🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 110 (from laksa087)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa110.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621","crawl_time":1775017984,"first_indexed_time":1581745239,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,medicalnewstoday!www,\/articles\/192621 s443","src_root_hash":"5853625527623639710","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Paranoid schizophrenia: What it is, symptoms, and more","meta_descriptions":["People with schizophrenia may experience paranoia, a type of delusion that usually involves persecution. Here, learn about support, treatment, and more."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Schizophrenia affects a person’s perception and can involve hallucinations and delusions. When these happen, it can be hard to know what is real and what is not.\n“Paranoid schizophrenia” is an outdated name for a subtype of schizophrenia.\nA person with schizophrenia can experience paranoia as a symptom. Paranoid delusions can cause a person to fear that others are watching them or trying to harm them. For example, a person experiencing a delusion may believe that media, such as the television or the internet, send them special messages.\nThese feelings and beliefs can cause severe fear and anxiety, disrupt daily life, and limit a person’s ability to participate in work and relationships, including those with family.\nBefore 2013, healthcare professionals considered paranoid\nschizophrenia\na distinct type of schizophrenia.\nIt now classifies paranoia as a symptom, rather than a subtype, of the disorder.\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong mental health condition. Symptoms often emerge between ages\n16 and 30 years\n.\nIt can affect a person’s:\nthought processes\nperceptions and feelings\nsleep patterns\nability to communicate and relate to others\nability to focus and complete tasks\nSymptoms of schizophrenia can\ninclude\n:\ndisordered thinking and information processing\nissues using newly learned information\ntrouble focusing\nwithdrawing from family, friends, and activities\nchanges in body language and emotions\na lack of motivation, interest, and enjoyment\nchanges in sleep patterns\na lack of self-care\nsymptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions\nA delusion is something a person believes to be true, even when strong evidence suggests it is false. For example, a person may believe someone is planning to harm them.\nA hallucination is when a person hears, sees, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. A\ncommon hallucination\nfor a person with schizophrenia is hearing voices that are not there.\nThe person may also self-harm or attempt suicide, but this can happen with many conditions.\nIf a person experiences any of the above symptoms, they should receive immediate medical care. They can go to an urgent care clinic or emergency room for help.\nWhat does ‘paranoia’ mean, and what does it look like?\nPeople with paranoia may\nexperience\na combination of the following:\nfeeling upset, anxious, angry, and confused\nbeing suspicious of those around them\nbelieving that someone is persecuting them\nfearing that someone is following, chasing, poisoning, or otherwise plotting against them\nfeeling as if someone else is controlling their thoughts and actions\nfeeling as if their thoughts are disappearing or being taken away from them\nSchizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder. The exact causes are unclear, but they likely involve a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers.\nGenetic:\nPeople with a family history may have a higher risk.\nMedical:\nThese may include poor nutrition before birth and some viruses during pregnancy.\nBiological:\nFeatures of the brain’s structure or the activity of neurotransmitters, such as\ndopamine\n, may contribute.\nEnvironmental:\nStress, past trauma, and abuse\nmay trigger\nsymptoms in people already at risk.\nStudies\nsuggest people with schizophrenia and paranoia typically have social cognitive impairments that may develop a few years before schizophrenia symptoms appear. These symptoms\nmay also\ncontinue to evolve after diagnosis.\nSubstance use\nSome\nrecreational drugs\n, such as amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, and LSD, may trigger psychosis or schizophrenia in people with a susceptibility.\nExperts say substance use is more common among people with schizophrenia, but it is\nnot clear\nwhether the drugs trigger the disorder or whether having schizophrenia increases the likelihood of substance use to cope with symptoms.\nVarious substances can also interfere with treatment. Anyone concerned about the link between schizophrenia and substance use should speak with a doctor.\nIf a person seeks help for symptoms that may indicate schizophrenia, a doctor will consider their personal and family medical histories and physical health as well as their symptoms.\nThey may also request diagnostic tests, such as blood tests and imaging tests, to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.\nDiagnostic criteria\nFor a doctor to diagnose schizophrenia, a person must continuously have symptoms for at least 6 months. This may involve:\ndelusions\nhallucinations\ndisorganized speech\nsocial and occupational dysfunction\nhighly disorganized or catatonic behavior\nemotional flatness or a lack of pleasure in everyday life\nA doctor can only diagnose schizophrenia if any other health issue cannot explain these symptoms, such as drug or alcohol misuse or a mood disorder.\nOverall, it can take time to reach a diagnosis.\nAccording to the\nNational Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)\n, Black and Latino people in the United States are more likely than others to receive an\nincorrect diagnosis\nof schizophrenia. This may be due to\nclinical bias\n, cultural mistrust, difficulty accessing suitable healthcare, or other reasons.\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms. If a person stops treatment at any point, their symptoms may return.\nIt can take time to find the best approach. The right treatment for a person may be a combination of treatments. It depends on factors such as which symptoms are present, their severity, and the person’s age.\nIt helps if the person and doctor can work together to develop and modify the treatment plan,\nNAMI\nreports.\nMedications\nDrugs called\nantipsychotics\ncan reduce the occurrence of disturbing thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions.\nDrug options\ninclude\nthe following:\nan oral second-generation\nantipsychotic (SGA)\nto reduce psychosis, such as:\naripiprazole (\nAbilify\n)\nolanzapine (Zyprexa)\nrisperidone (\nRisperdal\n)\nquetiapine (\nSeroquel\n)\na mood stabilizer, such as\nlithium\nor divalproex sodium (\nDepakote\n)\nonce SGAs are managing acute symptoms, a slow-release injection, known as a depot preparation, of aripiprazole, paliperidone (\nInvega\n), risperidone, or other drugs to manage the condition\nselective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),\nsuch as\nfluvoxamine (Luvox), for depression or anxiety\nMaintenance drugs may have the same ingredients as an initial SGA, but their effects last longer because the body releases them slowly after the injection. The effects can last several weeks.\nIt can take time to find a suitable option. Around\n30%\nof people do not have a good reaction to antipsychotic drugs. In around 7% of cases, the drugs are ineffective.\nIf the person’s symptoms do not respond to at least two antipsychotics, a doctor may prescribe clozapine (Clozaril). This is not the first choice due to the risk of adverse effects, such as low blood cell count.\nPsychotherapy and social support\nCounseling and other therapy can help a person with schizophrenia live independently.\nvocational training therapy\ncognitive behavioral therapy\nsupportive\npsychotherapy\ncognitive enhancement therapy\nSocial support can help a person find work and housing, hone their communication skills, and improve their overall well-being. This may involve a\npeer support group\n.\nCaregivers and loved ones can help by learning about schizophrenia and encouraging the person to follow their treatment plan.\nComplementary medicines\nAccording to\nNAMI\n, the following options may play a role in a wider treatment plan:\nexercise\nmeditation\nnutritional interventions, such as avoiding\nblood sugar spikes\nor increasing\nomega-3 intake\nWhile these may help, they cannot replace traditional treatment.\nIt is important that people with schizophrenia discuss any complementary treatments with their doctors.\nWithout treatment, schizophrenia can significantly disrupt a person’s life, including their ability to work, study, and care for themselves.\nSome helpful strategies\ninclude\n:\nfollowing the treatment plan, including taking medications as prescribed\nbringing up any concerns about treatment with a healthcare professional\nmaking use of available support, which may involve friends, crisis services, and specialized healthcare facilities\nmaking healthy choices regarding diet, exercise, and the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco\ntalking about the experience of schizophrenia with friends, family members, healthcare professionals, and supportive peers\nLoved ones can help by:\nlistening to the person without judgment\neducating themselves about schizophrenia\nlearning to spot the signs of a flare-up\nunderstanding what to do if a flare-up happens\nHere are some questions people often ask about schizophrenia-related paranoia.\nWhat is paranoid schizophrenia like?\nExperts no longer consider paranoid schizophrenia a type of schizophrenia, but paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia.\nA person may believe people are watching, harassing, or persecuting them. This can give rise to anxiety and fear.\nWhat triggers paranoia in a person with schizophrenia?\nParanoia is a symptom that affects some people with schizophrenia. Doctors do not know precisely what causes schizophrenia, but it probably stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.\nIt is a complex condition, but\nexperts\nhave suggested risk factors may include:\nbirthing complications\nhealth issues in the birthing parent during pregnancy\na family history of psychosis\nchildhood trauma\nsocial isolation\nliving in an urban environment\ncannabis use\nA person undergoing treatment for schizophrenia may experience symptoms if they stop taking medication.\nWhat are some warning signs of schizophrenia?\nThe first episode of schizophrenia\nusually happens\nduring adolescence or early adulthood. Changes are often gradual. A person may not be aware of changes in themselves, but others may notice the following:\nsocial withdrawal and depressed mood\napparent personality changes\nunusual behavior and speech\nlack of self-care\nself-harm or suicide attempts\nextreme reactions to criticism\ncalling emergency services about perceived but delusional symptoms\ngetting into trouble with authorities, such as the police\nHow do you calm down a schizophrenic episode?\nIf someone is experiencing paranoia or psychosis due to schizophrenia,\nNAMI\nsuggests speaking calmly, clearly, and respectfully without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. Remember that their hallucinations or delusions seem very real to them.\nA person can help them get treatment or stay in treatment. If they are at risk of hurting themselves or others, a person may need to call emergency medical services.\nSchizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can involve delusions and paranoia.\nA person with paranoia may fear that other people are pursuing and intending to harm them. This can have a severe impact on their safety and overall well-being.\nTreatment can often help a person manage their symptoms and live a full life. It is important to receive ongoing support.\n“”","attrs_markdown":"- Health Conditions\n  Health Conditions\n  \n  - [Alzheimer's & Dementia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/alzheimers-and-dementia)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/anxiety)\n  - [Asthma & Allergies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/asthma-and-allergies)\n  - [Atopic Dermatitis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/program\/investigating-atopic-dermatitis)\n  - [Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/breast-cancer)\n  - [Cancer](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cancer)\n  - [Cardiovascular Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/cardiovascular-health)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/coronavirus?correlationId=2b137d5a-dcfb-464e-9ea6-72c5a54b4e92)\n  - [Diabetes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/diabetes)\n  - [Endometriosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/endometriosis)\n  - [Environment & Sustainability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/environment-and-sustainability)\n  - 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[Religious Impacts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/religious-schizophrenia)\n  - [Trauma Induced](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/trauma-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Average Age of Onset](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-age-of-onset)\n  - [Risk of Occurance](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-common-is-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dopamine-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Genetic Impacts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-and-genetics)\n  - [Causes Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-do-you-get-schizophrenia)\n- ### Complications\n  Complications\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Impacts on Brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-part-of-the-brain-is-affected-by-schizophrenia)\n  - [Can It Affect Smell?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-smell)\n  - [Decompensation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/decompensated-schizophrenia)\n  - [Increased Risk of Parkinson's](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-may-increase-parkinsons-disease-risk)\n- ### Diagnosis\n  Diagnosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Brain Scans](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-schizophrenia-show-on-a-brain-scan)\n  - [Can it Go Undiagnosed?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/undiagnosed-schizophrenia)\n  - [Blood Tests](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/expert-perspectives-blood-tests-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [Diagnosis Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-test)\n- ### Home Remedies\n  Home Remedies\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Alternative Treatments Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/alternative-treatments-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [CBD Oil](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-cbd-oil-help-schizophrenia)\n- ### Management\n  Management\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Managing Relationships](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dating-someone-with-schizophrenia)\n  - [Supporting Someone Else](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/how-to-help-someone-with-schizophrenia)\n  - [Claiming Disability](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-schizophrenia-a-disability)\n  - [Coping Tips](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-coping)\n  - [Support Groups](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-support-groups)\n  - [Expressed Emotion](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/expressed-emotion-schizophrenia)\n  - [Art Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-art)\n  - [Management Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/living-with-schizophrenia)\n- ### Treatment\n  Treatment\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ect-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abilify](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/abilify)\n  - [Rexulti](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/rexulti)\n  - [Injections](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-injection)\n  - [Latuda](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/latuda)\n  - [Caplyta](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-caplyta)\n  - [Invega](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega)\n  - [Cobenfy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-cobenfy)\n  - [Atypical Antipsychotics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/atypical-antipsychotics)\n  - [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cbt-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Fanapt](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-fanapt)\n  - [Risperdal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risperdal-schizophrenia)\n  - [Invega Sustenna](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-sustenna)\n  - [Lithium](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/lithium-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Lybalvi](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-lybalvi)\n  - [Aristada](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/aristada)\n  - [Combination Therapies](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/combination-therapies-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-therapy)\n  - [Treatment Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abilify](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-aripiprazole-tablet)\n  - [Cobenfy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/breakthrough-in-schizophrenia-treatment)\n  - [Invega Trinza](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-trinza)\n  - [Abilify Maintena](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-abilify-maintena)\n  - [Abilify Asimtufii](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-abilify-asimtufii)\n  - [Invega Hafyera](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega-hafyera)\n- ### Prognosis\n  Prognosis\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Work Life](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-people-with-schizophrenia-work)\n  - [Does it Worsen With Age?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/does-schizophrenia-get-worse-with-age)\n  - [Possible Cures](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/is-there-a-cure-for-schizophrenia)\n  - [Outlook Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-life-expectancy)\n- ### Related Conditions\n  Related Conditions\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Drug-Induced](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drug-induced-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Psychosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Relationship to ADHD](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/314464)\n  - [vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/dissociative-identity-disorder-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [With Paranoia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621)\n  - [Autism & Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-you-have-autism-and-schizophrenia-at-the-same-time)\n  - [vs. Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizoaffective-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Dementia?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-and-dementia)\n  - [Alcohol-Induced Pyschosis Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Delusional Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/delusional-disorder-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [vs. Drug-Induced Pyschosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drug-induced-psychosis-vs-schizophrenia)\n  - [Link to Asperger's](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/aspergers-and-schizophrenia)\n  - [With Depression](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-depression)\n  - [Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/190678)\n  - [Schizophreniform Disorder](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophreniform)\n  - [Link to Stress](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/link-between-stress-and-schizophrenia)\n- ### Stages\n  Stages\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Stages Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/stages-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Prodromal Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/prodromal-schizophrenia)\n- ### Symptoms\n  Symptoms\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Auditory Hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/auditory-hallucinations)\n  - [Hallucinations](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-hallucinations)\n  - [Avolition](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/avolition-schizophrenia)\n  - [Positive Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Delusions](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-delusions)\n  - [Disorganized Thoughts](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192361)\n  - [Negative Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [In Teens](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-in-teens)\n  - [vs. Neurotypical Brain](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-brain-vs-neurotypical-brain)\n  - [Early Signs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/early-signs-of-schizophrenia)\n  - [Abivalence](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ambivalence-schizophrenia)\n  - [Flat Affect](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/flat-affect-schizophrenia)\n  - [Clanging](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/clanging-schizophrenia)\n  - [Early Signs in Children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/early-signs-of-schizophrenia-in-children)\n- ### Types\n  Types\n  \n  #### Related Articles\n  - [Catatonic Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192263)\n  - [In Females](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-in-women)\n  - [Undifferentiated Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/undifferentiated-schizophrenia)\n  - [Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia)\n  - [Borderline Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/borderline-schizophrenia)\n  - [Acute Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/acute-schizophrenia)\n  - [Simple Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/simple-schizophrenia)\n  - [In Children](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192104)\n  - [High Functioning Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/high-functioning-schizophrenia)\n  - [Types Overview](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192770)\n\n# What you need to know about paranoia and schizophrenia\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Yalda-Safai-500x500-Bio1.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Yalda Safai, MD, MPH]() — Written by [Yvette Brazier]() —  [Updated on September 27, 2023]()\n\n- [Definition](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621#definition)\n- [Symptoms](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621#symptoms)\n- [Causes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621#causes)\n- [Diagnosis](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621#diagnosis)\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621#treatment)\n- [Managing](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621#managing)\n- [FAQ](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621#faq)\n- [Summary](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192621#summary)\n\n### Key takeaway\n- Paranoia, characterized by the fear that others intend to cause harm, can significantly affect a person’s well-being and safety when experiencing schizophrenia.\n- Although “paranoid schizophrenia” is no longer a distinct diagnosis, paranoia is recognized as a symptom of schizophrenia, a lifelong mental health condition with symptoms emerging typically between the ages of 16 and 30.\n- Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder, and while there is no cure, a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and social support can help manage symptoms and improve a person’s quality of life.\n***\nSchizophrenia affects a person’s perception and can involve hallucinations and delusions. When these happen, it can be hard to know what is real and what is not.\n\n“Paranoid schizophrenia” is an outdated name for a subtype of schizophrenia.\n\nA person with schizophrenia can experience paranoia as a symptom. Paranoid delusions can cause a person to fear that others are watching them or trying to harm them. For example, a person experiencing a delusion may believe that media, such as the television or the internet, send them special messages.\n\nThese feelings and beliefs can cause severe fear and anxiety, disrupt daily life, and limit a person’s ability to participate in work and relationships, including those with family.\n\n## [What is ‘paranoid schizophrenia’?]()\n![person who may have schizophrenia with paranoia](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/10\/Paranoia_schizophrenia_GettyImages1349340601_Header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528)\n\n[Share on Pinterest](https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F192621&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F10%2FParanoia_schizophrenia_GettyImages1349340601_Header-1024x575.jpg&description=Paranoid%20schizophrenia%3A%20What%20it%20is%2C%20symptoms%2C%20and%20more \"Share on Pinterest\")\n\nQi Yang\/Getty Images\n\nBefore 2013, healthcare professionals considered paranoid [schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942) a distinct type of schizophrenia.\n\nHowever, the *[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR)](https:\/\/dsm.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/book\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787)*, which provides expert guidelines, [dropped](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/) that classification in 2016.\n\nIt now classifies paranoia as a symptom, rather than a subtype, of the disorder.\n\n## [Signs and symptoms]()\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong mental health condition. Symptoms often emerge between ages [16 and 30 years](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml).\n\nIt can affect a person’s:\n\n- thought processes\n- perceptions and feelings\n- sleep patterns\n- ability to communicate and relate to others\n- ability to focus and complete tasks\n\nSymptoms of schizophrenia can [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/):\n\n- disordered thinking and information processing\n- issues using newly learned information\n- trouble focusing\n- withdrawing from family, friends, and activities\n- changes in body language and emotions\n- a lack of motivation, interest, and enjoyment\n- changes in sleep patterns\n- a lack of self-care\n- symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions\n\nA delusion is something a person believes to be true, even when strong evidence suggests it is false. For example, a person may believe someone is planning to harm them.\n\nA hallucination is when a person hears, sees, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. A [common hallucination](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia) for a person with schizophrenia is hearing voices that are not there.\n\nThe person may also self-harm or attempt suicide, but this can happen with many conditions.\n\nIf a person experiences any of the above symptoms, they should receive immediate medical care. They can go to an urgent care clinic or emergency room for help.\n\n[Find out more about disorganized thinking, a symptom of schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/192361)\n\n### Help is out there\nIf you or someone you know is in crisis and considering suicide or self-harm, please seek support:\n\n- Call or text the [988 Lifeline](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/) at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org. Caring counselors are available to listen and provide free and confidential support 24\/7.\n- Text HOME to the [Crisis Text Line](https:\/\/www.crisistextline.org\/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsPDQrdXH5wIVBRx9Ch1YdQjIEAAYASAAEgJ_1_D_BwE) at 741741 to connect with a volunteer crisis counselor for free and confidential support 24\/7.\n- Not in the United States? Find a helpline in your country with [Befrienders Worldwide](https:\/\/www.befrienders.org\/).\n- Call 911 or your local emergency services number if you feel safe to do so.\n\nIf you’re calling on behalf of someone else, stay with them until help arrives. You may remove weapons or substances that can cause harm if you can do so safely.\n\nIf you’re not in the same household, stay on the phone with them until help arrives.\n### What does ‘paranoia’ mean, and what does it look like?\nPeople with paranoia may [experience](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/symptoms\/) a combination of the following:\n\n- feeling upset, anxious, angry, and confused\n- being suspicious of those around them\n- believing that someone is persecuting them\n- fearing that someone is following, chasing, poisoning, or otherwise plotting against them\n- feeling as if someone else is controlling their thoughts and actions\n- feeling as if their thoughts are disappearing or being taken away from them\n\n## [Causes and risk factors]()\nSchizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder. The exact causes are unclear, but they likely involve a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers.\n\n[Risk factors](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml) may include:\n\n- **Genetic:** People with a family history may have a higher risk.\n- **Medical:** These may include poor nutrition before birth and some viruses during pregnancy.\n- **Biological:** Features of the brain’s structure or the activity of neurotransmitters, such as [dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326090), may contribute.\n- **Environmental:** Stress, past trauma, and abuse [may trigger](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/causes\/) symptoms in people already at risk.\n\n[Studies](https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2215001322000142) suggest people with schizophrenia and paranoia typically have social cognitive impairments that may develop a few years before schizophrenia symptoms appear. These symptoms [may also](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5810454\/) continue to evolve after diagnosis.\n\n### Substance use\nSome [recreational drugs](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/causes\/), such as amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, and LSD, may trigger psychosis or schizophrenia in people with a susceptibility.\n\nExperts say substance use is more common among people with schizophrenia, but it is [not clear](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/causes\/) whether the drugs trigger the disorder or whether having schizophrenia increases the likelihood of substance use to cope with symptoms.\n\nVarious substances can also interfere with treatment. Anyone concerned about the link between schizophrenia and substance use should speak with a doctor.\n\n[Can cannabis affect schizophrenia?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/weed-induced-schizophrenia-symptoms)\n\n## [How do doctors diagnose schizophrenia?]()\nIf a person seeks help for symptoms that may indicate schizophrenia, a doctor will consider their personal and family medical histories and physical health as well as their symptoms.\n\nThey may also request diagnostic tests, such as blood tests and imaging tests, to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.\n\n### Diagnostic criteria\nFor a doctor to diagnose schizophrenia, a person must continuously have symptoms for at least 6 months. This may involve:\n\n- delusions\n- hallucinations\n- disorganized speech\n- social and occupational dysfunction\n- highly disorganized or catatonic behavior\n- emotional flatness or a lack of pleasure in everyday life\n\nA doctor can only diagnose schizophrenia if any other health issue cannot explain these symptoms, such as drug or alcohol misuse or a mood disorder.\n\nOverall, it can take time to reach a diagnosis.\n\nAccording to the [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia), Black and Latino people in the United States are more likely than others to receive an [incorrect diagnosis](https:\/\/ps.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201800223) of schizophrenia. This may be due to [clinical bias](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9947477\/), cultural mistrust, difficulty accessing suitable healthcare, or other reasons.\n\n[Learn about schizoaffective disorder, which involves schizophrenia and a mood disorder.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/190678)\n\n## [Treatment]()\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms. If a person stops treatment at any point, their symptoms may return.\n\nIt can take time to find the best approach. The right treatment for a person may be a combination of treatments. It depends on factors such as which symptoms are present, their severity, and the person’s age.  \n  \nIt helps if the person and doctor can work together to develop and modify the treatment plan, [NAMI](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia) reports.\n\n### Medications\nDrugs called [antipsychotics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml) can reduce the occurrence of disturbing thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions.\n\nDrug options [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/) the following:\n\n- an oral second-generation [antipsychotic (SGA)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-psychosis) to reduce psychosis, such as:\n  - aripiprazole ([Abilify](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/abilify))\n  - olanzapine (Zyprexa)\n  - risperidone ([Risperdal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risperdal-schizophrenia))\n  - quetiapine ([Seroquel](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-seroquel))\n- a mood stabilizer, such as [lithium](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/lithium) or divalproex sodium ([Depakote](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-depakote))\n- once SGAs are managing acute symptoms, a slow-release injection, known as a depot preparation, of aripiprazole, paliperidone ([Invega](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega)), risperidone, or other drugs to manage the condition\n- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),\n  [such as](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27148641\/)\n  fluvoxamine (Luvox), for depression or anxiety\n\n[What are the side effects of Abilify?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-abilify-side-effects)\n\nMaintenance drugs may have the same ingredients as an initial SGA, but their effects last longer because the body releases them slowly after the injection. The effects can last several weeks.\n\nIt can take time to find a suitable option. Around [30%](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/) of people do not have a good reaction to antipsychotic drugs. In around 7% of cases, the drugs are ineffective.\n\nIf the person’s symptoms do not respond to at least two antipsychotics, a doctor may prescribe clozapine (Clozaril). This is not the first choice due to the risk of adverse effects, such as low blood cell count.\n\n[Learn more about SGAs and other antipsychotics for schizophrenia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/schizophrenia-second-generation-antipsychotics)\n\n### Psychotherapy and social support\nCounseling and other therapy can help a person with schizophrenia live independently.\n\nSome options [include](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml):\n\n- vocational training therapy\n- [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/296579)\n- supportive [psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/156433)\n- cognitive enhancement therapy\n\nSocial support can help a person find work and housing, hone their communication skills, and improve their overall well-being. This may involve a [peer support group](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/Support-Education\/Mental-Health-Education\/NAMI-Peer-to-Peer).\n\nCaregivers and loved ones can help by learning about schizophrenia and encouraging the person to follow their treatment plan.\n\n### Complementary medicines\nAccording to [NAMI](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia\/Treatment), the following options may play a role in a wider treatment plan:\n\n- exercise\n- [meditation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320392)\n- nutritional interventions, such as avoiding [blood sugar spikes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/317215) or increasing [omega-3 intake](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325179)\n\nWhile these may help, they cannot replace traditional treatment.\n\nIt is important that people with schizophrenia discuss any complementary treatments with their doctors.\n\n## [Living with schizophrenia]()\nWithout treatment, schizophrenia can significantly disrupt a person’s life, including their ability to work, study, and care for themselves.\n\nSome helpful strategies [include](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/living-with\/):\n\n- following the treatment plan, including taking medications as prescribed\n- bringing up any concerns about treatment with a healthcare professional\n- making use of available support, which may involve friends, crisis services, and specialized healthcare facilities\n- making healthy choices regarding diet, exercise, and the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco\n- talking about the experience of schizophrenia with friends, family members, healthcare professionals, and supportive peers\n\nLoved ones can help by:\n\n- listening to the person without judgment\n- educating themselves about schizophrenia\n- learning to spot the signs of a flare-up\n- understanding what to do if a flare-up happens\n\n## [Frequently asked questions]()\nHere are some questions people often ask about schizophrenia-related paranoia.\n\n### What is paranoid schizophrenia like?\nExperts no longer consider paranoid schizophrenia a type of schizophrenia, but paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia.\n\nA person may believe people are watching, harassing, or persecuting them. This can give rise to anxiety and fear.\n\n### What triggers paranoia in a person with schizophrenia?\nParanoia is a symptom that affects some people with schizophrenia. Doctors do not know precisely what causes schizophrenia, but it probably stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.\n\nIt is a complex condition, but [experts](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/) have suggested risk factors may include:\n\n- birthing complications\n- health issues in the birthing parent during pregnancy\n- a family history of psychosis\n- childhood trauma\n- social isolation\n- living in an urban environment\n- cannabis use\n\nA person undergoing treatment for schizophrenia may experience symptoms if they stop taking medication.\n\n### What are some warning signs of schizophrenia?\nThe first episode of schizophrenia [usually happens](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/) during adolescence or early adulthood. Changes are often gradual. A person may not be aware of changes in themselves, but others may notice the following:\n\n- social withdrawal and depressed mood\n- apparent personality changes\n- unusual behavior and speech\n- lack of self-care\n- self-harm or suicide attempts\n- extreme reactions to criticism\n- calling emergency services about perceived but delusional symptoms\n- getting into trouble with authorities, such as the police\n### How do you calm down a schizophrenic episode?\nIf someone is experiencing paranoia or psychosis due to schizophrenia, [NAMI](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia\/Support) suggests speaking calmly, clearly, and respectfully without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. Remember that their hallucinations or delusions seem very real to them.\n\nA person can help them get treatment or stay in treatment. If they are at risk of hurting themselves or others, a person may need to call emergency medical services.\n\n## [Summary]()\nSchizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can involve delusions and paranoia.\n\nA person with paranoia may fear that other people are pursuing and intending to harm them. This can have a severe impact on their safety and overall well-being.\n\nTreatment can often help a person manage their symptoms and live a full life. It is important to receive ongoing support.\n\n“”\n\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/mental-health)\n- [Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/schizophrenia)\n- [Psychology \/ Psychiatry](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/categories\/psychology-psychiatry)\n\n### How we reviewed this article:\nSources\n\nMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/process).\n\n- Faber SC, et al. (2023). The weaponization of medicine: Early psychosis in the Black community and the need for racially informed mental healthcare.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9947477\/>\n- Gara MA, et al. (2018). A naturalistic study of racial disparities in diagnoses at an outpatient behavioral health clinic.  \n  <https:\/\/ps.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201800223>\n- Hany M, et al. (2023). Schizophrenia.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/>\n- Harvey PD, et al. (2022). Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: An expert group paper on the current state of the art.  \n  <https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2215001322000142>\n- Overview: Schizophrenia. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/>\n- Schizophrenia. (2023).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia>\n- Schizophrenia. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia\/Overview>\n- Schizophrenia. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/schizophrenia>\n- Table 3.22: DSM-IV to DSM-5 schizophrenia comparison. Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2016).  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519704\/table\/ch3.t22\/>\n- Tripathi A, et al. (2018). Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: Understanding the biological correlates and remediation strategies.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5810454\/>\n\nShare this article\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.medicalnewstoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Yalda-Safai-500x500-Bio1.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Yalda Safai, MD, MPH]() — Written by [Yvette Brazier]() —  [Updated on September 27, 2023]()\n\n## Latest news\n- [9 steps to improve heart health, per new dietary guidance from AHA](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9-steps-improve-heart-health-diet-guidance-aha)\n- [AI model can accurately predict liver cancer risk, study suggests](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ai-model-accurately-predict-liver-cancer-risk)\n- [AI-powered stroke tool linked to improved patient outcomes in large clinical trial](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/ai-powered-stroke-tool-linked-improved-patient-outcomes-large-clinical-trial)\n- [Eating same meals on repeat, and more at weekends may help you lose more weight](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/eating-same-meals-repeat-more-weekends-may-help-lose-more-weight)\n- [Cooking at least one meal at home weekly may cut dementia risk by up to 67%](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/cooking-at-least-one-meal-at-home-weekly-may-cut-dementia-risk)\n\n### Related Coverage\n- [What to know about paranoia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-paranoia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [What is paranoia? Read on to learn more about paranoia, including its definition, symptoms, possible causes, and conditions related to paranoia.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-paranoia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/what-is-paranoia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to know about paranoia vs. anxiety](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/paranoia-vs-anxiety?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Paranoia, now called delusional disorder, and anxiety are two separate mental conditions. Learn more about their causes and symptoms.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/paranoia-vs-anxiety?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/paranoia-vs-anxiety?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Alcohol-induced psychosis disorder: What to know](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Alcohol cannot cause schizophrenia. However, some people might experience alcohol-induced psychosis disorder, which has similar symptoms.](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What happens when a person with schizophrenia stops taking their medications?](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/effects-of-stopping-schizophrenia-medications?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Stopping schizophrenia medication can affect symptoms, relationships, and overall stability. Learn what may happen and why ongoing care and…](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/effects-of-stopping-schizophrenia-medications?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/effects-of-stopping-schizophrenia-medications?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to know about treatment adherence in schizophrenia: An expert explains](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-adherence-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Staying on treatment can be challenging for people living with schizophrenia. An expert explains what treatment adherence means, why it matters, and…](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-adherence-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/treatment-adherence-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/contact-us)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/terms-of-use)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/privacy-policy)\n- Privacy Settings\n- [Advertising Policy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/ad-policy)\n\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/directory\/a-b)\n- [Health Hubs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/content-hubs)\n- [Medical Affairs](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/reviewers)\n- [Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/newsletter)\n- © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Schizophrenia affects a person’s perception and can involve hallucinations and delusions. When these happen, it can be hard to know what is real and what is not.\n\n“Paranoid schizophrenia” is an outdated name for a subtype of schizophrenia.\n\nA person with schizophrenia can experience paranoia as a symptom. Paranoid delusions can cause a person to fear that others are watching them or trying to harm them. For example, a person experiencing a delusion may believe that media, such as the television or the internet, send them special messages.\n\nThese feelings and beliefs can cause severe fear and anxiety, disrupt daily life, and limit a person’s ability to participate in work and relationships, including those with family.\n\nBefore 2013, healthcare professionals considered paranoid [schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/36942) a distinct type of schizophrenia.\n\nIt now classifies paranoia as a symptom, rather than a subtype, of the disorder.\n\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong mental health condition. Symptoms often emerge between ages [16 and 30 years](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml).\n\nIt can affect a person’s:\n\n- thought processes\n- perceptions and feelings\n- sleep patterns\n- ability to communicate and relate to others\n- ability to focus and complete tasks\n\nSymptoms of schizophrenia can [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/):\n\n- disordered thinking and information processing\n- issues using newly learned information\n- trouble focusing\n- withdrawing from family, friends, and activities\n- changes in body language and emotions\n- a lack of motivation, interest, and enjoyment\n- changes in sleep patterns\n- a lack of self-care\n- symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions\n\nA delusion is something a person believes to be true, even when strong evidence suggests it is false. For example, a person may believe someone is planning to harm them.\n\nA hallucination is when a person hears, sees, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. A [common hallucination](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia) for a person with schizophrenia is hearing voices that are not there.\n\nThe person may also self-harm or attempt suicide, but this can happen with many conditions.\n\nIf a person experiences any of the above symptoms, they should receive immediate medical care. They can go to an urgent care clinic or emergency room for help.\n\nWhat does ‘paranoia’ mean, and what does it look like?\n\nPeople with paranoia may [experience](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/symptoms\/) a combination of the following:\n\n- feeling upset, anxious, angry, and confused\n- being suspicious of those around them\n- believing that someone is persecuting them\n- fearing that someone is following, chasing, poisoning, or otherwise plotting against them\n- feeling as if someone else is controlling their thoughts and actions\n- feeling as if their thoughts are disappearing or being taken away from them\n\nSchizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder. The exact causes are unclear, but they likely involve a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers.\n\n- **Genetic:** People with a family history may have a higher risk.\n- **Medical:** These may include poor nutrition before birth and some viruses during pregnancy.\n- **Biological:** Features of the brain’s structure or the activity of neurotransmitters, such as [dopamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326090), may contribute.\n- **Environmental:** Stress, past trauma, and abuse [may trigger](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/causes\/) symptoms in people already at risk.\n\n[Studies](https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2215001322000142) suggest people with schizophrenia and paranoia typically have social cognitive impairments that may develop a few years before schizophrenia symptoms appear. These symptoms [may also](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5810454\/) continue to evolve after diagnosis.\n\nSubstance use\n\nSome [recreational drugs](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/causes\/), such as amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, and LSD, may trigger psychosis or schizophrenia in people with a susceptibility.\n\nExperts say substance use is more common among people with schizophrenia, but it is [not clear](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/causes\/) whether the drugs trigger the disorder or whether having schizophrenia increases the likelihood of substance use to cope with symptoms.\n\nVarious substances can also interfere with treatment. Anyone concerned about the link between schizophrenia and substance use should speak with a doctor.\n\nIf a person seeks help for symptoms that may indicate schizophrenia, a doctor will consider their personal and family medical histories and physical health as well as their symptoms.\n\nThey may also request diagnostic tests, such as blood tests and imaging tests, to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.\n\nDiagnostic criteria\n\nFor a doctor to diagnose schizophrenia, a person must continuously have symptoms for at least 6 months. This may involve:\n\n- delusions\n- hallucinations\n- disorganized speech\n- social and occupational dysfunction\n- highly disorganized or catatonic behavior\n- emotional flatness or a lack of pleasure in everyday life\n\nA doctor can only diagnose schizophrenia if any other health issue cannot explain these symptoms, such as drug or alcohol misuse or a mood disorder.\n\nOverall, it can take time to reach a diagnosis.\n\nAccording to the [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia), Black and Latino people in the United States are more likely than others to receive an [incorrect diagnosis](https:\/\/ps.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201800223) of schizophrenia. This may be due to [clinical bias](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9947477\/), cultural mistrust, difficulty accessing suitable healthcare, or other reasons.\n\nSchizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms. If a person stops treatment at any point, their symptoms may return.\n\nIt can take time to find the best approach. The right treatment for a person may be a combination of treatments. It depends on factors such as which symptoms are present, their severity, and the person’s age.\n\nIt helps if the person and doctor can work together to develop and modify the treatment plan, [NAMI](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia) reports.\n\nMedications\n\nDrugs called [antipsychotics](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml) can reduce the occurrence of disturbing thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions.\n\nDrug options [include](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/) the following:\n\n- an oral second-generation [antipsychotic (SGA)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/best-medication-for-psychosis) to reduce psychosis, such as:\n  - aripiprazole ([Abilify](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/abilify))\n  - olanzapine (Zyprexa)\n  - risperidone ([Risperdal](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/risperdal-schizophrenia))\n  - quetiapine ([Seroquel](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-seroquel))\n- a mood stabilizer, such as [lithium](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/lithium) or divalproex sodium ([Depakote](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-depakote))\n- once SGAs are managing acute symptoms, a slow-release injection, known as a depot preparation, of aripiprazole, paliperidone ([Invega](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-invega)), risperidone, or other drugs to manage the condition\n- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),\n  [such as](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27148641\/)\n  fluvoxamine (Luvox), for depression or anxiety\n\nMaintenance drugs may have the same ingredients as an initial SGA, but their effects last longer because the body releases them slowly after the injection. The effects can last several weeks.\n\nIt can take time to find a suitable option. Around [30%](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/) of people do not have a good reaction to antipsychotic drugs. In around 7% of cases, the drugs are ineffective.\n\nIf the person’s symptoms do not respond to at least two antipsychotics, a doctor may prescribe clozapine (Clozaril). This is not the first choice due to the risk of adverse effects, such as low blood cell count.\n\nPsychotherapy and social support\n\nCounseling and other therapy can help a person with schizophrenia live independently.\n\n- vocational training therapy\n- [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/296579)\n- supportive [psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/156433)\n- cognitive enhancement therapy\n\nSocial support can help a person find work and housing, hone their communication skills, and improve their overall well-being. This may involve a [peer support group](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/Support-Education\/Mental-Health-Education\/NAMI-Peer-to-Peer).\n\nCaregivers and loved ones can help by learning about schizophrenia and encouraging the person to follow their treatment plan.\n\nComplementary medicines\n\nAccording to [NAMI](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia\/Treatment), the following options may play a role in a wider treatment plan:\n\n- exercise\n- [meditation](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/320392)\n- nutritional interventions, such as avoiding [blood sugar spikes](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/317215) or increasing [omega-3 intake](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325179)\n\nWhile these may help, they cannot replace traditional treatment.\n\nIt is important that people with schizophrenia discuss any complementary treatments with their doctors.\n\nWithout treatment, schizophrenia can significantly disrupt a person’s life, including their ability to work, study, and care for themselves.\n\nSome helpful strategies [include](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/living-with\/):\n\n- following the treatment plan, including taking medications as prescribed\n- bringing up any concerns about treatment with a healthcare professional\n- making use of available support, which may involve friends, crisis services, and specialized healthcare facilities\n- making healthy choices regarding diet, exercise, and the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco\n- talking about the experience of schizophrenia with friends, family members, healthcare professionals, and supportive peers\n\nLoved ones can help by:\n\n- listening to the person without judgment\n- educating themselves about schizophrenia\n- learning to spot the signs of a flare-up\n- understanding what to do if a flare-up happens\n\nHere are some questions people often ask about schizophrenia-related paranoia.\n\nWhat is paranoid schizophrenia like?\n\nExperts no longer consider paranoid schizophrenia a type of schizophrenia, but paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia.\n\nA person may believe people are watching, harassing, or persecuting them. This can give rise to anxiety and fear.\n\nWhat triggers paranoia in a person with schizophrenia?\n\nParanoia is a symptom that affects some people with schizophrenia. Doctors do not know precisely what causes schizophrenia, but it probably stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.\n\nIt is a complex condition, but [experts](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/) have suggested risk factors may include:\n\n- birthing complications\n- health issues in the birthing parent during pregnancy\n- a family history of psychosis\n- childhood trauma\n- social isolation\n- living in an urban environment\n- cannabis use\n\nA person undergoing treatment for schizophrenia may experience symptoms if they stop taking medication.\n\nWhat are some warning signs of schizophrenia?\n\nThe first episode of schizophrenia [usually happens](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/) during adolescence or early adulthood. Changes are often gradual. A person may not be aware of changes in themselves, but others may notice the following:\n\n- social withdrawal and depressed mood\n- apparent personality changes\n- unusual behavior and speech\n- lack of self-care\n- self-harm or suicide attempts\n- extreme reactions to criticism\n- calling emergency services about perceived but delusional symptoms\n- getting into trouble with authorities, such as the police\n\nHow do you calm down a schizophrenic episode?\n\nIf someone is experiencing paranoia or psychosis due to schizophrenia, [NAMI](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Mental-Health-Conditions\/Schizophrenia\/Support) suggests speaking calmly, clearly, and respectfully without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. Remember that their hallucinations or delusions seem very real to them.\n\nA person can help them get treatment or stay in treatment. If they are at risk of hurting themselves or others, a person may need to call emergency medical services.\n\nSchizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can involve delusions and paranoia.\n\nA person with paranoia may fear that other people are pursuing and intending to harm them. This can have a severe impact on their safety and overall well-being.\n\nTreatment can often help a person manage their symptoms and live a full life. It is important to receive ongoing support.\n\n“”","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Schizophrenia affects a person’s perception and can involve hallucinations and delusions. When these happen, it can be hard to know what is real and what is not. “Paranoid schizophrenia” is an outdated name for a subtype of schizophrenia. A person with schizophrenia can experience paranoia as a symptom. Paranoid delusions can cause a person to fear that others are watching them or trying to harm them. For example, a person experiencing a delusion may believe that media, such as the television or the internet, send them special messages. These feelings and beliefs can cause severe fear and anxiety, disrupt daily life, and limit a person’s ability to participate in work and relationships, including those with family. Before 2013, healthcare professionals considered paranoid schizophrenia a distinct type of schizophrenia. It now classifies paranoia as a symptom, rather than a subtype, of the disorder. Schizophrenia is a lifelong mental health condition. Symptoms often emerge between ages 16 and 30 years . It can affect a person’s: thought processes perceptions and feelings sleep patterns ability to communicate and relate to others ability to focus and complete tasks Symptoms of schizophrenia can include : disordered thinking and information processing issues using newly learned information trouble focusing withdrawing from family, friends, and activities changes in body language and emotions a lack of motivation, interest, and enjoyment changes in sleep patterns a lack of self-care symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions A delusion is something a person believes to be true, even when strong evidence suggests it is false. For example, a person may believe someone is planning to harm them. A hallucination is when a person hears, sees, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. A common hallucination for a person with schizophrenia is hearing voices that are not there. The person may also self-harm or attempt suicide, but this can happen with many conditions. If a person experiences any of the above symptoms, they should receive immediate medical care. They can go to an urgent care clinic or emergency room for help. What does ‘paranoia’ mean, and what does it look like? People with paranoia may experience a combination of the following: feeling upset, anxious, angry, and confused being suspicious of those around them believing that someone is persecuting them fearing that someone is following, chasing, poisoning, or otherwise plotting against them feeling as if someone else is controlling their thoughts and actions feeling as if their thoughts are disappearing or being taken away from them Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder. The exact causes are unclear, but they likely involve a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers. Genetic: People with a family history may have a higher risk. Medical: These may include poor nutrition before birth and some viruses during pregnancy. Biological: Features of the brain’s structure or the activity of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine , may contribute. Environmental: Stress, past trauma, and abuse may trigger symptoms in people already at risk. Studies suggest people with schizophrenia and paranoia typically have social cognitive impairments that may develop a few years before schizophrenia symptoms appear. These symptoms may also continue to evolve after diagnosis. Substance use Some recreational drugs , such as amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, and LSD, may trigger psychosis or schizophrenia in people with a susceptibility. Experts say substance use is more common among people with schizophrenia, but it is not clear whether the drugs trigger the disorder or whether having schizophrenia increases the likelihood of substance use to cope with symptoms. Various substances can also interfere with treatment. Anyone concerned about the link between schizophrenia and substance use should speak with a doctor. If a person seeks help for symptoms that may indicate schizophrenia, a doctor will consider their personal and family medical histories and physical health as well as their symptoms. They may also request diagnostic tests, such as blood tests and imaging tests, to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms. Diagnostic criteria For a doctor to diagnose schizophrenia, a person must continuously have symptoms for at least 6 months. This may involve: delusions hallucinations disorganized speech social and occupational dysfunction highly disorganized or catatonic behavior emotional flatness or a lack of pleasure in everyday life A doctor can only diagnose schizophrenia if any other health issue cannot explain these symptoms, such as drug or alcohol misuse or a mood disorder. Overall, it can take time to reach a diagnosis. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) , Black and Latino people in the United States are more likely than others to receive an incorrect diagnosis of schizophrenia. This may be due to clinical bias , cultural mistrust, difficulty accessing suitable healthcare, or other reasons. Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms. If a person stops treatment at any point, their symptoms may return. It can take time to find the best approach. The right treatment for a person may be a combination of treatments. It depends on factors such as which symptoms are present, their severity, and the person’s age. It helps if the person and doctor can work together to develop and modify the treatment plan, NAMI reports. Medications Drugs called antipsychotics can reduce the occurrence of disturbing thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions. Drug options include the following: an oral second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) to reduce psychosis, such as: aripiprazole ( Abilify ) olanzapine (Zyprexa) risperidone ( Risperdal ) quetiapine ( Seroquel ) a mood stabilizer, such as lithium or divalproex sodium ( Depakote ) once SGAs are managing acute symptoms, a slow-release injection, known as a depot preparation, of aripiprazole, paliperidone ( Invega ), risperidone, or other drugs to manage the condition selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluvoxamine (Luvox), for depression or anxiety Maintenance drugs may have the same ingredients as an initial SGA, but their effects last longer because the body releases them slowly after the injection. The effects can last several weeks. It can take time to find a suitable option. Around 30% of people do not have a good reaction to antipsychotic drugs. In around 7% of cases, the drugs are ineffective. If the person’s symptoms do not respond to at least two antipsychotics, a doctor may prescribe clozapine (Clozaril). This is not the first choice due to the risk of adverse effects, such as low blood cell count. Psychotherapy and social support Counseling and other therapy can help a person with schizophrenia live independently. vocational training therapy cognitive behavioral therapy supportive psychotherapy cognitive enhancement therapy Social support can help a person find work and housing, hone their communication skills, and improve their overall well-being. This may involve a peer support group . Caregivers and loved ones can help by learning about schizophrenia and encouraging the person to follow their treatment plan. Complementary medicines According to NAMI , the following options may play a role in a wider treatment plan: exercise meditation nutritional interventions, such as avoiding blood sugar spikes or increasing omega-3 intake While these may help, they cannot replace traditional treatment. It is important that people with schizophrenia discuss any complementary treatments with their doctors. Without treatment, schizophrenia can significantly disrupt a person’s life, including their ability to work, study, and care for themselves. Some helpful strategies include : following the treatment plan, including taking medications as prescribed bringing up any concerns about treatment with a healthcare professional making use of available support, which may involve friends, crisis services, and specialized healthcare facilities making healthy choices regarding diet, exercise, and the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco talking about the experience of schizophrenia with friends, family members, healthcare professionals, and supportive peers Loved ones can help by: listening to the person without judgment educating themselves about schizophrenia learning to spot the signs of a flare-up understanding what to do if a flare-up happens Here are some questions people often ask about schizophrenia-related paranoia. What is paranoid schizophrenia like? Experts no longer consider paranoid schizophrenia a type of schizophrenia, but paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia. A person may believe people are watching, harassing, or persecuting them. This can give rise to anxiety and fear. What triggers paranoia in a person with schizophrenia? Paranoia is a symptom that affects some people with schizophrenia. Doctors do not know precisely what causes schizophrenia, but it probably stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is a complex condition, but experts have suggested risk factors may include: birthing complications health issues in the birthing parent during pregnancy a family history of psychosis childhood trauma social isolation living in an urban environment cannabis use A person undergoing treatment for schizophrenia may experience symptoms if they stop taking medication. What are some warning signs of schizophrenia? The first episode of schizophrenia usually happens during adolescence or early adulthood. Changes are often gradual. A person may not be aware of changes in themselves, but others may notice the following: social withdrawal and depressed mood apparent personality changes unusual behavior and speech lack of self-care self-harm or suicide attempts extreme reactions to criticism calling emergency services about perceived but delusional symptoms getting into trouble with authorities, such as the police How do you calm down a schizophrenic episode? If someone is experiencing paranoia or psychosis due to schizophrenia, NAMI suggests speaking calmly, clearly, and respectfully without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. Remember that their hallucinations or delusions seem very real to them. A person can help them get treatment or stay in treatment. If they are at risk of hurting themselves or others, a person may need to call emergency medical services. Schizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can involve delusions and paranoia. A person with paranoia may fear that other people are pursuing and intending to harm them. This can have a severe impact on their safety and overall well-being. Treatment can often help a person manage their symptoms and live a full life. It is important to receive ongoing support. “”
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### Treatment Treatment #### Related Articles - [Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ect-for-schizophrenia) - [Abilify](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/abilify) - [Rexulti](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/rexulti) - [Injections](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-injection) - [Latuda](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/latuda) - [Caplyta](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-caplyta) - [Invega](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega) - [Cobenfy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-cobenfy) - [Atypical Antipsychotics](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atypical-antipsychotics) - [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cbt-for-schizophrenia) - [Fanapt](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-fanapt) - [Risperdal](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/risperdal-schizophrenia) - [Invega Sustenna](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega-sustenna) - [Lithium](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lithium-for-schizophrenia) - [Lybalvi](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-lybalvi) - [Aristada](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aristada) - [Combination Therapies](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/combination-therapies-for-schizophrenia) - [Therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-therapy) - [Treatment Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/best-medication-for-schizophrenia) - [Abilify](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-aripiprazole-tablet) - [Cobenfy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breakthrough-in-schizophrenia-treatment) - [Invega Trinza](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega-trinza) - [Abilify Maintena](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-abilify-maintena) - [Abilify Asimtufii](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-abilify-asimtufii) - [Invega Hafyera](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega-hafyera) - ### Prognosis Prognosis #### Related Articles - [Work Life](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-people-with-schizophrenia-work) - [Does it Worsen With Age?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/does-schizophrenia-get-worse-with-age) - [Possible Cures](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-there-a-cure-for-schizophrenia) - [Outlook Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-life-expectancy) - ### Related Conditions Related Conditions #### Related Articles - [Drug-Induced](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-induced-schizophrenia) - [vs. Psychosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia) - [Relationship to ADHD](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314464) - [vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dissociative-identity-disorder-and-schizophrenia) - [With Paranoia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621) - [Autism & Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-you-have-autism-and-schizophrenia-at-the-same-time) - [vs. Schizoaffective Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizoaffective-vs-schizophrenia) - [Link to Dementia?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-and-dementia) - [Alcohol-Induced Pyschosis Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia) - [vs. Delusional Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/delusional-disorder-vs-schizophrenia) - [vs. Drug-Induced Pyschosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-induced-psychosis-vs-schizophrenia) - [Link to Asperger's](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aspergers-and-schizophrenia) - [With Depression](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-depression) - [Schizoaffective Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190678) - [Schizophreniform Disorder](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophreniform) - [Link to Stress](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/link-between-stress-and-schizophrenia) - ### Stages Stages #### Related Articles - [Stages Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia) - [Prodromal Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prodromal-schizophrenia) - ### Symptoms Symptoms #### Related Articles - [Auditory Hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/auditory-hallucinations) - [Hallucinations](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-hallucinations) - [Avolition](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/avolition-schizophrenia) - [Positive Symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/positive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) - [Delusions](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-delusions) - [Disorganized Thoughts](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192361) - [Negative Symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) - [In Teens](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-in-teens) - [vs. Neurotypical Brain](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-brain-vs-neurotypical-brain) - [Early Signs](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-schizophrenia) - [Abivalence](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ambivalence-schizophrenia) - [Flat Affect](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/flat-affect-schizophrenia) - [Clanging](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/clanging-schizophrenia) - [Early Signs in Children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-schizophrenia-in-children) - ### Types Types #### Related Articles - [Catatonic Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192263) - [In Females](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-in-women) - [Undifferentiated Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/undifferentiated-schizophrenia) - [Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) - [Borderline Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/borderline-schizophrenia) - [Acute Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/acute-schizophrenia) - [Simple Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/simple-schizophrenia) - [In Children](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192104) - [High Functioning Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-functioning-schizophrenia) - [Types Overview](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192770) # What you need to know about paranoia and schizophrenia ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Yalda-Safai-500x500-Bio1.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Yalda Safai, MD, MPH]() — Written by [Yvette Brazier]() — [Updated on September 27, 2023]() - [Definition](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621#definition) - [Symptoms](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621#symptoms) - [Causes](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621#causes) - [Diagnosis](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621#diagnosis) - [Treatment](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621#treatment) - [Managing](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621#managing) - [FAQ](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621#faq) - [Summary](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621#summary) ### Key takeaway - Paranoia, characterized by the fear that others intend to cause harm, can significantly affect a person’s well-being and safety when experiencing schizophrenia. - Although “paranoid schizophrenia” is no longer a distinct diagnosis, paranoia is recognized as a symptom of schizophrenia, a lifelong mental health condition with symptoms emerging typically between the ages of 16 and 30. - Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder, and while there is no cure, a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and social support can help manage symptoms and improve a person’s quality of life. *** Schizophrenia affects a person’s perception and can involve hallucinations and delusions. When these happen, it can be hard to know what is real and what is not. “Paranoid schizophrenia” is an outdated name for a subtype of schizophrenia. A person with schizophrenia can experience paranoia as a symptom. Paranoid delusions can cause a person to fear that others are watching them or trying to harm them. For example, a person experiencing a delusion may believe that media, such as the television or the internet, send them special messages. These feelings and beliefs can cause severe fear and anxiety, disrupt daily life, and limit a person’s ability to participate in work and relationships, including those with family. ## [What is ‘paranoid schizophrenia’?]() ![person who may have schizophrenia with paranoia](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/10/Paranoia_schizophrenia_GettyImages1349340601_Header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528) [Share on Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F192621&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F10%2FParanoia_schizophrenia_GettyImages1349340601_Header-1024x575.jpg&description=Paranoid%20schizophrenia%3A%20What%20it%20is%2C%20symptoms%2C%20and%20more "Share on Pinterest") Qi Yang/Getty Images Before 2013, healthcare professionals considered paranoid [schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942) a distinct type of schizophrenia. However, the [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR)](https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787), which provides expert guidelines, [dropped](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/) that classification in 2016. It now classifies paranoia as a symptom, rather than a subtype, of the disorder. ## [Signs and symptoms]() Schizophrenia is a lifelong mental health condition. Symptoms often emerge between ages [16 and 30 years](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml). It can affect a person’s: - thought processes - perceptions and feelings - sleep patterns - ability to communicate and relate to others - ability to focus and complete tasks Symptoms of schizophrenia can [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/): - disordered thinking and information processing - issues using newly learned information - trouble focusing - withdrawing from family, friends, and activities - changes in body language and emotions - a lack of motivation, interest, and enjoyment - changes in sleep patterns - a lack of self-care - symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions A delusion is something a person believes to be true, even when strong evidence suggests it is false. For example, a person may believe someone is planning to harm them. A hallucination is when a person hears, sees, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. A [common hallucination](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia) for a person with schizophrenia is hearing voices that are not there. The person may also self-harm or attempt suicide, but this can happen with many conditions. If a person experiences any of the above symptoms, they should receive immediate medical care. They can go to an urgent care clinic or emergency room for help. [Find out more about disorganized thinking, a symptom of schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192361) ### Help is out there If you or someone you know is in crisis and considering suicide or self-harm, please seek support: - Call or text the [988 Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org. Caring counselors are available to listen and provide free and confidential support 24/7. - Text HOME to the [Crisis Text Line](https://www.crisistextline.org/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsPDQrdXH5wIVBRx9Ch1YdQjIEAAYASAAEgJ_1_D_BwE) at 741741 to connect with a volunteer crisis counselor for free and confidential support 24/7. - Not in the United States? Find a helpline in your country with [Befrienders Worldwide](https://www.befrienders.org/). - Call 911 or your local emergency services number if you feel safe to do so. If you’re calling on behalf of someone else, stay with them until help arrives. You may remove weapons or substances that can cause harm if you can do so safely. If you’re not in the same household, stay on the phone with them until help arrives. ### What does ‘paranoia’ mean, and what does it look like? People with paranoia may [experience](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms/) a combination of the following: - feeling upset, anxious, angry, and confused - being suspicious of those around them - believing that someone is persecuting them - fearing that someone is following, chasing, poisoning, or otherwise plotting against them - feeling as if someone else is controlling their thoughts and actions - feeling as if their thoughts are disappearing or being taken away from them ## [Causes and risk factors]() Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder. The exact causes are unclear, but they likely involve a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers. [Risk factors](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml) may include: - Genetic: People with a family history may have a higher risk. - Medical: These may include poor nutrition before birth and some viruses during pregnancy. - Biological: Features of the brain’s structure or the activity of neurotransmitters, such as [dopamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326090), may contribute. - Environmental: Stress, past trauma, and abuse [may trigger](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/) symptoms in people already at risk. [Studies](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215001322000142) suggest people with schizophrenia and paranoia typically have social cognitive impairments that may develop a few years before schizophrenia symptoms appear. These symptoms [may also](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810454/) continue to evolve after diagnosis. ### Substance use Some [recreational drugs](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/), such as amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, and LSD, may trigger psychosis or schizophrenia in people with a susceptibility. Experts say substance use is more common among people with schizophrenia, but it is [not clear](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/) whether the drugs trigger the disorder or whether having schizophrenia increases the likelihood of substance use to cope with symptoms. Various substances can also interfere with treatment. Anyone concerned about the link between schizophrenia and substance use should speak with a doctor. [Can cannabis affect schizophrenia?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/weed-induced-schizophrenia-symptoms) ## [How do doctors diagnose schizophrenia?]() If a person seeks help for symptoms that may indicate schizophrenia, a doctor will consider their personal and family medical histories and physical health as well as their symptoms. They may also request diagnostic tests, such as blood tests and imaging tests, to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms. ### Diagnostic criteria For a doctor to diagnose schizophrenia, a person must continuously have symptoms for at least 6 months. This may involve: - delusions - hallucinations - disorganized speech - social and occupational dysfunction - highly disorganized or catatonic behavior - emotional flatness or a lack of pleasure in everyday life A doctor can only diagnose schizophrenia if any other health issue cannot explain these symptoms, such as drug or alcohol misuse or a mood disorder. Overall, it can take time to reach a diagnosis. According to the [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia), Black and Latino people in the United States are more likely than others to receive an [incorrect diagnosis](https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201800223) of schizophrenia. This may be due to [clinical bias](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947477/), cultural mistrust, difficulty accessing suitable healthcare, or other reasons. [Learn about schizoaffective disorder, which involves schizophrenia and a mood disorder.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190678) ## [Treatment]() Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms. If a person stops treatment at any point, their symptoms may return. It can take time to find the best approach. The right treatment for a person may be a combination of treatments. It depends on factors such as which symptoms are present, their severity, and the person’s age. It helps if the person and doctor can work together to develop and modify the treatment plan, [NAMI](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia) reports. ### Medications Drugs called [antipsychotics](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml) can reduce the occurrence of disturbing thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions. Drug options [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/) the following: - an oral second-generation [antipsychotic (SGA)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/best-medication-for-psychosis) to reduce psychosis, such as: - aripiprazole ([Abilify](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/abilify)) - olanzapine (Zyprexa) - risperidone ([Risperdal](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/risperdal-schizophrenia)) - quetiapine ([Seroquel](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-seroquel)) - a mood stabilizer, such as [lithium](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lithium) or divalproex sodium ([Depakote](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-depakote)) - once SGAs are managing acute symptoms, a slow-release injection, known as a depot preparation, of aripiprazole, paliperidone ([Invega](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega)), risperidone, or other drugs to manage the condition - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), [such as](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27148641/) fluvoxamine (Luvox), for depression or anxiety [What are the side effects of Abilify?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-abilify-side-effects) Maintenance drugs may have the same ingredients as an initial SGA, but their effects last longer because the body releases them slowly after the injection. The effects can last several weeks. It can take time to find a suitable option. Around [30%](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/) of people do not have a good reaction to antipsychotic drugs. In around 7% of cases, the drugs are ineffective. If the person’s symptoms do not respond to at least two antipsychotics, a doctor may prescribe clozapine (Clozaril). This is not the first choice due to the risk of adverse effects, such as low blood cell count. [Learn more about SGAs and other antipsychotics for schizophrenia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/schizophrenia-second-generation-antipsychotics) ### Psychotherapy and social support Counseling and other therapy can help a person with schizophrenia live independently. Some options [include](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml): - vocational training therapy - [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579) - supportive [psychotherapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156433) - cognitive enhancement therapy Social support can help a person find work and housing, hone their communication skills, and improve their overall well-being. This may involve a [peer support group](https://www.nami.org/Support-Education/Mental-Health-Education/NAMI-Peer-to-Peer). Caregivers and loved ones can help by learning about schizophrenia and encouraging the person to follow their treatment plan. ### Complementary medicines According to [NAMI](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia/Treatment), the following options may play a role in a wider treatment plan: - exercise - [meditation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320392) - nutritional interventions, such as avoiding [blood sugar spikes](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317215) or increasing [omega-3 intake](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325179) While these may help, they cannot replace traditional treatment. It is important that people with schizophrenia discuss any complementary treatments with their doctors. ## [Living with schizophrenia]() Without treatment, schizophrenia can significantly disrupt a person’s life, including their ability to work, study, and care for themselves. Some helpful strategies [include](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/living-with/): - following the treatment plan, including taking medications as prescribed - bringing up any concerns about treatment with a healthcare professional - making use of available support, which may involve friends, crisis services, and specialized healthcare facilities - making healthy choices regarding diet, exercise, and the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco - talking about the experience of schizophrenia with friends, family members, healthcare professionals, and supportive peers Loved ones can help by: - listening to the person without judgment - educating themselves about schizophrenia - learning to spot the signs of a flare-up - understanding what to do if a flare-up happens ## [Frequently asked questions]() Here are some questions people often ask about schizophrenia-related paranoia. ### What is paranoid schizophrenia like? Experts no longer consider paranoid schizophrenia a type of schizophrenia, but paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia. A person may believe people are watching, harassing, or persecuting them. This can give rise to anxiety and fear. ### What triggers paranoia in a person with schizophrenia? Paranoia is a symptom that affects some people with schizophrenia. Doctors do not know precisely what causes schizophrenia, but it probably stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is a complex condition, but [experts](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/) have suggested risk factors may include: - birthing complications - health issues in the birthing parent during pregnancy - a family history of psychosis - childhood trauma - social isolation - living in an urban environment - cannabis use A person undergoing treatment for schizophrenia may experience symptoms if they stop taking medication. ### What are some warning signs of schizophrenia? The first episode of schizophrenia [usually happens](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/) during adolescence or early adulthood. Changes are often gradual. A person may not be aware of changes in themselves, but others may notice the following: - social withdrawal and depressed mood - apparent personality changes - unusual behavior and speech - lack of self-care - self-harm or suicide attempts - extreme reactions to criticism - calling emergency services about perceived but delusional symptoms - getting into trouble with authorities, such as the police ### How do you calm down a schizophrenic episode? If someone is experiencing paranoia or psychosis due to schizophrenia, [NAMI](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia/Support) suggests speaking calmly, clearly, and respectfully without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. Remember that their hallucinations or delusions seem very real to them. A person can help them get treatment or stay in treatment. If they are at risk of hurting themselves or others, a person may need to call emergency medical services. ## [Summary]() Schizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can involve delusions and paranoia. A person with paranoia may fear that other people are pursuing and intending to harm them. This can have a severe impact on their safety and overall well-being. Treatment can often help a person manage their symptoms and live a full life. It is important to receive ongoing support. “” - [Mental Health](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/mental-health) - [Schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/schizophrenia) - [Psychology / Psychiatry](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/psychology-psychiatry) ### How we reviewed this article: Sources Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our [editorial policy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process). - Faber SC, et al. (2023). The weaponization of medicine: Early psychosis in the Black community and the need for racially informed mental healthcare. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947477/> - Gara MA, et al. (2018). A naturalistic study of racial disparities in diagnoses at an outpatient behavioral health clinic. <https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201800223> - Hany M, et al. (2023). Schizophrenia. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/> - Harvey PD, et al. (2022). Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: An expert group paper on the current state of the art. <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215001322000142> - Overview: Schizophrenia. (2023). <https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/> - Schizophrenia. (2023). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia> - Schizophrenia. (n.d.). <https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia/Overview> - Schizophrenia. (n.d.). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia> - Table 3.22: DSM-IV to DSM-5 schizophrenia comparison. Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2016). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t22/> - Tripathi A, et al. (2018). Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: Understanding the biological correlates and remediation strategies. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810454/> Share this article ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Yalda-Safai-500x500-Bio1.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Yalda Safai, MD, MPH]() — Written by [Yvette Brazier]() — [Updated on September 27, 2023]() ## Latest news - [9 steps to improve heart health, per new dietary guidance from AHA](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9-steps-improve-heart-health-diet-guidance-aha) - [AI model can accurately predict liver cancer risk, study suggests](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ai-model-accurately-predict-liver-cancer-risk) - [AI-powered stroke tool linked to improved patient outcomes in large clinical trial](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ai-powered-stroke-tool-linked-improved-patient-outcomes-large-clinical-trial) - [Eating same meals on repeat, and more at weekends may help you lose more weight](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eating-same-meals-repeat-more-weekends-may-help-lose-more-weight) - [Cooking at least one meal at home weekly may cut dementia risk by up to 67%](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cooking-at-least-one-meal-at-home-weekly-may-cut-dementia-risk) ### Related Coverage - [What to know about paranoia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-paranoia?utm_source=ReadNext) [What is paranoia? Read on to learn more about paranoia, including its definition, symptoms, possible causes, and conditions related to paranoia.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-paranoia?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-paranoia?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What to know about paranoia vs. anxiety](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/paranoia-vs-anxiety?utm_source=ReadNext) [Paranoia, now called delusional disorder, and anxiety are two separate mental conditions. Learn more about their causes and symptoms.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/paranoia-vs-anxiety?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/paranoia-vs-anxiety?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Alcohol-induced psychosis disorder: What to know](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [Alcohol cannot cause schizophrenia. However, some people might experience alcohol-induced psychosis disorder, which has similar symptoms.](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-alcohol-induce-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What happens when a person with schizophrenia stops taking their medications?](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/effects-of-stopping-schizophrenia-medications?utm_source=ReadNext) [Stopping schizophrenia medication can affect symptoms, relationships, and overall stability. Learn what may happen and why ongoing care and…](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/effects-of-stopping-schizophrenia-medications?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/effects-of-stopping-schizophrenia-medications?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What to know about treatment adherence in schizophrenia: An expert explains](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-adherence-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [Staying on treatment can be challenging for people living with schizophrenia. An expert explains what treatment adherence means, why it matters, and…](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-adherence-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-adherence-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext) © 2026 Healthline Media UK Ltd, London, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. 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Readable Markdown	Schizophrenia affects a person’s perception and can involve hallucinations and delusions. When these happen, it can be hard to know what is real and what is not. “Paranoid schizophrenia” is an outdated name for a subtype of schizophrenia. A person with schizophrenia can experience paranoia as a symptom. Paranoid delusions can cause a person to fear that others are watching them or trying to harm them. For example, a person experiencing a delusion may believe that media, such as the television or the internet, send them special messages. These feelings and beliefs can cause severe fear and anxiety, disrupt daily life, and limit a person’s ability to participate in work and relationships, including those with family. Before 2013, healthcare professionals considered paranoid [schizophrenia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942) a distinct type of schizophrenia. It now classifies paranoia as a symptom, rather than a subtype, of the disorder. Schizophrenia is a lifelong mental health condition. Symptoms often emerge between ages [16 and 30 years](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml). It can affect a person’s: - thought processes - perceptions and feelings - sleep patterns - ability to communicate and relate to others - ability to focus and complete tasks Symptoms of schizophrenia can [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/): - disordered thinking and information processing - issues using newly learned information - trouble focusing - withdrawing from family, friends, and activities - changes in body language and emotions - a lack of motivation, interest, and enjoyment - changes in sleep patterns - a lack of self-care - symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions A delusion is something a person believes to be true, even when strong evidence suggests it is false. For example, a person may believe someone is planning to harm them. A hallucination is when a person hears, sees, smells, tastes, or feels things that are not there. A [common hallucination](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia) for a person with schizophrenia is hearing voices that are not there. The person may also self-harm or attempt suicide, but this can happen with many conditions. If a person experiences any of the above symptoms, they should receive immediate medical care. They can go to an urgent care clinic or emergency room for help. What does ‘paranoia’ mean, and what does it look like? People with paranoia may [experience](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms/) a combination of the following: - feeling upset, anxious, angry, and confused - being suspicious of those around them - believing that someone is persecuting them - fearing that someone is following, chasing, poisoning, or otherwise plotting against them - feeling as if someone else is controlling their thoughts and actions - feeling as if their thoughts are disappearing or being taken away from them Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder. The exact causes are unclear, but they likely involve a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers. - Genetic: People with a family history may have a higher risk. - Medical: These may include poor nutrition before birth and some viruses during pregnancy. - Biological: Features of the brain’s structure or the activity of neurotransmitters, such as [dopamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326090), may contribute. - Environmental: Stress, past trauma, and abuse [may trigger](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/) symptoms in people already at risk. [Studies](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215001322000142) suggest people with schizophrenia and paranoia typically have social cognitive impairments that may develop a few years before schizophrenia symptoms appear. These symptoms [may also](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810454/) continue to evolve after diagnosis. Substance use Some [recreational drugs](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/), such as amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, and LSD, may trigger psychosis or schizophrenia in people with a susceptibility. Experts say substance use is more common among people with schizophrenia, but it is [not clear](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/) whether the drugs trigger the disorder or whether having schizophrenia increases the likelihood of substance use to cope with symptoms. Various substances can also interfere with treatment. Anyone concerned about the link between schizophrenia and substance use should speak with a doctor. If a person seeks help for symptoms that may indicate schizophrenia, a doctor will consider their personal and family medical histories and physical health as well as their symptoms. They may also request diagnostic tests, such as blood tests and imaging tests, to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms. Diagnostic criteria For a doctor to diagnose schizophrenia, a person must continuously have symptoms for at least 6 months. This may involve: - delusions - hallucinations - disorganized speech - social and occupational dysfunction - highly disorganized or catatonic behavior - emotional flatness or a lack of pleasure in everyday life A doctor can only diagnose schizophrenia if any other health issue cannot explain these symptoms, such as drug or alcohol misuse or a mood disorder. Overall, it can take time to reach a diagnosis. According to the [National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia), Black and Latino people in the United States are more likely than others to receive an [incorrect diagnosis](https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201800223) of schizophrenia. This may be due to [clinical bias](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947477/), cultural mistrust, difficulty accessing suitable healthcare, or other reasons. Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms. If a person stops treatment at any point, their symptoms may return. It can take time to find the best approach. The right treatment for a person may be a combination of treatments. It depends on factors such as which symptoms are present, their severity, and the person’s age. It helps if the person and doctor can work together to develop and modify the treatment plan, [NAMI](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia) reports. Medications Drugs called [antipsychotics](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml) can reduce the occurrence of disturbing thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions. Drug options [include](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/) the following: - an oral second-generation [antipsychotic (SGA)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/best-medication-for-psychosis) to reduce psychosis, such as: - aripiprazole ([Abilify](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/abilify)) - olanzapine (Zyprexa) - risperidone ([Risperdal](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/risperdal-schizophrenia)) - quetiapine ([Seroquel](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-seroquel)) - a mood stabilizer, such as [lithium](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lithium) or divalproex sodium ([Depakote](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-depakote)) - once SGAs are managing acute symptoms, a slow-release injection, known as a depot preparation, of aripiprazole, paliperidone ([Invega](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-invega)), risperidone, or other drugs to manage the condition - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), [such as](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27148641/) fluvoxamine (Luvox), for depression or anxiety Maintenance drugs may have the same ingredients as an initial SGA, but their effects last longer because the body releases them slowly after the injection. The effects can last several weeks. It can take time to find a suitable option. Around [30%](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/) of people do not have a good reaction to antipsychotic drugs. In around 7% of cases, the drugs are ineffective. If the person’s symptoms do not respond to at least two antipsychotics, a doctor may prescribe clozapine (Clozaril). This is not the first choice due to the risk of adverse effects, such as low blood cell count. Psychotherapy and social support Counseling and other therapy can help a person with schizophrenia live independently. - vocational training therapy - [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579) - supportive [psychotherapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156433) - cognitive enhancement therapy Social support can help a person find work and housing, hone their communication skills, and improve their overall well-being. This may involve a [peer support group](https://www.nami.org/Support-Education/Mental-Health-Education/NAMI-Peer-to-Peer). Caregivers and loved ones can help by learning about schizophrenia and encouraging the person to follow their treatment plan. Complementary medicines According to [NAMI](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia/Treatment), the following options may play a role in a wider treatment plan: - exercise - [meditation](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320392) - nutritional interventions, such as avoiding [blood sugar spikes](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317215) or increasing [omega-3 intake](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325179) While these may help, they cannot replace traditional treatment. It is important that people with schizophrenia discuss any complementary treatments with their doctors. Without treatment, schizophrenia can significantly disrupt a person’s life, including their ability to work, study, and care for themselves. Some helpful strategies [include](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/living-with/): - following the treatment plan, including taking medications as prescribed - bringing up any concerns about treatment with a healthcare professional - making use of available support, which may involve friends, crisis services, and specialized healthcare facilities - making healthy choices regarding diet, exercise, and the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco - talking about the experience of schizophrenia with friends, family members, healthcare professionals, and supportive peers Loved ones can help by: - listening to the person without judgment - educating themselves about schizophrenia - learning to spot the signs of a flare-up - understanding what to do if a flare-up happens Here are some questions people often ask about schizophrenia-related paranoia. What is paranoid schizophrenia like? Experts no longer consider paranoid schizophrenia a type of schizophrenia, but paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia. A person may believe people are watching, harassing, or persecuting them. This can give rise to anxiety and fear. What triggers paranoia in a person with schizophrenia? Paranoia is a symptom that affects some people with schizophrenia. Doctors do not know precisely what causes schizophrenia, but it probably stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is a complex condition, but [experts](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/) have suggested risk factors may include: - birthing complications - health issues in the birthing parent during pregnancy - a family history of psychosis - childhood trauma - social isolation - living in an urban environment - cannabis use A person undergoing treatment for schizophrenia may experience symptoms if they stop taking medication. What are some warning signs of schizophrenia? The first episode of schizophrenia [usually happens](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/) during adolescence or early adulthood. Changes are often gradual. A person may not be aware of changes in themselves, but others may notice the following: - social withdrawal and depressed mood - apparent personality changes - unusual behavior and speech - lack of self-care - self-harm or suicide attempts - extreme reactions to criticism - calling emergency services about perceived but delusional symptoms - getting into trouble with authorities, such as the police How do you calm down a schizophrenic episode? If someone is experiencing paranoia or psychosis due to schizophrenia, [NAMI](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia/Support) suggests speaking calmly, clearly, and respectfully without tolerating dangerous or inappropriate behavior. Remember that their hallucinations or delusions seem very real to them. A person can help them get treatment or stay in treatment. If they are at risk of hurting themselves or others, a person may need to call emergency medical services. Schizophrenia is a severe mental health condition that can involve delusions and paranoia. A person with paranoia may fear that other people are pursuing and intending to harm them. This can have a severe impact on their safety and overall well-being. Treatment can often help a person manage their symptoms and live a full life. It is important to receive ongoing support. “”
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