🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 110 (from laksa079)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa110.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320","crawl_time":1775011631,"first_indexed_time":1508194885,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,medicalnewstoday!www,\/articles\/248320 s443","src_root_hash":"5853625527623639710","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Antidepressants: Types, side effects, uses, and effectiveness","meta_descriptions":["Find out about the different types of antidepressants, how they work, adverse effects, when a person can take them, and available alternatives."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Experts believe these brain chemicals are responsible for changes in mood and behavior.\nThis article covers the types of antidepressants, how they work, their side effects, other uses, and alternative options.\nAll drugs\nhave side effects, not just antidepressants.\nDifferent antidepressants have different side effects. However, not everyone experiences them.\nSSRI and SNRI side effects\nnausea\nindigestion\nheadache\nsexual dysfunction\nSNRIs can also\nincrease\nblood pressure. A person with a serious heart condition should not take the SNRI venlafaxine.\nTCA side effects\ndry mouth\ntremor\nfast heart rate\nconstipation\ninsomnia\nweight gain\nMAOI side effects\nMAOIs can interact with other drugs. For example, if a person combines an MAOI with an SSRI, it\ncould lead\nto\nserotonin syndrome\n. Serotonin syndrome is a serious condition in which a person has too much\nserotonin\nin their body.\ndry mouth\ndiarrhea\nnausea\ndrowsiness\nconstipation\ndizziness\ninsomnia\nlightheadedness\nsexual dysfunction\nMAOIs prevent the breakdown of tyramine. If a person consumes foods that contain tyramine, such as sausages, dried fish, and overripe fruit, it\ncan lead\nto a\nhypertensive crisis\n. This is a severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to a\nstroke\n.\nNaSSA side effects\nThese antidepressants can lead to side effects similar to SSRIs and SNRIs. NaSSAs can also cause drowsiness and weight gain. They are\nless likely\nto cause sexual dysfunction.\nRarer side effects\nRarer side effects of antidepressants include:\nSuicidal thoughts:\nAccording to the United Kingdom’s\nNational Health Service (NHS)\n, young adults and children may have a higher risk of\nsuicidal thoughts\nwhen they first start taking antidepressants. If side effects are very unpleasant or include thinking about suicide, the person should speak with a doctor immediately.\nWithdrawal symptoms:\nSome people who take SSRIs and SNRIs experience some\nwithdrawal\nsymptoms when they stop taking the medication. Withdrawal symptoms can last for\n1–2 weeks\nand include:\nanxiety\ndizziness\nnightmares\nor vivid dreams\nelectric shock-like sensations in the body\nflu\n-like symptoms\nabdominal pain\nAntidepressants tend to be effective. However, everyone responds to medication differently.\nAccording to the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care,\n40–60%\nof people who took an SSRI or SNRI for depression noticed some symptom relief within 6–8 weeks.\nThe research notes that the more severe the depression, the greater the benefits of antidepressants may be.\nPeople may wish to try the following:\nTherapy\nPeople with depression may wish to undergo therapy.\nTypes of therapy\nthat can help treat depression\ninclude\n:\ncognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)\ninterpersonal therapy\nproblem-solving therapy\nSt. John’s wort\nHypericum, made from the herb\nSt. John’s wort\n,\nmight help\nrelieve depression in some people. It is available over the counter as a supplement.\nHowever, there are some possible risks associated with taking hypericum:\nIf combined with certain antidepressants, it can lead to a potentially life threatening increase in serotonin.\nIt can worsen symptoms of\nbipolar disorder\nand\nschizophrenia\n.\nIt might reduce the effectiveness of some prescription medications, including antidepressants,\nbirth control\npills, some heart medications,\nwarfarin\n, and some therapies for\nHIV\nand\ncancer\n.\nIf a person plans to take St. John’s wort, they should first talk with a doctor or pharmacist.\nLight box\nIt involves sitting in front of a light box first thing in the morning for\n30–45 minutes\n.\nDiet and exercise\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that regular physical activity can reduce a person’s risk of depression. People may wish to try three exercise sessions per week for\n12–24 weeks\n.\nWhile different antidepressants work in different ways, they all affect\nneurotransmitters\n. Neurotransmitters are chemicals brain cells use to communicate with each other.\nSSRIs:\nThese prevent serotonin from returning to where it came from, also known as preventing serotonin reuptake. This encourages serotonin to bind to its receptor to transmit a signal in the brain.\nSNRIs:\nThese work the same as SSRIs, except they work on both serotonin and\nnorepinephrine\n.\nTCAs:\nThese work the same as SNRIs, except they are less effective at blocking norepinephrine reuptake than serotonin reuptake.\nMAOIs:\nThese target the brain enzyme monoamine oxidase, which helps break down neurotransmitters such as serotonin. This can lead to more stabilized moods and less anxiety.\nAccording to the NHS, people may begin to feel the benefits of an antidepressant after\n1–2 weeks\nif they have not missed a dose.\nSome people may stop taking their antidepressant because they believe the medication is not working. However, it is important to keep taking the medication exactly as a doctor prescribes.\nIf a person has not noticed any benefit after 4 weeks, they should speak with a doctor.\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission.\nLearn more.\nBelow are some commonly asked questions about antidepressants.\nWhich antidepressant is right for me?\nThere are many types of antidepressants. They all work differently and have different benefits, risks, and side effects.\nA person can speak with a doctor about their individual circumstances. The doctor can help them find the best treatment option for them.\nAre antidepressants safe during pregnancy?\nThe\nCDC\nnotes there is a link between taking SSRIs during pregnancy and\ncongenital abnormalities\n. However, this risk is very low.\nFor some people, the risks associated with stopping the medication are higher than those associated with continuing to take it.\nIf a person is pregnant and wishes to continue or begin taking antidepressants, they should speak with a doctor.\nTiny amounts of some antidepressants can enter breast milk. However, the\nCDC\nstates most antidepressants will have no effect on milk supply or the child’s well-being.\nHow long should I stay on antidepressants?\nAccording to the NHS, doctors typically suggest a person takes antidepressants for at least\n6 months\n.\nPeople should take their antidepressants exactly as their doctor has prescribed.\nAntidepressants can help relieve symptoms of conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain.\nExamples of antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and NaSSAs. MAOIs may also be an option, though doctors prescribe these less often due to the risk of adverse side effects.\nIt can take several weeks for antidepressants to start working. People may experience side effects.\nAlternatives to antidepressants include therapy, diet and exercise, and St. John’s wort. However, depression is a serious condition that may need professional treatment. Anyone who experiences the symptoms of depression should speak with a doctor.","attrs_markdown":"- Health Conditions\n  Health Conditions\n  \n  - [Alzheimer's & Dementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/alzheimers-and-dementia)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/anxiety)\n  - [Asthma & Allergies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/asthma-and-allergies)\n  - [Atopic Dermatitis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-atopic-dermatitis)\n  - [Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/breast-cancer)\n  - [Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cancer)\n  - [Cardiovascular Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cardiovascular-health)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/coronavirus?correlationId=2b137d5a-dcfb-464e-9ea6-72c5a54b4e92)\n  - [Diabetes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/diabetes)\n  - [Endometriosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/endometriosis)\n  - [Environment & Sustainability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/environment-and-sustainability)\n  - 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[Risk Factors](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risk-factors-for-depression)\n  - [Hormonal Imbalance](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hormonal-depression)\n  - [Genetics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-depression-hereditary)\n  - [In the Morning](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322155)\n  - [Accutane](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/accutane-depression)\n  - [Fasting](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/fasting-depression)\n  - [In Gen Z](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/why-is-gen-z-depressed)\n  - [Social Media](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/social-media-and-depression)\n  - [Substance Misuse](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-and-substance-abuse)\n  - [Low Vitamin D](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/low-vitamin-d-and-depression-risk-factors-symptoms-and-more)\n- ### Complications\n  Complications\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Sickness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-depression-make-you-sick)\n  - [Brain Zaps](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/brain-zaps)\n  - [Memory Loss](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-and-memory-loss)\n  - [Anemia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anemia-and-depression)\n  - [Thyroid](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/thyroid-and-depression)\n  - [Caffeine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/313988)\n  - [Suicide Risk](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/suicidal-tendencies)\n  - [Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/antidepressant-discontinuation-syndrome)\n  - [Antidepressant Addiction](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/are-antidepressants-addictive)\n  - [Lithium Toxicity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327145)\n  - [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-depression-cause-insomnia)\n  - [Alcohol Use](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327460)\n  - [Stopping Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-happens-when-you-stop-taking-antidepressants)\n- ### Diagnosis\n  Diagnosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Screening Tools](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-screening-tools)\n  - [Diagnosis Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-is-depression-diagnosed)\n  - [Zung Self-Rating Scale](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/zung-self-rating-depression-scale)\n  - [Misdiagnosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-misdiagnosis)\n  - [Genetic Testing](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/genetic-testing-for-depression)\n  - [Who Can Diagnose](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/who-diagnoses-depression)\n- ### Home Remedies\n  Home Remedies\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Antidepressant Withdrawal Remedies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/natural-remedies-for-antidepressant-withdrawal)\n  - [Home Remedies Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/6-natural-antidepressants)\n  - [Herbs and Supplements](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314421)\n  - [L-methylfolate](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/l-methylfolate-depression)\n  - [Sun lamp therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sun-lamp-therapy)\n  - [SAM-e](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sam-e-for-depression)\n  - [Kratom](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325747)\n  - [Probiotic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/probiotics-for-depression)\n  - [Massage](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/massage-for-depression)\n  - [Acupuncture](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/acupuncture-for-depression)\n  - [Exercise](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/exercise-and-depression)\n  - [Meditation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/meditation-for-depression)\n  - [Best Sun Lamps](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sun-lamp)\n  - [Foods](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/318428)\n- ### Management\n  Management\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Weed](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-and-marijuana)\n  - [Getting Out of Bed](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325712)\n  - [Boost Serotonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322416)\n  - [Disability Benefits](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-depression-a-disability)\n  - [Finding Motivation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/315862)\n  - [Intervention](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-intervention)\n  - [Journaling](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-journal)\n  - [Support Groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-support-groups)\n  - [Managing Career](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/managing-your-career-with-mdd)\n  - [What to Say](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-to-say-to-someone-who-is-depressed)\n  - [Management Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320502)\n- ### Prognosis\n  Prognosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Outlook Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-depression-go-away)\n  - [Is It Curable?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-you-cure-depression)\n  - [Signs of Worsening](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-getting-worse)\n  - [Statistics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-statistics)\n  - [States & Severity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-depression)\n- ### Related Conditions\n  Related Conditions\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Fatigue](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-vs-laziness)\n  - [Sadness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314418)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/anxiety-vs-depression)\n  - [Autism](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/autistic-depression)\n  - [Erectile Dysfunction](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-depression-cause-erectile-dysfunction)\n  - [Grief](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-vs-grief)\n  - [Chronic Illness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/chronic-illness-and-depression)\n- ### Symptoms\n  Symptoms\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Symptoms Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326769)\n  - [Low Serotonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/serotonin-deficiency)\n  - [Signs of Relapse](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320269)\n  - [Hidden Signs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325513)\n  - [What It Feels Like](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314071)\n  - [Depressive Episode](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322495)\n  - [Emotional Distress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/emotional-distress)\n  - [Tiredness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322264)\n  - [Personal Hygiene](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cant-shower-depression)\n  - [Weight Changes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-weight-gain)\n  - [Brain Fog](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/brain-fog-and-depression)\n  - [Impact on Brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/howd-does-depression-affect-the-brain)\n  - [Appetite Changes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-food-doesnt-taste-good)\n  - [Headache](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-headaches)\n  - [Impact on Body](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322395)\n  - [Apathy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/apathy-depression)\n  - [Hyperfixation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hyperfixation-and-depression)\n  - [Existential Crisis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327244)\n  - [Lethargy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/lethargy)\n- ### Treatment\n  Treatment\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Treatment Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-treatment)\n  - [Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320)\n  - [Wellbutrin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-wellbutrin)\n  - [Cymbalta](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cymbalta)\n  - [SSRI vs. SNRI](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ssri-vs-snri)\n  - [Mirtazapine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mirtazapine-oral-tablet)\n  - [Amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/amitriptyline-oral-tablet)\n  - [Stopping Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/benefits-of-stopping-antidepressants)\n  - [Prozac](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-prozac)\n  - [Celexa](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/celexa)\n  - [Effexor XR](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326678)\n  - [Zoloft](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325632)\n  - [Paxil](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325996)\n  - [Trintellix](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/trintellix)\n  - [Lexapro](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-lexapro)\n  - [Antidepressant Pros and Cons](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pros-and-cons-of-antidepressants)\n  - [Trazodone](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-trazodone-tablet)\n  - [SNRIs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/snri)\n  - [Zoloft](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-zoloft)\n  - [Auvelity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-auvelity)\n  - [Spravato](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326038)\n  - [Switching Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/switching-antidepressants)\n  - [Tricyclic Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tricyclic-antidepressants)\n  - [Shock Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/shock-therapy-for-depression)\n  - [Treatment Centers](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/rehab-for-depression)\n  - [Therapist vs. Psychologist](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/therapist-vs-psychologist-for-depression)\n  - [Aplenzin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326372)\n  - [Brain Stimulation Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/brain-stimulation-therapy)\n  - [Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation)\n  - [Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-therapy)\n  - [Ketamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-ketamine-addictive-when-used-for-depression)\n- ### Types\n  Types\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Types Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327429)\n  - [Relationship](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/relationship-depression)\n  - [Nostalgic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/nostalgic-depression)\n  - [Agitated](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320370)\n  - [Major vs. Persistent](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/major-depressive-disorder-vs-persistent-depressive-disorder)\n  - [CNS](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314790)\n  - [Pseudodementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pseudodementia)\n  - [Vs. Burnout](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/burnout-vs-depression)\n  - [Situational vs. Clinical](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314698)\n  - [Mild](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/321385)\n  - [Existential](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/existential-depression)\n  - [Depression at Night](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/depression-at-night)\n  - [Spiritual](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/spiritual-depression)\n  - [Breakthrough](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/breakthrough-depression)\n  - [Work](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/work-depression)\n  - [Catatonic](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322199)\n  - [High-Functioning](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/high-functioning-depression)\n  - [Seasonal Affective Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/10306)\n  - [Subsyndromal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/subsyndromal-depression)\n  - [Geriatric](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/geriatric-depression)\n  - [Unipolar](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/unipolar-depression)\n  - [Postpartum](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/237109)\n  - [Treatment-Resistant](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-depression)\n  - [Severe](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/severe-depression)\n\n# All about antidepressants\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alyssa-Peckham-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Alyssa Peckham, PharmD, BCPP]() — Written by Christian Nordqvist and [Amanda Barrell]() —  [Updated on January 26, 2024]()\n\n- [Types](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320#types)\n- [Side effects](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320#side-effects)\n- [Efficacy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320#efficacy)\n- [Alternatives](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320#alternatives)\n- [How they work](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320#how-they-work)\n- [Taking effect](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320#taking-effect)\n- [FAQ](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320#faq)\n- [Summary](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/248320#summary)\n\n### Key takeaways\n- Antidepressants increase neurotransmitters in the brain to help relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression. Types of antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, TCAs, and NaSSAs.\n- Potential side effects range from sexual dysfunction and nausea to more severe issues, including increased suicidal thoughts and serotonin syndrome. Side effects may vary depending on the type of antidepressant.\n- People should speak with a medical professional for advice on managing depression. Non-pharmaceutical remedies may include lifestyle changes, light therapy, and psychotherapy.\n***\nAntidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Experts believe these brain chemicals are responsible for changes in mood and behavior.\n\nThis article covers the types of antidepressants, how they work, their side effects, other uses, and alternative options.\n\n## [Types]()\n![Man taking anti-depressant medication](https:\/\/media.post.rvohealth.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/Male_Pills_Hand-1296x728-Header-1024x575.jpg)\n\n[Share on Pinterest](https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F248320&media=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.post.rvohealth.io%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2023%2F12%2FMale_Pills_Hand-1296x728-Header-1024x575.jpg&description=Antidepressants%3A%20Types%2C%20side%20effects%2C%20uses%2C%20and%20effectiveness \"Share on Pinterest\")\n\n1389369787 blackCAT\/Getty Images\n\nDoctors tend to divide antidepressants into different types. These include:\n\n### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSSRIs are a [first-line](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/) treatment option for [depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8933).\n\nExamples of SSRIs include:\n\n- [citalopram](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-citalopram-oral-tablet) ([Celexa](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/celexa))\n- [escitalopram](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/escitalopram-oral-tablet) ([Lexapro](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/lexapro-side-effects))\n- [fluoxetine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322413) ([Prozac](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/263773), Sarafem)\n- fluvoxamine (Luvox)\n- [paroxetine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323192) ([Paxil](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325996))\n- [sertraline](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325632) ([Zoloft](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326268))\n### Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n[SNRIs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/snri) are a newer class of antidepressants [compared with SSRIs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ssri-vs-snri). However, they work similarly.\n\nDoctors [may prescribe](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8544373\/) SNRIs for:\n\n- [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323667)\n- [obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/178508)\n- [anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323454) disorders\n- [menopausal symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/155651)\n- [fibromyalgia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/147083.php)\n- chronic [neuropathic pain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/neuropathic-pain)\n\nExamples of SNRIs include:\n\n- [duloxetine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/duloxetine-oral-capsule) ([Cymbalta](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cymbalta))\n- [venlafaxine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/263705) ([Effexor XR](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326678))\n- desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-pristiq))\n### Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\nDoctors may recommend [TCAs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tricyclic-antidepressants) for:\n\n- [depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/8933)\n- fibromyalgia\n- some types of anxiety\n- [insomnia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9155)\n- [chronic pain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/chronic-pain-syndrome)\n\nExamples of TCAs [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557791\/):\n\n- [amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325726)\n- amoxapine\n- clomipramine (Anafranil)\n- desipramine (Norpramin)\n- doxepin (Sinequan)\n- imipramine (Tofranil)\n- nortriptyline (Pamelor)\n- protriptyline (Vivactil)\n- trimipramine (Surmontil)\n### Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nDue to their adverse side effects and [drug interactions](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drug-interactions), doctors [do not typically](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) suggest [MAOIs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/maois) as a first-line treatment option for depression. However, they may be an option in the case of [treatment-resistant depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-depression).\n\nExamples include:\n\n- phenelzine (Nardil)\n- tranylcypromine (Parnate)\n- isocarboxazid (Marplan)\n- selegiline (Emsam, Eldepryl)\n### Noradrenaline and specific serotoninergic antidepressants (NaSSAs)\nDoctors prescribe NaSSAs [to treat](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519059\/) anxiety disorders and depression.\n\nExamples include [mirtazapine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mirtazapine-oral-tablet) (Remeron, Avanza, Zispin) and mianserin (Tolvon). Mianserin is not available in the United States.\n\n## [Side effects]()\n[All drugs](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs\/finding-and-learning-about-side-effects-adverse-reactions) have side effects, not just antidepressants.\n\nDifferent antidepressants have different side effects. However, not everyone experiences them.\n\n### SSRI and SNRI side effects\nSSRIs and SNRIs [can lead to](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/side-effects\/):\n\n- [nausea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-does-nausea-feel-like)\n- [indigestion](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/163484)\n- [headache](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/headaches)\n- sexual dysfunction\n\nSNRIs can also [increase](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8544373\/) blood pressure. A person with a serious heart condition should not take the SNRI venlafaxine.\n\n### TCA side effects\nTCAs may have the following [side effects](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557791\/):\n\n- [dry mouth](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/187640)\n- [tremor](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/body-tremors)\n- [fast heart rate](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/175241)\n- [constipation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/150322)\n- [insomnia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9155)\n- [weight gain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324872)\n### MAOI side effects\nMAOIs can interact with other drugs. For example, if a person combines an MAOI with an SSRI, it [could lead](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) to [serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326716). Serotonin syndrome is a serious condition in which a person has too much [serotonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/232248) in their body.\n\nMAOIs can also [lead to](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/):\n\n- dry mouth\n- [diarrhea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/158634)\n- nausea\n- drowsiness\n- constipation\n- [dizziness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/319026)\n- insomnia\n- [lightheadedness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323717)\n- sexual dysfunction\n\nMAOIs prevent the breakdown of tyramine. If a person consumes foods that contain tyramine, such as sausages, dried fish, and overripe fruit, it [can lead](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539848\/) to a [hypertensive crisis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hypertensive-crisis). This is a severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to a [stroke](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/7624).\n\n[Learn more about tyramine-free foods.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tyramine-free-foods)\n\n### NaSSA side effects\nThese antidepressants can lead to side effects similar to SSRIs and SNRIs. NaSSAs can also cause drowsiness and weight gain. They are [less likely](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519059\/) to cause sexual dysfunction.\n\n### Rarer side effects\nRarer side effects of antidepressants include:\n\n- **Suicidal thoughts:** According to the United Kingdom’s [National Health Service (NHS)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/side-effects\/), young adults and children may have a higher risk of [suicidal thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/193026) when they first start taking antidepressants. If side effects are very unpleasant or include thinking about suicide, the person should speak with a doctor immediately.\n- **Withdrawal symptoms:** Some people who take SSRIs and SNRIs experience some [withdrawal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/antidepressant-withdrawal) symptoms when they stop taking the medication. Withdrawal symptoms can last for\n  [1–2 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5449237\/)\n  and include:\n  - anxiety\n  - dizziness\n  - [nightmares](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/297625) or vivid dreams\n  - electric shock-like sensations in the body\n  - [flu](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/15107)\\-like symptoms\n  - [abdominal pain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/318286)\n\n### Help is out there\nIf you or someone you know is in crisis and considering suicide or self-harm, please seek support:\n\n- Call or text the [988 Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org. Caring counselors are available to listen and provide free and confidential support 24\/7.\n- Text HOME to the [Crisis Text Line](https:\/\/www.crisistextline.org\/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsPDQrdXH5wIVBRx9Ch1YdQjIEAAYASAAEgJ_1_D_BwE) at 741741 to connect with a volunteer crisis counselor for free and confidential support 24\/7.\n- Not in the United States? Find a helpline in your country with [Befrienders Worldwide](https:\/\/www.befrienders.org\/).\n- Call 911 or your local emergency services number if you feel safe to do so.\n\nIf you’re calling on behalf of someone else, stay with them until help arrives. You may remove weapons or substances that can cause harm if you can do so safely.\n\nIf you’re not in the same household, stay on the phone with them until help arrives.\n\n## [Effectiveness]()\nAntidepressants tend to be effective. However, everyone responds to medication differently.\n\nAccording to the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, [40–60%](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK361016\/) of people who took an SSRI or SNRI for depression noticed some symptom relief within 6–8 weeks.\n\nThe research notes that the more severe the depression, the greater the benefits of antidepressants may be.\n\n## [Alternative options]()\nPeople may wish to try the following:\n\n### Therapy\nPeople with depression may wish to undergo therapy. [Types of therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/types-of-therapy) that can help treat depression [include](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/talking-therapies-and-counselling\/types-of-talking-therapies\/):\n\n- [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/296579)\n- [interpersonal therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/interpersonal-therapy)\n- problem-solving therapy\n\n[Learn more about available mental health resources.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/mental-health-resources)\n\n### St. John’s wort\nHypericum, made from the herb [St. John’s wort](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/174928), [might help](http:\/\/nccam.nih.gov\/health\/stjohnswort\/sjw-and-depression.htm) relieve depression in some people. It is available over the counter as a supplement.\n\nHowever, there are some possible risks associated with taking hypericum:\n\n- If combined with certain antidepressants, it can lead to a potentially life threatening increase in serotonin.\n- It can worsen symptoms of [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/37010) and [schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942.php).\n- It might reduce the effectiveness of some prescription medications, including antidepressants, [birth control](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/162762.php) pills, some heart medications, [warfarin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/261316), and some therapies for [HIV](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/17131.php) and [cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323648).\n\nIf a person plans to take St. John’s wort, they should first talk with a doctor or pharmacist.\n\n### Light box\nPeople who experience [seasonal affective disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/10306) may benefit from [light therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/sun-lamp-therapy).\n\nIt involves sitting in front of a light box first thing in the morning for [30–45 minutes](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder).\n\n### Diet and exercise\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that regular physical activity can reduce a person’s risk of depression. People may wish to try three exercise sessions per week for [12–24 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6335323\/).\n\n[Learn more about exercise as a treatment option for depression.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/exercise-and-depression)\n\nPeople may also benefit from eating a [balanced, nutritious diet](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324093) full of fresh and whole foods. They may wish to avoid or limit refined and [processed foods](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/318630).\n\n[Learn more about foods to eat with depression.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/318428)\n\n## [How do antidepressants work?]()\nWhile different antidepressants work in different ways, they all affect [neurotransmitters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326649). Neurotransmitters are chemicals brain cells use to communicate with each other.\n\nAntidepressants work in the [following ways](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/):\n\n- **SSRIs:** These prevent serotonin from returning to where it came from, also known as preventing serotonin reuptake. This encourages serotonin to bind to its receptor to transmit a signal in the brain.\n- **SNRIs:** These work the same as SSRIs, except they work on both serotonin and [norepinephrine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325485).\n- **TCAs:** These work the same as SNRIs, except they are less effective at blocking norepinephrine reuptake than serotonin reuptake.\n- **MAOIs:** These target the brain enzyme monoamine oxidase, which helps break down neurotransmitters such as serotonin. This can lead to more stabilized moods and less anxiety.\n\n## [How long will it take for them to take effect?]()\nAccording to the NHS, people may begin to feel the benefits of an antidepressant after [1–2 weeks](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/overview\/) if they have not missed a dose.\n\nSome people may stop taking their antidepressant because they believe the medication is not working. However, it is important to keep taking the medication exactly as a doctor prescribes.\n\nIf a person has not noticed any benefit after 4 weeks, they should speak with a doctor.\n\n**»Online Care:**[Get prescribed medication refills for a range of conditions in as little as 15 minutes with Optum Perks.](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/online-care\/general-med-refill?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=organic-onlinecare-on&utm_content=linkto-oc-on-gen-med&utm_campaign=mnt-article-oc-on-backlink&correlationId=null)\n\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\n## [Frequently asked questions]()\nBelow are some commonly asked questions about antidepressants.\n\n### Which antidepressant is right for me?\nThere are many types of antidepressants. They all work differently and have different benefits, risks, and side effects.\n\nA person can speak with a doctor about their individual circumstances. The doctor can help them find the best treatment option for them.\n\n### Are antidepressants safe during pregnancy?\nThe [CDC](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/features\/venlafaxine-during-pregnancy.html) notes there is a link between taking SSRIs during pregnancy and [congenital abnormalities](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/birth-defects). However, this risk is very low.\n\nFor some people, the risks associated with stopping the medication are higher than those associated with continuing to take it.\n\nIf a person is pregnant and wishes to continue or begin taking antidepressants, they should speak with a doctor.\n\nTiny amounts of some antidepressants can enter breast milk. However, the [CDC](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding\/breastfeeding-special-circumstances\/maternal-or-infant-illnesses\/postpartum-depression.html) states most antidepressants will have no effect on milk supply or the child’s well-being.\n\n### How long should I stay on antidepressants?\nAccording to the NHS, doctors typically suggest a person takes antidepressants for at least [6 months](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/dosage\/).\n\nPeople should take their antidepressants exactly as their doctor has prescribed.\n\n## [Summary]()\nAntidepressants can help relieve symptoms of conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain.\n\nExamples of antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and NaSSAs. MAOIs may also be an option, though doctors prescribe these less often due to the risk of adverse side effects.\n\nIt can take several weeks for antidepressants to start working. People may experience side effects.\n\nAlternatives to antidepressants include therapy, diet and exercise, and St. John’s wort. However, depression is a serious condition that may need professional treatment. Anyone who experiences the symptoms of depression should speak with a doctor.\n\n- [Depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/depression)\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/mental-health)\n- [Psychology \/ Psychiatry](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/psychology-psychiatry)\n\n### How we reviewed this article:\nSources\n\nMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/process).\n\n- Antidepressants. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/>\n- CDC’s National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Centers for Birth Defects Research and Prevention. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/documents\/ncbddd_birth-defects_nbdps-accomplishments_508237197.pdf>\n- Chu A, et al(2023). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/>\n- Depression: How effective are antidepressants? (2020).  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK361016\/>\n- Fanelli D, et al. (2021). New serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and their anesthetic and analgesic considerations.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8544373\/>\n- Finding and learning about side effects (adverse reactions). (2022).  \n  <https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs\/finding-and-learning-about-side-effects-adverse-reactions>\n- Gabriel M, et al. (2017). Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5449237\/>\n- Jilani TN, et al. (2023). Mirtazapine.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519059\/>\n- Key findings about medicine and pregnancy. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pregnancy\/meds\/treatingfortwo\/articles.html>\n- Laban TS, et al(2023). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI).  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539848\/>\n- Moraczewski J, et al. (2023). Tricyclic antidepressants.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557791\/>\n- Murri MB, et al(2018). Physical exercise in major depression: Reducing the mortality gap while improving clinical outcomes.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6335323\/>\n- Postpartum depression. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding\/breastfeeding-special-circumstances\/maternal-or-infant-illnesses\/postpartum-depression.html>\n- Seasonal affective disorder. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder>\n- Sheffler ZM, et al(2023). Antidepressants.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/>\n- St. John's wort and depression: In depth. (2017).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nccih.nih.gov\/health\/st-johns-wort-and-depression-in-depth>\n- Types of talking therapy. (2022).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/talking-therapies-and-counselling\/types-of-talking-therapies\/>\n\nShare this article\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alyssa-Peckham-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Alyssa Peckham, PharmD, BCPP]() — Written by Christian Nordqvist and [Amanda Barrell]() —  [Updated on January 26, 2024]()\n\n## Latest news\n- [9 steps to improve heart health, per new dietary guidance from AHA](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9-steps-improve-heart-health-diet-guidance-aha)\n- [AI model can accurately predict liver cancer risk, study suggests](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ai-model-accurately-predict-liver-cancer-risk)\n- [AI-powered stroke tool linked to improved patient outcomes in large clinical trial](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ai-powered-stroke-tool-linked-improved-patient-outcomes-large-clinical-trial)\n- [Eating same meals on repeat, and more at weekends may help you lose more weight](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/eating-same-meals-repeat-more-weekends-may-help-lose-more-weight)\n- [Cooking at least one meal at home weekly may cut dementia risk by up to 67%](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cooking-at-least-one-meal-at-home-weekly-may-cut-dementia-risk)\n\n### Related Coverage\n- [How to stop antidepressants safely](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322376?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Alex Brewer, PharmD, MBA](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/reviewers)\n  \n  [Antidepressants can help manage the symptoms of depression, but they can be difficult to stop. Find out what to expect and get some tips on managing…](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322376?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/322376?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What are the pros and cons of antidepressants?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pros-and-cons-of-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [There are various pros and cons of taking antidepressants. Understanding these can help an individual decided whether antidepressants are right for…](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pros-and-cons-of-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/pros-and-cons-of-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What are the sexual side effects of antidepressants?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/315984?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [How do antidepressants cause sexual side effects and what are the side effects in men and women? Which antidepressants cause fewer sexual side effects?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/315984?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/315984?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to know about antidepressants for pain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/antidepressants-for-pain?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Doctors often use antidepressants as an off-label treatment for chronic pain. However, research suggests this may not always be effective. Learn more…](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/antidepressants-for-pain?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/antidepressants-for-pain?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Tips to manage seasonal depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) causes seasonal episodes of depression. Learn how to treat and manage this condition with home strategies here.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/contact-us)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/terms-of-use)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/privacy-policy)\n- Privacy Settings\n- [Advertising Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/ad-policy)\n\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/directory\/a-b)\n- [Health Hubs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/content-hubs)\n- [Medical Affairs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/reviewers)\n- [Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/newsletter)\n- © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Experts believe these brain chemicals are responsible for changes in mood and behavior.\n\nThis article covers the types of antidepressants, how they work, their side effects, other uses, and alternative options.\n\n[All drugs](https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs\/finding-and-learning-about-side-effects-adverse-reactions) have side effects, not just antidepressants.\n\nDifferent antidepressants have different side effects. However, not everyone experiences them.\n\nSSRI and SNRI side effects\n\n- [nausea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-does-nausea-feel-like)\n- [indigestion](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/163484)\n- [headache](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/headaches)\n- sexual dysfunction\n\nSNRIs can also [increase](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8544373\/) blood pressure. A person with a serious heart condition should not take the SNRI venlafaxine.\n\nTCA side effects\n\n- [dry mouth](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/187640)\n- [tremor](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/body-tremors)\n- [fast heart rate](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/175241)\n- [constipation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/150322)\n- [insomnia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9155)\n- [weight gain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324872)\n\nMAOI side effects\n\nMAOIs can interact with other drugs. For example, if a person combines an MAOI with an SSRI, it [could lead](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538182\/) to [serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326716). Serotonin syndrome is a serious condition in which a person has too much [serotonin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/232248) in their body.\n\n- dry mouth\n- [diarrhea](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/158634)\n- nausea\n- drowsiness\n- constipation\n- [dizziness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/319026)\n- insomnia\n- [lightheadedness](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323717)\n- sexual dysfunction\n\nMAOIs prevent the breakdown of tyramine. If a person consumes foods that contain tyramine, such as sausages, dried fish, and overripe fruit, it [can lead](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539848\/) to a [hypertensive crisis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/hypertensive-crisis). This is a severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to a [stroke](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/7624).\n\nNaSSA side effects\n\nThese antidepressants can lead to side effects similar to SSRIs and SNRIs. NaSSAs can also cause drowsiness and weight gain. They are [less likely](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519059\/) to cause sexual dysfunction.\n\nRarer side effects\n\nRarer side effects of antidepressants include:\n\n- **Suicidal thoughts:** According to the United Kingdom’s [National Health Service (NHS)](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/side-effects\/), young adults and children may have a higher risk of [suicidal thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/193026) when they first start taking antidepressants. If side effects are very unpleasant or include thinking about suicide, the person should speak with a doctor immediately.\n- **Withdrawal symptoms:** Some people who take SSRIs and SNRIs experience some [withdrawal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/antidepressant-withdrawal) symptoms when they stop taking the medication. Withdrawal symptoms can last for\n  [1–2 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5449237\/)\n  and include:\n  - anxiety\n  - dizziness\n  - [nightmares](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/297625) or vivid dreams\n  - electric shock-like sensations in the body\n  - [flu](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/15107)\\-like symptoms\n  - [abdominal pain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/318286)\n\nAntidepressants tend to be effective. However, everyone responds to medication differently.\n\nAccording to the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, [40–60%](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK361016\/) of people who took an SSRI or SNRI for depression noticed some symptom relief within 6–8 weeks.\n\nThe research notes that the more severe the depression, the greater the benefits of antidepressants may be.\n\nPeople may wish to try the following:\n\nTherapy\n\nPeople with depression may wish to undergo therapy. [Types of therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/types-of-therapy) that can help treat depression [include](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/talking-therapies-and-counselling\/types-of-talking-therapies\/):\n\n- [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/296579)\n- [interpersonal therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/interpersonal-therapy)\n- problem-solving therapy\n\nSt. John’s wort\n\nHypericum, made from the herb [St. John’s wort](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/174928), [might help](http:\/\/nccam.nih.gov\/health\/stjohnswort\/sjw-and-depression.htm) relieve depression in some people. It is available over the counter as a supplement.\n\nHowever, there are some possible risks associated with taking hypericum:\n\n- If combined with certain antidepressants, it can lead to a potentially life threatening increase in serotonin.\n- It can worsen symptoms of [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/37010) and [schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942.php).\n- It might reduce the effectiveness of some prescription medications, including antidepressants, [birth control](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/162762.php) pills, some heart medications, [warfarin](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/261316), and some therapies for [HIV](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/17131.php) and [cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323648).\n\nIf a person plans to take St. John’s wort, they should first talk with a doctor or pharmacist.\n\nLight box\n\nIt involves sitting in front of a light box first thing in the morning for [30–45 minutes](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder).\n\nDiet and exercise\n\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that regular physical activity can reduce a person’s risk of depression. People may wish to try three exercise sessions per week for [12–24 weeks](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6335323\/).\n\nWhile different antidepressants work in different ways, they all affect [neurotransmitters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326649). Neurotransmitters are chemicals brain cells use to communicate with each other.\n\n- **SSRIs:** These prevent serotonin from returning to where it came from, also known as preventing serotonin reuptake. This encourages serotonin to bind to its receptor to transmit a signal in the brain.\n- **SNRIs:** These work the same as SSRIs, except they work on both serotonin and [norepinephrine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325485).\n- **TCAs:** These work the same as SNRIs, except they are less effective at blocking norepinephrine reuptake than serotonin reuptake.\n- **MAOIs:** These target the brain enzyme monoamine oxidase, which helps break down neurotransmitters such as serotonin. This can lead to more stabilized moods and less anxiety.\n\nAccording to the NHS, people may begin to feel the benefits of an antidepressant after [1–2 weeks](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/overview\/) if they have not missed a dose.\n\nSome people may stop taking their antidepressant because they believe the medication is not working. However, it is important to keep taking the medication exactly as a doctor prescribes.\n\nIf a person has not noticed any benefit after 4 weeks, they should speak with a doctor.\n\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\nBelow are some commonly asked questions about antidepressants.\n\nWhich antidepressant is right for me?\n\nThere are many types of antidepressants. They all work differently and have different benefits, risks, and side effects.\n\nA person can speak with a doctor about their individual circumstances. The doctor can help them find the best treatment option for them.\n\nAre antidepressants safe during pregnancy?\n\nThe [CDC](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/features\/venlafaxine-during-pregnancy.html) notes there is a link between taking SSRIs during pregnancy and [congenital abnormalities](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/birth-defects). However, this risk is very low.\n\nFor some people, the risks associated with stopping the medication are higher than those associated with continuing to take it.\n\nIf a person is pregnant and wishes to continue or begin taking antidepressants, they should speak with a doctor.\n\nTiny amounts of some antidepressants can enter breast milk. However, the [CDC](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding\/breastfeeding-special-circumstances\/maternal-or-infant-illnesses\/postpartum-depression.html) states most antidepressants will have no effect on milk supply or the child’s well-being.\n\nHow long should I stay on antidepressants?\n\nAccording to the NHS, doctors typically suggest a person takes antidepressants for at least [6 months](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/dosage\/).\n\nPeople should take their antidepressants exactly as their doctor has prescribed.\n\nAntidepressants can help relieve symptoms of conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain.\n\nExamples of antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and NaSSAs. MAOIs may also be an option, though doctors prescribe these less often due to the risk of adverse side effects.\n\nIt can take several weeks for antidepressants to start working. People may experience side effects.\n\nAlternatives to antidepressants include therapy, diet and exercise, and St. John’s wort. However, depression is a serious condition that may need professional treatment. Anyone who experiences the symptoms of depression should speak with a doctor.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Experts believe these brain chemicals are responsible for changes in mood and behavior. This article covers the types of antidepressants, how they work, their side effects, other uses, and alternative options. All drugs have side effects, not just antidepressants. Different antidepressants have different side effects. However, not everyone experiences them. SSRI and SNRI side effects nausea indigestion headache sexual dysfunction SNRIs can also increase blood pressure. A person with a serious heart condition should not take the SNRI venlafaxine. TCA side effects dry mouth tremor fast heart rate constipation insomnia weight gain MAOI side effects MAOIs can interact with other drugs. For example, if a person combines an MAOI with an SSRI, it could lead to serotonin syndrome . Serotonin syndrome is a serious condition in which a person has too much serotonin in their body. dry mouth diarrhea nausea drowsiness constipation dizziness insomnia lightheadedness sexual dysfunction MAOIs prevent the breakdown of tyramine. If a person consumes foods that contain tyramine, such as sausages, dried fish, and overripe fruit, it can lead to a hypertensive crisis . This is a severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to a stroke . NaSSA side effects These antidepressants can lead to side effects similar to SSRIs and SNRIs. NaSSAs can also cause drowsiness and weight gain. They are less likely to cause sexual dysfunction. Rarer side effects Rarer side effects of antidepressants include: Suicidal thoughts: According to the United Kingdom’s National Health Service (NHS) , young adults and children may have a higher risk of suicidal thoughts when they first start taking antidepressants. If side effects are very unpleasant or include thinking about suicide, the person should speak with a doctor immediately. Withdrawal symptoms: Some people who take SSRIs and SNRIs experience some withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking the medication. Withdrawal symptoms can last for 1–2 weeks and include: anxiety dizziness nightmares or vivid dreams electric shock-like sensations in the body flu -like symptoms abdominal pain Antidepressants tend to be effective. However, everyone responds to medication differently. According to the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, 40–60% of people who took an SSRI or SNRI for depression noticed some symptom relief within 6–8 weeks. The research notes that the more severe the depression, the greater the benefits of antidepressants may be. People may wish to try the following: Therapy People with depression may wish to undergo therapy. Types of therapy that can help treat depression include : cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interpersonal therapy problem-solving therapy St. John’s wort Hypericum, made from the herb St. John’s wort , might help relieve depression in some people. It is available over the counter as a supplement. However, there are some possible risks associated with taking hypericum: If combined with certain antidepressants, it can lead to a potentially life threatening increase in serotonin. It can worsen symptoms of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia . It might reduce the effectiveness of some prescription medications, including antidepressants, birth control pills, some heart medications, warfarin , and some therapies for HIV and cancer . If a person plans to take St. John’s wort, they should first talk with a doctor or pharmacist. Light box It involves sitting in front of a light box first thing in the morning for 30–45 minutes . Diet and exercise The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that regular physical activity can reduce a person’s risk of depression. People may wish to try three exercise sessions per week for 12–24 weeks . While different antidepressants work in different ways, they all affect neurotransmitters . Neurotransmitters are chemicals brain cells use to communicate with each other. SSRIs: These prevent serotonin from returning to where it came from, also known as preventing serotonin reuptake. This encourages serotonin to bind to its receptor to transmit a signal in the brain. SNRIs: These work the same as SSRIs, except they work on both serotonin and norepinephrine . TCAs: These work the same as SNRIs, except they are less effective at blocking norepinephrine reuptake than serotonin reuptake. MAOIs: These target the brain enzyme monoamine oxidase, which helps break down neurotransmitters such as serotonin. This can lead to more stabilized moods and less anxiety. According to the NHS, people may begin to feel the benefits of an antidepressant after 1–2 weeks if they have not missed a dose. Some people may stop taking their antidepressant because they believe the medication is not working. However, it is important to keep taking the medication exactly as a doctor prescribes. If a person has not noticed any benefit after 4 weeks, they should speak with a doctor. Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. Learn more. Below are some commonly asked questions about antidepressants. Which antidepressant is right for me? There are many types of antidepressants. They all work differently and have different benefits, risks, and side effects. A person can speak with a doctor about their individual circumstances. The doctor can help them find the best treatment option for them. Are antidepressants safe during pregnancy? The CDC notes there is a link between taking SSRIs during pregnancy and congenital abnormalities . However, this risk is very low. For some people, the risks associated with stopping the medication are higher than those associated with continuing to take it. If a person is pregnant and wishes to continue or begin taking antidepressants, they should speak with a doctor. Tiny amounts of some antidepressants can enter breast milk. However, the CDC states most antidepressants will have no effect on milk supply or the child’s well-being. How long should I stay on antidepressants? According to the NHS, doctors typically suggest a person takes antidepressants for at least 6 months . People should take their antidepressants exactly as their doctor has prescribed. Antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Examples of antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and NaSSAs. MAOIs may also be an option, though doctors prescribe these less often due to the risk of adverse side effects. It can take several weeks for antidepressants to start working. People may experience side effects. Alternatives to antidepressants include therapy, diet and exercise, and St. John’s wort. However, depression is a serious condition that may need professional treatment. Anyone who experiences the symptoms of depression should speak with a doctor.
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### Types Types #### Related Articles - [Types Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327429) - [Relationship](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/relationship-depression) - [Nostalgic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nostalgic-depression) - [Agitated](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320370) - [Major vs. Persistent](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/major-depressive-disorder-vs-persistent-depressive-disorder) - [CNS](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314790) - [Pseudodementia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pseudodementia) - [Vs. Burnout](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/burnout-vs-depression) - [Situational vs. Clinical](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314698) - [Mild](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321385) - [Existential](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/existential-depression) - [Depression at Night](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/depression-at-night) - [Spiritual](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/spiritual-depression) - [Breakthrough](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breakthrough-depression) - [Work](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/work-depression) - [Catatonic](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199) - [High-Functioning](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-functioning-depression) - [Seasonal Affective Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10306) - [Subsyndromal](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/subsyndromal-depression) - [Geriatric](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/geriatric-depression) - [Unipolar](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/unipolar-depression) - [Postpartum](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/237109) - [Treatment-Resistant](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-depression) - [Severe](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/severe-depression) # All about antidepressants ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alyssa-Peckham-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Alyssa Peckham, PharmD, BCPP]() — Written by Christian Nordqvist and [Amanda Barrell]() — [Updated on January 26, 2024]() - [Types](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320#types) - [Side effects](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320#side-effects) - [Efficacy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320#efficacy) - [Alternatives](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320#alternatives) - [How they work](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320#how-they-work) - [Taking effect](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320#taking-effect) - [FAQ](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320#faq) - [Summary](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248320#summary) ### Key takeaways - Antidepressants increase neurotransmitters in the brain to help relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression. Types of antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, TCAs, and NaSSAs. - Potential side effects range from sexual dysfunction and nausea to more severe issues, including increased suicidal thoughts and serotonin syndrome. Side effects may vary depending on the type of antidepressant. - People should speak with a medical professional for advice on managing depression. Non-pharmaceutical remedies may include lifestyle changes, light therapy, and psychotherapy. * Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Experts believe these brain chemicals are responsible for changes in mood and behavior. This article covers the types of antidepressants, how they work, their side effects, other uses, and alternative options. ## [Types]() ![Man taking anti-depressant medication](https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/12/Male_Pills_Hand-1296x728-Header-1024x575.jpg) [Share on Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F248320&media=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.post.rvohealth.io%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2023%2F12%2FMale_Pills_Hand-1296x728-Header-1024x575.jpg&description=Antidepressants%3A%20Types%2C%20side%20effects%2C%20uses%2C%20and%20effectiveness "Share on Pinterest") 1389369787 blackCAT/Getty Images Doctors tend to divide antidepressants into different types. These include: ### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs are a [first-line](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/) treatment option for [depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933). Examples of SSRIs include: - [citalopram](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-citalopram-oral-tablet) ([Celexa](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/celexa)) - [escitalopram](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/escitalopram-oral-tablet) ([Lexapro](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lexapro-side-effects)) - [fluoxetine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322413) ([Prozac](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263773), Sarafem) - fluvoxamine (Luvox) - [paroxetine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323192) ([Paxil](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325996)) - [sertraline](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325632) ([Zoloft](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326268)) ### Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) [SNRIs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/snri) are a newer class of antidepressants [compared with SSRIs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ssri-vs-snri). However, they work similarly. Doctors [may prescribe](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544373/) SNRIs for: - [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323667) - [obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/178508) - [anxiety](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454) disorders - [menopausal symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155651) - [fibromyalgia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147083.php) - chronic [neuropathic pain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/neuropathic-pain) Examples of SNRIs include: - [duloxetine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/duloxetine-oral-capsule) ([Cymbalta](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cymbalta)) - [venlafaxine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263705) ([Effexor XR](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326678)) - desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-pristiq)) ### Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Doctors may recommend [TCAs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tricyclic-antidepressants) for: - [depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933) - fibromyalgia - some types of anxiety - [insomnia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9155) - [chronic pain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chronic-pain-syndrome) Examples of TCAs [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557791/): - [amitriptyline](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325726) - amoxapine - clomipramine (Anafranil) - desipramine (Norpramin) - doxepin (Sinequan) - imipramine (Tofranil) - nortriptyline (Pamelor) - protriptyline (Vivactil) - trimipramine (Surmontil) ### Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Due to their adverse side effects and [drug interactions](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-interactions), doctors [do not typically](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) suggest [MAOIs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/maois) as a first-line treatment option for depression. However, they may be an option in the case of [treatment-resistant depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-depression). Examples include: - phenelzine (Nardil) - tranylcypromine (Parnate) - isocarboxazid (Marplan) - selegiline (Emsam, Eldepryl) ### Noradrenaline and specific serotoninergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) Doctors prescribe NaSSAs [to treat](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519059/) anxiety disorders and depression. Examples include [mirtazapine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mirtazapine-oral-tablet) (Remeron, Avanza, Zispin) and mianserin (Tolvon). Mianserin is not available in the United States. ## [Side effects]() [All drugs](https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs/finding-and-learning-about-side-effects-adverse-reactions) have side effects, not just antidepressants. Different antidepressants have different side effects. However, not everyone experiences them. ### SSRI and SNRI side effects SSRIs and SNRIs [can lead to](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/side-effects/): - [nausea](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-does-nausea-feel-like) - [indigestion](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163484) - [headache](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/headaches) - sexual dysfunction SNRIs can also [increase](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544373/) blood pressure. A person with a serious heart condition should not take the SNRI venlafaxine. ### TCA side effects TCAs may have the following [side effects](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557791/): - [dry mouth](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187640) - [tremor](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/body-tremors) - [fast heart rate](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/175241) - [constipation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150322) - [insomnia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9155) - [weight gain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324872) ### MAOI side effects MAOIs can interact with other drugs. For example, if a person combines an MAOI with an SSRI, it [could lead](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) to [serotonin syndrome](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326716). Serotonin syndrome is a serious condition in which a person has too much [serotonin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248) in their body. MAOIs can also [lead to](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/): - dry mouth - [diarrhea](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634) - nausea - drowsiness - constipation - [dizziness](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319026) - insomnia - [lightheadedness](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323717) - sexual dysfunction MAOIs prevent the breakdown of tyramine. If a person consumes foods that contain tyramine, such as sausages, dried fish, and overripe fruit, it [can lead](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/) to a [hypertensive crisis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hypertensive-crisis). This is a severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to a [stroke](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624). [Learn more about tyramine-free foods.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tyramine-free-foods) ### NaSSA side effects These antidepressants can lead to side effects similar to SSRIs and SNRIs. NaSSAs can also cause drowsiness and weight gain. They are [less likely](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519059/) to cause sexual dysfunction. ### Rarer side effects Rarer side effects of antidepressants include: - Suicidal thoughts: According to the United Kingdom’s [National Health Service (NHS)](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/side-effects/), young adults and children may have a higher risk of [suicidal thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193026) when they first start taking antidepressants. If side effects are very unpleasant or include thinking about suicide, the person should speak with a doctor immediately. - Withdrawal symptoms: Some people who take SSRIs and SNRIs experience some [withdrawal](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/antidepressant-withdrawal) symptoms when they stop taking the medication. Withdrawal symptoms can last for [1–2 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5449237/) and include: - anxiety - dizziness - [nightmares](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/297625) or vivid dreams - electric shock-like sensations in the body - [flu](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/15107)\-like symptoms - [abdominal pain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318286) ### Help is out there If you or someone you know is in crisis and considering suicide or self-harm, please seek support: - Call or text the [988 Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org. Caring counselors are available to listen and provide free and confidential support 24/7. - Text HOME to the [Crisis Text Line](https://www.crisistextline.org/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsPDQrdXH5wIVBRx9Ch1YdQjIEAAYASAAEgJ_1_D_BwE) at 741741 to connect with a volunteer crisis counselor for free and confidential support 24/7. - Not in the United States? Find a helpline in your country with [Befrienders Worldwide](https://www.befrienders.org/). - Call 911 or your local emergency services number if you feel safe to do so. If you’re calling on behalf of someone else, stay with them until help arrives. You may remove weapons or substances that can cause harm if you can do so safely. If you’re not in the same household, stay on the phone with them until help arrives. ## [Effectiveness]() Antidepressants tend to be effective. However, everyone responds to medication differently. According to the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, [40–60%](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/) of people who took an SSRI or SNRI for depression noticed some symptom relief within 6–8 weeks. The research notes that the more severe the depression, the greater the benefits of antidepressants may be. ## [Alternative options]() People may wish to try the following: ### Therapy People with depression may wish to undergo therapy. [Types of therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-therapy) that can help treat depression [include](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/types-of-talking-therapies/): - [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579) - [interpersonal therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/interpersonal-therapy) - problem-solving therapy [Learn more about available mental health resources.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mental-health-resources) ### St. John’s wort Hypericum, made from the herb [St. John’s wort](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/174928), [might help](http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/sjw-and-depression.htm) relieve depression in some people. It is available over the counter as a supplement. However, there are some possible risks associated with taking hypericum: - If combined with certain antidepressants, it can lead to a potentially life threatening increase in serotonin. - It can worsen symptoms of [bipolar disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37010) and [schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942.php). - It might reduce the effectiveness of some prescription medications, including antidepressants, [birth control](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/162762.php) pills, some heart medications, [warfarin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261316), and some therapies for [HIV](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/17131.php) and [cancer](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323648). If a person plans to take St. John’s wort, they should first talk with a doctor or pharmacist. ### Light box People who experience [seasonal affective disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10306) may benefit from [light therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sun-lamp-therapy). It involves sitting in front of a light box first thing in the morning for [30–45 minutes](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorder). ### Diet and exercise The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that regular physical activity can reduce a person’s risk of depression. People may wish to try three exercise sessions per week for [12–24 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6335323/). [Learn more about exercise as a treatment option for depression.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/exercise-and-depression) People may also benefit from eating a [balanced, nutritious diet](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324093) full of fresh and whole foods. They may wish to avoid or limit refined and [processed foods](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318630). [Learn more about foods to eat with depression.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318428) ## [How do antidepressants work?]() While different antidepressants work in different ways, they all affect [neurotransmitters](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326649). Neurotransmitters are chemicals brain cells use to communicate with each other. Antidepressants work in the [following ways](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/): - SSRIs: These prevent serotonin from returning to where it came from, also known as preventing serotonin reuptake. This encourages serotonin to bind to its receptor to transmit a signal in the brain. - SNRIs: These work the same as SSRIs, except they work on both serotonin and [norepinephrine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325485). - TCAs: These work the same as SNRIs, except they are less effective at blocking norepinephrine reuptake than serotonin reuptake. - MAOIs: These target the brain enzyme monoamine oxidase, which helps break down neurotransmitters such as serotonin. This can lead to more stabilized moods and less anxiety. ## [How long will it take for them to take effect?]() According to the NHS, people may begin to feel the benefits of an antidepressant after [1–2 weeks](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/overview/) if they have not missed a dose. Some people may stop taking their antidepressant because they believe the medication is not working. However, it is important to keep taking the medication exactly as a doctor prescribes. If a person has not noticed any benefit after 4 weeks, they should speak with a doctor. »Online Care:**[Get prescribed medication refills for a range of conditions in as little as 15 minutes with Optum Perks.](https://perks.optum.com/online-care/general-med-refill?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=organic-onlinecare-on&utm_content=linkto-oc-on-gen-med&utm_campaign=mnt-article-oc-on-backlink&correlationId=null) Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) ## [Frequently asked questions]() Below are some commonly asked questions about antidepressants. ### Which antidepressant is right for me? There are many types of antidepressants. They all work differently and have different benefits, risks, and side effects. A person can speak with a doctor about their individual circumstances. The doctor can help them find the best treatment option for them. ### Are antidepressants safe during pregnancy? The [CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/features/venlafaxine-during-pregnancy.html) notes there is a link between taking SSRIs during pregnancy and [congenital abnormalities](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-defects). However, this risk is very low. For some people, the risks associated with stopping the medication are higher than those associated with continuing to take it. If a person is pregnant and wishes to continue or begin taking antidepressants, they should speak with a doctor. Tiny amounts of some antidepressants can enter breast milk. However, the [CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/postpartum-depression.html) states most antidepressants will have no effect on milk supply or the child’s well-being. ### How long should I stay on antidepressants? According to the NHS, doctors typically suggest a person takes antidepressants for at least [6 months](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/dosage/). People should take their antidepressants exactly as their doctor has prescribed. ## [Summary]() Antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Examples of antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and NaSSAs. MAOIs may also be an option, though doctors prescribe these less often due to the risk of adverse side effects. It can take several weeks for antidepressants to start working. People may experience side effects. Alternatives to antidepressants include therapy, diet and exercise, and St. John’s wort. However, depression is a serious condition that may need professional treatment. Anyone who experiences the symptoms of depression should speak with a doctor. - [Depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/depression) - [Mental Health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/mental-health) - [Psychology / Psychiatry](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/psychology-psychiatry) ### How we reviewed this article: Sources Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process). - Antidepressants. (n.d.). <https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/> - CDC’s National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Centers for Birth Defects Research and Prevention. (n.d.). <https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/documents/ncbddd_birth-defects_nbdps-accomplishments_508237197.pdf> - Chu A, et al(2023). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/> - Depression: How effective are antidepressants? (2020). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/> - Fanelli D, et al. (2021). New serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and their anesthetic and analgesic considerations. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544373/> - Finding and learning about side effects (adverse reactions). (2022). <https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs/finding-and-learning-about-side-effects-adverse-reactions> - Gabriel M, et al. (2017). Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5449237/> - Jilani TN, et al. (2023). Mirtazapine. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519059/> - Key findings about medicine and pregnancy. (2023). <https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/meds/treatingfortwo/articles.html> - Laban TS, et al(2023). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/> - Moraczewski J, et al. (2023). Tricyclic antidepressants. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557791/> - Murri MB, et al(2018). Physical exercise in major depression: Reducing the mortality gap while improving clinical outcomes. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6335323/> - Postpartum depression. (2023). <https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/postpartum-depression.html> - Seasonal affective disorder. (2023). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorder> - Sheffler ZM, et al(2023). Antidepressants. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/> - St. John's wort and depression: In depth. (2017). <https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/st-johns-wort-and-depression-in-depth> - Types of talking therapy. (2022). <https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/types-of-talking-therapies/> Share this article ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alyssa-Peckham-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Alyssa Peckham, PharmD, BCPP]() — Written by Christian Nordqvist and [Amanda Barrell]() — [Updated on January 26, 2024]() ## Latest news - [9 steps to improve heart health, per new dietary guidance from AHA](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9-steps-improve-heart-health-diet-guidance-aha) - [AI model can accurately predict liver cancer risk, study suggests](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ai-model-accurately-predict-liver-cancer-risk) - [AI-powered stroke tool linked to improved patient outcomes in large clinical trial](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ai-powered-stroke-tool-linked-improved-patient-outcomes-large-clinical-trial) - [Eating same meals on repeat, and more at weekends may help you lose more weight](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eating-same-meals-repeat-more-weekends-may-help-lose-more-weight) - [Cooking at least one meal at home weekly may cut dementia risk by up to 67%](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cooking-at-least-one-meal-at-home-weekly-may-cut-dementia-risk) ### Related Coverage - [How to stop antidepressants safely](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322376?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Alex Brewer, PharmD, MBA](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/reviewers) [Antidepressants can help manage the symptoms of depression, but they can be difficult to stop. Find out what to expect and get some tips on managing…](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322376?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322376?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What are the pros and cons of antidepressants?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) [There are various pros and cons of taking antidepressants. Understanding these can help an individual decided whether antidepressants are right for…](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What are the sexual side effects of antidepressants?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315984?utm_source=ReadNext) [How do antidepressants cause sexual side effects and what are the side effects in men and women? 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Learn how to treat and manage this condition with home strategies here.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tips-to-manage-seasonal-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. 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Readable Markdown	Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Experts believe these brain chemicals are responsible for changes in mood and behavior. This article covers the types of antidepressants, how they work, their side effects, other uses, and alternative options. [All drugs](https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs/finding-and-learning-about-side-effects-adverse-reactions) have side effects, not just antidepressants. Different antidepressants have different side effects. However, not everyone experiences them. SSRI and SNRI side effects - [nausea](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-does-nausea-feel-like) - [indigestion](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163484) - [headache](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/headaches) - sexual dysfunction SNRIs can also [increase](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544373/) blood pressure. A person with a serious heart condition should not take the SNRI venlafaxine. TCA side effects - [dry mouth](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187640) - [tremor](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/body-tremors) - [fast heart rate](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/175241) - [constipation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150322) - [insomnia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9155) - [weight gain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324872) MAOI side effects MAOIs can interact with other drugs. For example, if a person combines an MAOI with an SSRI, it [could lead](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/) to [serotonin syndrome](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326716). Serotonin syndrome is a serious condition in which a person has too much [serotonin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248) in their body. - dry mouth - [diarrhea](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634) - nausea - drowsiness - constipation - [dizziness](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319026) - insomnia - [lightheadedness](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323717) - sexual dysfunction MAOIs prevent the breakdown of tyramine. If a person consumes foods that contain tyramine, such as sausages, dried fish, and overripe fruit, it [can lead](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/) to a [hypertensive crisis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hypertensive-crisis). This is a severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to a [stroke](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624). NaSSA side effects These antidepressants can lead to side effects similar to SSRIs and SNRIs. NaSSAs can also cause drowsiness and weight gain. They are [less likely](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519059/) to cause sexual dysfunction. Rarer side effects Rarer side effects of antidepressants include: - Suicidal thoughts: According to the United Kingdom’s [National Health Service (NHS)](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/side-effects/), young adults and children may have a higher risk of [suicidal thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193026) when they first start taking antidepressants. If side effects are very unpleasant or include thinking about suicide, the person should speak with a doctor immediately. - Withdrawal symptoms: Some people who take SSRIs and SNRIs experience some [withdrawal](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/antidepressant-withdrawal) symptoms when they stop taking the medication. Withdrawal symptoms can last for [1–2 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5449237/) and include: - anxiety - dizziness - [nightmares](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/297625) or vivid dreams - electric shock-like sensations in the body - [flu](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/15107)\-like symptoms - [abdominal pain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318286) Antidepressants tend to be effective. However, everyone responds to medication differently. According to the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, [40–60%](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/) of people who took an SSRI or SNRI for depression noticed some symptom relief within 6–8 weeks. The research notes that the more severe the depression, the greater the benefits of antidepressants may be. People may wish to try the following: Therapy People with depression may wish to undergo therapy. [Types of therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-therapy) that can help treat depression [include](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/types-of-talking-therapies/): - [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579) - [interpersonal therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/interpersonal-therapy) - problem-solving therapy St. John’s wort Hypericum, made from the herb [St. John’s wort](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/174928), [might help](http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/sjw-and-depression.htm) relieve depression in some people. It is available over the counter as a supplement. However, there are some possible risks associated with taking hypericum: - If combined with certain antidepressants, it can lead to a potentially life threatening increase in serotonin. - It can worsen symptoms of [bipolar disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37010) and [schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942.php). - It might reduce the effectiveness of some prescription medications, including antidepressants, [birth control](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/162762.php) pills, some heart medications, [warfarin](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261316), and some therapies for [HIV](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/17131.php) and [cancer](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323648). If a person plans to take St. John’s wort, they should first talk with a doctor or pharmacist. Light box It involves sitting in front of a light box first thing in the morning for [30–45 minutes](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorder). Diet and exercise The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that regular physical activity can reduce a person’s risk of depression. People may wish to try three exercise sessions per week for [12–24 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6335323/). While different antidepressants work in different ways, they all affect [neurotransmitters](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326649). Neurotransmitters are chemicals brain cells use to communicate with each other. - SSRIs: These prevent serotonin from returning to where it came from, also known as preventing serotonin reuptake. This encourages serotonin to bind to its receptor to transmit a signal in the brain. - SNRIs: These work the same as SSRIs, except they work on both serotonin and [norepinephrine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325485). - TCAs: These work the same as SNRIs, except they are less effective at blocking norepinephrine reuptake than serotonin reuptake. - MAOIs: These target the brain enzyme monoamine oxidase, which helps break down neurotransmitters such as serotonin. This can lead to more stabilized moods and less anxiety. According to the NHS, people may begin to feel the benefits of an antidepressant after [1–2 weeks](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/overview/) if they have not missed a dose. Some people may stop taking their antidepressant because they believe the medication is not working. However, it is important to keep taking the medication exactly as a doctor prescribes. If a person has not noticed any benefit after 4 weeks, they should speak with a doctor. Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) Below are some commonly asked questions about antidepressants. Which antidepressant is right for me? There are many types of antidepressants. They all work differently and have different benefits, risks, and side effects. A person can speak with a doctor about their individual circumstances. The doctor can help them find the best treatment option for them. Are antidepressants safe during pregnancy? The [CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/features/venlafaxine-during-pregnancy.html) notes there is a link between taking SSRIs during pregnancy and [congenital abnormalities](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-defects). However, this risk is very low. For some people, the risks associated with stopping the medication are higher than those associated with continuing to take it. If a person is pregnant and wishes to continue or begin taking antidepressants, they should speak with a doctor. Tiny amounts of some antidepressants can enter breast milk. However, the [CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/postpartum-depression.html) states most antidepressants will have no effect on milk supply or the child’s well-being. How long should I stay on antidepressants? According to the NHS, doctors typically suggest a person takes antidepressants for at least [6 months](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/dosage/). People should take their antidepressants exactly as their doctor has prescribed. Antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Examples of antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and NaSSAs. MAOIs may also be an option, though doctors prescribe these less often due to the risk of adverse side effects. It can take several weeks for antidepressants to start working. People may experience side effects. Alternatives to antidepressants include therapy, diet and exercise, and St. John’s wort. However, depression is a serious condition that may need professional treatment. Anyone who experiences the symptoms of depression should speak with a doctor.
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