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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 31 (from laksa188)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa031.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/14/3/132\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/14/3/132\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132","crawl_time":1773863270,"first_indexed_time":0,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,mdpi!www,\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132 s443","src_root_hash":"11974975279136771031","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications","meta_descriptions":["The rolling seal is a pivotal sealing technology for marine equipment such as wet-mateable connectors, ensuring operational integrity in deep-sea environments during both static and mating phases. However, its working mechanisms remain inadequately understood, and the effects of sealing parameters and seawater pressure have yet to be systematically studied. To address these issues, a refined model for rolling seals operating in deep-sea pressure-balanced conditions was developed. The model’s accuracy was enhanced by incorporating two key inputs: experimentally measured boundary lubrication friction coefficients (replacing conventional dry friction values) for finite element simulation and torque calculation, and oil pressure under pressure-balanced conditions, derived from shell theory, as a boundary load. Through systematic parametric simulations, the effects of interference fit, rotational speed, and seawater pressure on sealing performance were elucidated. An experimental torque test setup under atmospheric pressure was constructed to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that, while ensuring reliable static sealing, higher rotational speeds and smaller interference fits help reduce rotational torque. Benefiting from the pressure-balanced design, increasing water depth significantly enhances hydrodynamic performance—accounting for over 90% of the total static contact pressure at 1500 m—while leakage shows a decreasing trend. These findings provide theoretical insights for optimizing deep-sea sealing structures."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Search\nfor Articles\n:\nTitle \/ Keyword\nAuthor \/ Affiliation \/ Email\nJournal\nArticle Type\nSection\nSpecial Issue\nVolume\nIssue\nNumber\nPage\nLogical Operator\nOperator\nSearch Text\nSearch Type\nadd_circle_outline\nremove_circle_outline\nArticle Menu\nFont Type:\nArial\nGeorgia\nVerdana\nFont Size:\nAa\nAa\nAa\nLine Spacing:\n\n\n\nColumn Width:\n\n\n\nBackground:\nThis is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.\nOpen Access\nArticle\nby\nYucheng Yang\n1,2\n,\nLimin Gao\n1,2\n,\nYafeng Wu\n1\n,\nGuojun Wu\n1,2,3,*\nand\nGeyang Hao\n1,2\n1\nXi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China\n2\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China\n3\nLaoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China\n*\nAuthor to whom correspondence should be addressed.\nSubmission received: 8 February 2026\n\/\nRevised: 5 March 2026\n\/\nAccepted: 17 March 2026\n\/\nPublished: 18 March 2026\nAbstract\nThe rolling seal is a pivotal sealing technology for marine equipment such as wet-mateable connectors, ensuring operational integrity in deep-sea environments during both static and mating phases. However, its working mechanisms remain inadequately understood, and the effects of sealing parameters and seawater pressure have yet to be systematically studied. To address these issues, a refined model for rolling seals operating in deep-sea pressure-balanced conditions was developed. The model’s accuracy was enhanced by incorporating two key inputs: experimentally measured boundary lubrication friction coefficients (replacing conventional dry friction values) for finite element simulation and torque calculation, and oil pressure under pressure-balanced conditions, derived from shell theory, as a boundary load. Through systematic parametric simulations, the effects of interference fit, rotational speed, and seawater pressure on sealing performance were elucidated. An experimental torque test setup under atmospheric pressure was constructed to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that, while ensuring reliable static sealing, higher rotational speeds and smaller interference fits help reduce rotational torque. Benefiting from the pressure-balanced design, increasing water depth significantly enhances hydrodynamic performance—accounting for over 90% of the total static contact pressure at 1500 m—while leakage shows a decreasing trend. These findings provide theoretical insights for optimizing deep-sea sealing structures.\nShare and Cite\nMDPI and ACS Style\nYang, Y.;                     Gao, L.;                     Wu, Y.;                     Wu, G.;                     Hao, G.    \n        Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications.\nLubricants\n2026\n,\n14\n, 132.\n    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\nAMA Style\nYang Y,                                 Gao L,                                 Wu Y,                                 Wu G,                                 Hao G.        \n                Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications.\nLubricants\n. 2026; 14(3):132.\n        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\nChicago\/Turabian Style\nYang, Yucheng,                                 Limin Gao,                                 Yafeng Wu,                                 Guojun Wu,                                 and Geyang Hao.        \n                2026. \"Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications\"\nLubricants\n14, no. 3: 132.\n        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\nAPA Style\nYang, Y.,                                 Gao, L.,                                 Wu, Y.,                                 Wu, G.,                                 & Hao, G.        \n        \n        (2026). Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications.\nLubricants\n,\n14\n(3), 132.\n        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\nNote that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. 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Link](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132#related)\n  - [Google Scholar](http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Investigation%20on%20Rolling%20Seals%20for%20Deep-Sea%20Applications)\n- [More by Authors Links](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132#authors)\n  - [on DOAJ]()\n    - [Yang, Y.](http:\/\/doaj.org\/search\/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Yucheng%20Yang%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D)\n    - [Gao, L.](http:\/\/doaj.org\/search\/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Limin%20Gao%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D)\n    - [Wu, Y.](http:\/\/doaj.org\/search\/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Yafeng%20Wu%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D)\n    - [Wu, G.](http:\/\/doaj.org\/search\/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Guojun%20Wu%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D)\n    - [Hao, G.](http:\/\/doaj.org\/search\/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Geyang%20Hao%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D)\n  - [on Google Scholar]()\n    - [Yang, Y.](http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Yucheng%20Yang)\n    - [Gao, L.](http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Limin%20Gao)\n    - [Wu, Y.](http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Yafeng%20Wu)\n    - [Wu, G.](http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Guojun%20Wu)\n    - [Hao, G.](http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Geyang%20Hao)\n  - [on PubMed]()\n    - [Yang, Y.](http:\/\/www.pubmed.gov\/?cmd=Search&term=Yucheng%20Yang)\n    - [Gao, L.](http:\/\/www.pubmed.gov\/?cmd=Search&term=Limin%20Gao)\n    - [Wu, Y.](http:\/\/www.pubmed.gov\/?cmd=Search&term=Yafeng%20Wu)\n    - [Wu, G.](http:\/\/www.pubmed.gov\/?cmd=Search&term=Guojun%20Wu)\n    - [Hao, G.](http:\/\/www.pubmed.gov\/?cmd=Search&term=Geyang%20Hao)\n\n- [Table of Contents](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132#table_of_contents)\n\nAltmetric   [*share* Share](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132 \"Share\")   [*announcement* Help](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132 \"Help\")   [*format\\_quote* Cite]()   [*question\\_answer* Discuss in 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**   **\n\nColumn Width:\n\n**   **   **\n\nBackground:\n\n**This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.**\n\nOpen AccessArticle\n\n# Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications\nby\n\nYucheng Yang\n\n![](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/bundles\/mdpisciprofileslink\/img\/unknown-user.png)Yucheng Yang\n\n[SciProfiles](https:\/\/sciprofiles.com\/profile\/5093827?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name)  [Scilit](https:\/\/scilit.com\/scholars?q=Yucheng%20Yang)  [Preprints.org](https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Yucheng+Yang%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true)  [Google Scholar](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Yucheng+Yang)\n\n1,2,\n\nLimin Gao\n\n![](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/bundles\/mdpisciprofileslink\/img\/unknown-user.png)Limin Gao\n\n[SciProfiles](https:\/\/sciprofiles.com\/profile\/author\/eEdMYlRuWHNYMzBIZjR0aVVJaXgvUT09?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name)  [Scilit](https:\/\/scilit.com\/scholars?q=Limin%20Gao)  [Preprints.org](https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Limin+Gao%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true)  [Google Scholar](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Limin+Gao)\n\n1,2,\n\nYafeng Wu\n\n![](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/bundles\/mdpisciprofileslink\/img\/unknown-user.png)Yafeng Wu\n\n[SciProfiles](https:\/\/sciprofiles.com\/profile\/author\/Q3dvbEg5L1dOdTBGNC9TUTdQZG5EeUdoWEdlbENEQ3o1cXcvaG15eGV5dz0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name)  [Scilit](https:\/\/scilit.com\/scholars?q=Yafeng%20Wu)  [Preprints.org](https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Yafeng+Wu%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true)  [Google Scholar](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Yafeng+Wu)\n\n1,\n\nGuojun Wu\n\n![](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/bundles\/mdpisciprofileslink\/img\/unknown-user.png)Guojun Wu\n\n[SciProfiles](https:\/\/sciprofiles.com\/profile\/2615361?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name)  [Scilit](https:\/\/scilit.com\/scholars?q=Guojun%20Wu)  [Preprints.org](https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Guojun+Wu%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true)  [Google Scholar](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Guojun+Wu)\n\n1,2,3,\\* and\n\nGeyang Hao\n\n![](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/bundles\/mdpisciprofileslink\/img\/unknown-user.png)Geyang Hao\n\n[SciProfiles](https:\/\/sciprofiles.com\/profile\/author\/TmVSMTBhczhiNlg1K3J0Smc5YlE2N0dFRnFZM1A1TytKUFppWTVSODROUT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name)  [Scilit](https:\/\/scilit.com\/scholars?q=Geyang%20Hao)  [Preprints.org](https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Geyang+Hao%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true)  [Google Scholar](https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Geyang+Hao)\n\n1,2\n\n1\n\nXi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China\n\n2\n\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China\n\n3\n\nLaoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China\n\n\\*\n\nAuthor to whom correspondence should be addressed.\n\n*Lubricants* **2026**, *14*(3), 132; <https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132>\n\nSubmission received: 8 February 2026 \/ Revised: 5 March 2026 \/ Accepted: 17 March 2026 \/ Published: 18 March 2026\n\n[Download *keyboard\\_arrow\\_down*]()\n\n[Download PDF](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132\/pdf?version=1773852461)\n\n[Versions Notes](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4442\/14\/3\/132\/notes)\n\n## Abstract\nThe rolling seal is a pivotal sealing technology for marine equipment such as wet-mateable connectors, ensuring operational integrity in deep-sea environments during both static and mating phases. However, its working mechanisms remain inadequately understood, and the effects of sealing parameters and seawater pressure have yet to be systematically studied. To address these issues, a refined model for rolling seals operating in deep-sea pressure-balanced conditions was developed. The model’s accuracy was enhanced by incorporating two key inputs: experimentally measured boundary lubrication friction coefficients (replacing conventional dry friction values) for finite element simulation and torque calculation, and oil pressure under pressure-balanced conditions, derived from shell theory, as a boundary load. Through systematic parametric simulations, the effects of interference fit, rotational speed, and seawater pressure on sealing performance were elucidated. An experimental torque test setup under atmospheric pressure was constructed to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that, while ensuring reliable static sealing, higher rotational speeds and smaller interference fits help reduce rotational torque. Benefiting from the pressure-balanced design, increasing water depth significantly enhances hydrodynamic performance—accounting for over 90% of the total static contact pressure at 1500 m—while leakage shows a decreasing trend. These findings provide theoretical insights for optimizing deep-sea sealing structures.\n\n**Keywords:**  rolling seal; boundary lubrication friction coefficient; parametric simulations; pressure-balanced design  [rolling seal](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/search?q=rolling%20seal); [boundary lubrication friction coefficient](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/search?q=boundary%20lubrication%20friction%20coefficient); [parametric simulations](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/search?q=parametric%20simulations); [pressure-balanced design](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/search?q=pressure-balanced%20design)\n\n## Share and Cite\n**MDPI and ACS Style**\n\nYang, Y.; Gao, L.; Wu, Y.; Wu, G.; Hao, G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants* **2026**, *14*, 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**AMA Style**\n\nYang Y, Gao L, Wu Y, Wu G, Hao G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants*. 2026; 14(3):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**Chicago\/Turabian Style**\n\nYang, Yucheng, Limin Gao, Yafeng Wu, Guojun Wu, and Geyang Hao. 2026. \"Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications\" *Lubricants* 14, no. 3: 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**APA Style**\n\nYang, Y., Gao, L., Wu, Y., Wu, G., & Hao, G. (2026). Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants*, *14*(3), 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\nNote that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details [here](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/about\/announcements\/784).\n\n## Article Metrics\nNo\n\nNo\n\nArticle metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online.\n\n[Zoom]() \\|  [Orient]()  \\|  [As Lines]()  \\|  [As Sticks]()  \\|  [As Cartoon]()  \\|  [As Surface]()  \\| [Previous Scene]() \\| [Next Scene]()\n\n## Cite\nExport citation file: [BibTeX]() \\| [EndNote]() \\| [RIS]()\n\n**MDPI and ACS Style**\n\nYang, Y.; Gao, L.; Wu, Y.; Wu, G.; Hao, G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants* **2026**, *14*, 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**AMA Style**\n\nYang Y, Gao L, Wu Y, Wu G, Hao G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants*. 2026; 14(3):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**Chicago\/Turabian Style**\n\nYang, Yucheng, Limin Gao, Yafeng Wu, Guojun Wu, and Geyang Hao. 2026. \"Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications\" *Lubricants* 14, no. 3: 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**APA Style**\n\nYang, Y., Gao, L., Wu, Y., Wu, G., & Hao, G. (2026). Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants*, *14*(3), 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\nNote that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. 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However, its working mechanisms remain inadequately understood, and the effects of sealing parameters and seawater pressure have yet to be systematically studied. To address these issues, a refined model for rolling seals operating in deep-sea pressure-balanced conditions was developed. The model’s accuracy was enhanced by incorporating two key inputs: experimentally measured boundary lubrication friction coefficients (replacing conventional dry friction values) for finite element simulation and torque calculation, and oil pressure under pressure-balanced conditions, derived from shell theory, as a boundary load. Through systematic parametric simulations, the effects of interference fit, rotational speed, and seawater pressure on sealing performance were elucidated. An experimental torque test setup under atmospheric pressure was constructed to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that, while ensuring reliable static sealing, higher rotational speeds and smaller interference fits help reduce rotational torque. Benefiting from the pressure-balanced design, increasing water depth significantly enhances hydrodynamic performance—accounting for over 90% of the total static contact pressure at 1500 m—while leakage shows a decreasing trend. These findings provide theoretical insights for optimizing deep-sea sealing structures.\n\n## Share and Cite\n**MDPI and ACS Style**\n\nYang, Y.; Gao, L.; Wu, Y.; Wu, G.; Hao, G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants* **2026**, *14*, 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**AMA Style**\n\nYang Y, Gao L, Wu Y, Wu G, Hao G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants*. 2026; 14(3):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**Chicago\/Turabian Style**\n\nYang, Yucheng, Limin Gao, Yafeng Wu, Guojun Wu, and Geyang Hao. 2026. \"Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications\" *Lubricants* 14, no. 3: 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\n**APA Style**\n\nYang, Y., Gao, L., Wu, Y., Wu, G., & Hao, G. (2026). Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. *Lubricants*, *14*(3), 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants14030132\n\nNote that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details [here](https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/about\/announcements\/784).\n\n## Article Metrics\nArticle metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications
Meta Description	The rolling seal is a pivotal sealing technology for marine equipment such as wet-mateable connectors, ensuring operational integrity in deep-sea environments during both static and mating phases. However, its working mechanisms remain inadequately understood, and the effects of sealing parameters and seawater pressure have yet to be systematically studied. To address these issues, a refined model for rolling seals operating in deep-sea pressure-balanced conditions was developed. The model’s accuracy was enhanced by incorporating two key inputs: experimentally measured boundary lubrication friction coefficients (replacing conventional dry friction values) for finite element simulation and torque calculation, and oil pressure under pressure-balanced conditions, derived from shell theory, as a boundary load. Through systematic parametric simulations, the effects of interference fit, rotational speed, and seawater pressure on sealing performance were elucidated. An experimental torque test setup under atmospheric pressure was constructed to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that, while ensuring reliable static sealing, higher rotational speeds and smaller interference fits help reduce rotational torque. Benefiting from the pressure-balanced design, increasing water depth significantly enhances hydrodynamic performance—accounting for over 90% of the total static contact pressure at 1500 m—while leakage shows a decreasing trend. These findings provide theoretical insights for optimizing deep-sea sealing structures.
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Boilerpipe Text	Search for Articles : Title / Keyword Author / Affiliation / Email Journal Article Type Section Special Issue Volume Issue Number Page Logical Operator Operator Search Text Search Type add_circle_outline remove_circle_outline Article Menu Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open Access Article by Yucheng Yang 1,2 , Limin Gao 1,2 , Yafeng Wu 1 , Guojun Wu 1,2,3,* and Geyang Hao 1,2 1 Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Submission received: 8 February 2026 / Revised: 5 March 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 / Published: 18 March 2026 Abstract The rolling seal is a pivotal sealing technology for marine equipment such as wet-mateable connectors, ensuring operational integrity in deep-sea environments during both static and mating phases. However, its working mechanisms remain inadequately understood, and the effects of sealing parameters and seawater pressure have yet to be systematically studied. To address these issues, a refined model for rolling seals operating in deep-sea pressure-balanced conditions was developed. The model’s accuracy was enhanced by incorporating two key inputs: experimentally measured boundary lubrication friction coefficients (replacing conventional dry friction values) for finite element simulation and torque calculation, and oil pressure under pressure-balanced conditions, derived from shell theory, as a boundary load. Through systematic parametric simulations, the effects of interference fit, rotational speed, and seawater pressure on sealing performance were elucidated. An experimental torque test setup under atmospheric pressure was constructed to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that, while ensuring reliable static sealing, higher rotational speeds and smaller interference fits help reduce rotational torque. Benefiting from the pressure-balanced design, increasing water depth significantly enhances hydrodynamic performance—accounting for over 90% of the total static contact pressure at 1500 m—while leakage shows a decreasing trend. These findings provide theoretical insights for optimizing deep-sea sealing structures. Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Yang, Y.; Gao, L.; Wu, Y.; Wu, G.; Hao, G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants 2026 , 14 , 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 AMA Style Yang Y, Gao L, Wu Y, Wu G, Hao G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants . 2026; 14(3):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 Chicago/Turabian Style Yang, Yucheng, Limin Gao, Yafeng Wu, Guojun Wu, and Geyang Hao. 2026. "Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications" Lubricants 14, no. 3: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 APA Style Yang, Y., Gao, L., Wu, Y., Wu, G., & Hao, G. (2026). Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants , 14 (3), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here . Article Metrics Article metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online.
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Open AccessArticle # Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications by Yucheng Yang ![](https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png)Yucheng Yang [SciProfiles](https://sciprofiles.com/profile/5093827?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name) [Scilit](https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Yucheng%20Yang) [Preprints.org](https://www.preprints.org/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Yucheng+Yang%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true) [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yucheng+Yang) 1,2, Limin Gao ![](https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png)Limin Gao [SciProfiles](https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/eEdMYlRuWHNYMzBIZjR0aVVJaXgvUT09?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name) [Scilit](https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Limin%20Gao) [Preprints.org](https://www.preprints.org/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Limin+Gao%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true) [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Limin+Gao) 1,2, Yafeng Wu ![](https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png)Yafeng Wu [SciProfiles](https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/Q3dvbEg5L1dOdTBGNC9TUTdQZG5EeUdoWEdlbENEQ3o1cXcvaG15eGV5dz0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name) [Scilit](https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Yafeng%20Wu) [Preprints.org](https://www.preprints.org/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Yafeng+Wu%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true) [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yafeng+Wu) 1, Guojun Wu ![](https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png)Guojun Wu [SciProfiles](https://sciprofiles.com/profile/2615361?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name) [Scilit](https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Guojun%20Wu) [Preprints.org](https://www.preprints.org/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Guojun+Wu%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true) [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Guojun+Wu) 1,2,3,\* and Geyang Hao ![](https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png)Geyang Hao [SciProfiles](https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/TmVSMTBhczhiNlg1K3J0Smc5YlE2N0dFRnFZM1A1TytKUFppWTVSODROUT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name) [Scilit](https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Geyang%20Hao) [Preprints.org](https://www.preprints.org/search?condition_blocks=[{%22value%22:%22Geyang+Hao%22,%22type%22:%22author%22,%22operator%22:null}]&sort_field=relevance&sort_dir=desc&page=1&exact_match=true) [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Geyang+Hao) 1,2 1 Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China \* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Lubricants 2026, 14(3), 132; <https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132> Submission received: 8 February 2026 / Revised: 5 March 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 / Published: 18 March 2026 [Download keyboard\_arrow\_down]() [Download PDF](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/14/3/132/pdf?version=1773852461) [Versions Notes](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/14/3/132/notes) ## Abstract The rolling seal is a pivotal sealing technology for marine equipment such as wet-mateable connectors, ensuring operational integrity in deep-sea environments during both static and mating phases. However, its working mechanisms remain inadequately understood, and the effects of sealing parameters and seawater pressure have yet to be systematically studied. To address these issues, a refined model for rolling seals operating in deep-sea pressure-balanced conditions was developed. The model’s accuracy was enhanced by incorporating two key inputs: experimentally measured boundary lubrication friction coefficients (replacing conventional dry friction values) for finite element simulation and torque calculation, and oil pressure under pressure-balanced conditions, derived from shell theory, as a boundary load. Through systematic parametric simulations, the effects of interference fit, rotational speed, and seawater pressure on sealing performance were elucidated. An experimental torque test setup under atmospheric pressure was constructed to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that, while ensuring reliable static sealing, higher rotational speeds and smaller interference fits help reduce rotational torque. Benefiting from the pressure-balanced design, increasing water depth significantly enhances hydrodynamic performance—accounting for over 90% of the total static contact pressure at 1500 m—while leakage shows a decreasing trend. These findings provide theoretical insights for optimizing deep-sea sealing structures. Keywords: rolling seal; boundary lubrication friction coefficient; parametric simulations; pressure-balanced design [rolling seal](https://www.mdpi.com/search?q=rolling%20seal); [boundary lubrication friction coefficient](https://www.mdpi.com/search?q=boundary%20lubrication%20friction%20coefficient); [parametric simulations](https://www.mdpi.com/search?q=parametric%20simulations); [pressure-balanced design](https://www.mdpi.com/search?q=pressure-balanced%20design) ## Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Yang, Y.; Gao, L.; Wu, Y.; Wu, G.; Hao, G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants 2026, 14, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 AMA Style Yang Y, Gao L, Wu Y, Wu G, Hao G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants. 2026; 14(3):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 Chicago/Turabian Style Yang, Yucheng, Limin Gao, Yafeng Wu, Guojun Wu, and Geyang Hao. 2026. "Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications" Lubricants 14, no. 3: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 APA Style Yang, Y., Gao, L., Wu, Y., Wu, G., & Hao, G. (2026). Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants, 14(3), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details [here](https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784). ## Article Metrics No No Article metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online. [Zoom]() \\| [Orient]() \\| [As Lines]() \\| [As Sticks]() \\| [As Cartoon]() \\| [As Surface]() \\| [Previous Scene]() \\| [Next Scene]() ## Cite Export citation file: [BibTeX]() \\| [EndNote]() \\| [RIS]() MDPI and ACS Style Yang, Y.; Gao, L.; Wu, Y.; Wu, G.; Hao, G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants 2026, 14, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 AMA Style Yang Y, Gao L, Wu Y, Wu G, Hao G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants. 2026; 14(3):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 Chicago/Turabian Style Yang, Yucheng, Limin Gao, Yafeng Wu, Guojun Wu, and Geyang Hao. 2026. "Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications" Lubricants 14, no. 3: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 APA Style Yang, Y., Gao, L., Wu, Y., Wu, G., & Hao, G. (2026). Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants, 14(3), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details [here](https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784). 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Readable Markdown	[![lubricants-logo](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/lubricants-logo.png?7c4ec8889d04e134)](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/lubricants) Article Menu Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open AccessArticle by Yucheng Yang 1,2,Limin Gao 1,2,Yafeng Wu 1,Guojun Wu 1,2,3,\* andGeyang Hao 1,2 1 Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China \* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Submission received: 8 February 2026 / Revised: 5 March 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 / Published: 18 March 2026 ## Abstract The rolling seal is a pivotal sealing technology for marine equipment such as wet-mateable connectors, ensuring operational integrity in deep-sea environments during both static and mating phases. However, its working mechanisms remain inadequately understood, and the effects of sealing parameters and seawater pressure have yet to be systematically studied. To address these issues, a refined model for rolling seals operating in deep-sea pressure-balanced conditions was developed. The model’s accuracy was enhanced by incorporating two key inputs: experimentally measured boundary lubrication friction coefficients (replacing conventional dry friction values) for finite element simulation and torque calculation, and oil pressure under pressure-balanced conditions, derived from shell theory, as a boundary load. Through systematic parametric simulations, the effects of interference fit, rotational speed, and seawater pressure on sealing performance were elucidated. An experimental torque test setup under atmospheric pressure was constructed to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that, while ensuring reliable static sealing, higher rotational speeds and smaller interference fits help reduce rotational torque. Benefiting from the pressure-balanced design, increasing water depth significantly enhances hydrodynamic performance—accounting for over 90% of the total static contact pressure at 1500 m—while leakage shows a decreasing trend. These findings provide theoretical insights for optimizing deep-sea sealing structures. ## Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Yang, Y.; Gao, L.; Wu, Y.; Wu, G.; Hao, G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants 2026, 14, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 AMA Style Yang Y, Gao L, Wu Y, Wu G, Hao G. Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants. 2026; 14(3):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 Chicago/Turabian Style Yang, Yucheng, Limin Gao, Yafeng Wu, Guojun Wu, and Geyang Hao. 2026. "Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications" Lubricants 14, no. 3: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 APA Style Yang, Y., Gao, L., Wu, Y., Wu, G., & Hao, G. (2026). Investigation on Rolling Seals for Deep-Sea Applications. Lubricants, 14(3), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14030132 Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details [here](https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784). ## Article Metrics Article metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online.
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