- accuracy\n- results\n### Type of test\nA lateral flow test is another term for an antigen test. While medical experts have been using these terms interchangeably with COVID-19 tests, researchers were using lateral flow technology long before COVID-19.\n\nAn antigen test uses lateral flow technology to confirm the presence or absence of a pathogen or biomarker. Other terms for lateral flow tests include antigen test, dipstick, test strip, rapid test, and quick test.\n\nA PCR test is a molecular test. The PCR technique allows scientists to generate millions of copies from a very small amount of DNA.\n\n### What it tests for\nA lateral flow test looks for protein (antigen) pieces found at the virus’s surface. An antigen is a substance that stimulates the body to produce [antibodies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-an-antibody) as an immune response.\n\nThe test strip contains antibodies that are specific to SARS-CoV-2. If antigens are present in the sample, the antibodies in the test strip bind to them, causing the colored line to appear in the test cassette.\n\nIn comparison, a PCR test detects the RNA or the genetic material that comes with the virus. A PCR test uses chemicals to “amplify” or reproduce millions of copies of genetic material so that it can trace even the smallest amount of COVID genetic material.\n\n### The procedure\nAlthough people perform both tests in the same way, using a swab, the procedure itself differs.\n\nFor a PCR, a person or a healthcare professional will take a swab. Then, lab technicians run, process, and analyze the PCR sample in an equipped laboratory.\n\nAntigen testing does not require training, and a person can take a sample using a swab and determine the result at home.\n\n[Read more about the testing procedures here.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/coronavirus-testing)\n\n### Availability\nLateral flow tests are available, easy to use, and do not require special training. A person can buy them at pharmacies and supermarkets and self-administer the test at home.\n\nEase of use and fast turnover makes them ideal for mass testing. A [2021 study](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34101770\/) found antigen tests to have a promising performance for mass testing.\n\nIn contrast, PCR tests require special equipment and skilled laboratory technicians, and only large facilities can conduct many of these tests simultaneously.\n\n### Costs and timings\nDue to the rigorous process of PCR tests, a person may have to wait for hours to days as lab technicians test their sample. This timing can vary by area and state. The PCR testing process also makes it more expensive.\n\nOn the other hand, antigen tests are relatively cheaper and have a much shorter turnaround time of [15–30 minutes](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/lab\/resources\/antigen-tests-guidelines.html).\n\n### Accuracy\nBecause PCR tests can trace small amounts of COVID genetic material, they are highly sensitive and less likely to generate false-negative results.\n\nRapid antigen tests may not be as accurate as PCR tests. A [2021 study](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33394052\/) found that an antigen test is likely to be more accurate in people with high viral loads. Another [2021 study](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33846714\/) found that antigen tests are more specific when a person already presents with symptoms.\n\nWhile many studies show that antigen tests have a low sensitivity compared with PCR tests, [further research](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8527245\/) states they have a high specificity or can detect people who do not have the disease correctly.\n\n[Learn more about different COVID-19 tests here](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/coronavirus-testing#where-are-the-tests).\n\n### Results\nSince lateral flow tests do not amplify the material they are looking for, the sample needs to contain enough viral antigen for the test to detect it. This makes it less accurate and shows a false-negative result in the early stages of infection when a person is asymptomatic and after the acute phase of the disease when the viral load [decreases](https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1473309921000487).\n\nThe [Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/letters-health-care-providers\/potential-false-positive-results-antigen-tests-rapid-detection-sars-cov-2-letter-clinical-laboratory) also warned healthcare professionals that false-positive results might occur in antigen tests, especially when users do not follow the instructions.\n\nA [2022 Canadian study](https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2788067) found that around 0.05% of tests conducted in 537 workplaces had a false-positive result, which the authors attributed to manufacturing issues rather than faulty implementation.\n\nThe [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/lab\/resources\/antigen-tests-guidelines.html) recommend a confirmatory PCR test for people with symptoms who have a negative antigen test result.\n\nOn the other hand, the CDC state that PCR tests may render positive results weeks to months after the initial infection.\n\n## [FAQs]()\n### Do both tests check for all variants?\nAccording to the [World Health Organization](https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/2021-12-23-global-technical-brief-and-priority-action-on-omicron.pdf?sfvrsn=d0e9fb6c_8), both PCR and rapid antigen tests can detect the Omicron variant and older variants.\n\n### When to test?\nA person who shows symptoms should take a test immediately. A person who does not show symptoms but has had close contact with someone with COVID-19 should take a test at least five days after exposure.\n\nPeople who will travel should follow the guidelines set by their destination countries.\n\n### Which test is right for you?\nThe type of test depends on the person’s situation and symptoms. A person who needs urgent results or is currently experiencing symptoms may take an antigen test to get an immediate result.\n\nHowever, an antigen test may not provide an accurate result for people who are not experiencing symptoms.\n\nPeople who have had exposure to the virus, or have been in high-risk areas, who need to undergo a medical procedure, or continue to have symptoms even with a negative antigen test, should take a PCR test.\n\nAn antigen test can also be helpful for people in isolation who want to check if they are still infectious.\n\n### How to order tests?\nA person can buy antigen tests in local pharmacies and some online stores. PCR tests are only available in centers, facilities, and hospitals.\n\nPeople can check their [state health departments](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/publichealthgateway\/healthdirectories\/healthdepartments.html) or [local health departments](https:\/\/www.naccho.org\/membership\/lhd-directory) for health centers and [community-based testing sites](https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/coronavirus\/community-based-testing-sites\/index.html) that offer these tests for free.\n\n### What type of samples are there for COVID testing?\nHealthcare professionals can obtain samples from the nose, throat, or mouth (saliva). There are three methods for collecting a sample through a nasal swab:\n\n- **Nasopharyngeal:** This method involves inserting a long swab to collect a sample from the back of the nose.\n- **Mid-turbinate:** This involves inserting a soft swab less than an inch (2 centimeters) into the nostril to collect a sample.\n- **Anterior nasal (anterior nares) swab:** This method involves inserting a swab at least half an inch, or 1 cm, into the nostril to collect a sample.\n\nOther methods include collecting saliva into a sterile cap container or inserting a long swab at the back of the throat (oropharyngeal) to collect a sample.\n\n### How to understand COVID-19 test results\nA positive viral test (PCR or antigen test) indicates that a person had COVID-19 at the time of testing. It may show one of the following results:\n\n- **Detected:** There is an active infection\n- **Not detected:** Results do not indicate an active infection\n- **Indeterminate:** This result occurs when there is not enough amplifiable material or substances in the specimen for analysis. Doctors may recommend retesting.\n\nIn an antigen test, two lines mean that the test detects the virus in the sample, while a single line (in the control line) indicates that the virus is not in the specimen.\n\n## [Outlook]()\nPCR and antigen tests have their advantages and disadvantages. They differ in their procedure, accuracy, results, timing, skill requirement, price, and availability.\n\nThe best test to use would depend on the person’s purpose and current symptoms.\n\n## [Summary]()\nAntigen and PCR tests are both widely used to diagnose COVID-19. PCR tests appear to be more accurate in diagnosing COVID-19. However, antigen tests are also accurate and specific when a person already has symptoms.\n\nAntigen tests are affordable and may be helpful in situations such as when a person needs serial testing, wants to know if they are still infectious, or needs quick results.\n\n- [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/covid-19)\n\n### How we reviewed this article:\nSources\n\nMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/process).\n\n- COVID-19 test Bsics. (2022).  \n  <https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/covid-19-test-basics>\n- Coronavirus (COVID-19) testing. (2022).   \n  <https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/coronavirus-testing>\n- Ford, L., *et al.* (2021). Epidemiologic characteristics associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen-based test results, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) cycle threshold values, subgenomic RNA, and viral culture results from university testing \\[Abstract\\].  \n  <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33846714\/>\n- Gans, J., *et al*. (2022). False-positive results in rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2.  \n  <https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2788067>\n- Guidance for antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 for healthcare providers testing individuals in the community. (2022).  \n  <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/lab\/resources\/antigen-tests-guidelines.html>\n- Peeling, R., *et al.* (2021). Scaling up COVID-19 rapid antigen tests: Promises and challenges.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7906660\/>\n- Petersen, I., *et al.* (2021). Recalibrating SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid lateral flow test relative sensitivity from validation studies to absolute sensitivity for indicating individuals shedding transmissible virus.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8527245\/>\n- Peto, T., *et al.* (2021). COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: A national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing \\[Abstract\\].  \n  <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34101770\/>\n- Pilarowski, G., *et al*. (2021). Performance characteristics of a rapid severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen detection assay at a public plaza testing site in San Francisco \\[Abstract\\].  \n  <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33394052\/>\n- Potential for false positive results with antigen tests for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 - letter to clinical laboratory staff and health care providers. (2020).  \n  <https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/letters-health-care-providers\/potential-false-positive-results-antigen-tests-rapid-detection-sars-cov-2-letter-clinical-laboratory>\n- Symptoms of COVID-19. (2021).   \n  <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/symptoms-testing\/symptoms.html>\n- Total COVID-19 tests. (2022).  \n  <https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/full-list-total-tests-for-covid-19?yScale=log>\n\nShare this article\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/12\/alana-biggers-1.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH]() — Written by [Rachel Ann Tee-Melegrito]()  on March 30, 2022\n\n## Latest news\n- [Fasting-mimicking diet may help with Crohn's disease](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/fasting-mimicking-diet-may-help-with-crohns-disease)\n- [Food preservatives linked to type 2 diabetes and cancer, studies warn](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/food-preservatives-linked-to-type-2-diabetes-and-cancer-studies-warn)\n- [4 key changes to US diets: Prioritize protein, full-fat dairy, and more](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/4-key-changes-us-dietary-guidelines-prioritize-protein-full-fat-dairy)\n- [Walking, house chores may help lower diabetes, heart disease death risk](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/walking-house-chores-may-help-lower-diabetes-heart-disease-death-risk)\n- [High cholesterol may predict future heart disease risk, even in healthy women](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/high-cholesterol-predict-future-heart-disease-risk-lipoprotein-healthy-women)\n\n### Related Coverage\n- [What are the symptoms of COVID-19?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/covid-19-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Joseph Vinetz, MD](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [The main symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. Learn more about the other symptoms and what to expect here.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/covid-19-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/covid-19-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to know about PCR tests](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-pcr-test?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [What is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test? Here, we describe how the tests work and why health experts and researchers use them.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-pcr-test?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-pcr-test?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to know about antigen tests](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-an-antigen-test?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Joseph Vinetz, MD](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [Antigen tests can identify antigens present in the body, which cause immune responses such as the release of antibodies. Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-an-antigen-test?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-an-antigen-test?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to know about the Nimbus COVID-19 variant](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/nimbus-covid?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Angelica Balingit, MD](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [Unofficially named 'Nimbus', NB.1.8.1 is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19. Learn more here.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/nimbus-covid?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/nimbus-covid?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-paxlovid?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir) is a prescription drug that treats COVID-19 in certain adults. Learn about dosage, side effects, and more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-paxlovid?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-paxlovid?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. 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All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. 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URL	https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pcr-vs-rapid-test
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Meta Description	Antigen and PCR tests diagnose COVID-19. Read about how these tests differ in their method of determining results, accuracy, timing, skill requirement, and costs.
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Boilerpipe Text	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid (antigen) tests for COVID-19 both involve taking a swab. Results for a PCR test take longer, as it needs to go to a laboratory. It is more costly but tends to be more accurate. A rapid test produces results within minutes and is for home use. A person should speak with a healthcare professional to discuss any concerns regarding symptoms or testing. COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a type of coronavirus that emerged late in 2019. It affects people differently, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. However, most people with the virus will have mild to moderate illnesses and recover without medical attention. Common symptoms include: cough fever fatigue loss of smell or taste The virus spreads when a person breathes in the air with tiny particles or droplets containing the virus. Most of the symptoms appear 2–14 days after exposure. To detect COVID-19, people can test using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) swabs or rapid tests (antigen) . This article discusses the differences between PCR and antigen tests and answers frequently asked questions. To date, there have been more than 830 million tests in the United States since testing began early in 2020. The country currently has a positive rate of 4.3%. The positive rate or positivity rate is the percentage of tests returning positive relative to the total number of tests. Optum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. Learn more. The PCR and rapid tests are diagnostic tools that people and doctors can use to determine the presence of COVID-19 infection in a person. They collect samples the same way for both tests, typically through a swab. They perform this by taking a sample from the back of the throat, the nose, or both using a long cotton swab. Doctors can also collect saliva samples as a person can spit into a tube rather than using a nose or throat swab. However, the main differences include: the type of test and what it tests the procedure availability costs and timings accuracy results Type of test A lateral flow test is another term for an antigen test. While medical experts have been using these terms interchangeably with COVID-19 tests, researchers were using lateral flow technology long before COVID-19. An antigen test uses lateral flow technology to confirm the presence or absence of a pathogen or biomarker. Other terms for lateral flow tests include antigen test, dipstick, test strip, rapid test, and quick test. A PCR test is a molecular test. The PCR technique allows scientists to generate millions of copies from a very small amount of DNA. What it tests for A lateral flow test looks for protein (antigen) pieces found at the virus’s surface. An antigen is a substance that stimulates the body to produce antibodies as an immune response. The test strip contains antibodies that are specific to SARS-CoV-2. If antigens are present in the sample, the antibodies in the test strip bind to them, causing the colored line to appear in the test cassette. In comparison, a PCR test detects the RNA or the genetic material that comes with the virus. A PCR test uses chemicals to “amplify” or reproduce millions of copies of genetic material so that it can trace even the smallest amount of COVID genetic material. The procedure Although people perform both tests in the same way, using a swab, the procedure itself differs. For a PCR, a person or a healthcare professional will take a swab. Then, lab technicians run, process, and analyze the PCR sample in an equipped laboratory. Antigen testing does not require training, and a person can take a sample using a swab and determine the result at home. Availability Lateral flow tests are available, easy to use, and do not require special training. A person can buy them at pharmacies and supermarkets and self-administer the test at home. Ease of use and fast turnover makes them ideal for mass testing. A 2021 study found antigen tests to have a promising performance for mass testing. In contrast, PCR tests require special equipment and skilled laboratory technicians, and only large facilities can conduct many of these tests simultaneously. Costs and timings Due to the rigorous process of PCR tests, a person may have to wait for hours to days as lab technicians test their sample. This timing can vary by area and state. The PCR testing process also makes it more expensive. On the other hand, antigen tests are relatively cheaper and have a much shorter turnaround time of 15–30 minutes . Accuracy Because PCR tests can trace small amounts of COVID genetic material, they are highly sensitive and less likely to generate false-negative results. Rapid antigen tests may not be as accurate as PCR tests. A 2021 study found that an antigen test is likely to be more accurate in people with high viral loads. Another 2021 study found that antigen tests are more specific when a person already presents with symptoms. While many studies show that antigen tests have a low sensitivity compared with PCR tests, further research states they have a high specificity or can detect people who do not have the disease correctly. Results Since lateral flow tests do not amplify the material they are looking for, the sample needs to contain enough viral antigen for the test to detect it. This makes it less accurate and shows a false-negative result in the early stages of infection when a person is asymptomatic and after the acute phase of the disease when the viral load decreases . The Food and Drug Administration also warned healthcare professionals that false-positive results might occur in antigen tests, especially when users do not follow the instructions. A 2022 Canadian study found that around 0.05% of tests conducted in 537 workplaces had a false-positive result, which the authors attributed to manufacturing issues rather than faulty implementation. On the other hand, the CDC state that PCR tests may render positive results weeks to months after the initial infection. Do both tests check for all variants? According to the World Health Organization , both PCR and rapid antigen tests can detect the Omicron variant and older variants. When to test? A person who shows symptoms should take a test immediately. A person who does not show symptoms but has had close contact with someone with COVID-19 should take a test at least five days after exposure. People who will travel should follow the guidelines set by their destination countries. Which test is right for you? The type of test depends on the person’s situation and symptoms. A person who needs urgent results or is currently experiencing symptoms may take an antigen test to get an immediate result. However, an antigen test may not provide an accurate result for people who are not experiencing symptoms. People who have had exposure to the virus, or have been in high-risk areas, who need to undergo a medical procedure, or continue to have symptoms even with a negative antigen test, should take a PCR test. An antigen test can also be helpful for people in isolation who want to check if they are still infectious. How to order tests? A person can buy antigen tests in local pharmacies and some online stores. PCR tests are only available in centers, facilities, and hospitals. What type of samples are there for COVID testing? Healthcare professionals can obtain samples from the nose, throat, or mouth (saliva). There are three methods for collecting a sample through a nasal swab: Nasopharyngeal: This method involves inserting a long swab to collect a sample from the back of the nose. Mid-turbinate: This involves inserting a soft swab less than an inch (2 centimeters) into the nostril to collect a sample. Anterior nasal (anterior nares) swab: This method involves inserting a swab at least half an inch, or 1 cm, into the nostril to collect a sample. Other methods include collecting saliva into a sterile cap container or inserting a long swab at the back of the throat (oropharyngeal) to collect a sample. How to understand COVID-19 test results A positive viral test (PCR or antigen test) indicates that a person had COVID-19 at the time of testing. It may show one of the following results: Detected: There is an active infection Not detected: Results do not indicate an active infection Indeterminate: This result occurs when there is not enough amplifiable material or substances in the specimen for analysis. Doctors may recommend retesting. In an antigen test, two lines mean that the test detects the virus in the sample, while a single line (in the control line) indicates that the virus is not in the specimen. PCR and antigen tests have their advantages and disadvantages. They differ in their procedure, accuracy, results, timing, skill requirement, price, and availability. The best test to use would depend on the person’s purpose and current symptoms. Antigen and PCR tests are both widely used to diagnose COVID-19. PCR tests appear to be more accurate in diagnosing COVID-19. However, antigen tests are also accurate and specific when a person already has symptoms. Antigen tests are affordable and may be helpful in situations such as when a person needs serial testing, wants to know if they are still infectious, or needs quick results.
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[Bezzy Psoriasis](https://www.bezzypsoriasis.com/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect) ### Follow Us Subscribe # PCR vs. rapid test: What to know ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/12/alana-biggers-1.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH]() — Written by [Rachel Ann Tee-Melegrito]() on March 30, 2022 - [COVID cases](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pcr-vs-rapid-test#covid-cases) - [Differences in tests](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pcr-vs-rapid-test#differences-in-tests) - [FAQs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pcr-vs-rapid-test#fa-qs) - [Outlook](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pcr-vs-rapid-test#outlook) - [Summary](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pcr-vs-rapid-test#summary) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid (antigen) tests for COVID-19 both involve taking a swab. Results for a PCR test take longer, as it needs to go to a laboratory. It is more costly but tends to be more accurate. A rapid test produces results within minutes and is for home use. A person should speak with a healthcare professional to discuss any concerns regarding symptoms or testing. [COVID-19](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a type of [coronavirus](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/256521) that emerged late in 2019. It affects people differently, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. However, most people with the virus will have mild to moderate illnesses and recover without medical attention. Common symptoms include: - [cough](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/220349) - [fever](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168266) - [fatigue](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248002) - loss of smell or [taste](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325281) [Learn more about COVID-19 symptoms and their progression here](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/progression-of-covid-19-symptoms). The virus spreads when a person breathes in the air with tiny particles or droplets containing the virus. Most of the symptoms appear [2–14 days](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html) after exposure. To detect COVID-19, people can test using [polymerase chain reaction](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-pcr-test) (PCR) swabs or [rapid tests (antigen)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/at-home-coronavirus-test). This article discusses the differences between PCR and antigen tests and answers frequently asked questions. ## [COVID cases]() ![A person testing for COVID-19 from a drive-through test centre](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/02/covid_test_pcr_vs_antigen_1296x728_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528) [Share on Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fpcr-vs-rapid-test&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F02%2Fcovid_test_pcr_vs_antigen_1296x728_header-1024x575.jpg&description=PCR%20vs.%20rapid%20test%3A%20Differences%20and%20more "Share on Pinterest") Brandon Bell/Getty Images To date, there have been more than [830 million tests](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-total-tests-for-covid-19?yScale=log) in the United States since testing began early in 2020. The country currently has a positive rate of 4.3%. The positive rate or positivity rate is the percentage of tests returning positive relative to the total number of tests. »MORE:[Get an online treatment plan for COVID-19 in as little as 15 minutes with Optum Now Online Care.](https://now.optum.com/online-care/app/cp_12q_449a_covid19coronavirus?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=organic-onlinecare-on&utm_content=linkto-oc-on-covid-19&utm_campaign=mnt-article-oc-on-backlink) Optum Now is operated by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) ## [Overview of differences]() The PCR and rapid tests are diagnostic tools that people and doctors can use to determine the presence of COVID-19 infection in a person. They collect samples the same way for both tests, typically through a swab. They perform this by taking a sample from the back of the throat, the nose, or both using a long cotton swab. Doctors can also [collect](https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/covid-19-test-basics) saliva samples as a person can spit into a tube rather than using a nose or throat swab. However, the main differences include: - the type of test and what it tests - the procedure - availability - costs and timings - accuracy - results ### Type of test A lateral flow test is another term for an antigen test. While medical experts have been using these terms interchangeably with COVID-19 tests, researchers were using lateral flow technology long before COVID-19. An antigen test uses lateral flow technology to confirm the presence or absence of a pathogen or biomarker. Other terms for lateral flow tests include antigen test, dipstick, test strip, rapid test, and quick test. A PCR test is a molecular test. The PCR technique allows scientists to generate millions of copies from a very small amount of DNA. ### What it tests for A lateral flow test looks for protein (antigen) pieces found at the virus’s surface. An antigen is a substance that stimulates the body to produce [antibodies](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-an-antibody) as an immune response. The test strip contains antibodies that are specific to SARS-CoV-2. If antigens are present in the sample, the antibodies in the test strip bind to them, causing the colored line to appear in the test cassette. In comparison, a PCR test detects the RNA or the genetic material that comes with the virus. A PCR test uses chemicals to “amplify” or reproduce millions of copies of genetic material so that it can trace even the smallest amount of COVID genetic material. ### The procedure Although people perform both tests in the same way, using a swab, the procedure itself differs. For a PCR, a person or a healthcare professional will take a swab. Then, lab technicians run, process, and analyze the PCR sample in an equipped laboratory. Antigen testing does not require training, and a person can take a sample using a swab and determine the result at home. [Read more about the testing procedures here.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-testing) ### Availability Lateral flow tests are available, easy to use, and do not require special training. A person can buy them at pharmacies and supermarkets and self-administer the test at home. Ease of use and fast turnover makes them ideal for mass testing. A [2021 study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34101770/) found antigen tests to have a promising performance for mass testing. In contrast, PCR tests require special equipment and skilled laboratory technicians, and only large facilities can conduct many of these tests simultaneously. ### Costs and timings Due to the rigorous process of PCR tests, a person may have to wait for hours to days as lab technicians test their sample. This timing can vary by area and state. The PCR testing process also makes it more expensive. On the other hand, antigen tests are relatively cheaper and have a much shorter turnaround time of [15–30 minutes](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html). ### Accuracy Because PCR tests can trace small amounts of COVID genetic material, they are highly sensitive and less likely to generate false-negative results. Rapid antigen tests may not be as accurate as PCR tests. A [2021 study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33394052/) found that an antigen test is likely to be more accurate in people with high viral loads. Another [2021 study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846714/) found that antigen tests are more specific when a person already presents with symptoms. While many studies show that antigen tests have a low sensitivity compared with PCR tests, [further research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8527245/) states they have a high specificity or can detect people who do not have the disease correctly. [Learn more about different COVID-19 tests here](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-testing#where-are-the-tests). ### Results Since lateral flow tests do not amplify the material they are looking for, the sample needs to contain enough viral antigen for the test to detect it. This makes it less accurate and shows a false-negative result in the early stages of infection when a person is asymptomatic and after the acute phase of the disease when the viral load [decreases](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309921000487). The [Food and Drug Administration](https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/letters-health-care-providers/potential-false-positive-results-antigen-tests-rapid-detection-sars-cov-2-letter-clinical-laboratory) also warned healthcare professionals that false-positive results might occur in antigen tests, especially when users do not follow the instructions. A [2022 Canadian study](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2788067) found that around 0.05% of tests conducted in 537 workplaces had a false-positive result, which the authors attributed to manufacturing issues rather than faulty implementation. The [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html) recommend a confirmatory PCR test for people with symptoms who have a negative antigen test result. On the other hand, the CDC state that PCR tests may render positive results weeks to months after the initial infection. ## [FAQs]() ### Do both tests check for all variants? According to the [World Health Organization](https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/2021-12-23-global-technical-brief-and-priority-action-on-omicron.pdf?sfvrsn=d0e9fb6c_8), both PCR and rapid antigen tests can detect the Omicron variant and older variants. ### When to test? A person who shows symptoms should take a test immediately. A person who does not show symptoms but has had close contact with someone with COVID-19 should take a test at least five days after exposure. People who will travel should follow the guidelines set by their destination countries. ### Which test is right for you? The type of test depends on the person’s situation and symptoms. A person who needs urgent results or is currently experiencing symptoms may take an antigen test to get an immediate result. However, an antigen test may not provide an accurate result for people who are not experiencing symptoms. People who have had exposure to the virus, or have been in high-risk areas, who need to undergo a medical procedure, or continue to have symptoms even with a negative antigen test, should take a PCR test. An antigen test can also be helpful for people in isolation who want to check if they are still infectious. ### How to order tests? A person can buy antigen tests in local pharmacies and some online stores. PCR tests are only available in centers, facilities, and hospitals. People can check their [state health departments](https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/healthdirectories/healthdepartments.html) or [local health departments](https://www.naccho.org/membership/lhd-directory) for health centers and [community-based testing sites](https://www.hhs.gov/coronavirus/community-based-testing-sites/index.html) that offer these tests for free. ### What type of samples are there for COVID testing? Healthcare professionals can obtain samples from the nose, throat, or mouth (saliva). There are three methods for collecting a sample through a nasal swab: - Nasopharyngeal: This method involves inserting a long swab to collect a sample from the back of the nose. - Mid-turbinate: This involves inserting a soft swab less than an inch (2 centimeters) into the nostril to collect a sample. - Anterior nasal (anterior nares) swab: This method involves inserting a swab at least half an inch, or 1 cm, into the nostril to collect a sample. Other methods include collecting saliva into a sterile cap container or inserting a long swab at the back of the throat (oropharyngeal) to collect a sample. ### How to understand COVID-19 test results A positive viral test (PCR or antigen test) indicates that a person had COVID-19 at the time of testing. It may show one of the following results: - Detected: There is an active infection - Not detected: Results do not indicate an active infection - Indeterminate: This result occurs when there is not enough amplifiable material or substances in the specimen for analysis. Doctors may recommend retesting. In an antigen test, two lines mean that the test detects the virus in the sample, while a single line (in the control line) indicates that the virus is not in the specimen. ## [Outlook]() PCR and antigen tests have their advantages and disadvantages. They differ in their procedure, accuracy, results, timing, skill requirement, price, and availability. The best test to use would depend on the person’s purpose and current symptoms. ## [Summary]() Antigen and PCR tests are both widely used to diagnose COVID-19. PCR tests appear to be more accurate in diagnosing COVID-19. However, antigen tests are also accurate and specific when a person already has symptoms. Antigen tests are affordable and may be helpful in situations such as when a person needs serial testing, wants to know if they are still infectious, or needs quick results. - [COVID-19](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/covid-19) ### How we reviewed this article: Sources Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process). - COVID-19 test Bsics. (2022). <https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/covid-19-test-basics> - Coronavirus (COVID-19) testing. (2022). <https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-testing> - Ford, L., et al. (2021). Epidemiologic characteristics associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen-based test results, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) cycle threshold values, subgenomic RNA, and viral culture results from university testing \[Abstract\]. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846714/> - Gans, J., et al. (2022). False-positive results in rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2. <https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2788067> - Guidance for antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 for healthcare providers testing individuals in the community. (2022). <https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html> - Peeling, R., et al. (2021). Scaling up COVID-19 rapid antigen tests: Promises and challenges. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7906660/> - Petersen, I., et al. (2021). Recalibrating SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid lateral flow test relative sensitivity from validation studies to absolute sensitivity for indicating individuals shedding transmissible virus. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8527245/> - Peto, T., et al. (2021). COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: A national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing \[Abstract\]. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34101770/> - Pilarowski, G., et al. (2021). Performance characteristics of a rapid severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen detection assay at a public plaza testing site in San Francisco \[Abstract\]. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33394052/> - Potential for false positive results with antigen tests for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 - letter to clinical laboratory staff and health care providers. (2020). <https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/letters-health-care-providers/potential-false-positive-results-antigen-tests-rapid-detection-sars-cov-2-letter-clinical-laboratory> - Symptoms of COVID-19. (2021). <https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html> - Total COVID-19 tests. (2022). <https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-total-tests-for-covid-19?yScale=log> Share this article ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/12/alana-biggers-1.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH]() — Written by [Rachel Ann Tee-Melegrito]() on March 30, 2022 ## Latest news - [Fasting-mimicking diet may help with Crohn's disease](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fasting-mimicking-diet-may-help-with-crohns-disease) - [Food preservatives linked to type 2 diabetes and cancer, studies warn](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/food-preservatives-linked-to-type-2-diabetes-and-cancer-studies-warn) - [4 key changes to US diets: Prioritize protein, full-fat dairy, and more](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/4-key-changes-us-dietary-guidelines-prioritize-protein-full-fat-dairy) - [Walking, house chores may help lower diabetes, heart disease death risk](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/walking-house-chores-may-help-lower-diabetes-heart-disease-death-risk) - [High cholesterol may predict future heart disease risk, even in healthy women](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-cholesterol-predict-future-heart-disease-risk-lipoprotein-healthy-women) ### Related Coverage - [What are the symptoms of COVID-19?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Joseph Vinetz, MD](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers) [The main symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. Learn more about the other symptoms and what to expect here.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What to know about PCR tests](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-pcr-test?utm_source=ReadNext) [What is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test? Here, we describe how the tests work and why health experts and researchers use them.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-pcr-test?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-pcr-test?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What to know about antigen tests](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-an-antigen-test?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Joseph Vinetz, MD](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers) [Antigen tests can identify antigens present in the body, which cause immune responses such as the release of antibodies. Learn more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-an-antigen-test?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-an-antigen-test?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What to know about the Nimbus COVID-19 variant](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nimbus-covid?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Angelica Balingit, MD](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers) [Unofficially named 'Nimbus', NB.1.8.1 is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19. Learn more here.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nimbus-covid?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nimbus-covid?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-paxlovid?utm_source=ReadNext) [Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) is a prescription drug that treats COVID-19 in certain adults. Learn about dosage, side effects, and more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-paxlovid?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-paxlovid?utm_source=ReadNext) © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. 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