🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 110 (from laksa087)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa110.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942","crawl_time":1775013125,"first_indexed_time":1548347395,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,medicalnewstoday!www,\/articles\/36942 s443","src_root_hash":"5853625527623639710","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments","meta_descriptions":["Schizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can cause confused speech, delusions, and social withdrawal. Treatment is available. Learn more here."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Schizophrenia is a fairly uncommon condition, affecting around\n0.25 to 0.64%\nof people in the United States. It can have a profound effect on a person’s life and the lives of those around them.\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help manage the symptoms.\nThis article will look at the causes and symptoms of schizophrenia and some of the treatment options available.\nThe symptoms of schizophrenia usually emerge when a person is in their\nlate teens or early 30s\n. They tend to develop earlier in males than in females.\nSometimes, a person will start to show unusual behaviors from childhood, but these only become significant as they get older. In others, symptoms may appear suddenly.\nSchizophrenia affects people in different ways, but there are some common symptoms. These\ninclude\n:\nconfused speech that is intact but hard for others to interpret and understand\na lack of facial expression\na lack of emotional expression\na lack of motivation\ndifficulty concentrating\ndelusions and hallucinations\nBefore experiencing these symptoms, a person may appear:\nout of sorts\nanxious\nto lack focus\nThe following sections explore some of the main symptoms of schizophrenia in more detail.\nDelusions\nA person experiencing delusions has a fixed belief about something regardless of the evidence.\nFor example, they may believe that:\nThey are very important\n.\nSomeone is pursuing them.\nOthers are attempting to control them remotely.\nThey have extraordinary powers or abilities.\nHallucinations\nSome people experience\nhallucinations\n. The most common type is hearing voices, but hallucinations can affect all the senses. For example, a person may also see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not really there.\nConfused thinking and speech\nA person’s thinking and speech may jump from one subject to another for no logical reason. Therefore, it may be difficult to follow what the person is trying to say.\nThere may also be memory problems and difficulty understanding and using information.\nOther symptoms\nThe above symptoms can also\naffect\na person’s:\nMotivation:\nThe person may neglect everyday activities, including self-care. They may also experience\ncatatonia\n, during which they can barely talk or move.\nEmotional expression:\nThe person may respond inappropriately or not at all on sad or happy occasions.\nSocial life:\nThe person may withdraw socially, possibly through fear that somebody will harm them.\nCommunication:\nThe person’s unusual thought and speech patterns can make it difficult for them to communicate with others.\nMany people with schizophrenia do not realize that they are unwell. Hallucinations and delusions can seem very real to a person who is experiencing them. This can make it hard to convince the individual to seek treatment or take medication. They may fear the side effects or believe that medication will harm them.\nSchizophrenia usually appears in a person’s late teens or older, but it can also affect\nchildren\n.\nSchizophrenia\nlikely develops\nwhen genetic and environmental factors combine.\nFor example, the following factors might all contribute to the development of schizophrenia.\nGenetic inheritance\nIf there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are low. However, a\nperson’s risk rises\nif one of their parents has a diagnosis of schizophrenia.\nA chemical imbalance in the brain\nSchizophrenia appears to develop when there is an imbalance of the\nneurotransmitter\ndopamine and possibly serotonin in the brain.\nEnvironmental factors\nEnvironmental factors that may increase the risk of schizophrenia include:\ntrauma during birth\nmalnutrition before birth\nviral infections\npsychosocial factors, such as\ntrauma\nCannabis use\nResearchers have found an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia. A 2023 study found that\nup to 30%\nof schizophrenia cases among males ages 21 to 30 may have links to cannabis use disorder.\nIn\n2017\n, scientists found evidence to suggest that some substances in cannabis can trigger schizophrenia in those susceptible to it.\nPeople with untreated schizophrenia are\nmore likely\nto self-harm and be violent toward others than those who have received treatment.\nAn\nolder Chinese study from 2015\ncompared outcomes for 123,572 people with treated and untreated schizophrenia 14 years after they received a diagnosis.\nAfter 14 years, people who did not receive treatment were more likely to:\nbe older\nhave fewer family members\nbe homeless\nhave died from other causes\nbe unmarried\nlive alone\nbe without a caregiver\nhave more negative family attitudes\nThe researchers also found that 57.3% of treated people experienced partial or complete remission, compared to 29.8% in the never-treated group.\nIf someone is showing symptoms of schizophrenia, it is important to get prompt treatment.\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but effective treatment can help a person manage the symptoms, prevent relapses, and avoid hospitalization.\nEach person’s experience will differ, and a doctor will\ntailor the treatment\nto suit the individual.\nSome potential treatment options include:\nAntipsychotic drugs\n:\nPeople can take these daily or less frequently if they opt for injectable medications, which can last up to 6 months, depending on the medication.\nCounseling\n:\nMental health counseling can help people develop coping skills and pursue their life goals.\nCoordinated special care:\nThis integrates medication, family involvement, and education services in a holistic approach.\nAntipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia include:\nrisperidone\n(Risperdal)\nolanzapine (Zyprexa)\nquetiapine\n(Seroquel)\nziprasidone (Geodon)\nclozapine (Clozaril)\nhaloperidol (Haldol)\nHowever, antipsychotic medications may cause adverse effects, such as drowsiness and weight gain.\nIt is essential for a person to continue with their treatment plan, even if the symptoms improve. If they stop taking medication, the symptoms may return.\nThere is no diagnostic test to assess schizophrenia. A doctor will diagnose it by observing how the person behaves. They will also ask about their history of physical and mental health.\nThat said, they may recommend some tests to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as a tumor, brain injury, or another mental health condition, such as\nbipolar disorder\n.\nDiagnostic criteria\nTo diagnose schizophrenia, a doctor will use the\ncriteria\nfrom the DSM-5-TR. This manual provides criteria for diagnosing a wide range of mental health conditions.\nAccording to the criteria, a person must have at least two of the following symptoms for 1 month:\ndelusions\nhallucinations\ndisorganized speech\ngrossly disorganized or catatonic behavior\nnegative symptoms, such as lack of speech, emotional flatness, or lack of motivation\nAt least one of these must be 1, 2, or 3.\nThey must also experience considerable impairment in their ability to function in school or at work, interact with others, or carry out self-care tasks.\nThey must also have symptoms that persist for 6 months or more and are not due to another health condition, a prescribed medication, or the use of other substances.\nSchizophrenia is a long-term condition that can profoundly affect a person’s ability to function. These effects can also affect the people around them.\nTreatment is available to help a person manage their symptoms. People with schizophrenia will also benefit from the support of their family, friends, and community services.\nAnyone caring for someone with schizophrenia can help by learning how to spot the onset of an episode, encouraging the person to adhere to their treatment plan, and supporting them through their experience.","attrs_markdown":"- Health Conditions\n  Health Conditions\n  \n  - [Alzheimer's & Dementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/alzheimers-and-dementia)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/anxiety)\n  - [Asthma & Allergies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/asthma-and-allergies)\n  - [Atopic Dermatitis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-atopic-dermatitis)\n  - [Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/breast-cancer)\n  - [Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cancer)\n  - [Cardiovascular Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cardiovascular-health)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/coronavirus?correlationId=2b137d5a-dcfb-464e-9ea6-72c5a54b4e92)\n  - 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[Can Cannibas Trigger?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/weed-induced-schizophrenia-symptoms)\n  - [Religious Impacts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/religious-schizophrenia)\n  - [Trauma Induced](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/trauma-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Average Age of Onset](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-age-of-onset)\n  - [Risk of Occurance](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-common-is-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dopamine-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Genetic Impacts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-and-genetics)\n  - [Causes Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-do-you-get-schizophrenia)\n- ### Complications\n  Complications\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Impacts on Brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-part-of-the-brain-is-affected-by-schizophrenia)\n  - [Can It Affect Smell?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-smell)\n  - [Decompensation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/decompensated-schizophrenia)\n  - [Increased Risk of Parkinson's](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-may-increase-parkinsons-disease-risk)\n- ### Diagnosis\n  Diagnosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Brain Scans](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-schizophrenia-show-on-a-brain-scan)\n  - [Can it Go Undiagnosed?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/undiagnosed-schizophrenia)\n  - [Blood Tests](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/expert-perspectives-blood-tests-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Diagnosis Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-test)\n- ### Home Remedies\n  Home Remedies\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Alternative Treatments Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/alternative-treatments-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [CBD Oil](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-cbd-oil-help-schizophrenia)\n- ### Management\n  Management\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Managing Relationships](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dating-someone-with-schizophrenia)\n  - [Supporting Someone Else](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia)\n  - [Claiming Disability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-schizophrenia-a-disability)\n  - [Coping Tips](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-coping)\n  - [Support Groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-support-groups)\n  - [Expressed Emotion](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/expressed-emotion-schizophrenia)\n  - [Art Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-art)\n  - [Management Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/living-with-schizophrenia)\n- ### Treatment\n  Treatment\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ect-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abilify](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/abilify)\n  - [Rexulti](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/rexulti)\n  - [Injections](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-injection)\n  - [Latuda](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/latuda)\n  - [Caplyta](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-caplyta)\n  - [Invega](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega)\n  - [Cobenfy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-cobenfy)\n  - [Atypical Antipsychotics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/atypical-antipsychotics)\n  - [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cbt-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Fanapt](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-fanapt)\n  - [Risperdal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risperdal-schizophrenia)\n  - [Invega Sustenna](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-sustenna)\n  - [Lithium](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/lithium-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Lybalvi](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-lybalvi)\n  - [Aristada](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/aristada)\n  - [Combination Therapies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/combination-therapies-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-therapy)\n  - [Treatment Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abilify](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-aripiprazole-tablet)\n  - [Cobenfy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/breakthrough-in-schizophrenia-treatment)\n  - [Invega Trinza](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-trinza)\n  - [Abilify Maintena](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-abilify-maintena)\n  - [Abilify Asimtufii](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-abilify-asimtufii)\n  - [Invega Hafyera](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-hafyera)\n- ### Prognosis\n  Prognosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Work Life](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-people-with-schizophrenia-work)\n  - [Does it Worsen With Age?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-schizophrenia-get-worse-with-age)\n  - [Possible Cures](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-there-a-cure-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Outlook Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-life-expectancy)\n- ### Related Conditions\n  Related Conditions\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Drug-Induced](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drug-induced-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Psychosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Relationship to ADHD](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314464)\n  - [vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dissociative-identity-disorder-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [With Paranoia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621)\n  - [Autism & Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-you-have-autism-and-schizophrenia-at-the-same-time)\n  - [vs. Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizoaffective-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Dementia?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-and-dementia)\n  - [Alcohol-Induced Pyschosis Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Delusional Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/delusional-disorder-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Drug-Induced Pyschosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drug-induced-psychosis-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Asperger's](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/aspergers-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [With Depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-depression)\n  - [Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/190678)\n  - [Schizophreniform Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophreniform)\n  - [Link to Stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/link-between-stress-and-schizophrenia)\n- ### Stages\n  Stages\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Stages Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Prodromal Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/prodromal-schizophrenia)\n- ### Symptoms\n  Symptoms\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Auditory Hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/auditory-hallucinations)\n  - [Hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-hallucinations)\n  - [Avolition](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/avolition-schizophrenia)\n  - [Positive Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Delusions](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-delusions)\n  - [Disorganized Thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192361)\n  - [Negative Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [In Teens](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-in-teens)\n  - [vs. Neurotypical Brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-brain-vs-neurotypical-brain)\n  - [Early Signs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/early-signs-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abivalence](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ambivalence-schizophrenia)\n  - [Flat Affect](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/flat-affect-schizophrenia)\n  - [Clanging](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/clanging-schizophrenia)\n  - [Early Signs in Children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/early-signs-of-schizophrenia-in-children)\n- ### Types\n  Types\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Catatonic Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192263)\n  - [In Females](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-in-women)\n  - [Undifferentiated Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/undifferentiated-schizophrenia)\n  - [Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia)\n  - [Borderline Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/borderline-schizophrenia)\n  - [Acute Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/acute-schizophrenia)\n  - [Simple Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/simple-schizophrenia)\n  - [In Children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192104)\n  - [High Functioning Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/high-functioning-schizophrenia)\n  - [Types Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192770)\n\n[Investigating Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-schizophrenia \"Investigating Schizophrenia program landing page\")\n\nContent created by Medical News Today and supported by advertising. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/ad-policy)\n\n# What to know about schizophrenia\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Nicole_Washington_500x500_Med_Reviewer_Photos_v2.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Nicole Washington, DO, MPH]() — Written by [Tim Newman]() and [Ruth Eagle]() —  [Updated on May 9, 2025]()\n\n- [Age of onset](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942#age-of-onset)\n- [Types](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942#types)\n- [Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942#symptoms)\n- [Causes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942#causes)\n- [Without treatment](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942#without-treatment)\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942#treatment)\n- [Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942#diagnosis)\n- [Summary](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942#summary)\n\n### Key takeaways\n- People typically develop schizophrenia in their late teenage years or early 30s. Symptoms may begin as unusual behaviors that start in childhood or appear suddenly in later years.\n- Schizophrenia symptoms can affect a person’s social interactions, emotional expression, and ability to communicate. Common symptoms include lack of motivation, disorganized speech and thoughts, lack of emotional expression, delusions, hallucinations, and difficulty concentrating.\n- Previously, researchers categorized schizophrenia into paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types. However, current diagnostic manuals no longer use these categories due to an overlap in symptoms.\n\nSchizophrenia is a fairly uncommon condition, affecting around [0\\.25 to 0.64%](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/schizophrenia.shtml) of people in the United States. It can have a profound effect on a person’s life and the lives of those around them.\n\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help manage the symptoms.\n\nThis article will look at the causes and symptoms of schizophrenia and some of the treatment options available.\n\n## [When does schizophrenia typically develop?]()\n![A black and white image of shadows on a woman's face.](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/shadows-face-schizophrenia-symptoms-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528)\n\n[Share on Pinterest](https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F36942&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F08%2Fshadows-face-schizophrenia-symptoms-header-1024x575.jpg&description=Schizophrenia%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20causes%2C%20and%20treatments \"Share on Pinterest\")\n\nElena Karetnikova\/EyeEm\/Getty Images\n\nThe symptoms of schizophrenia usually emerge when a person is in their [late teens or early 30s](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/schizophrenia). They tend to develop earlier in males than in females.\n\nSometimes, a person will start to show unusual behaviors from childhood, but these only become significant as they get older. In others, symptoms may appear suddenly.\n\nLearn more about the [average age of onset for schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-age-of-onset)\n\n## [Types of schizophrenia]()\nThe classifications and types of schizophrenia have changed over the years. Previously, health professionals may have classified schizophrenia as one of the following five types:\n\n- [paranoid](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621.php)\n- [disorganized](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192361)\n- [catatonic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192263.php)\n- [undifferentiated](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/undifferentiated-schizophrenia)\n- [residual](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/residual-schizophrenia)\n\nHowever, doctors no longer classify types of schizophrenia. The [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR)](https:\/\/dsm.psychiatryonline.org\/) is the manual mental health professionals use to diagnose mental health conditions. The current version, DSM-5-TR, [no longer](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/) uses these categories. This is because health experts noted that the previous types had many overlapping features and symptoms.\n\nLearn more about the [different types of schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192770).\n\n## [Symptoms of schizophrenia]()\nSchizophrenia affects people in different ways, but there are some common symptoms. These [include](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/genetics\/condition\/schizophrenia\/):\n\n- confused speech that is intact but hard for others to interpret and understand\n- a lack of facial expression\n- a lack of emotional expression\n- a lack of motivation\n- difficulty concentrating\n- delusions and hallucinations\n\nBefore experiencing these symptoms, a person may appear:\n\n- out of sorts\n- anxious\n- to lack focus\n\nThe following sections explore some of the main symptoms of schizophrenia in more detail.\n\n### Delusions\nA person experiencing delusions has a fixed belief about something regardless of the evidence.\n\nFor example, they may believe that:\n\n- [They are very important](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321649).\n- Someone is pursuing them.\n- Others are attempting to control them remotely.\n- They have extraordinary powers or abilities.\n### Hallucinations\nSome people experience [hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327014). The most common type is hearing voices, but hallucinations can affect all the senses. For example, a person may also see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not really there.\n\n### Confused thinking and speech\nA person’s thinking and speech may jump from one subject to another for no logical reason. Therefore, it may be difficult to follow what the person is trying to say.\n\nThere may also be memory problems and difficulty understanding and using information.\n\n### Other symptoms\nThe above symptoms can also [affect](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/symptoms\/) a person’s:\n\n- **Motivation:** The person may neglect everyday activities, including self-care. They may also experience [catatonia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192263), during which they can barely talk or move.\n- **Emotional expression:** The person may respond inappropriately or not at all on sad or happy occasions.\n- **Social life:** The person may withdraw socially, possibly through fear that somebody will harm them.\n- **Communication:** The person’s unusual thought and speech patterns can make it difficult for them to communicate with others.\n\nMany people with schizophrenia do not realize that they are unwell. Hallucinations and delusions can seem very real to a person who is experiencing them. This can make it hard to convince the individual to seek treatment or take medication. They may fear the side effects or believe that medication will harm them.\n\nSchizophrenia usually appears in a person’s late teens or older, but it can also affect [children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192104).\n\nLearn more about the [symptoms of schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942)\n\n## [Causes of schizophrenia]()\nSchizophrenia [likely develops](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia) when genetic and environmental factors combine.\n\nFor example, the following factors might all contribute to the development of schizophrenia.\n\n### Genetic inheritance\nIf there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are low. However, a [person’s risk rises](https:\/\/ghr.nlm.nih.gov\/condition\/schizophrenia#inheritance) if one of their parents has a diagnosis of schizophrenia.\n\n### A chemical imbalance in the brain\nSchizophrenia appears to develop when there is an imbalance of the [neurotransmitter](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326649) dopamine and possibly serotonin in the brain.\n\n### Environmental factors\nEnvironmental factors that may increase the risk of schizophrenia include:\n\n- trauma during birth\n- malnutrition before birth\n- viral infections\n- psychosocial factors, such as [trauma](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/trauma-and-schizophrenia)\n### Cannabis use\nResearchers have found an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia. A 2023 study found that [up to 30%](https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/young-men-highest-risk-schizophrenia-linked-cannabis-use-disorder) of schizophrenia cases among males ages 21 to 30 may have links to cannabis use disorder.\n\nIn [2017](https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article\/26\/13\/2462\/3574683), scientists found evidence to suggest that some substances in cannabis can trigger schizophrenia in those susceptible to it.\n\nLearn more about [cannabis and schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/weed-induced-schizophrenia-symptoms)\n\n## [What happens if schizophrenia is untreated?]()\nPeople with untreated schizophrenia are [more likely](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia) to self-harm and be violent toward others than those who have received treatment.\n\nAn [older Chinese study from 2015](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4664855\/) compared outcomes for 123,572 people with treated and untreated schizophrenia 14 years after they received a diagnosis.\n\nAfter 14 years, people who did not receive treatment were more likely to:\n\n- be older\n- have fewer family members\n- be homeless\n- have died from other causes\n- be unmarried\n- live alone\n- be without a caregiver\n- have more negative family attitudes\n\nThe researchers also found that 57.3% of treated people experienced partial or complete remission, compared to 29.8% in the never-treated group.\n\nIf someone is showing symptoms of schizophrenia, it is important to get prompt treatment.\n\nLearn about [treatment-resistant schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia)\n\n## [Treatment for schizophrenia]()\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but effective treatment can help a person manage the symptoms, prevent relapses, and avoid hospitalization.\n\nEach person’s experience will differ, and a doctor will [tailor the treatment](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/treatment\/) to suit the individual.\n\nSome potential treatment options include:\n\n- **[Antipsychotic drugs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-second-generation-antipsychotics):** People can take these daily or less frequently if they opt for injectable medications, which can last up to 6 months, depending on the medication.\n- **[Counseling](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mental-health-counselor):** Mental health counseling can help people develop coping skills and pursue their life goals.\n- **Coordinated special care:** This integrates medication, family involvement, and education services in a holistic approach.\n\nAntipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia include:\n\n- [risperidone](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risperdal-schizophrenia) (Risperdal)\n- olanzapine (Zyprexa)\n- [quetiapine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/quetiapine-oral-tablet) (Seroquel)\n- ziprasidone (Geodon)\n- clozapine (Clozaril)\n- haloperidol (Haldol)\n\nHowever, antipsychotic medications may cause adverse effects, such as drowsiness and weight gain.\n\nIt is essential for a person to continue with their treatment plan, even if the symptoms improve. If they stop taking medication, the symptoms may return.\n\nLearn more about [antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-second-generation-antipsychotics)\n\n## [Diagnosing schizophrenia]()\nThere is no diagnostic test to assess schizophrenia. A doctor will diagnose it by observing how the person behaves. They will also ask about their history of physical and mental health.\n\nThat said, they may recommend some tests to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as a tumor, brain injury, or another mental health condition, such as [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/37010).\n\n### Diagnostic criteria\nTo diagnose schizophrenia, a doctor will use the [criteria](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/) from the DSM-5-TR. This manual provides criteria for diagnosing a wide range of mental health conditions.\n\nAccording to the criteria, a person must have at least two of the following symptoms for 1 month:\n\n1. delusions\n2. hallucinations\n3. disorganized speech\n4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior\n5. negative symptoms, such as lack of speech, emotional flatness, or lack of motivation\n\nAt least one of these must be 1, 2, or 3.\n\nThey must also experience considerable impairment in their ability to function in school or at work, interact with others, or carry out self-care tasks.\n\nThey must also have symptoms that persist for 6 months or more and are not due to another health condition, a prescribed medication, or the use of other substances.\n\nLearn about the [stages of schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia)\n\n### Support for people affected by schizophrenia\nSupport groups can help people affected by schizophrenia to cope and make connections with people who understand their experiences.\n\nFind more information in this article about [schizophrenia support groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-support-groups#getting-support).\n\n## [Summary]()\nSchizophrenia is a long-term condition that can profoundly affect a person’s ability to function. These effects can also affect the people around them.\n\nTreatment is available to help a person manage their symptoms. People with schizophrenia will also benefit from the support of their family, friends, and community services.\n\nAnyone caring for someone with schizophrenia can help by learning how to spot the onset of an episode, encouraging the person to adhere to their treatment plan, and supporting them through their experience.\n\n[Read the article in Spanish.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/es\/esquizofrenia)\n\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/mental-health)\n- [Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/schizophrenia)\n- [Psychology \/ Psychiatry](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/psychology-psychiatry)\n\n### How we reviewed this article:\nSources\n\nMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/process).\n\n- DSM-IV to DSM-5 Schizophrenia comparison. (2016).   \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/>\n- Gage SH, et al. (2017). Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.   \n  <https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/psychological-medicine\/article\/div-classtitleassessing-causality-in-associations-between-cannabis-use-and-schizophrenia-risk-a-two-sample-mendelian-randomization-studydiv\/122D651C3670683DAEDDA33997417105>\n- Ran M-S, et al. (2015). Different outcomes of never-treated and treated patients with schizophrenia: 14-year follow-up study in rural China.   \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4664855\/>\n- Schizophrenia. (2018).   \n  <https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/genetics\/condition\/schizophrenia\/>\n- Schizophrenia. (2024).   \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia>\n- Schizophrenia. (n.d.).   \n  <https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/>\n- Schizophrenia. (n.d.).   \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/schizophrenia>\n- Segal-Gavish H, et al. (2017). BDNF overexpression prevents cognitive deficit elicited by adolescent cannabis exposure and host susceptibility interaction.   \n  <https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article\/26\/13\/2462\/3574683>\n- Young men at highest risk of schizophrenia linked with cannabis use disorder. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/young-men-highest-risk-schizophrenia-linked-cannabis-use-disorder>\n\nShare this article\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/04\/Nicole_Washington_500x500_Med_Reviewer_Photos_v2.png?w=105&h=105)\n\nMedically reviewed by [Nicole Washington, DO, MPH](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers\/nicole-washington-do-mph) — Written by [Tim Newman](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/authors\/tim-newman) and [Ruth Eagle](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/authors\/ruth-eagle) —  Updated on May 9, 2025\n\n## More in [Investigating Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-schizophrenia)\n- [What to know about the stages of schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia)\n- [What to know about the positive symptoms of schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia)\n- [What to know about treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia)\n- [View all](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-schizophrenia)\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/contact-us)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/terms-of-use)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/privacy-policy)\n- Privacy Settings\n- [Advertising Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/ad-policy)\n\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/directory\/a-b)\n- [Health Hubs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/content-hubs)\n- [Medical Affairs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/reviewers)\n- [Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/newsletter)\n- © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Schizophrenia is a fairly uncommon condition, affecting around [0\\.25 to 0.64%](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/schizophrenia.shtml) of people in the United States. It can have a profound effect on a person’s life and the lives of those around them.\n\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help manage the symptoms.\n\nThis article will look at the causes and symptoms of schizophrenia and some of the treatment options available.\n\nThe symptoms of schizophrenia usually emerge when a person is in their [late teens or early 30s](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/schizophrenia). They tend to develop earlier in males than in females.\n\nSometimes, a person will start to show unusual behaviors from childhood, but these only become significant as they get older. In others, symptoms may appear suddenly.\n\nSchizophrenia affects people in different ways, but there are some common symptoms. These [include](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/genetics\/condition\/schizophrenia\/):\n\n- confused speech that is intact but hard for others to interpret and understand\n- a lack of facial expression\n- a lack of emotional expression\n- a lack of motivation\n- difficulty concentrating\n- delusions and hallucinations\n\nBefore experiencing these symptoms, a person may appear:\n\n- out of sorts\n- anxious\n- to lack focus\n\nThe following sections explore some of the main symptoms of schizophrenia in more detail.\n\nDelusions\n\nA person experiencing delusions has a fixed belief about something regardless of the evidence.\n\nFor example, they may believe that:\n\n- [They are very important](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321649).\n- Someone is pursuing them.\n- Others are attempting to control them remotely.\n- They have extraordinary powers or abilities.\n\nHallucinations\n\nSome people experience [hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327014). The most common type is hearing voices, but hallucinations can affect all the senses. For example, a person may also see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not really there.\n\nConfused thinking and speech\n\nA person’s thinking and speech may jump from one subject to another for no logical reason. Therefore, it may be difficult to follow what the person is trying to say.\n\nThere may also be memory problems and difficulty understanding and using information.\n\nOther symptoms\n\nThe above symptoms can also [affect](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/symptoms\/) a person’s:\n\n- **Motivation:** The person may neglect everyday activities, including self-care. They may also experience [catatonia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192263), during which they can barely talk or move.\n- **Emotional expression:** The person may respond inappropriately or not at all on sad or happy occasions.\n- **Social life:** The person may withdraw socially, possibly through fear that somebody will harm them.\n- **Communication:** The person’s unusual thought and speech patterns can make it difficult for them to communicate with others.\n\nMany people with schizophrenia do not realize that they are unwell. Hallucinations and delusions can seem very real to a person who is experiencing them. This can make it hard to convince the individual to seek treatment or take medication. They may fear the side effects or believe that medication will harm them.\n\nSchizophrenia usually appears in a person’s late teens or older, but it can also affect [children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192104).\n\nSchizophrenia [likely develops](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia) when genetic and environmental factors combine.\n\nFor example, the following factors might all contribute to the development of schizophrenia.\n\nGenetic inheritance\n\nIf there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are low. However, a [person’s risk rises](https:\/\/ghr.nlm.nih.gov\/condition\/schizophrenia#inheritance) if one of their parents has a diagnosis of schizophrenia.\n\nA chemical imbalance in the brain\n\nSchizophrenia appears to develop when there is an imbalance of the [neurotransmitter](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326649) dopamine and possibly serotonin in the brain.\n\nEnvironmental factors\n\nEnvironmental factors that may increase the risk of schizophrenia include:\n\n- trauma during birth\n- malnutrition before birth\n- viral infections\n- psychosocial factors, such as [trauma](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/trauma-and-schizophrenia)\n\nCannabis use\n\nResearchers have found an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia. A 2023 study found that [up to 30%](https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/young-men-highest-risk-schizophrenia-linked-cannabis-use-disorder) of schizophrenia cases among males ages 21 to 30 may have links to cannabis use disorder.\n\nIn [2017](https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article\/26\/13\/2462\/3574683), scientists found evidence to suggest that some substances in cannabis can trigger schizophrenia in those susceptible to it.\n\nPeople with untreated schizophrenia are [more likely](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia) to self-harm and be violent toward others than those who have received treatment.\n\nAn [older Chinese study from 2015](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4664855\/) compared outcomes for 123,572 people with treated and untreated schizophrenia 14 years after they received a diagnosis.\n\nAfter 14 years, people who did not receive treatment were more likely to:\n\n- be older\n- have fewer family members\n- be homeless\n- have died from other causes\n- be unmarried\n- live alone\n- be without a caregiver\n- have more negative family attitudes\n\nThe researchers also found that 57.3% of treated people experienced partial or complete remission, compared to 29.8% in the never-treated group.\n\nIf someone is showing symptoms of schizophrenia, it is important to get prompt treatment.\n\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but effective treatment can help a person manage the symptoms, prevent relapses, and avoid hospitalization.\n\nEach person’s experience will differ, and a doctor will [tailor the treatment](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/treatment\/) to suit the individual.\n\nSome potential treatment options include:\n\n- **[Antipsychotic drugs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-second-generation-antipsychotics):** People can take these daily or less frequently if they opt for injectable medications, which can last up to 6 months, depending on the medication.\n- **[Counseling](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mental-health-counselor):** Mental health counseling can help people develop coping skills and pursue their life goals.\n- **Coordinated special care:** This integrates medication, family involvement, and education services in a holistic approach.\n\nAntipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia include:\n\n- [risperidone](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risperdal-schizophrenia) (Risperdal)\n- olanzapine (Zyprexa)\n- [quetiapine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/quetiapine-oral-tablet) (Seroquel)\n- ziprasidone (Geodon)\n- clozapine (Clozaril)\n- haloperidol (Haldol)\n\nHowever, antipsychotic medications may cause adverse effects, such as drowsiness and weight gain.\n\nIt is essential for a person to continue with their treatment plan, even if the symptoms improve. If they stop taking medication, the symptoms may return.\n\nThere is no diagnostic test to assess schizophrenia. A doctor will diagnose it by observing how the person behaves. They will also ask about their history of physical and mental health.\n\nThat said, they may recommend some tests to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as a tumor, brain injury, or another mental health condition, such as [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/37010).\n\nDiagnostic criteria\n\nTo diagnose schizophrenia, a doctor will use the [criteria](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/) from the DSM-5-TR. This manual provides criteria for diagnosing a wide range of mental health conditions.\n\nAccording to the criteria, a person must have at least two of the following symptoms for 1 month:\n\n1. delusions\n2. hallucinations\n3. disorganized speech\n4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior\n5. negative symptoms, such as lack of speech, emotional flatness, or lack of motivation\n\nAt least one of these must be 1, 2, or 3.\n\nThey must also experience considerable impairment in their ability to function in school or at work, interact with others, or carry out self-care tasks.\n\nThey must also have symptoms that persist for 6 months or more and are not due to another health condition, a prescribed medication, or the use of other substances.\n\nSchizophrenia is a long-term condition that can profoundly affect a person’s ability to function. These effects can also affect the people around them.\n\nTreatment is available to help a person manage their symptoms. People with schizophrenia will also benefit from the support of their family, friends, and community services.\n\nAnyone caring for someone with schizophrenia can help by learning how to spot the onset of an episode, encouraging the person to adhere to their treatment plan, and supporting them through their experience.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
Meta Description	Schizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can cause confused speech, delusions, and social withdrawal. Treatment is available. Learn more here.
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Boilerpipe Text	Schizophrenia is a fairly uncommon condition, affecting around 0.25 to 0.64% of people in the United States. It can have a profound effect on a person’s life and the lives of those around them. Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help manage the symptoms. This article will look at the causes and symptoms of schizophrenia and some of the treatment options available. The symptoms of schizophrenia usually emerge when a person is in their late teens or early 30s . They tend to develop earlier in males than in females. Sometimes, a person will start to show unusual behaviors from childhood, but these only become significant as they get older. In others, symptoms may appear suddenly. Schizophrenia affects people in different ways, but there are some common symptoms. These include : confused speech that is intact but hard for others to interpret and understand a lack of facial expression a lack of emotional expression a lack of motivation difficulty concentrating delusions and hallucinations Before experiencing these symptoms, a person may appear: out of sorts anxious to lack focus The following sections explore some of the main symptoms of schizophrenia in more detail. Delusions A person experiencing delusions has a fixed belief about something regardless of the evidence. For example, they may believe that: They are very important . Someone is pursuing them. Others are attempting to control them remotely. They have extraordinary powers or abilities. Hallucinations Some people experience hallucinations . The most common type is hearing voices, but hallucinations can affect all the senses. For example, a person may also see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not really there. Confused thinking and speech A person’s thinking and speech may jump from one subject to another for no logical reason. Therefore, it may be difficult to follow what the person is trying to say. There may also be memory problems and difficulty understanding and using information. Other symptoms The above symptoms can also affect a person’s: Motivation: The person may neglect everyday activities, including self-care. They may also experience catatonia , during which they can barely talk or move. Emotional expression: The person may respond inappropriately or not at all on sad or happy occasions. Social life: The person may withdraw socially, possibly through fear that somebody will harm them. Communication: The person’s unusual thought and speech patterns can make it difficult for them to communicate with others. Many people with schizophrenia do not realize that they are unwell. Hallucinations and delusions can seem very real to a person who is experiencing them. This can make it hard to convince the individual to seek treatment or take medication. They may fear the side effects or believe that medication will harm them. Schizophrenia usually appears in a person’s late teens or older, but it can also affect children . Schizophrenia likely develops when genetic and environmental factors combine. For example, the following factors might all contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Genetic inheritance If there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are low. However, a person’s risk rises if one of their parents has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. A chemical imbalance in the brain Schizophrenia appears to develop when there is an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine and possibly serotonin in the brain. Environmental factors Environmental factors that may increase the risk of schizophrenia include: trauma during birth malnutrition before birth viral infections psychosocial factors, such as trauma Cannabis use Researchers have found an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia. A 2023 study found that up to 30% of schizophrenia cases among males ages 21 to 30 may have links to cannabis use disorder. In 2017 , scientists found evidence to suggest that some substances in cannabis can trigger schizophrenia in those susceptible to it. People with untreated schizophrenia are more likely to self-harm and be violent toward others than those who have received treatment. An older Chinese study from 2015 compared outcomes for 123,572 people with treated and untreated schizophrenia 14 years after they received a diagnosis. After 14 years, people who did not receive treatment were more likely to: be older have fewer family members be homeless have died from other causes be unmarried live alone be without a caregiver have more negative family attitudes The researchers also found that 57.3% of treated people experienced partial or complete remission, compared to 29.8% in the never-treated group. If someone is showing symptoms of schizophrenia, it is important to get prompt treatment. Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but effective treatment can help a person manage the symptoms, prevent relapses, and avoid hospitalization. Each person’s experience will differ, and a doctor will tailor the treatment to suit the individual. Some potential treatment options include: Antipsychotic drugs : People can take these daily or less frequently if they opt for injectable medications, which can last up to 6 months, depending on the medication. Counseling : Mental health counseling can help people develop coping skills and pursue their life goals. Coordinated special care: This integrates medication, family involvement, and education services in a holistic approach. Antipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia include: risperidone (Risperdal) olanzapine (Zyprexa) quetiapine (Seroquel) ziprasidone (Geodon) clozapine (Clozaril) haloperidol (Haldol) However, antipsychotic medications may cause adverse effects, such as drowsiness and weight gain. It is essential for a person to continue with their treatment plan, even if the symptoms improve. If they stop taking medication, the symptoms may return. There is no diagnostic test to assess schizophrenia. A doctor will diagnose it by observing how the person behaves. They will also ask about their history of physical and mental health. That said, they may recommend some tests to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as a tumor, brain injury, or another mental health condition, such as bipolar disorder . Diagnostic criteria To diagnose schizophrenia, a doctor will use the criteria from the DSM-5-TR. This manual provides criteria for diagnosing a wide range of mental health conditions. According to the criteria, a person must have at least two of the following symptoms for 1 month: delusions hallucinations disorganized speech grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior negative symptoms, such as lack of speech, emotional flatness, or lack of motivation At least one of these must be 1, 2, or 3. They must also experience considerable impairment in their ability to function in school or at work, interact with others, or carry out self-care tasks. They must also have symptoms that persist for 6 months or more and are not due to another health condition, a prescribed medication, or the use of other substances. Schizophrenia is a long-term condition that can profoundly affect a person’s ability to function. These effects can also affect the people around them. Treatment is available to help a person manage their symptoms. People with schizophrenia will also benefit from the support of their family, friends, and community services. Anyone caring for someone with schizophrenia can help by learning how to spot the onset of an episode, encouraging the person to adhere to their treatment plan, and supporting them through their experience.
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### Prognosis Prognosis #### Related Articles - [Work Life](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-people-with-schizophrenia-work) - [Does it Worsen With Age?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/does-schizophrenia-get-worse-with-age) - [Possible Cures](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-there-a-cure-for-schizophrenia) - [Outlook Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-life-expectancy) - ### Related Conditions Related Conditions #### Related Articles - [Drug-Induced](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-induced-schizophrenia) - [vs. Psychosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia) - [Relationship to ADHD](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314464) - [vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dissociative-identity-disorder-and-schizophrenia) - [With Paranoia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621) - [Autism & Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-you-have-autism-and-schizophrenia-at-the-same-time) - [vs. Schizoaffective Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizoaffective-vs-schizophrenia) - [Link to Dementia?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-and-dementia) - [Alcohol-Induced Pyschosis Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia) - [vs. Delusional Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/delusional-disorder-vs-schizophrenia) - [vs. Drug-Induced Pyschosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-induced-psychosis-vs-schizophrenia) - [Link to Asperger's](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aspergers-and-schizophrenia) - [With Depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-depression) - [Schizoaffective Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190678) - [Schizophreniform Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophreniform) - [Link to Stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/link-between-stress-and-schizophrenia) - ### Stages Stages #### Related Articles - [Stages Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia) - [Prodromal Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prodromal-schizophrenia) - ### Symptoms Symptoms #### Related Articles - [Auditory Hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/auditory-hallucinations) - [Hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-hallucinations) - [Avolition](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/avolition-schizophrenia) - [Positive Symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) - [Delusions](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-delusions) - [Disorganized Thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192361) - [Negative Symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) - [In Teens](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-in-teens) - [vs. Neurotypical Brain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-brain-vs-neurotypical-brain) - [Early Signs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-schizophrenia) - [Abivalence](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ambivalence-schizophrenia) - [Flat Affect](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/flat-affect-schizophrenia) - [Clanging](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/clanging-schizophrenia) - [Early Signs in Children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-schizophrenia-in-children) - ### Types Types #### Related Articles - [Catatonic Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192263) - [In Females](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-in-women) - [Undifferentiated Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/undifferentiated-schizophrenia) - [Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) - [Borderline Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/borderline-schizophrenia) - [Acute Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/acute-schizophrenia) - [Simple Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/simple-schizophrenia) - [In Children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192104) - [High Functioning Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-functioning-schizophrenia) - [Types Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192770) [Investigating Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/investigating-schizophrenia "Investigating Schizophrenia program landing page") Content created by Medical News Today and supported by advertising. [Learn more](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/ad-policy) # What to know about schizophrenia ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/04/Nicole_Washington_500x500_Med_Reviewer_Photos_v2.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Nicole Washington, DO, MPH]() — Written by [Tim Newman]() and [Ruth Eagle]() — [Updated on May 9, 2025]() - [Age of onset](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942#age-of-onset) - [Types](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942#types) - [Symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942#symptoms) - [Causes](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942#causes) - [Without treatment](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942#without-treatment) - [Treatment](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942#treatment) - [Diagnosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942#diagnosis) - [Summary](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942#summary) ### Key takeaways - People typically develop schizophrenia in their late teenage years or early 30s. Symptoms may begin as unusual behaviors that start in childhood or appear suddenly in later years. - Schizophrenia symptoms can affect a person’s social interactions, emotional expression, and ability to communicate. Common symptoms include lack of motivation, disorganized speech and thoughts, lack of emotional expression, delusions, hallucinations, and difficulty concentrating. - Previously, researchers categorized schizophrenia into paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types. However, current diagnostic manuals no longer use these categories due to an overlap in symptoms. Schizophrenia is a fairly uncommon condition, affecting around [0\.25 to 0.64%](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia.shtml) of people in the United States. It can have a profound effect on a person’s life and the lives of those around them. Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help manage the symptoms. This article will look at the causes and symptoms of schizophrenia and some of the treatment options available. ## [When does schizophrenia typically develop?]() ![A black and white image of shadows on a woman's face.](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/08/shadows-face-schizophrenia-symptoms-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528) [Share on Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F36942&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F08%2Fshadows-face-schizophrenia-symptoms-header-1024x575.jpg&description=Schizophrenia%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20causes%2C%20and%20treatments "Share on Pinterest") Elena Karetnikova/EyeEm/Getty Images The symptoms of schizophrenia usually emerge when a person is in their [late teens or early 30s](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia). They tend to develop earlier in males than in females. Sometimes, a person will start to show unusual behaviors from childhood, but these only become significant as they get older. In others, symptoms may appear suddenly. Learn more about the [average age of onset for schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-age-of-onset) ## [Types of schizophrenia]() The classifications and types of schizophrenia have changed over the years. Previously, health professionals may have classified schizophrenia as one of the following five types: - [paranoid](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621.php) - [disorganized](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192361) - [catatonic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192263.php) - [undifferentiated](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/undifferentiated-schizophrenia) - [residual](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/residual-schizophrenia) However, doctors no longer classify types of schizophrenia. The [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR)](https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/) is the manual mental health professionals use to diagnose mental health conditions. The current version, DSM-5-TR, [no longer](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/) uses these categories. This is because health experts noted that the previous types had many overlapping features and symptoms. Learn more about the [different types of schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192770). ## [Symptoms of schizophrenia]() Schizophrenia affects people in different ways, but there are some common symptoms. These [include](https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizophrenia/): - confused speech that is intact but hard for others to interpret and understand - a lack of facial expression - a lack of emotional expression - a lack of motivation - difficulty concentrating - delusions and hallucinations Before experiencing these symptoms, a person may appear: - out of sorts - anxious - to lack focus The following sections explore some of the main symptoms of schizophrenia in more detail. ### Delusions A person experiencing delusions has a fixed belief about something regardless of the evidence. For example, they may believe that: - [They are very important](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321649). - Someone is pursuing them. - Others are attempting to control them remotely. - They have extraordinary powers or abilities. ### Hallucinations Some people experience [hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327014). The most common type is hearing voices, but hallucinations can affect all the senses. For example, a person may also see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not really there. ### Confused thinking and speech A person’s thinking and speech may jump from one subject to another for no logical reason. Therefore, it may be difficult to follow what the person is trying to say. There may also be memory problems and difficulty understanding and using information. ### Other symptoms The above symptoms can also [affect](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms/) a person’s: - Motivation: The person may neglect everyday activities, including self-care. They may also experience [catatonia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192263), during which they can barely talk or move. - Emotional expression: The person may respond inappropriately or not at all on sad or happy occasions. - Social life: The person may withdraw socially, possibly through fear that somebody will harm them. - Communication: The person’s unusual thought and speech patterns can make it difficult for them to communicate with others. Many people with schizophrenia do not realize that they are unwell. Hallucinations and delusions can seem very real to a person who is experiencing them. This can make it hard to convince the individual to seek treatment or take medication. They may fear the side effects or believe that medication will harm them. Schizophrenia usually appears in a person’s late teens or older, but it can also affect [children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192104). Learn more about the [symptoms of schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942) ## [Causes of schizophrenia]() Schizophrenia [likely develops](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia) when genetic and environmental factors combine. For example, the following factors might all contribute to the development of schizophrenia. ### Genetic inheritance If there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are low. However, a [person’s risk rises](https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/schizophrenia#inheritance) if one of their parents has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. ### A chemical imbalance in the brain Schizophrenia appears to develop when there is an imbalance of the [neurotransmitter](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326649) dopamine and possibly serotonin in the brain. ### Environmental factors Environmental factors that may increase the risk of schizophrenia include: - trauma during birth - malnutrition before birth - viral infections - psychosocial factors, such as [trauma](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/trauma-and-schizophrenia) ### Cannabis use Researchers have found an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia. A 2023 study found that [up to 30%](https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/young-men-highest-risk-schizophrenia-linked-cannabis-use-disorder) of schizophrenia cases among males ages 21 to 30 may have links to cannabis use disorder. In [2017](https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/26/13/2462/3574683), scientists found evidence to suggest that some substances in cannabis can trigger schizophrenia in those susceptible to it. Learn more about [cannabis and schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/weed-induced-schizophrenia-symptoms) ## [What happens if schizophrenia is untreated?]() People with untreated schizophrenia are [more likely](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia) to self-harm and be violent toward others than those who have received treatment. An [older Chinese study from 2015](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664855/) compared outcomes for 123,572 people with treated and untreated schizophrenia 14 years after they received a diagnosis. After 14 years, people who did not receive treatment were more likely to: - be older - have fewer family members - be homeless - have died from other causes - be unmarried - live alone - be without a caregiver - have more negative family attitudes The researchers also found that 57.3% of treated people experienced partial or complete remission, compared to 29.8% in the never-treated group. If someone is showing symptoms of schizophrenia, it is important to get prompt treatment. Learn about [treatment-resistant schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) ## [Treatment for schizophrenia]() Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but effective treatment can help a person manage the symptoms, prevent relapses, and avoid hospitalization. Each person’s experience will differ, and a doctor will [tailor the treatment](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/treatment/) to suit the individual. Some potential treatment options include: - [Antipsychotic drugs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-second-generation-antipsychotics): People can take these daily or less frequently if they opt for injectable medications, which can last up to 6 months, depending on the medication. - [Counseling](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mental-health-counselor): Mental health counseling can help people develop coping skills and pursue their life goals. - Coordinated special care: This integrates medication, family involvement, and education services in a holistic approach. Antipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia include: - [risperidone](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/risperdal-schizophrenia) (Risperdal) - olanzapine (Zyprexa) - [quetiapine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/quetiapine-oral-tablet) (Seroquel) - ziprasidone (Geodon) - clozapine (Clozaril) - haloperidol (Haldol) However, antipsychotic medications may cause adverse effects, such as drowsiness and weight gain. It is essential for a person to continue with their treatment plan, even if the symptoms improve. If they stop taking medication, the symptoms may return. Learn more about [antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-second-generation-antipsychotics) ## [Diagnosing schizophrenia]() There is no diagnostic test to assess schizophrenia. A doctor will diagnose it by observing how the person behaves. They will also ask about their history of physical and mental health. That said, they may recommend some tests to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as a tumor, brain injury, or another mental health condition, such as [bipolar disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37010). ### Diagnostic criteria To diagnose schizophrenia, a doctor will use the [criteria](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/) from the DSM-5-TR. This manual provides criteria for diagnosing a wide range of mental health conditions. According to the criteria, a person must have at least two of the following symptoms for 1 month: 1. delusions 2. hallucinations 3. disorganized speech 4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. negative symptoms, such as lack of speech, emotional flatness, or lack of motivation At least one of these must be 1, 2, or 3. They must also experience considerable impairment in their ability to function in school or at work, interact with others, or carry out self-care tasks. They must also have symptoms that persist for 6 months or more and are not due to another health condition, a prescribed medication, or the use of other substances. Learn about the [stages of schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia) ### Support for people affected by schizophrenia Support groups can help people affected by schizophrenia to cope and make connections with people who understand their experiences. Find more information in this article about [schizophrenia support groups](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-support-groups#getting-support). ## [Summary]() Schizophrenia is a long-term condition that can profoundly affect a person’s ability to function. These effects can also affect the people around them. Treatment is available to help a person manage their symptoms. People with schizophrenia will also benefit from the support of their family, friends, and community services. Anyone caring for someone with schizophrenia can help by learning how to spot the onset of an episode, encouraging the person to adhere to their treatment plan, and supporting them through their experience. [Read the article in Spanish.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/es/esquizofrenia) - [Mental Health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/mental-health) - [Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/schizophrenia) - [Psychology / Psychiatry](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/psychology-psychiatry) ### How we reviewed this article: Sources Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process). - DSM-IV to DSM-5 Schizophrenia comparison. (2016). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/> - Gage SH, et al. (2017). Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitleassessing-causality-in-associations-between-cannabis-use-and-schizophrenia-risk-a-two-sample-mendelian-randomization-studydiv/122D651C3670683DAEDDA33997417105> - Ran M-S, et al. (2015). Different outcomes of never-treated and treated patients with schizophrenia: 14-year follow-up study in rural China. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664855/> - Schizophrenia. (2018). <https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizophrenia/> - Schizophrenia. (2024). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia> - Schizophrenia. (n.d.). <https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/> - Schizophrenia. (n.d.). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia> - Segal-Gavish H, et al. (2017). BDNF overexpression prevents cognitive deficit elicited by adolescent cannabis exposure and host susceptibility interaction. <https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/26/13/2462/3574683> - Young men at highest risk of schizophrenia linked with cannabis use disorder. (2023). <https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/young-men-highest-risk-schizophrenia-linked-cannabis-use-disorder> Share this article ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/04/Nicole_Washington_500x500_Med_Reviewer_Photos_v2.png?w=105&h=105) Medically reviewed by [Nicole Washington, DO, MPH](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers/nicole-washington-do-mph) — Written by [Tim Newman](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/authors/tim-newman) and [Ruth Eagle](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/authors/ruth-eagle) — Updated on May 9, 2025 ## More in [Investigating Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/investigating-schizophrenia) - [What to know about the stages of schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia) - [What to know about the positive symptoms of schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) - [What to know about treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) - [View all](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/investigating-schizophrenia) © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. 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Readable Markdown	Schizophrenia is a fairly uncommon condition, affecting around [0\.25 to 0.64%](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia.shtml) of people in the United States. It can have a profound effect on a person’s life and the lives of those around them. Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help manage the symptoms. This article will look at the causes and symptoms of schizophrenia and some of the treatment options available. The symptoms of schizophrenia usually emerge when a person is in their [late teens or early 30s](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia). They tend to develop earlier in males than in females. Sometimes, a person will start to show unusual behaviors from childhood, but these only become significant as they get older. In others, symptoms may appear suddenly. Schizophrenia affects people in different ways, but there are some common symptoms. These [include](https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizophrenia/): - confused speech that is intact but hard for others to interpret and understand - a lack of facial expression - a lack of emotional expression - a lack of motivation - difficulty concentrating - delusions and hallucinations Before experiencing these symptoms, a person may appear: - out of sorts - anxious - to lack focus The following sections explore some of the main symptoms of schizophrenia in more detail. Delusions A person experiencing delusions has a fixed belief about something regardless of the evidence. For example, they may believe that: - [They are very important](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321649). - Someone is pursuing them. - Others are attempting to control them remotely. - They have extraordinary powers or abilities. Hallucinations Some people experience [hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327014). The most common type is hearing voices, but hallucinations can affect all the senses. For example, a person may also see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not really there. Confused thinking and speech A person’s thinking and speech may jump from one subject to another for no logical reason. Therefore, it may be difficult to follow what the person is trying to say. There may also be memory problems and difficulty understanding and using information. Other symptoms The above symptoms can also [affect](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms/) a person’s: - Motivation: The person may neglect everyday activities, including self-care. They may also experience [catatonia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192263), during which they can barely talk or move. - Emotional expression: The person may respond inappropriately or not at all on sad or happy occasions. - Social life: The person may withdraw socially, possibly through fear that somebody will harm them. - Communication: The person’s unusual thought and speech patterns can make it difficult for them to communicate with others. Many people with schizophrenia do not realize that they are unwell. Hallucinations and delusions can seem very real to a person who is experiencing them. This can make it hard to convince the individual to seek treatment or take medication. They may fear the side effects or believe that medication will harm them. Schizophrenia usually appears in a person’s late teens or older, but it can also affect [children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192104). Schizophrenia [likely develops](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia) when genetic and environmental factors combine. For example, the following factors might all contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Genetic inheritance If there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are low. However, a [person’s risk rises](https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/schizophrenia#inheritance) if one of their parents has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. A chemical imbalance in the brain Schizophrenia appears to develop when there is an imbalance of the [neurotransmitter](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326649) dopamine and possibly serotonin in the brain. Environmental factors Environmental factors that may increase the risk of schizophrenia include: - trauma during birth - malnutrition before birth - viral infections - psychosocial factors, such as [trauma](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/trauma-and-schizophrenia) Cannabis use Researchers have found an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia. A 2023 study found that [up to 30%](https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/young-men-highest-risk-schizophrenia-linked-cannabis-use-disorder) of schizophrenia cases among males ages 21 to 30 may have links to cannabis use disorder. In [2017](https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/26/13/2462/3574683), scientists found evidence to suggest that some substances in cannabis can trigger schizophrenia in those susceptible to it. People with untreated schizophrenia are [more likely](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia) to self-harm and be violent toward others than those who have received treatment. An [older Chinese study from 2015](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664855/) compared outcomes for 123,572 people with treated and untreated schizophrenia 14 years after they received a diagnosis. After 14 years, people who did not receive treatment were more likely to: - be older - have fewer family members - be homeless - have died from other causes - be unmarried - live alone - be without a caregiver - have more negative family attitudes The researchers also found that 57.3% of treated people experienced partial or complete remission, compared to 29.8% in the never-treated group. If someone is showing symptoms of schizophrenia, it is important to get prompt treatment. Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but effective treatment can help a person manage the symptoms, prevent relapses, and avoid hospitalization. Each person’s experience will differ, and a doctor will [tailor the treatment](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/treatment/) to suit the individual. Some potential treatment options include: - [Antipsychotic drugs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-second-generation-antipsychotics): People can take these daily or less frequently if they opt for injectable medications, which can last up to 6 months, depending on the medication. - [Counseling](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mental-health-counselor): Mental health counseling can help people develop coping skills and pursue their life goals. - Coordinated special care: This integrates medication, family involvement, and education services in a holistic approach. Antipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia include: - [risperidone](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/risperdal-schizophrenia) (Risperdal) - olanzapine (Zyprexa) - [quetiapine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/quetiapine-oral-tablet) (Seroquel) - ziprasidone (Geodon) - clozapine (Clozaril) - haloperidol (Haldol) However, antipsychotic medications may cause adverse effects, such as drowsiness and weight gain. It is essential for a person to continue with their treatment plan, even if the symptoms improve. If they stop taking medication, the symptoms may return. There is no diagnostic test to assess schizophrenia. A doctor will diagnose it by observing how the person behaves. They will also ask about their history of physical and mental health. That said, they may recommend some tests to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as a tumor, brain injury, or another mental health condition, such as [bipolar disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37010). Diagnostic criteria To diagnose schizophrenia, a doctor will use the [criteria](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/) from the DSM-5-TR. This manual provides criteria for diagnosing a wide range of mental health conditions. According to the criteria, a person must have at least two of the following symptoms for 1 month: 1. delusions 2. hallucinations 3. disorganized speech 4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. negative symptoms, such as lack of speech, emotional flatness, or lack of motivation At least one of these must be 1, 2, or 3. They must also experience considerable impairment in their ability to function in school or at work, interact with others, or carry out self-care tasks. They must also have symptoms that persist for 6 months or more and are not due to another health condition, a prescribed medication, or the use of other substances. Schizophrenia is a long-term condition that can profoundly affect a person’s ability to function. These effects can also affect the people around them. Treatment is available to help a person manage their symptoms. People with schizophrenia will also benefit from the support of their family, friends, and community services. Anyone caring for someone with schizophrenia can help by learning how to spot the onset of an episode, encouraging the person to adhere to their treatment plan, and supporting them through their experience.
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