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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 110 (from laksa135)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa110.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071","crawl_time":1775036697,"first_indexed_time":1581718142,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,medicalnewstoday!www,\/articles\/314071 s443","src_root_hash":"5853625527623639710","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"What does depression feel like?","meta_descriptions":["Depression affects far more people than some may realize. Learn more about the types of depression, what it feels like, how to seek help, and more."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Some people with depression may experience appetite changes and sleep problems. Other aspects of depression may bring on painful physical symptoms, such as headaches.\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that, in 2020,\n8.4%\nof all adults in the United States experienced a major depressive episode at least once in the past year. However, despite its prevalence,\ndepression\nis not always easy to identify.\nSymptoms and causes of depression can vary widely from person to person. Gender may also play an important role in why depression affects a person and what it feels like to them.\nOne of the common misunderstandings about depression is that it is similar to feeling sad or down.\nAlthough many people with depression feel sadness, it feels much more severe than emotions that come and go in response to life events.\nThe symptoms of depression can last for months or years and can make it difficult or impossible to carry on with daily life.\nIt can disrupt careers, relationships, and daily tasks, such as self-care and housework.\nDoctors will usually look for symptoms that last for at least 2 weeks as a possible\nsign of depression\n.\nDepression may feel like:\nThere is no pleasure or joy in life:\nA person with depression may not enjoy things they once loved and feel like nothing can make them happy.\nConcentration or focus becomes harder:\nMaking decisions, reading, or watching television can seem taxing with depression because people cannot think clearly or follow what is happening.\nEverything feels hopeless:\nDepression may make people feel that there is no way to feel good or happy again.\nSelf-esteem is often absent:\nPeople with depression may feel like they are worthless or a failure at everything. They may dwell on negative events and experiences and cannot see positive qualities in themselves.\nSleeping may be difficult:\nFalling asleep at night or staying asleep all night can feel nearly impossible for some with depression. A person may wake up early and not be able to go back to sleep. Others may sleep excessively but still wake up feeling tired or unrefreshed, despite the extra hours of sleep.\nEnergy levels are low to nonexistent:\nSome people have difficulty getting out of bed or feel exhausted all of the time, even when they are getting enough sleep. They may feel that they are too tired to do simple, daily tasks.\nFood may not seem appetizing:\nSome people with depression feel like they do not want to eat anything and have to force themselves to eat. This can result in weight loss.\nCravings for comfort foods:\nAlthough some with depression do not want to eat, others find solace in food. They can overeat and crave comfort foods, leading to weight gain.\nAches and pains may be present:\nSome people experience\nheadaches\n, nausea, body aches, and other pains with depression.\nMany people mistakenly believe that being depressed is a choice or that they need to have a positive attitude.\nFriends and loved ones often get frustrated or do not understand why a person cannot “snap out of it.” They may even say that the person has nothing to be depressed about.\nDepression is a real mental illness. Those who live with depression cannot simply decide to stop feeling depressed. Unlike typical sadness or worry, depression can feel all-consuming and hopeless.\nSeveral factors can cause depression. Though depression may not have one single cause, experts recognize the following as\npossible risk factors\n:\nGenetics:\nDepression and other mood disorders can run in families, though family history alone does not mean a person will get depression.\nLife events:\nMajor life changes and stressful events may trigger depression. These events include divorce, the death of a loved one, job loss, or financial problems.\nHormonal changes:\nResearch\nsuggests\nthat there is an association between depression with\nmenopause\n, pregnancy, and premenstrual disorders. However, hormone changes likely act with other factors.\nCertain illnesses:\nPhysical illnesses may\nincrease\nthe risk of developing severe depressive illnesses.\nDrug and alcohol abuse:\nHeavy substance use\nmay result\nfrom and correlate with depression.\nSome medications:\nCertain prescription medicines may increase the risk of depression. These include some\nhigh blood pressure\nmedications, steroids, and some\ncancer\ndrugs.\nThis section looks at the different types of depression.\nMajor depression\nAlthough it may sound daunting, major or clinical depression is the “standard” type that doctors diagnose. NIMH reports that major depression is among the\nmost common\nmental health conditions in the US.\nPeople with this condition have experienced\nfive or more\nsymptoms of depression for at least\n2 weeks\n.\nSome people experience recurrent bouts of major depression, which can happen monthly, yearly, or a few times in their lives.\nSeasonal affective disorder (SAD)\nSeasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a condition in which there is a link between mood changes and the seasons. It is a subcategory of major depressive disorder (MDD).\nIt is a type of recurring major depression with a seasonal pattern. It is most common during the colder, darker winter months and affects\nup to 9%\nof the US population. The prevalence of people with SAD tends to increase the further people live from the equator.\nThe symptoms of this condition are depression, sleep disturbance, weight gain or loss, and increased alcohol consumption. SAD occurs\nfour times\nmore often in women than in men.\nOne potential\ncause\nof the\nseasonal affective disorder\nis believed to be a lack of exposure to natural light in the winter months, although scientists are not completely sure of the cause. This lack of exposure may cause disrupted levels of\nserotonin\nand melatonin in the body.\nPersistent depressive disorder (PDD)\nFormerly known as dysthymia. PDD can last at least 2 years, and some symptoms may be less severe than those of major depressive disorder, but other symptoms can be just as debilitating.\nPersistent depressive disorder is less common than major depression, with between\n3–6%\nof the population experiencing it.\nPostpartum depression\nPostpartum, or perinatal, depression, is a type of depression that happens\nduring or after\na pregnancy.\nThe “baby blues” describes the typical\nstress\nand worry of caring for a newborn in the first 2 weeks after giving birth while postpartum depression interferes with daily life and can persist for weeks or months.\nAs well as experiencing the common symptoms of depression, a person may:\nfeel numb or disconnected from the baby\nworry about harming the baby\nfeel guilt about not being a good parent\nwithdraw from loved ones\ncry more often than usual\nResearch from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that around\n1 in 8\nwomen with a recent live birth experience symptoms of postpartum depression.\nPsychotic depression\nThis type of depression includes episodes of\npsychosis\nor delusions in addition to major depression.\nExamples\ninclude paranoia, difficulty understanding what is real or not, and hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, or smelling things that others cannot perceive because the affected person’s mind is fooling their own senses.\nPremenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)\nPMDD\nis not a type of depression but a condition that can cause severe depression.\nIt is a depression distinct from MDD as it links to the menstrual cycle, resulting in significant emotional lability. It also has unique physical symptoms, like breast tenderness and bloating.\nIt is similar to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but with\nmore serious\neffects.\nPMDD can cause severe irritability, depression, and\nanxiety\nin the week or two leading up to a person’s period. Symptoms usually go away 2–3 days after a person’s period begins.\nResearch suggests that the pathways to depression may be different for women than for men.\nbiological factors\ncultural expectations\ndifferences in experience\nA\nreview of studies\nalso found that women’s symptoms of depression were different. The women studied were more likely to have symptoms of\nfatigue\n, irritability, and sleep disturbances in addition to their depression.\nOther studies indicate that women may be\nmore likely\nto gain weight than men. This is due to a higher incidence of emotional eating.\nWomen’s hormonal changes may also influence how and when depression affects them.\nResearch on this hormonal link has found the following:\nGirls with a family history of depression may be more likely to experience the onset of depression at\npuberty\n.\nWomen with depression have more severe symptoms during the premenstrual phase of their cycle, even if they are already taking\nantidepressants\n.\nPostpartum depression\noccurs after giving birth and affects 1 in 8 women.\nDuring the menopause transition, a woman’s risk of depression\nincreases\n.\nA study suggests that a high mental strain at work is\nmuch more likely\nto cause psychological distress in men than women. Loneliness and dissatisfaction with work are very strongly associated with psychological distress in both men and women.\nSymptoms of depression in men may also be different.\nA review in\nFrontiers in Psychiatry\nfound that men were more likely than women to experience anger attacks, aggression, and risk-taking behavior as depression symptoms.\nThough it is commonly thought that women suffer from depression more frequently than men, the study suggests that men and women may both equally suffer from depression.\nThe differences in symptoms and what men report to their doctors may make depression harder to diagnose in men.\nMen may\nmore frequently\nhide or not report traditional symptoms of depression, such as sadness and crying. Some may feel that these symptoms go against society’s idea of what it means to be a man.\nThose experiencing symptoms of depression should seek assistance from a healthcare provider. Depression can worsen without treatment and affect a person’s quality of life.\nA doctor or\nmental health\nprofessional will discuss treatment options to help the person manage their depression and carry on with their daily life.\nIn severe cases, depression can lead to thoughts of suicide or physically harming oneself.\nAny\nsuicidal thoughts\nor statements about not wanting to live should be taken seriously. In times of crisis, a person should seek help from a hospital emergency department.\nHelp is also available 24\/7 from the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling 988 or 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255), or by visiting\nthe Lifeline’s website\n.\nIt is possible to treat depression. Treatments for depression include antidepressants and psychotherapy, of which there are many different types.\nHowever, different people\nmay respond\nbetter to different treatment methods. As such, people may wish to speak with a doctor about trying different methods until they find the one most suitable for them.\nIt may be helpful to remember that many treatments may take some time to reach their full effects, so people may not experience results immediately.\nSomeone on the road to recovery after receiving a proper diagnosis may find it helps to speak out to loved ones and make healthy changes to their diet and lifestyle.\nDepression is a mental health condition that results in feelings of sadness and hopelessness, a lack of motivation, or a disinterest in life.\nIt can also disrupt a person’s physical well-being with symptoms, such as body aches, problems sleeping, and a decreased or increased appetite.\nA person may have depression if they experience these feelings for more than 2 weeks and if they interfere with daily activities.\nDepression can happen as a result of life events, hormonal changes, medications, and more.\nAdditionally, it can be difficult to recognize depression, as it can start gradually and affect people in different ways.\nTreatments for depression include therapy, counseling, medication, and more.","attrs_markdown":"- Health Conditions\n  Health Conditions\n  \n  - 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[Bezzy Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.bezzybc.com\/lp\/2\/?verzenio&utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect)\n  - [Bezzy MS](https:\/\/www.bezzyms.com\/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect)\n  - [Bezzy Migraine](https:\/\/www.bezzymigraine.com\/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect)\n  - [Bezzy Psoriasis](https:\/\/www.bezzypsoriasis.com\/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect)\n  \n  Follow Us\n\nSubscribe\n\nExplore more in\n\n- Causes & Risk Factors\n- Complications\n- Diagnosis\n- Home Remedies\n- Management\n- Prognosis\n- Related Conditions\n- Symptoms\n- Treatment\n- Types\n\nDepression\n\n#### Related Topics\n- ### Causes & Risk Factors\n  Causes & Risk Factors\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Causes Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sad-for-no-reason)\n  - [Risk Factors](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risk-factors-for-depression)\n  - [Hormonal Imbalance](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hormonal-depression)\n  - [Genetics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-depression-hereditary)\n  - [In the Morning](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322155)\n  - [Accutane](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/accutane-depression)\n  - [Fasting](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/fasting-depression)\n  - [In Gen Z](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/why-is-gen-z-depressed)\n  - [Social Media](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/social-media-and-depression)\n  - [Substance Misuse](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-and-substance-abuse)\n  - [Low Vitamin D](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/low-vitamin-d-and-depression-risk-factors-symptoms-and-more)\n- ### Complications\n  Complications\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Sickness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-depression-make-you-sick)\n  - [Brain Zaps](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/brain-zaps)\n  - [Memory Loss](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-and-memory-loss)\n  - [Anemia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anemia-and-depression)\n  - [Thyroid](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/thyroid-and-depression)\n  - [Caffeine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/313988)\n  - [Suicide Risk](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/suicidal-tendencies)\n  - [Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/antidepressant-discontinuation-syndrome)\n  - [Antidepressant Addiction](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/are-antidepressants-addictive)\n  - [Lithium Toxicity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327145)\n  - [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-depression-cause-insomnia)\n  - [Alcohol Use](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327460)\n  - [Stopping Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-happens-when-you-stop-taking-antidepressants)\n- ### Diagnosis\n  Diagnosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Screening Tools](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-screening-tools)\n  - [Diagnosis Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-is-depression-diagnosed)\n  - [Zung Self-Rating Scale](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/zung-self-rating-depression-scale)\n  - [Misdiagnosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-misdiagnosis)\n  - [Genetic Testing](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/genetic-testing-for-depression)\n  - [Who Can Diagnose](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/who-diagnoses-depression)\n- ### Home Remedies\n  Home Remedies\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Antidepressant Withdrawal Remedies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/natural-remedies-for-antidepressant-withdrawal)\n  - [Home Remedies Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/6-natural-antidepressants)\n  - [Herbs and Supplements](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314421)\n  - [L-methylfolate](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/l-methylfolate-depression)\n  - [Sun lamp therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sun-lamp-therapy)\n  - [SAM-e](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sam-e-for-depression)\n  - [Kratom](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325747)\n  - [Probiotic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/probiotics-for-depression)\n  - [Massage](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/massage-for-depression)\n  - [Acupuncture](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/acupuncture-for-depression)\n  - [Exercise](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/exercise-and-depression)\n  - [Meditation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/meditation-for-depression)\n  - [Best Sun Lamps](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sun-lamp)\n  - [Foods](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/318428)\n- ### Management\n  Management\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Weed](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-and-marijuana)\n  - [Getting Out of Bed](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325712)\n  - [Boost Serotonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322416)\n  - [Disability Benefits](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-depression-a-disability)\n  - [Finding Motivation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/315862)\n  - [Intervention](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-intervention)\n  - [Journaling](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-journal)\n  - [Support Groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-support-groups)\n  - [Managing Career](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/managing-your-career-with-mdd)\n  - [What to Say](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-to-say-to-someone-who-is-depressed)\n  - [Management Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320502)\n- ### Prognosis\n  Prognosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Outlook Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-depression-go-away)\n  - [Is It Curable?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-you-cure-depression)\n  - [Signs of Worsening](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-getting-worse)\n  - [Statistics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-statistics)\n  - [States & Severity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-depression)\n- ### Related Conditions\n  Related Conditions\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Fatigue](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-vs-laziness)\n  - [Sadness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314418)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-vs-depression)\n  - [Autism](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/autistic-depression)\n  - [Erectile Dysfunction](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-depression-cause-erectile-dysfunction)\n  - [Grief](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-vs-grief)\n  - [Chronic Illness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/chronic-illness-and-depression)\n- ### Symptoms\n  Symptoms\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Symptoms Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326769)\n  - [Low Serotonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/serotonin-deficiency)\n  - [Signs of Relapse](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320269)\n  - [Hidden Signs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325513)\n  - [What It Feels Like](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071)\n  - [Depressive Episode](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322495)\n  - [Emotional Distress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/emotional-distress)\n  - [Tiredness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322264)\n  - [Personal Hygiene](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cant-shower-depression)\n  - [Weight Changes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-weight-gain)\n  - [Brain Fog](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/brain-fog-and-depression)\n  - [Impact on Brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/howd-does-depression-affect-the-brain)\n  - [Appetite Changes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-food-doesnt-taste-good)\n  - [Headache](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-headaches)\n  - [Impact on Body](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322395)\n  - [Apathy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/apathy-depression)\n  - [Hyperfixation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hyperfixation-and-depression)\n  - [Existential Crisis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327244)\n  - [Lethargy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/lethargy)\n- ### Treatment\n  Treatment\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Treatment Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-treatment)\n  - [Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320)\n  - [Wellbutrin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-wellbutrin)\n  - [Cymbalta](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cymbalta)\n  - [SSRI vs. SNRI](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ssri-vs-snri)\n  - [Mirtazapine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mirtazapine-oral-tablet)\n  - [Amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/amitriptyline-oral-tablet)\n  - [Stopping Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/benefits-of-stopping-antidepressants)\n  - [Prozac](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-prozac)\n  - [Celexa](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/celexa)\n  - [Effexor XR](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326678)\n  - [Zoloft](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325632)\n  - [Paxil](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325996)\n  - [Trintellix](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/trintellix)\n  - [Lexapro](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-lexapro)\n  - [Antidepressant Pros and Cons](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pros-and-cons-of-antidepressants)\n  - [Trazodone](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-trazodone-tablet)\n  - [SNRIs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/snri)\n  - [Zoloft](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-zoloft)\n  - [Auvelity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-auvelity)\n  - [Spravato](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326038)\n  - [Switching Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/switching-antidepressants)\n  - [Tricyclic Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tricyclic-antidepressants)\n  - [Shock Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/shock-therapy-for-depression)\n  - [Treatment Centers](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/rehab-for-depression)\n  - [Therapist vs. Psychologist](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/therapist-vs-psychologist-for-depression)\n  - [Aplenzin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326372)\n  - [Brain Stimulation Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/brain-stimulation-therapy)\n  - [Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation)\n  - [Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-therapy)\n  - [Ketamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-ketamine-addictive-when-used-for-depression)\n- ### Types\n  Types\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Types Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327429)\n  - [Relationship](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/relationship-depression)\n  - [Nostalgic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/nostalgic-depression)\n  - [Agitated](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320370)\n  - [Major vs. Persistent](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/major-depressive-disorder-vs-persistent-depressive-disorder)\n  - [CNS](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314790)\n  - [Pseudodementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pseudodementia)\n  - [Vs. Burnout](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/burnout-vs-depression)\n  - [Situational vs. Clinical](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314698)\n  - [Mild](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321385)\n  - [Existential](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/existential-depression)\n  - [Depression at Night](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-at-night)\n  - [Spiritual](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/spiritual-depression)\n  - [Breakthrough](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/breakthrough-depression)\n  - [Work](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/work-depression)\n  - [Catatonic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322199)\n  - [High-Functioning](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/high-functioning-depression)\n  - [Seasonal Affective Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/10306)\n  - [Subsyndromal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/subsyndromal-depression)\n  - [Geriatric](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/geriatric-depression)\n  - [Unipolar](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/unipolar-depression)\n  - [Postpartum](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/237109)\n  - [Treatment-Resistant](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-depression)\n  - [Severe](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/severe-depression)\n\n# How do I know I am feeling depressed?\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jacquelyn-Johnson-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Jacquelyn Johnson, PsyD.]() — Written by [Jennifer Berry]() and [Hana Ames]() —  [Updated on April 27, 2023]()\n\n- [How it feels](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071#how-it-feels)\n- [Causes and risk factors](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071#causes-and-risk-factors)\n- [Types](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071#types)\n- [Women](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071#women)\n- [Men](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071#men)\n- [Seeking help](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071#seeking-help)\n- [Treatments](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071#treatments)\n- [Summary](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071#summary)\n\n### Key takeaways\n- Depression is more than just feeling sad. It is a serious mental health condition with symptoms that can last for extended periods and significantly disrupt daily life, affecting relationships, work, and basic self-care.\n- The causes and symptoms of depression can vary, with factors like genetics, life events, and hormonal changes playing a role, and it can manifest differently in males and females.\n- Seeking help from a healthcare provider is crucial, as depression can worsen without treatment. Various effective treatments, including therapy and medication, are available to help manage the condition and improve quality of life.\n\nSome people with depression may experience appetite changes and sleep problems. Other aspects of depression may bring on painful physical symptoms, such as headaches.\n\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that, in 2020, [8\\.4%](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression) of all adults in the United States experienced a major depressive episode at least once in the past year. However, despite its prevalence, [depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8933) is not always easy to identify.\n\nSymptoms and causes of depression can vary widely from person to person. Gender may also play an important role in why depression affects a person and what it feels like to them.\n\n[Learn more about the physical symptoms of depression.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-physical-symptoms)\n\n## [How depression feels]()\n![explaining how depression feels](https:\/\/cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com\/content\/images\/articles\/314\/314071\/explaining-how-depression-feels.jpg)\n\nOne of the common misunderstandings about depression is that it is similar to feeling sad or down.\n\nAlthough many people with depression feel sadness, it feels much more severe than emotions that come and go in response to life events.\n\nThe symptoms of depression can last for months or years and can make it difficult or impossible to carry on with daily life.\n\nIt can disrupt careers, relationships, and daily tasks, such as self-care and housework.\n\nDoctors will usually look for symptoms that last for at least 2 weeks as a possible [sign of depression](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression\/index.shtml).\n\nDepression may feel like:\n\n- **There is no pleasure or joy in life:** A person with depression may not enjoy things they once loved and feel like nothing can make them happy.\n- **Concentration or focus becomes harder:** Making decisions, reading, or watching television can seem taxing with depression because people cannot think clearly or follow what is happening.\n- **Everything feels hopeless:** Depression may make people feel that there is no way to feel good or happy again.\n- **Self-esteem is often absent:** People with depression may feel like they are worthless or a failure at everything. They may dwell on negative events and experiences and cannot see positive qualities in themselves.\n- **Sleeping may be difficult:** Falling asleep at night or staying asleep all night can feel nearly impossible for some with depression. A person may wake up early and not be able to go back to sleep. Others may sleep excessively but still wake up feeling tired or unrefreshed, despite the extra hours of sleep.\n- **Energy levels are low to nonexistent:** Some people have difficulty getting out of bed or feel exhausted all of the time, even when they are getting enough sleep. They may feel that they are too tired to do simple, daily tasks.\n- **Food may not seem appetizing:** Some people with depression feel like they do not want to eat anything and have to force themselves to eat. This can result in weight loss.\n- **Cravings for comfort foods:** Although some with depression do not want to eat, others find solace in food. They can overeat and crave comfort foods, leading to weight gain.\n- **Aches and pains may be present:** Some people experience [headaches](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/73936.php \"What is causing this headache?\"), nausea, body aches, and other pains with depression.\n\nMany people mistakenly believe that being depressed is a choice or that they need to have a positive attitude.\n\nFriends and loved ones often get frustrated or do not understand why a person cannot “snap out of it.” They may even say that the person has nothing to be depressed about.\n\nDepression is a real mental illness. Those who live with depression cannot simply decide to stop feeling depressed. Unlike typical sadness or worry, depression can feel all-consuming and hopeless.\n\n## [Common causes and risk factors]()\nSeveral factors can cause depression. Though depression may not have one single cause, experts recognize the following as [possible risk factors](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/Learn-More\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Depression):\n\n- **Genetics:** Depression and other mood disorders can run in families, though family history alone does not mean a person will get depression.\n- **Life events:** Major life changes and stressful events may trigger depression. These events include divorce, the death of a loved one, job loss, or financial problems.\n- **Hormonal changes:** Research\n  [suggests](https:\/\/womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40695-015-0002-y)\n  that there is an association between depression with [menopause](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/155651.php \"Everything you need to know about menopause\"), pregnancy, and premenstrual disorders. However, hormone changes likely act with other factors.\n- **Certain illnesses:** Physical illnesses may [increase](https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.2\/mgoodwin) the risk of developing severe depressive illnesses.\n- **Drug and alcohol abuse:** Heavy substance use\n  [may result](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5884706\/)\n  from and correlate with depression.\n- **Some medications:** Certain prescription medicines may increase the risk of depression. These include some [high blood pressure](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/159283.php \"What to know about high blood pressure\") medications, steroids, and some [cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/cancer-oncology) drugs.\n\n## [Types of depression]()\nThis section looks at the different types of depression.\n\n### Major depression\nAlthough it may sound daunting, major or clinical depression is the “standard” type that doctors diagnose. NIMH reports that major depression is among the [most common](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression) mental health conditions in the US.\n\nPeople with this condition have experienced [five or more](https:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/education\/depression\/types-of-depression\/) symptoms of depression for at least [2 weeks](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression).\n\nSome people experience recurrent bouts of major depression, which can happen monthly, yearly, or a few times in their lives.\n\n### Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)\nSeasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a condition in which there is a link between mood changes and the seasons. It is a subcategory of major depressive disorder (MDD).\n\nIt is a type of recurring major depression with a seasonal pattern. It is most common during the colder, darker winter months and affects [up to 9%](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4673349\/) of the US population. The prevalence of people with SAD tends to increase the further people live from the equator.\n\nThe symptoms of this condition are depression, sleep disturbance, weight gain or loss, and increased alcohol consumption. SAD occurs [four times](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4673349\/) more often in women than in men.\n\nOne potential [cause](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder) of the [seasonal affective disorder](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/10306) is believed to be a lack of exposure to natural light in the winter months, although scientists are not completely sure of the cause. This lack of exposure may cause disrupted levels of [serotonin](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/232248) and melatonin in the body.\n\n### Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)\nFormerly known as dysthymia. PDD can last at least 2 years, and some symptoms may be less severe than those of major depressive disorder, but other symptoms can be just as debilitating.\n\nPersistent depressive disorder is less common than major depression, with between [3–6%](https:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/education\/depression\/types-of-depression\/persistent-depressive-disorder\/) of the population experiencing it.\n\n### Postpartum depression\nPostpartum, or perinatal, depression, is a type of depression that happens [during or after](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/perinatal-depression) a pregnancy.\n\nThe “baby blues” describes the typical [stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/145855) and worry of caring for a newborn in the first 2 weeks after giving birth while postpartum depression interferes with daily life and can persist for weeks or months.\n\nAs well as experiencing the common symptoms of depression, a person may:\n\n- feel numb or disconnected from the baby\n- worry about harming the baby\n- feel guilt about not being a good parent\n- withdraw from loved ones\n- cry more often than usual\n\nResearch from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that around [1 in 8](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/depression\/) women with a recent live birth experience symptoms of postpartum depression.\n\n### Psychotic depression\nThis type of depression includes episodes of [psychosis](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248159) or delusions in addition to major depression.\n\n[Examples](https:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/education\/depression\/types-of-depression\/psychotic-depression\/) include paranoia, difficulty understanding what is real or not, and hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, or smelling things that others cannot perceive because the affected person’s mind is fooling their own senses.\n\n### Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)\n[PMDD](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/308332) is not a type of depression but a condition that can cause severe depression.\n\nIt is a depression distinct from MDD as it links to the menstrual cycle, resulting in significant emotional lability. It also has unique physical symptoms, like breast tenderness and bloating.\n\nIt is similar to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but with [more serious](https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/menstrual-cycle\/premenstrual-syndrome\/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd) effects.\n\nPMDD can cause severe irritability, depression, and [anxiety](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323454) in the week or two leading up to a person’s period. Symptoms usually go away 2–3 days after a person’s period begins.\n\n## [Depression and women]()\nResearch suggests that the pathways to depression may be different for women than for men.\n\n[Scientists](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5532074\/) suggest this may be due to:\n\n- biological factors\n- cultural expectations\n- differences in experience\n\nA[review of studies](https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.589687\/full) also found that women’s symptoms of depression were different. The women studied were more likely to have symptoms of [fatigue](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248002), irritability, and sleep disturbances in addition to their depression.\n\nOther studies indicate that women may be [more likely](https:\/\/ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12966-019-0791-8) to gain weight than men. This is due to a higher incidence of emotional eating.\n\nWomen’s hormonal changes may also influence how and when depression affects them.\n\nResearch on this hormonal link has found the following:\n\n- Girls with a family history of depression may be more likely to experience the onset of depression at [puberty](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/156451.php \"What is puberty all about?\").\n- Women with depression have more severe symptoms during the premenstrual phase of their cycle, even if they are already taking [antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320).\n- [Postpartum depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/237109.php \"What to know about postpartum depression\") occurs after giving birth and affects 1 in 8 women.\n- During the menopause transition, a woman’s risk of depression\n  [increases](https:\/\/womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40695-015-0002-y)\n  .\n\n## [Depression and men]()\nA study suggests that a high mental strain at work is [much more likely](https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10560-y) to cause psychological distress in men than women. Loneliness and dissatisfaction with work are very strongly associated with psychological distress in both men and women.\n\nSymptoms of depression in men may also be different. A review in [*Frontiers in Psychiatry*](https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.589687\/full) found that men were more likely than women to experience anger attacks, aggression, and risk-taking behavior as depression symptoms.\n\nThough it is commonly thought that women suffer from depression more frequently than men, the study suggests that men and women may both equally suffer from depression.\n\nThe differences in symptoms and what men report to their doctors may make depression harder to diagnose in men.\n\nMen may [more frequently](https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1557988315623993) hide or not report traditional symptoms of depression, such as sadness and crying. Some may feel that these symptoms go against society’s idea of what it means to be a man.\n\n[Learn more about signs of depression in men.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324312)\n\n## [When to see a doctor]()\nThose experiencing symptoms of depression should seek assistance from a healthcare provider. Depression can worsen without treatment and affect a person’s quality of life.\n\nA doctor or [mental health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/154543.php \"What is mental health?\") professional will discuss treatment options to help the person manage their depression and carry on with their daily life.\n\nIn severe cases, depression can lead to thoughts of suicide or physically harming oneself.\n\nAny [suicidal thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/193026) or statements about not wanting to live should be taken seriously. In times of crisis, a person should seek help from a hospital emergency department.\n\nHelp is also available 24\/7 from the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling 988 or 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255), or by visiting [the Lifeline’s website](https:\/\/suicidepreventionlifeline.org\/).\n\n## [Treatments for depression]()\nIt is possible to treat depression. Treatments for depression include antidepressants and psychotherapy, of which there are many different types.\n\nHowever, different people [may respond](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430847\/) better to different treatment methods. As such, people may wish to speak with a doctor about trying different methods until they find the one most suitable for them.\n\nIt may be helpful to remember that many treatments may take some time to reach their full effects, so people may not experience results immediately.\n\nSomeone on the road to recovery after receiving a proper diagnosis may find it helps to speak out to loved ones and make healthy changes to their diet and lifestyle.\n\n> **Learn more**\n> \n> Learn more about treatments for depression.\n> \n> - [What is depression and what can I do about it?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8933)\n> - [All about antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320)\n> - [14 types of therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/types-of-therapy)\n\n## [Summary]()\nDepression is a mental health condition that results in feelings of sadness and hopelessness, a lack of motivation, or a disinterest in life.\n\nIt can also disrupt a person’s physical well-being with symptoms, such as body aches, problems sleeping, and a decreased or increased appetite.\n\nA person may have depression if they experience these feelings for more than 2 weeks and if they interfere with daily activities.\n\nDepression can happen as a result of life events, hormonal changes, medications, and more.\n\nAdditionally, it can be difficult to recognize depression, as it can start gradually and affect people in different ways.\n\nTreatments for depression include therapy, counseling, medication, and more.\n\n[Read the article in Spanish](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/es\/como-se-siente-la-depresion).\n\n- [Depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/depression)\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/mental-health)\n- [Psychology \/ Psychiatry](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/psychology-psychiatry)\n\n### How we reviewed this article:\nSources\n\nMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/process).\n\n- 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/>\n- Call, J. B., *et al.* (2018). Gendered manifestations of depression and help seeking among men.  \n  <https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1557988315623993#>\n- Chand, S. P., *et al.* (2022). Depression.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430847\/>\n- Depression. (2017).  \n  <http:\/\/www.nami.org\/Learn-More\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Depression>\n- Depression. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/education\/depression\/>\n- Depression among women. (2022).  \n  <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/depression\/>\n- Freeman, E. W. (2015). Depression in the menopause transition: Risks in the changing hormone milieu as observed in the general population.  \n  <https:\/\/womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40695-015-0002-y>\n- Goodwin. G. M. (2006). Depression and associated physical diseases and symptoms.  \n  <https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.2\/mgoodwin>\n- Konttinen, H. *et al*. (2019). Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: A population-based prospective study.  \n  <https:\/\/ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12966-019-0791-8>\n- Melrose, S. (2015). Seasonal affective disorder: An overview of assessment and treatment approaches.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4673349\/>\n- Mental health information. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health>\n- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). (2021).  \n  <https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/menstrual-cycle\/premenstrual-syndrome\/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd>\n- Radell, M. L., *et al.* (2021). The impact of different types of abuse on depression.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8060108\/>\n- Salk, R. H., *et al.* (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5532074\/>\n- Shi, P., *et al.* (2021). A hypothesis of gender differences in self-reporting symptom of depression: Implications to solve under-diagnosis and undertreatment of depression in males.  \n  <https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.589687\/full>\n- Viertiö, S., *et al.* (2021). Factors contributing to psychological distress in the working population, with a special reference to gender difference.  \n  <https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10560-y>\n- Wang, K., *et al.* (2018). Depression and substance use: Towards the development of an emotion regulation model of stigma coping.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5884706\/>\n\nShare this article\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jacquelyn-Johnson-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Jacquelyn Johnson, PsyD.]() — Written by [Jennifer Berry]() and [Hana Ames]() —  [Updated on April 27, 2023]()\n\n## Latest news\n- [Could probiotics, dietary changes help protect brain health as we age?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/could-probiotics-dietary-changes-help-protect-brain-health-as-we-age)\n- [9 steps to improve heart health, per new dietary guidance from AHA](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9-steps-improve-heart-health-diet-guidance-aha)\n- [AI model can accurately predict liver cancer risk, study suggests](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ai-model-accurately-predict-liver-cancer-risk)\n- [AI-powered stroke tool linked to improved patient outcomes in large clinical trial](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ai-powered-stroke-tool-linked-improved-patient-outcomes-large-clinical-trial)\n- [Eating same meals on repeat, and more at weekends may help you lose more weight](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/eating-same-meals-repeat-more-weekends-may-help-lose-more-weight)\n\n### Related Coverage\n- [What are the signs of depression in women?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/signs-of-depression-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Some potential signs of depression in women include sadness, numbness, and fatigue. Learn about the symptoms and if they differ by gender.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/signs-of-depression-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/signs-of-depression-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What are the signs of depression in men?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324312?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [The signs of depression can vary between men and women. Men are generally more likely to feel anger and to engage in substance abuse and risky…](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324312?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324312?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Support groups for depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-support-groups?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Joslyn Jelinek, LCSW, ACSW, RDDP](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [Depression support groups can be a source of empathy, companionship, and helpful tips. Here is a list of online and in-person groups.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-support-groups?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-support-groups?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Tips to manage seasonal depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) causes seasonal episodes of depression. Learn how to treat and manage this condition with home strategies here.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Is sleep the missing piece in mental health?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-sleep-the-missing-piece-in-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [This podcast episode explores the two-way relationship between sleep and mental health, the science of sleep cycles, sleep supplements, and the role…](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-sleep-the-missing-piece-in-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-sleep-the-missing-piece-in-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/contact-us)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/terms-of-use)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/privacy-policy)\n- Privacy Settings\n- [Advertising Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/ad-policy)\n\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/directory\/a-b)\n- [Health Hubs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/content-hubs)\n- [Medical Affairs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/reviewers)\n- [Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/newsletter)\n- © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Some people with depression may experience appetite changes and sleep problems. Other aspects of depression may bring on painful physical symptoms, such as headaches.\n\nThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that, in 2020, [8\\.4%](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression) of all adults in the United States experienced a major depressive episode at least once in the past year. However, despite its prevalence, [depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8933) is not always easy to identify.\n\nSymptoms and causes of depression can vary widely from person to person. Gender may also play an important role in why depression affects a person and what it feels like to them.\n\nOne of the common misunderstandings about depression is that it is similar to feeling sad or down.\n\nAlthough many people with depression feel sadness, it feels much more severe than emotions that come and go in response to life events.\n\nThe symptoms of depression can last for months or years and can make it difficult or impossible to carry on with daily life.\n\nIt can disrupt careers, relationships, and daily tasks, such as self-care and housework.\n\nDoctors will usually look for symptoms that last for at least 2 weeks as a possible [sign of depression](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression\/index.shtml).\n\nDepression may feel like:\n\n- **There is no pleasure or joy in life:** A person with depression may not enjoy things they once loved and feel like nothing can make them happy.\n- **Concentration or focus becomes harder:** Making decisions, reading, or watching television can seem taxing with depression because people cannot think clearly or follow what is happening.\n- **Everything feels hopeless:** Depression may make people feel that there is no way to feel good or happy again.\n- **Self-esteem is often absent:** People with depression may feel like they are worthless or a failure at everything. They may dwell on negative events and experiences and cannot see positive qualities in themselves.\n- **Sleeping may be difficult:** Falling asleep at night or staying asleep all night can feel nearly impossible for some with depression. A person may wake up early and not be able to go back to sleep. Others may sleep excessively but still wake up feeling tired or unrefreshed, despite the extra hours of sleep.\n- **Energy levels are low to nonexistent:** Some people have difficulty getting out of bed or feel exhausted all of the time, even when they are getting enough sleep. They may feel that they are too tired to do simple, daily tasks.\n- **Food may not seem appetizing:** Some people with depression feel like they do not want to eat anything and have to force themselves to eat. This can result in weight loss.\n- **Cravings for comfort foods:** Although some with depression do not want to eat, others find solace in food. They can overeat and crave comfort foods, leading to weight gain.\n- **Aches and pains may be present:** Some people experience [headaches](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/73936.php \"What is causing this headache?\"), nausea, body aches, and other pains with depression.\n\nMany people mistakenly believe that being depressed is a choice or that they need to have a positive attitude.\n\nFriends and loved ones often get frustrated or do not understand why a person cannot “snap out of it.” They may even say that the person has nothing to be depressed about.\n\nDepression is a real mental illness. Those who live with depression cannot simply decide to stop feeling depressed. Unlike typical sadness or worry, depression can feel all-consuming and hopeless.\n\nSeveral factors can cause depression. Though depression may not have one single cause, experts recognize the following as [possible risk factors](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/Learn-More\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Depression):\n\n- **Genetics:** Depression and other mood disorders can run in families, though family history alone does not mean a person will get depression.\n- **Life events:** Major life changes and stressful events may trigger depression. These events include divorce, the death of a loved one, job loss, or financial problems.\n- **Hormonal changes:** Research\n  [suggests](https:\/\/womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40695-015-0002-y)\n  that there is an association between depression with [menopause](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/155651.php \"Everything you need to know about menopause\"), pregnancy, and premenstrual disorders. However, hormone changes likely act with other factors.\n- **Certain illnesses:** Physical illnesses may [increase](https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.2\/mgoodwin) the risk of developing severe depressive illnesses.\n- **Drug and alcohol abuse:** Heavy substance use\n  [may result](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5884706\/)\n  from and correlate with depression.\n- **Some medications:** Certain prescription medicines may increase the risk of depression. These include some [high blood pressure](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/159283.php \"What to know about high blood pressure\") medications, steroids, and some [cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/cancer-oncology) drugs.\n\nThis section looks at the different types of depression.\n\nMajor depression\n\nAlthough it may sound daunting, major or clinical depression is the “standard” type that doctors diagnose. NIMH reports that major depression is among the [most common](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression) mental health conditions in the US.\n\nPeople with this condition have experienced [five or more](https:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/education\/depression\/types-of-depression\/) symptoms of depression for at least [2 weeks](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression).\n\nSome people experience recurrent bouts of major depression, which can happen monthly, yearly, or a few times in their lives.\n\nSeasonal affective disorder (SAD)\n\nSeasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a condition in which there is a link between mood changes and the seasons. It is a subcategory of major depressive disorder (MDD).\n\nIt is a type of recurring major depression with a seasonal pattern. It is most common during the colder, darker winter months and affects [up to 9%](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4673349\/) of the US population. The prevalence of people with SAD tends to increase the further people live from the equator.\n\nThe symptoms of this condition are depression, sleep disturbance, weight gain or loss, and increased alcohol consumption. SAD occurs [four times](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4673349\/) more often in women than in men.\n\nOne potential [cause](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder) of the [seasonal affective disorder](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/10306) is believed to be a lack of exposure to natural light in the winter months, although scientists are not completely sure of the cause. This lack of exposure may cause disrupted levels of [serotonin](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/232248) and melatonin in the body.\n\nPersistent depressive disorder (PDD)\n\nFormerly known as dysthymia. PDD can last at least 2 years, and some symptoms may be less severe than those of major depressive disorder, but other symptoms can be just as debilitating.\n\nPersistent depressive disorder is less common than major depression, with between [3–6%](https:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/education\/depression\/types-of-depression\/persistent-depressive-disorder\/) of the population experiencing it.\n\nPostpartum depression\n\nPostpartum, or perinatal, depression, is a type of depression that happens [during or after](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/perinatal-depression) a pregnancy.\n\nThe “baby blues” describes the typical [stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/145855) and worry of caring for a newborn in the first 2 weeks after giving birth while postpartum depression interferes with daily life and can persist for weeks or months.\n\nAs well as experiencing the common symptoms of depression, a person may:\n\n- feel numb or disconnected from the baby\n- worry about harming the baby\n- feel guilt about not being a good parent\n- withdraw from loved ones\n- cry more often than usual\n\nResearch from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that around [1 in 8](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/depression\/) women with a recent live birth experience symptoms of postpartum depression.\n\nPsychotic depression\n\nThis type of depression includes episodes of [psychosis](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248159) or delusions in addition to major depression.\n\n[Examples](https:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/education\/depression\/types-of-depression\/psychotic-depression\/) include paranoia, difficulty understanding what is real or not, and hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, or smelling things that others cannot perceive because the affected person’s mind is fooling their own senses.\n\nPremenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)\n\n[PMDD](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/308332) is not a type of depression but a condition that can cause severe depression.\n\nIt is a depression distinct from MDD as it links to the menstrual cycle, resulting in significant emotional lability. It also has unique physical symptoms, like breast tenderness and bloating.\n\nIt is similar to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but with [more serious](https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/menstrual-cycle\/premenstrual-syndrome\/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd) effects.\n\nPMDD can cause severe irritability, depression, and [anxiety](http:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323454) in the week or two leading up to a person’s period. Symptoms usually go away 2–3 days after a person’s period begins.\n\nResearch suggests that the pathways to depression may be different for women than for men.\n\n- biological factors\n- cultural expectations\n- differences in experience\n\nA[review of studies](https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.589687\/full) also found that women’s symptoms of depression were different. The women studied were more likely to have symptoms of [fatigue](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248002), irritability, and sleep disturbances in addition to their depression.\n\nOther studies indicate that women may be [more likely](https:\/\/ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12966-019-0791-8) to gain weight than men. This is due to a higher incidence of emotional eating.\n\nWomen’s hormonal changes may also influence how and when depression affects them.\n\nResearch on this hormonal link has found the following:\n\n- Girls with a family history of depression may be more likely to experience the onset of depression at [puberty](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/156451.php \"What is puberty all about?\").\n- Women with depression have more severe symptoms during the premenstrual phase of their cycle, even if they are already taking [antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320).\n- [Postpartum depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/237109.php \"What to know about postpartum depression\") occurs after giving birth and affects 1 in 8 women.\n- During the menopause transition, a woman’s risk of depression\n  [increases](https:\/\/womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40695-015-0002-y)\n  .\n\nA study suggests that a high mental strain at work is [much more likely](https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10560-y) to cause psychological distress in men than women. Loneliness and dissatisfaction with work are very strongly associated with psychological distress in both men and women.\n\nSymptoms of depression in men may also be different. A review in [*Frontiers in Psychiatry*](https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.589687\/full) found that men were more likely than women to experience anger attacks, aggression, and risk-taking behavior as depression symptoms.\n\nThough it is commonly thought that women suffer from depression more frequently than men, the study suggests that men and women may both equally suffer from depression.\n\nThe differences in symptoms and what men report to their doctors may make depression harder to diagnose in men.\n\nMen may [more frequently](https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1557988315623993) hide or not report traditional symptoms of depression, such as sadness and crying. Some may feel that these symptoms go against society’s idea of what it means to be a man.\n\nThose experiencing symptoms of depression should seek assistance from a healthcare provider. Depression can worsen without treatment and affect a person’s quality of life.\n\nA doctor or [mental health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/154543.php \"What is mental health?\") professional will discuss treatment options to help the person manage their depression and carry on with their daily life.\n\nIn severe cases, depression can lead to thoughts of suicide or physically harming oneself.\n\nAny [suicidal thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/193026) or statements about not wanting to live should be taken seriously. In times of crisis, a person should seek help from a hospital emergency department.\n\nHelp is also available 24\/7 from the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling 988 or 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255), or by visiting [the Lifeline’s website](https:\/\/suicidepreventionlifeline.org\/).\n\nIt is possible to treat depression. Treatments for depression include antidepressants and psychotherapy, of which there are many different types.\n\nHowever, different people [may respond](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430847\/) better to different treatment methods. As such, people may wish to speak with a doctor about trying different methods until they find the one most suitable for them.\n\nIt may be helpful to remember that many treatments may take some time to reach their full effects, so people may not experience results immediately.\n\nSomeone on the road to recovery after receiving a proper diagnosis may find it helps to speak out to loved ones and make healthy changes to their diet and lifestyle.\n\nDepression is a mental health condition that results in feelings of sadness and hopelessness, a lack of motivation, or a disinterest in life.\n\nIt can also disrupt a person’s physical well-being with symptoms, such as body aches, problems sleeping, and a decreased or increased appetite.\n\nA person may have depression if they experience these feelings for more than 2 weeks and if they interfere with daily activities.\n\nDepression can happen as a result of life events, hormonal changes, medications, and more.\n\nAdditionally, it can be difficult to recognize depression, as it can start gradually and affect people in different ways.\n\nTreatments for depression include therapy, counseling, medication, and more.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Some people with depression may experience appetite changes and sleep problems. Other aspects of depression may bring on painful physical symptoms, such as headaches. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that, in 2020, 8.4% of all adults in the United States experienced a major depressive episode at least once in the past year. However, despite its prevalence, depression is not always easy to identify. Symptoms and causes of depression can vary widely from person to person. Gender may also play an important role in why depression affects a person and what it feels like to them. One of the common misunderstandings about depression is that it is similar to feeling sad or down. Although many people with depression feel sadness, it feels much more severe than emotions that come and go in response to life events. The symptoms of depression can last for months or years and can make it difficult or impossible to carry on with daily life. It can disrupt careers, relationships, and daily tasks, such as self-care and housework. Doctors will usually look for symptoms that last for at least 2 weeks as a possible sign of depression . Depression may feel like: There is no pleasure or joy in life: A person with depression may not enjoy things they once loved and feel like nothing can make them happy. Concentration or focus becomes harder: Making decisions, reading, or watching television can seem taxing with depression because people cannot think clearly or follow what is happening. Everything feels hopeless: Depression may make people feel that there is no way to feel good or happy again. Self-esteem is often absent: People with depression may feel like they are worthless or a failure at everything. They may dwell on negative events and experiences and cannot see positive qualities in themselves. Sleeping may be difficult: Falling asleep at night or staying asleep all night can feel nearly impossible for some with depression. A person may wake up early and not be able to go back to sleep. Others may sleep excessively but still wake up feeling tired or unrefreshed, despite the extra hours of sleep. Energy levels are low to nonexistent: Some people have difficulty getting out of bed or feel exhausted all of the time, even when they are getting enough sleep. They may feel that they are too tired to do simple, daily tasks. Food may not seem appetizing: Some people with depression feel like they do not want to eat anything and have to force themselves to eat. This can result in weight loss. Cravings for comfort foods: Although some with depression do not want to eat, others find solace in food. They can overeat and crave comfort foods, leading to weight gain. Aches and pains may be present: Some people experience headaches , nausea, body aches, and other pains with depression. Many people mistakenly believe that being depressed is a choice or that they need to have a positive attitude. Friends and loved ones often get frustrated or do not understand why a person cannot “snap out of it.” They may even say that the person has nothing to be depressed about. Depression is a real mental illness. Those who live with depression cannot simply decide to stop feeling depressed. Unlike typical sadness or worry, depression can feel all-consuming and hopeless. Several factors can cause depression. Though depression may not have one single cause, experts recognize the following as possible risk factors : Genetics: Depression and other mood disorders can run in families, though family history alone does not mean a person will get depression. Life events: Major life changes and stressful events may trigger depression. These events include divorce, the death of a loved one, job loss, or financial problems. Hormonal changes: Research suggests that there is an association between depression with menopause , pregnancy, and premenstrual disorders. However, hormone changes likely act with other factors. Certain illnesses: Physical illnesses may increase the risk of developing severe depressive illnesses. Drug and alcohol abuse: Heavy substance use may result from and correlate with depression. Some medications: Certain prescription medicines may increase the risk of depression. These include some high blood pressure medications, steroids, and some cancer drugs. This section looks at the different types of depression. Major depression Although it may sound daunting, major or clinical depression is the “standard” type that doctors diagnose. NIMH reports that major depression is among the most common mental health conditions in the US. People with this condition have experienced five or more symptoms of depression for at least 2 weeks . Some people experience recurrent bouts of major depression, which can happen monthly, yearly, or a few times in their lives. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a condition in which there is a link between mood changes and the seasons. It is a subcategory of major depressive disorder (MDD). It is a type of recurring major depression with a seasonal pattern. It is most common during the colder, darker winter months and affects up to 9% of the US population. The prevalence of people with SAD tends to increase the further people live from the equator. The symptoms of this condition are depression, sleep disturbance, weight gain or loss, and increased alcohol consumption. SAD occurs four times more often in women than in men. One potential cause of the seasonal affective disorder is believed to be a lack of exposure to natural light in the winter months, although scientists are not completely sure of the cause. This lack of exposure may cause disrupted levels of serotonin and melatonin in the body. Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) Formerly known as dysthymia. PDD can last at least 2 years, and some symptoms may be less severe than those of major depressive disorder, but other symptoms can be just as debilitating. Persistent depressive disorder is less common than major depression, with between 3–6% of the population experiencing it. Postpartum depression Postpartum, or perinatal, depression, is a type of depression that happens during or after a pregnancy. The “baby blues” describes the typical stress and worry of caring for a newborn in the first 2 weeks after giving birth while postpartum depression interferes with daily life and can persist for weeks or months. As well as experiencing the common symptoms of depression, a person may: feel numb or disconnected from the baby worry about harming the baby feel guilt about not being a good parent withdraw from loved ones cry more often than usual Research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that around 1 in 8 women with a recent live birth experience symptoms of postpartum depression. Psychotic depression This type of depression includes episodes of psychosis or delusions in addition to major depression. Examples include paranoia, difficulty understanding what is real or not, and hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, or smelling things that others cannot perceive because the affected person’s mind is fooling their own senses. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) PMDD is not a type of depression but a condition that can cause severe depression. It is a depression distinct from MDD as it links to the menstrual cycle, resulting in significant emotional lability. It also has unique physical symptoms, like breast tenderness and bloating. It is similar to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but with more serious effects. PMDD can cause severe irritability, depression, and anxiety in the week or two leading up to a person’s period. Symptoms usually go away 2–3 days after a person’s period begins. Research suggests that the pathways to depression may be different for women than for men. biological factors cultural expectations differences in experience A review of studies also found that women’s symptoms of depression were different. The women studied were more likely to have symptoms of fatigue , irritability, and sleep disturbances in addition to their depression. Other studies indicate that women may be more likely to gain weight than men. This is due to a higher incidence of emotional eating. Women’s hormonal changes may also influence how and when depression affects them. Research on this hormonal link has found the following: Girls with a family history of depression may be more likely to experience the onset of depression at puberty . Women with depression have more severe symptoms during the premenstrual phase of their cycle, even if they are already taking antidepressants . Postpartum depression occurs after giving birth and affects 1 in 8 women. During the menopause transition, a woman’s risk of depression increases . A study suggests that a high mental strain at work is much more likely to cause psychological distress in men than women. Loneliness and dissatisfaction with work are very strongly associated with psychological distress in both men and women. Symptoms of depression in men may also be different. A review in Frontiers in Psychiatry found that men were more likely than women to experience anger attacks, aggression, and risk-taking behavior as depression symptoms. Though it is commonly thought that women suffer from depression more frequently than men, the study suggests that men and women may both equally suffer from depression. The differences in symptoms and what men report to their doctors may make depression harder to diagnose in men. Men may more frequently hide or not report traditional symptoms of depression, such as sadness and crying. Some may feel that these symptoms go against society’s idea of what it means to be a man. Those experiencing symptoms of depression should seek assistance from a healthcare provider. Depression can worsen without treatment and affect a person’s quality of life. A doctor or mental health professional will discuss treatment options to help the person manage their depression and carry on with their daily life. In severe cases, depression can lead to thoughts of suicide or physically harming oneself. Any suicidal thoughts or statements about not wanting to live should be taken seriously. In times of crisis, a person should seek help from a hospital emergency department. Help is also available 24/7 from the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling 988 or 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255), or by visiting the Lifeline’s website . It is possible to treat depression. Treatments for depression include antidepressants and psychotherapy, of which there are many different types. However, different people may respond better to different treatment methods. As such, people may wish to speak with a doctor about trying different methods until they find the one most suitable for them. It may be helpful to remember that many treatments may take some time to reach their full effects, so people may not experience results immediately. Someone on the road to recovery after receiving a proper diagnosis may find it helps to speak out to loved ones and make healthy changes to their diet and lifestyle. Depression is a mental health condition that results in feelings of sadness and hopelessness, a lack of motivation, or a disinterest in life. It can also disrupt a person’s physical well-being with symptoms, such as body aches, problems sleeping, and a decreased or increased appetite. A person may have depression if they experience these feelings for more than 2 weeks and if they interfere with daily activities. Depression can happen as a result of life events, hormonal changes, medications, and more. Additionally, it can be difficult to recognize depression, as it can start gradually and affect people in different ways. Treatments for depression include therapy, counseling, medication, and more.
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[Auvelity](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-auvelity) - [Spravato](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326038) - [Switching Antidepressants](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/switching-antidepressants) - [Tricyclic Antidepressants](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tricyclic-antidepressants) - [Shock Therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/shock-therapy-for-depression) - [Treatment Centers](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/rehab-for-depression) - [Therapist vs. Psychologist](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/therapist-vs-psychologist-for-depression) - [Aplenzin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326372) - [Brain Stimulation Therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brain-stimulation-therapy) - [Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation) - [Therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-therapy) - [Ketamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-ketamine-addictive-when-used-for-depression) - ### Types Types #### Related Articles - [Types Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327429) - [Relationship](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/relationship-depression) - [Nostalgic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nostalgic-depression) - [Agitated](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320370) - [Major vs. Persistent](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/major-depressive-disorder-vs-persistent-depressive-disorder) - [CNS](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314790) - [Pseudodementia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pseudodementia) - [Vs. Burnout](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/burnout-vs-depression) - [Situational vs. Clinical](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314698) - [Mild](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321385) - [Existential](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/existential-depression) - [Depression at Night](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-at-night) - [Spiritual](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/spiritual-depression) - [Breakthrough](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breakthrough-depression) - [Work](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/work-depression) - [Catatonic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199) - [High-Functioning](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-functioning-depression) - [Seasonal Affective Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10306) - [Subsyndromal](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/subsyndromal-depression) - [Geriatric](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/geriatric-depression) - [Unipolar](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/unipolar-depression) - [Postpartum](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/237109) - [Treatment-Resistant](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-depression) - [Severe](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/severe-depression) # How do I know I am feeling depressed? ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jacquelyn-Johnson-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Jacquelyn Johnson, PsyD.]() — Written by [Jennifer Berry]() and [Hana Ames]() — [Updated on April 27, 2023]() - [How it feels](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071#how-it-feels) - [Causes and risk factors](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071#causes-and-risk-factors) - [Types](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071#types) - [Women](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071#women) - [Men](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071#men) - [Seeking help](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071#seeking-help) - [Treatments](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071#treatments) - [Summary](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314071#summary) ### Key takeaways - Depression is more than just feeling sad. It is a serious mental health condition with symptoms that can last for extended periods and significantly disrupt daily life, affecting relationships, work, and basic self-care. - The causes and symptoms of depression can vary, with factors like genetics, life events, and hormonal changes playing a role, and it can manifest differently in males and females. - Seeking help from a healthcare provider is crucial, as depression can worsen without treatment. Various effective treatments, including therapy and medication, are available to help manage the condition and improve quality of life. Some people with depression may experience appetite changes and sleep problems. Other aspects of depression may bring on painful physical symptoms, such as headaches. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that, in 2020, [8\.4%](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression) of all adults in the United States experienced a major depressive episode at least once in the past year. However, despite its prevalence, [depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933) is not always easy to identify. Symptoms and causes of depression can vary widely from person to person. Gender may also play an important role in why depression affects a person and what it feels like to them. [Learn more about the physical symptoms of depression.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-physical-symptoms) ## [How depression feels]() ![explaining how depression feels](https://cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/314/314071/explaining-how-depression-feels.jpg) One of the common misunderstandings about depression is that it is similar to feeling sad or down. Although many people with depression feel sadness, it feels much more severe than emotions that come and go in response to life events. The symptoms of depression can last for months or years and can make it difficult or impossible to carry on with daily life. It can disrupt careers, relationships, and daily tasks, such as self-care and housework. Doctors will usually look for symptoms that last for at least 2 weeks as a possible [sign of depression](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml). Depression may feel like: - There is no pleasure or joy in life: A person with depression may not enjoy things they once loved and feel like nothing can make them happy. - Concentration or focus becomes harder: Making decisions, reading, or watching television can seem taxing with depression because people cannot think clearly or follow what is happening. - Everything feels hopeless: Depression may make people feel that there is no way to feel good or happy again. - Self-esteem is often absent: People with depression may feel like they are worthless or a failure at everything. They may dwell on negative events and experiences and cannot see positive qualities in themselves. - Sleeping may be difficult: Falling asleep at night or staying asleep all night can feel nearly impossible for some with depression. A person may wake up early and not be able to go back to sleep. Others may sleep excessively but still wake up feeling tired or unrefreshed, despite the extra hours of sleep. - Energy levels are low to nonexistent: Some people have difficulty getting out of bed or feel exhausted all of the time, even when they are getting enough sleep. They may feel that they are too tired to do simple, daily tasks. - Food may not seem appetizing: Some people with depression feel like they do not want to eat anything and have to force themselves to eat. This can result in weight loss. - Cravings for comfort foods: Although some with depression do not want to eat, others find solace in food. They can overeat and crave comfort foods, leading to weight gain. - Aches and pains may be present: Some people experience [headaches](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73936.php "What is causing this headache?"), nausea, body aches, and other pains with depression. Many people mistakenly believe that being depressed is a choice or that they need to have a positive attitude. Friends and loved ones often get frustrated or do not understand why a person cannot “snap out of it.” They may even say that the person has nothing to be depressed about. Depression is a real mental illness. Those who live with depression cannot simply decide to stop feeling depressed. Unlike typical sadness or worry, depression can feel all-consuming and hopeless. ## [Common causes and risk factors]() Several factors can cause depression. Though depression may not have one single cause, experts recognize the following as [possible risk factors](https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression): - Genetics: Depression and other mood disorders can run in families, though family history alone does not mean a person will get depression. - Life events: Major life changes and stressful events may trigger depression. These events include divorce, the death of a loved one, job loss, or financial problems. - Hormonal changes: Research [suggests](https://womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40695-015-0002-y) that there is an association between depression with [menopause](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155651.php "Everything you need to know about menopause"), pregnancy, and premenstrual disorders. However, hormone changes likely act with other factors. - Certain illnesses: Physical illnesses may [increase](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.2/mgoodwin) the risk of developing severe depressive illnesses. - Drug and alcohol abuse: Heavy substance use [may result](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884706/) from and correlate with depression. - Some medications: Certain prescription medicines may increase the risk of depression. These include some [high blood pressure](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283.php "What to know about high blood pressure") medications, steroids, and some [cancer](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/cancer-oncology) drugs. ## [Types of depression]() This section looks at the different types of depression. ### Major depression Although it may sound daunting, major or clinical depression is the “standard” type that doctors diagnose. NIMH reports that major depression is among the [most common](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression) mental health conditions in the US. People with this condition have experienced [five or more](https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/depression/types-of-depression/) symptoms of depression for at least [2 weeks](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression). Some people experience recurrent bouts of major depression, which can happen monthly, yearly, or a few times in their lives. ### Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a condition in which there is a link between mood changes and the seasons. It is a subcategory of major depressive disorder (MDD). It is a type of recurring major depression with a seasonal pattern. It is most common during the colder, darker winter months and affects [up to 9%](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673349/) of the US population. The prevalence of people with SAD tends to increase the further people live from the equator. The symptoms of this condition are depression, sleep disturbance, weight gain or loss, and increased alcohol consumption. SAD occurs [four times](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673349/) more often in women than in men. One potential [cause](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorder) of the [seasonal affective disorder](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10306) is believed to be a lack of exposure to natural light in the winter months, although scientists are not completely sure of the cause. This lack of exposure may cause disrupted levels of [serotonin](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248) and melatonin in the body. ### Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) Formerly known as dysthymia. PDD can last at least 2 years, and some symptoms may be less severe than those of major depressive disorder, but other symptoms can be just as debilitating. Persistent depressive disorder is less common than major depression, with between [3–6%](https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/depression/types-of-depression/persistent-depressive-disorder/) of the population experiencing it. ### Postpartum depression Postpartum, or perinatal, depression, is a type of depression that happens [during or after](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression) a pregnancy. The “baby blues” describes the typical [stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855) and worry of caring for a newborn in the first 2 weeks after giving birth while postpartum depression interferes with daily life and can persist for weeks or months. As well as experiencing the common symptoms of depression, a person may: - feel numb or disconnected from the baby - worry about harming the baby - feel guilt about not being a good parent - withdraw from loved ones - cry more often than usual Research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that around [1 in 8](https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/) women with a recent live birth experience symptoms of postpartum depression. ### Psychotic depression This type of depression includes episodes of [psychosis](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159) or delusions in addition to major depression. [Examples](https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/depression/types-of-depression/psychotic-depression/) include paranoia, difficulty understanding what is real or not, and hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, or smelling things that others cannot perceive because the affected person’s mind is fooling their own senses. ### Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) [PMDD](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308332) is not a type of depression but a condition that can cause severe depression. It is a depression distinct from MDD as it links to the menstrual cycle, resulting in significant emotional lability. It also has unique physical symptoms, like breast tenderness and bloating. It is similar to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but with [more serious](https://www.womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd) effects. PMDD can cause severe irritability, depression, and [anxiety](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454) in the week or two leading up to a person’s period. Symptoms usually go away 2–3 days after a person’s period begins. ## [Depression and women]() Research suggests that the pathways to depression may be different for women than for men. [Scientists](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532074/) suggest this may be due to: - biological factors - cultural expectations - differences in experience A[review of studies](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.589687/full) also found that women’s symptoms of depression were different. The women studied were more likely to have symptoms of [fatigue](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248002), irritability, and sleep disturbances in addition to their depression. Other studies indicate that women may be [more likely](https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-019-0791-8) to gain weight than men. This is due to a higher incidence of emotional eating. Women’s hormonal changes may also influence how and when depression affects them. Research on this hormonal link has found the following: - Girls with a family history of depression may be more likely to experience the onset of depression at [puberty](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156451.php "What is puberty all about?"). - Women with depression have more severe symptoms during the premenstrual phase of their cycle, even if they are already taking [antidepressants](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320). - [Postpartum depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/237109.php "What to know about postpartum depression") occurs after giving birth and affects 1 in 8 women. - During the menopause transition, a woman’s risk of depression [increases](https://womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40695-015-0002-y) . ## [Depression and men]() A study suggests that a high mental strain at work is [much more likely](https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-10560-y) to cause psychological distress in men than women. Loneliness and dissatisfaction with work are very strongly associated with psychological distress in both men and women. Symptoms of depression in men may also be different. A review in [Frontiers in Psychiatry](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.589687/full) found that men were more likely than women to experience anger attacks, aggression, and risk-taking behavior as depression symptoms. Though it is commonly thought that women suffer from depression more frequently than men, the study suggests that men and women may both equally suffer from depression. The differences in symptoms and what men report to their doctors may make depression harder to diagnose in men. Men may [more frequently](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1557988315623993) hide or not report traditional symptoms of depression, such as sadness and crying. Some may feel that these symptoms go against society’s idea of what it means to be a man. [Learn more about signs of depression in men.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324312) ## [When to see a doctor]() Those experiencing symptoms of depression should seek assistance from a healthcare provider. Depression can worsen without treatment and affect a person’s quality of life. A doctor or [mental health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154543.php "What is mental health?") professional will discuss treatment options to help the person manage their depression and carry on with their daily life. In severe cases, depression can lead to thoughts of suicide or physically harming oneself. Any [suicidal thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193026) or statements about not wanting to live should be taken seriously. In times of crisis, a person should seek help from a hospital emergency department. Help is also available 24/7 from the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling 988 or 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255), or by visiting [the Lifeline’s website](https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/). ## [Treatments for depression]() It is possible to treat depression. Treatments for depression include antidepressants and psychotherapy, of which there are many different types. However, different people [may respond](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/) better to different treatment methods. As such, people may wish to speak with a doctor about trying different methods until they find the one most suitable for them. It may be helpful to remember that many treatments may take some time to reach their full effects, so people may not experience results immediately. Someone on the road to recovery after receiving a proper diagnosis may find it helps to speak out to loved ones and make healthy changes to their diet and lifestyle. > Learn more > > Learn more about treatments for depression. > > - [What is depression and what can I do about it?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933) > - [All about antidepressants](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320) > - [14 types of therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-therapy) ## [Summary]() Depression is a mental health condition that results in feelings of sadness and hopelessness, a lack of motivation, or a disinterest in life. It can also disrupt a person’s physical well-being with symptoms, such as body aches, problems sleeping, and a decreased or increased appetite. A person may have depression if they experience these feelings for more than 2 weeks and if they interfere with daily activities. Depression can happen as a result of life events, hormonal changes, medications, and more. Additionally, it can be difficult to recognize depression, as it can start gradually and affect people in different ways. Treatments for depression include therapy, counseling, medication, and more. [Read the article in Spanish](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/es/como-se-siente-la-depresion). - [Depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/depression) - [Mental Health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/mental-health) - [Psychology / Psychiatry](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/psychology-psychiatry) ### How we reviewed this article: Sources Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process). - 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. (n.d.). <https://988lifeline.org/> - Call, J. B., et al. (2018). Gendered manifestations of depression and help seeking among men. <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1557988315623993#> - Chand, S. P., et al. (2022). Depression. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/> - Depression. (2017). <http://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression> - Depression. (n.d.). <https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/depression/> - Depression among women. (2022). <https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/> - Freeman, E. W. (2015). Depression in the menopause transition: Risks in the changing hormone milieu as observed in the general population. <https://womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40695-015-0002-y> - Goodwin. G. M. (2006). Depression and associated physical diseases and symptoms. <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.2/mgoodwin> - Konttinen, H. et al. (2019). Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: A population-based prospective study. <https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-019-0791-8> - Melrose, S. (2015). Seasonal affective disorder: An overview of assessment and treatment approaches. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673349/> - Mental health information. (n.d.). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health> - Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). (2021). <https://www.womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd> - Radell, M. L., et al. (2021). The impact of different types of abuse on depression. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060108/> - Salk, R. H., et al. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532074/> - Shi, P., et al. (2021). A hypothesis of gender differences in self-reporting symptom of depression: Implications to solve under-diagnosis and undertreatment of depression in males. <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.589687/full> - Viertiö, S., et al. (2021). Factors contributing to psychological distress in the working population, with a special reference to gender difference. <https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-10560-y> - Wang, K., et al. (2018). Depression and substance use: Towards the development of an emotion regulation model of stigma coping. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884706/> Share this article ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jacquelyn-Johnson-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Jacquelyn Johnson, PsyD.]() — Written by [Jennifer Berry]() and [Hana Ames]() — [Updated on April 27, 2023]() ## Latest news - [Could probiotics, dietary changes help protect brain health as we age?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/could-probiotics-dietary-changes-help-protect-brain-health-as-we-age) - [9 steps to improve heart health, per new dietary guidance from AHA](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9-steps-improve-heart-health-diet-guidance-aha) - [AI model can accurately predict liver cancer risk, study suggests](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ai-model-accurately-predict-liver-cancer-risk) - [AI-powered stroke tool linked to improved patient outcomes in large clinical trial](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ai-powered-stroke-tool-linked-improved-patient-outcomes-large-clinical-trial) - [Eating same meals on repeat, and more at weekends may help you lose more weight](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eating-same-meals-repeat-more-weekends-may-help-lose-more-weight) ### Related Coverage - [What are the signs of depression in women?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/signs-of-depression-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext) [Some potential signs of depression in women include sadness, numbness, and fatigue. Learn about the symptoms and if they differ by gender.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/signs-of-depression-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/signs-of-depression-in-women?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What are the signs of depression in men?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324312?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers) [The signs of depression can vary between men and women. Men are generally more likely to feel anger and to engage in substance abuse and risky…](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324312?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324312?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Support groups for depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-support-groups?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Joslyn Jelinek, LCSW, ACSW, RDDP](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers) [Depression support groups can be a source of empathy, companionship, and helpful tips. Here is a list of online and in-person groups.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-support-groups?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-support-groups?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Tips to manage seasonal depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) [Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) causes seasonal episodes of depression. Learn how to treat and manage this condition with home strategies here.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Is sleep the missing piece in mental health?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-sleep-the-missing-piece-in-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext) [This podcast episode explores the two-way relationship between sleep and mental health, the science of sleep cycles, sleep supplements, and the role…](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-sleep-the-missing-piece-in-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-sleep-the-missing-piece-in-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext) © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. 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Readable Markdown	Some people with depression may experience appetite changes and sleep problems. Other aspects of depression may bring on painful physical symptoms, such as headaches. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that, in 2020, [8\.4%](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression) of all adults in the United States experienced a major depressive episode at least once in the past year. However, despite its prevalence, [depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933) is not always easy to identify. Symptoms and causes of depression can vary widely from person to person. Gender may also play an important role in why depression affects a person and what it feels like to them. One of the common misunderstandings about depression is that it is similar to feeling sad or down. Although many people with depression feel sadness, it feels much more severe than emotions that come and go in response to life events. The symptoms of depression can last for months or years and can make it difficult or impossible to carry on with daily life. It can disrupt careers, relationships, and daily tasks, such as self-care and housework. Doctors will usually look for symptoms that last for at least 2 weeks as a possible [sign of depression](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml). Depression may feel like: - There is no pleasure or joy in life: A person with depression may not enjoy things they once loved and feel like nothing can make them happy. - Concentration or focus becomes harder: Making decisions, reading, or watching television can seem taxing with depression because people cannot think clearly or follow what is happening. - Everything feels hopeless: Depression may make people feel that there is no way to feel good or happy again. - Self-esteem is often absent: People with depression may feel like they are worthless or a failure at everything. They may dwell on negative events and experiences and cannot see positive qualities in themselves. - Sleeping may be difficult: Falling asleep at night or staying asleep all night can feel nearly impossible for some with depression. A person may wake up early and not be able to go back to sleep. Others may sleep excessively but still wake up feeling tired or unrefreshed, despite the extra hours of sleep. - Energy levels are low to nonexistent: Some people have difficulty getting out of bed or feel exhausted all of the time, even when they are getting enough sleep. They may feel that they are too tired to do simple, daily tasks. - Food may not seem appetizing: Some people with depression feel like they do not want to eat anything and have to force themselves to eat. This can result in weight loss. - Cravings for comfort foods: Although some with depression do not want to eat, others find solace in food. They can overeat and crave comfort foods, leading to weight gain. - Aches and pains may be present: Some people experience [headaches](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73936.php "What is causing this headache?"), nausea, body aches, and other pains with depression. Many people mistakenly believe that being depressed is a choice or that they need to have a positive attitude. Friends and loved ones often get frustrated or do not understand why a person cannot “snap out of it.” They may even say that the person has nothing to be depressed about. Depression is a real mental illness. Those who live with depression cannot simply decide to stop feeling depressed. Unlike typical sadness or worry, depression can feel all-consuming and hopeless. Several factors can cause depression. Though depression may not have one single cause, experts recognize the following as [possible risk factors](https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression): - Genetics: Depression and other mood disorders can run in families, though family history alone does not mean a person will get depression. - Life events: Major life changes and stressful events may trigger depression. These events include divorce, the death of a loved one, job loss, or financial problems. - Hormonal changes: Research [suggests](https://womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40695-015-0002-y) that there is an association between depression with [menopause](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155651.php "Everything you need to know about menopause"), pregnancy, and premenstrual disorders. However, hormone changes likely act with other factors. - Certain illnesses: Physical illnesses may [increase](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.2/mgoodwin) the risk of developing severe depressive illnesses. - Drug and alcohol abuse: Heavy substance use [may result](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884706/) from and correlate with depression. - Some medications: Certain prescription medicines may increase the risk of depression. These include some [high blood pressure](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283.php "What to know about high blood pressure") medications, steroids, and some [cancer](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/cancer-oncology) drugs. This section looks at the different types of depression. Major depression Although it may sound daunting, major or clinical depression is the “standard” type that doctors diagnose. NIMH reports that major depression is among the [most common](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression) mental health conditions in the US. People with this condition have experienced [five or more](https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/depression/types-of-depression/) symptoms of depression for at least [2 weeks](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression). Some people experience recurrent bouts of major depression, which can happen monthly, yearly, or a few times in their lives. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a condition in which there is a link between mood changes and the seasons. It is a subcategory of major depressive disorder (MDD). It is a type of recurring major depression with a seasonal pattern. It is most common during the colder, darker winter months and affects [up to 9%](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673349/) of the US population. The prevalence of people with SAD tends to increase the further people live from the equator. The symptoms of this condition are depression, sleep disturbance, weight gain or loss, and increased alcohol consumption. SAD occurs [four times](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673349/) more often in women than in men. One potential [cause](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorder) of the [seasonal affective disorder](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10306) is believed to be a lack of exposure to natural light in the winter months, although scientists are not completely sure of the cause. This lack of exposure may cause disrupted levels of [serotonin](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248) and melatonin in the body. Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) Formerly known as dysthymia. PDD can last at least 2 years, and some symptoms may be less severe than those of major depressive disorder, but other symptoms can be just as debilitating. Persistent depressive disorder is less common than major depression, with between [3–6%](https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/depression/types-of-depression/persistent-depressive-disorder/) of the population experiencing it. Postpartum depression Postpartum, or perinatal, depression, is a type of depression that happens [during or after](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression) a pregnancy. The “baby blues” describes the typical [stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855) and worry of caring for a newborn in the first 2 weeks after giving birth while postpartum depression interferes with daily life and can persist for weeks or months. As well as experiencing the common symptoms of depression, a person may: - feel numb or disconnected from the baby - worry about harming the baby - feel guilt about not being a good parent - withdraw from loved ones - cry more often than usual Research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that around [1 in 8](https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/) women with a recent live birth experience symptoms of postpartum depression. Psychotic depression This type of depression includes episodes of [psychosis](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159) or delusions in addition to major depression. [Examples](https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/depression/types-of-depression/psychotic-depression/) include paranoia, difficulty understanding what is real or not, and hallucinations, including seeing, hearing, or smelling things that others cannot perceive because the affected person’s mind is fooling their own senses. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) [PMDD](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308332) is not a type of depression but a condition that can cause severe depression. It is a depression distinct from MDD as it links to the menstrual cycle, resulting in significant emotional lability. It also has unique physical symptoms, like breast tenderness and bloating. It is similar to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but with [more serious](https://www.womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd) effects. PMDD can cause severe irritability, depression, and [anxiety](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454) in the week or two leading up to a person’s period. Symptoms usually go away 2–3 days after a person’s period begins. Research suggests that the pathways to depression may be different for women than for men. - biological factors - cultural expectations - differences in experience A[review of studies](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.589687/full) also found that women’s symptoms of depression were different. The women studied were more likely to have symptoms of [fatigue](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248002), irritability, and sleep disturbances in addition to their depression. Other studies indicate that women may be [more likely](https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-019-0791-8) to gain weight than men. This is due to a higher incidence of emotional eating. Women’s hormonal changes may also influence how and when depression affects them. Research on this hormonal link has found the following: - Girls with a family history of depression may be more likely to experience the onset of depression at [puberty](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156451.php "What is puberty all about?"). - Women with depression have more severe symptoms during the premenstrual phase of their cycle, even if they are already taking [antidepressants](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320). - [Postpartum depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/237109.php "What to know about postpartum depression") occurs after giving birth and affects 1 in 8 women. - During the menopause transition, a woman’s risk of depression [increases](https://womensmidlifehealthjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40695-015-0002-y) . A study suggests that a high mental strain at work is [much more likely](https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-10560-y) to cause psychological distress in men than women. Loneliness and dissatisfaction with work are very strongly associated with psychological distress in both men and women. Symptoms of depression in men may also be different. A review in [Frontiers in Psychiatry](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.589687/full) found that men were more likely than women to experience anger attacks, aggression, and risk-taking behavior as depression symptoms. Though it is commonly thought that women suffer from depression more frequently than men, the study suggests that men and women may both equally suffer from depression. The differences in symptoms and what men report to their doctors may make depression harder to diagnose in men. Men may [more frequently](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1557988315623993) hide or not report traditional symptoms of depression, such as sadness and crying. Some may feel that these symptoms go against society’s idea of what it means to be a man. Those experiencing symptoms of depression should seek assistance from a healthcare provider. Depression can worsen without treatment and affect a person’s quality of life. A doctor or [mental health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154543.php "What is mental health?") professional will discuss treatment options to help the person manage their depression and carry on with their daily life. In severe cases, depression can lead to thoughts of suicide or physically harming oneself. Any [suicidal thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193026) or statements about not wanting to live should be taken seriously. In times of crisis, a person should seek help from a hospital emergency department. Help is also available 24/7 from the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling 988 or 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255), or by visiting [the Lifeline’s website](https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/). It is possible to treat depression. Treatments for depression include antidepressants and psychotherapy, of which there are many different types. However, different people [may respond](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/) better to different treatment methods. As such, people may wish to speak with a doctor about trying different methods until they find the one most suitable for them. It may be helpful to remember that many treatments may take some time to reach their full effects, so people may not experience results immediately. Someone on the road to recovery after receiving a proper diagnosis may find it helps to speak out to loved ones and make healthy changes to their diet and lifestyle. Depression is a mental health condition that results in feelings of sadness and hopelessness, a lack of motivation, or a disinterest in life. It can also disrupt a person’s physical well-being with symptoms, such as body aches, problems sleeping, and a decreased or increased appetite. A person may have depression if they experience these feelings for more than 2 weeks and if they interfere with daily activities. Depression can happen as a result of life events, hormonal changes, medications, and more. Additionally, it can be difficult to recognize depression, as it can start gradually and affect people in different ways. Treatments for depression include therapy, counseling, medication, and more.
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