🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 40 (from laksa092)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa040.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106","crawl_time":1775022733,"first_indexed_time":1512035972,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,mayoclinic!www,\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106 s443","src_root_hash":"1608882045018104440","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Heart attack - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic","meta_descriptions":["A blockage of blood flow to the heart can damage or destroy heart muscle."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"On this page\nOverview\nA heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the heart (coronary) arteries. The fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits are called plaques. The process of plaque buildup is called atherosclerosis.\nSometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow. A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.\nHeart attack\nA heart attack occurs when an artery that sends blood and oxygen to the heart is blocked. Fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits build up over time, forming plaques in the heart's arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form. The clot can block arteries, causing a heart attack. During a heart attack, a lack of blood flow causes the tissue in the heart muscle to die.\nA heart attack is also called a myocardial infarction.\nPrompt treatment is needed for a heart attack to prevent death. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you think you might be having a heart attack.\nSymptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms.\nCommon heart attack symptoms include:\nChest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing or aching.\nPain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or upper belly.\nCold sweat.\nFatigue.\nHeartburn or indigestion.\nLightheadedness.\nLoss of consciousness.\nNausea.\nShortness of breath.\nChest pain is usually the most common symptom of a heart attack. But for some people, such as women, older adults and those with diabetes, symptoms may seem unrelated to a heart attack. For example, there may be nausea or a very brief pain in the neck or back.\nSome heart attacks strike suddenly. But many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Chest pain or pressure (angina) that keeps happening and doesn't go away with rest may be an early warning sign. Angina is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart.\nMore Information\nWhen to see a doctor\nGet help right away if you think you're having a heart attack. Take these steps:\nCall for emergency medical help.\nIf you think you're having a heart attack, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Drive yourself only if there are no other options.\nTake nitroglycerin, if prescribed to you by a health care provider.\nTake it as instructed while awaiting emergency help.\nTake aspirin, if recommended.\nTaking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage by preventing blood clotting.\nAspirin can interact with other drugs. Don't take an aspirin unless your care provider or emergency medical personnel say to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first.\nWhat to do if you see someone who might be having a heart attack\nIf someone is unconscious and you think they're having a heart attack, first call 911 or your local emergency number. Then check if the person is breathing and has a pulse. If the person isn't breathing or you don't find a pulse, only then should you begin CPR .\nIf you're untrained in CPR\n or don't want to put your mouth on the person's mouth or nose, then do hands-only CPR. That means push hard and fast on the person's chest — about 100 to 120 compressions a minute. Do this until medical help gets to you.\nIf you're trained in CPR\nand confident in your ability, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths. Keep doing this pattern of 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until medical help arrives.\nFrom Mayo Clinic to your inbox\nSign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health.\nClick here for an email preview.\nWe use the data you provide to deliver you the content you requested. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, we may combine your email and website data with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, we will only use your protected health information as outlined in our\nNotice of Privacy Practices\n. You may opt out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the email.\nCauses\nCoronary artery disease causes most heart attacks. In coronary artery disease, one or more of the heart (coronary) arteries are blocked. This is usually due to cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart.\nIf a plaque breaks open, it can cause a blood clot in the heart.\nA heart attack may be caused by a complete or partial blockage of a heart (coronary) artery. One way to classify heart attacks is whether an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows some specific changes (ST elevation) that require emergency invasive treatment. Your health care provider may use ECG results to describe these types of heart attacks.\nAn acute complete blockage\nof a medium or large heart artery usually means you've had an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).\nA partial blockage\noften means you've had a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). However, some people with NSTEMI have a total blockage.\nNot all heart attacks are caused by blocked arteries. Other causes include:\nCoronary artery spasm.\nThis is a severe squeezing of a blood vessel that's not blocked. The artery generally has cholesterol plaques or there is early hardening of the vessel due to smoking or other risk factors. Other names for coronary artery spasms are Prinzmetal's angina, vasospastic angina or variant angina.\nCertain infections.\nCOVID-19 and other viral infections may cause damage to the heart muscle.\nSpontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).\nThis life-threatening condition is caused by a tear inside a heart artery.\nRisk factors\nHeart attack risk factors include:\nAge. \nThe risk of a heart attack goes up with age, starting at about age 45. The risk also tends to go up after menopause. \nTobacco use.\nThis includes smoking and long-term exposure to secondhand smoke. If you smoke, quit.\nHigh blood pressure.\nOver time, high blood pressure can damage arteries that lead to the heart. High blood pressure that occurs with other conditions, such as obesity, high cholesterol or diabetes, increases the risk even more.\nHigh cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) and triglycerides. \nA high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the \"bad\" cholesterol, can make arteries narrow. Your heart attack risk may go down if levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the \"good\" cholesterol, are in the standard range.\nLipoprotein (a), also called Lp(a), is a type of LDL cholesterol. Your genes affect your Lp(a) level. Your lifestyle does not. High levels of Lp(a) have been linked to a higher risk of coronary artery disease and heart attacks.\nA high level of certain blood fats called triglycerides also increases heart attack risk. \nObesity.\nObesity is linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, high levels of triglycerides and bad cholesterol, and low levels of good cholesterol.\nDiabetes.\nBlood sugar rises when the body doesn't make a hormone called insulin or can't use it correctly. High blood sugar increases the risk of a heart attack.\nMetabolic syndrome.\nThis is a combination of at least three of the following things: enlarged waist (central obesity), high blood pressure, low good cholesterol, high triglycerides and high blood sugar. Having metabolic syndrome makes you twice as likely to develop heart disease than if you don't have it.\nFamily history of heart attacks.\nIf a brother, sister, parent or grandparent had an early heart attack (by age 55 for males and by age 65 for females), you might be at increased risk.\nNot enough exercise.\nA lack of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle) is linked to a higher risk of heart attacks. Regular exercise improves heart health.\nUnhealthy diet.\nA diet high in sugars, animal fats, processed foods, trans fats and salt increases the risk of heart attacks. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, fiber and healthy oils.\nStress.\nEmotional stress, such as extreme anger, may increase the risk of a heart attack.\nIllegal drug use.\nCocaine and amphetamines are stimulants. They can trigger a coronary artery spasm that can cause a heart attack.\nA history of preeclampsia.\nThis condition causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. It increases the lifetime risk of heart disease.\nAn autoimmune condition.\nHaving a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can increase the risk of a heart attack.\nComplications\nHeart attack complications are often due to heart muscle damage. Potential complications of a heart attack include:\nIrregular or atypical heart rhythms (arrhythmias).\nHeart attack damage can affect how electrical signals move through the heart, causing heartbeat changes. Some may be serious and can be deadly.\nCardiogenic shock.\nThis rare condition occurs when the heart is suddenly and abruptly unable to pump blood.\nHeart failure.\nA lot of damage to the heart muscle tissue can make the heart unable to pump blood. Heart failure can be temporary or long-lasting (chronic).\nInflammation of the saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericarditis).\nSometimes a heart attack triggers a faulty immune system response. This condition may be called Dressler syndrome, postmyocardial infarction syndrome or postcardiac injury syndrome.\nCardiac arrest.\nWithout warning, the heart stops. A sudden change in the heart's signaling causes sudden cardiac arrest. A heart attack increases the risk of this life-threatening condition. It can lead to death (sudden cardiac death) without immediate treatment.\nPrevention\nIt's never too late to take steps to prevent a heart attack — even if you've already had one. Here are ways to prevent a heart attack.\nFollow a healthy lifestyle.\nDon't smoke. Maintain a healthy weight with a heart-healthy diet. Get regular exercise and manage stress.\nManage other health conditions.\nCertain conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can increase the risk of heart attacks. Ask your health care provider how often you need checkups.\nTake medications as directed.\nYour health care provider may prescribe drugs to protect and improve your heart health.\nIt's also a good idea to learn Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) properly so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Consider taking an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED).\nMore Information\nMarch 27, 2026\nHeart attack: Overview. CardioSmart: American College of Cardiology https:\/\/www.cardiosmart.org\/topics\/heart-attack\/overview. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\nReeder GS, et al. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\nWhat is a heart attack? American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/heart-attack\/about-heart-attacks. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nAskMayoExpert. Cardiac rehabilitation: Indications (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2022.\nHow to be more active. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/healthy-living\/healthy-lifestyle\/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nAskMayoExpert. ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Mayo Clinic; 2023.\nLibby P, et al., eds. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https:\/\/www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nFerri FF. Myocardial infarction. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2026. Elsevier; 2026. https:\/\/www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nWilson PWF, et al. Prognosis after myocardial infarction. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nCardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/first-aid\/first-aid-cpr\/basics\/art-20056600. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nPiano MR, et al. Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2025; doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001341.\nHow to eat better. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/healthy-living\/healthy-lifestyle\/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nSmall AM, et al. Lipoprotein(a), C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk in primary and secondary prevention populations. JAMA Cardiology. 2024; doi:10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.5605.\nZuin M, et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction after COVID-19 recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology; 2023; doi:10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.12.032.\nHighlights of the 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. American Heart Association. https:\/\/cpr.heart.org\/en\/resuscitation-science\/guidelines-updates-and-highlights. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\nGulati M, et al. 2021 AHA\/ACC\/ASE\/CHEST\/SAEM\/SCCT\/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021; doi:10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.053.\nBlaha MJ, et al. Sexual activity in patients with cardiovascular disease. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\nCutlip D, et al. Revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Jan. 14, 2026.\nCoronary artery disease. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/coronary-artery-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350613. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nPericarditis. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/pericarditis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20352510. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nMedical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 14, 2026.\nLloyd-Jones DM, et al. Life's essential 8: Updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's construct of cardiovascular health: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078.\nAskMayoExpert. Considerations in STEMI management (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2023.\nCatheter angiography. RadiologyInfo. https:\/\/www.radiologyinfo.org\/en\/info\/angiocath. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\nZhang P, et al. The impact of the time factors on the exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation outcomes of the patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2024; doi:10.1186\/s12872-023-03692-z.\nHeart attack recovery: Questions and answers. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/heart-attack\/life-after-a-heart-attack\/heart-attack-recovery-faqs. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\nKaneko H, et al. Age-dependent association between modifiable risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023; doi:10.1161\/JAHA.122.027684.\nFaridi KF, et al. 10-year and 30-year risks of cardiovascular disease in the U.S. population. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025; doi:10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.03.546.\nMetabolic syndrome. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/metabolic-syndrome\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351916. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\nStatescu C, et al. A systematic review on the risk modulators of myocardial infarction in the \"young\" — implications of lipoprotein (a). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; doi:10.3390\/ijms24065927.\nAskMayoExpert. Familial hypercholesterolemia. Mayo Clinic; 2023.\nRajendran A, et al. Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk factors and implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Atherosclerosis. 2023; doi:10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269.\nBlood tests for heart disease. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-disease\/in-depth\/heart-disease\/art-20049357. Accessed Jan. 23, 2026.\nHeart attack - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic\nMore Information\nAssociated Procedures\nCON-20373087\nNational Doctors’ Day is March 30!\nYour gift to celebrate this day advances our doctors’ lifesaving work.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#main-content)\n\n[![Mayo Clinic Home Page](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/mayoclinic\/images\/logos\/mayo-clinic-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n\n[![Mayo Clinic Home Page](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/mayoclinic\/images\/logos\/mayo-clinic-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n\n- [Request appointment](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/appointments)\n- [Log in](https:\/\/onlineservices.mayoclinic.org\/content\/staticpatient\/showpage\/patientonline)\n- Search\n- Menu\n  \n  [Request appointment](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/appointments)\n  \n  [Donate](https:\/\/give.mayoclinic.org\/give\/609586\/#!\/donation\/checkout)\n  \n  [Diseases & conditions](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions)\n  \n  [Find a doctor](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/appointments\/find-a-doctor)\n  \n  - 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[Diseases & Conditions](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions)\n# Heart attack\n[Request an appointment](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/appointments)\n***\n- [Symptoms & causes](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)\n- [Diagnosis & treatment](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20373112)\n- [Doctors & departments](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/doctors-departments\/ddc-20373113)\n\n## On this page\n- [Overview](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#overview)\n- [Symptoms](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#symptoms)\n- [When to see a doctor](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#when-to-see-a-doctor)\n- [Causes](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#causes)\n- [Risk factors](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#risk-factors)\n- [Complications](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#complications)\n- [Prevention](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#prevention)\n\n***\n## Overview\n\nA heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the heart (coronary) arteries. The fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits are called plaques. The process of plaque buildup is called atherosclerosis.\n\nSometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow. A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.\n\n![A heart attack](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/02\/09\/heart-attack.jpg)\n\n### Heart attack\nA heart attack occurs when an artery that sends blood and oxygen to the heart is blocked. Fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits build up over time, forming plaques in the heart's arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form. The clot can block arteries, causing a heart attack. During a heart attack, a lack of blood flow causes the tissue in the heart muscle to die.\n\nA heart attack is also called a myocardial infarction.\n\nPrompt treatment is needed for a heart attack to prevent death. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you think you might be having a heart attack.\n\n***\n## Symptoms\n\nSymptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms.\n\nCommon heart attack symptoms include:\n\n- Chest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing or aching.\n- Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or upper belly.\n- Cold sweat.\n- Fatigue.\n- Heartburn or indigestion.\n- Lightheadedness.\n- Loss of consciousness.\n- Nausea.\n- Shortness of breath.\n\nChest pain is usually the most common symptom of a heart attack. But for some people, such as women, older adults and those with diabetes, symptoms may seem unrelated to a heart attack. For example, there may be nausea or a very brief pain in the neck or back.\n\nSome heart attacks strike suddenly. But many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Chest pain or pressure (angina) that keeps happening and doesn't go away with rest may be an early warning sign. Angina is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart.\n\n### More Information\n- [Heart attack symptoms: Know what's a medical emergency](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/in-depth\/heart-attack-symptoms\/art-20047744)\n\n***\n## When to see a doctor\n\nGet help right away if you think you're having a heart attack. Take these steps:\n\n- **Call for emergency medical help.** If you think you're having a heart attack, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Drive yourself only if there are no other options.\n- **Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed to you by a health care provider.** Take it as instructed while awaiting emergency help.\n- **Take aspirin, if recommended.** Taking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage by preventing blood clotting.\n  Aspirin can interact with other drugs. Don't take an aspirin unless your care provider or emergency medical personnel say to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first.\n\n### What to do if you see someone who might be having a heart attack\nIf someone is unconscious and you think they're having a heart attack, first call 911 or your local emergency number. Then check if the person is breathing and has a pulse. If the person isn't breathing or you don't find a pulse, only then should you begin CPR .\n\n- **If you're untrained in CPR** or don't want to put your mouth on the person's mouth or nose, then do hands-only CPR. That means push hard and fast on the person's chest — about 100 to 120 compressions a minute. Do this until medical help gets to you.\n- **If you're trained in CPR** and confident in your ability, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths. Keep doing this pattern of 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until medical help arrives.\n\n## From Mayo Clinic to your inbox\nSign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. [Click here for an email preview.](https:\/\/links.e.response.mayoclinic.org\/EmailPreview-GeneralHealth)\n\nLearn more about Mayo Clinic’s use of data.\n\nWe use the data you provide to deliver you the content you requested. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, we may combine your email and website data with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, we will only use your protected health information as outlined in our [Notice of Privacy Practices](https:\/\/mcforms.mayo.edu\/mc5200-mc5299\/mc5256-01.pdf). You may opt out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the email.\n\n***\n## Causes\n\nCoronary artery disease causes most heart attacks. In coronary artery disease, one or more of the heart (coronary) arteries are blocked. This is usually due to cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart.\n\nIf a plaque breaks open, it can cause a blood clot in the heart.\n\nA heart attack may be caused by a complete or partial blockage of a heart (coronary) artery. One way to classify heart attacks is whether an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows some specific changes (ST elevation) that require emergency invasive treatment. Your health care provider may use ECG results to describe these types of heart attacks.\n\n- **An acute complete blockage** of a medium or large heart artery usually means you've had an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).\n- **A partial blockage** often means you've had a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). However, some people with NSTEMI have a total blockage.\n\nNot all heart attacks are caused by blocked arteries. Other causes include:\n\n- **Coronary artery spasm.** This is a severe squeezing of a blood vessel that's not blocked. The artery generally has cholesterol plaques or there is early hardening of the vessel due to smoking or other risk factors. Other names for coronary artery spasms are Prinzmetal's angina, vasospastic angina or variant angina.\n- **Certain infections.** COVID-19 and other viral infections may cause damage to the heart muscle.\n- **Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).** This life-threatening condition is caused by a tear inside a heart artery.\n\n***\n## Risk factors\n\nHeart attack risk factors include:\n\n- **Age.** The risk of a heart attack goes up with age, starting at about age 45. The risk also tends to go up after menopause.\n- **Tobacco use.** This includes smoking and long-term exposure to secondhand smoke. If you smoke, quit.\n- **High blood pressure.** Over time, high blood pressure can damage arteries that lead to the heart. High blood pressure that occurs with other conditions, such as obesity, high cholesterol or diabetes, increases the risk even more.\n- **High cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) and triglycerides.** A high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the \"bad\" cholesterol, can make arteries narrow. Your heart attack risk may go down if levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the \"good\" cholesterol, are in the standard range.  \n     \n   Lipoprotein (a), also called Lp(a), is a type of LDL cholesterol. Your genes affect your Lp(a) level. Your lifestyle does not. High levels of Lp(a) have been linked to a higher risk of coronary artery disease and heart attacks.  \n     \n   A high level of certain blood fats called triglycerides also increases heart attack risk.\n- **Obesity.** Obesity is linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, high levels of triglycerides and bad cholesterol, and low levels of good cholesterol.\n- **Diabetes.** Blood sugar rises when the body doesn't make a hormone called insulin or can't use it correctly. High blood sugar increases the risk of a heart attack.\n- **Metabolic syndrome.** This is a combination of at least three of the following things: enlarged waist (central obesity), high blood pressure, low good cholesterol, high triglycerides and high blood sugar. Having metabolic syndrome makes you twice as likely to develop heart disease than if you don't have it.\n- **Family history of heart attacks.** If a brother, sister, parent or grandparent had an early heart attack (by age 55 for males and by age 65 for females), you might be at increased risk.\n- **Not enough exercise.** A lack of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle) is linked to a higher risk of heart attacks. Regular exercise improves heart health.\n- **Unhealthy diet.** A diet high in sugars, animal fats, processed foods, trans fats and salt increases the risk of heart attacks. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, fiber and healthy oils.\n- **Stress.** Emotional stress, such as extreme anger, may increase the risk of a heart attack.\n- **Illegal drug use.** Cocaine and amphetamines are stimulants. They can trigger a coronary artery spasm that can cause a heart attack.\n- **A history of preeclampsia.** This condition causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. It increases the lifetime risk of heart disease.\n- **An autoimmune condition.** Having a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can increase the risk of a heart attack.\n\n***\n## Complications\n\nHeart attack complications are often due to heart muscle damage. Potential complications of a heart attack include:\n\n- **Irregular or atypical heart rhythms (arrhythmias).** Heart attack damage can affect how electrical signals move through the heart, causing heartbeat changes. Some may be serious and can be deadly.\n- **Cardiogenic shock.** This rare condition occurs when the heart is suddenly and abruptly unable to pump blood.\n- **Heart failure.** A lot of damage to the heart muscle tissue can make the heart unable to pump blood. Heart failure can be temporary or long-lasting (chronic).\n- **Inflammation of the saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericarditis).** Sometimes a heart attack triggers a faulty immune system response. This condition may be called Dressler syndrome, postmyocardial infarction syndrome or postcardiac injury syndrome.\n- **Cardiac arrest.** Without warning, the heart stops. A sudden change in the heart's signaling causes sudden cardiac arrest. A heart attack increases the risk of this life-threatening condition. It can lead to death (sudden cardiac death) without immediate treatment.\n\n***\n## Prevention\n\nIt's never too late to take steps to prevent a heart attack — even if you've already had one. Here are ways to prevent a heart attack.\n\n- **Follow a healthy lifestyle.** Don't smoke. Maintain a healthy weight with a heart-healthy diet. Get regular exercise and manage stress.\n- **Manage other health conditions.** Certain conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can increase the risk of heart attacks. Ask your health care provider how often you need checkups.\n- **Take medications as directed.** Your health care provider may prescribe drugs to protect and improve your heart health.\n\nIt's also a good idea to learn Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) properly so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Consider taking an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED).\n\n### More Information\n- [Heart attack prevention: Should I avoid secondhand smoke?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/expert-answers\/secondhand-smoke\/faq-20058082)\n\n[Request an appointment](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/appointments)\n***\n[By Mayo Clinic Staff](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/meet-our-medical-editors)\n\nMarch 27, 2026\n\n[Print](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106?p=1)\n\nShow References\n\n1. Heart attack: Overview. CardioSmart: American College of Cardiology https:\/\/www.cardiosmart.org\/topics\/heart-attack\/overview. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n2. Reeder GS, et al. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n3. What is a heart attack? American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/heart-attack\/about-heart-attacks. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n4. AskMayoExpert. Cardiac rehabilitation: Indications (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2022.\n5. How to be more active. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/healthy-living\/healthy-lifestyle\/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n6. AskMayoExpert. ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Mayo Clinic; 2023.\n7. Libby P, et al., eds. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https:\/\/www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n8. Ferri FF. Myocardial infarction. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2026. Elsevier; 2026. https:\/\/www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n9. Wilson PWF, et al. Prognosis after myocardial infarction. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n10. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/first-aid\/first-aid-cpr\/basics\/art-20056600. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n11. Piano MR, et al. Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2025; doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001341.\n12. How to eat better. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/healthy-living\/healthy-lifestyle\/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n13. Small AM, et al. Lipoprotein(a), C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk in primary and secondary prevention populations. JAMA Cardiology. 2024; doi:10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.5605.\n14. Zuin M, et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction after COVID-19 recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology; 2023; doi:10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.12.032.\n15. Highlights of the 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. American Heart Association. https:\/\/cpr.heart.org\/en\/resuscitation-science\/guidelines-updates-and-highlights. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n16. Gulati M, et al. 2021 AHA\/ACC\/ASE\/CHEST\/SAEM\/SCCT\/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021; doi:10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.053.\n17. Blaha MJ, et al. Sexual activity in patients with cardiovascular disease. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n18. Cutlip D, et al. Revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Jan. 14, 2026.\n19. Coronary artery disease. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/coronary-artery-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350613. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n20. Pericarditis. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/pericarditis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20352510. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n21. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 14, 2026.\n22. Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Life's essential 8: Updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's construct of cardiovascular health: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078.\n23. AskMayoExpert. Considerations in STEMI management (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2023.\n24. Catheter angiography. RadiologyInfo. https:\/\/www.radiologyinfo.org\/en\/info\/angiocath. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n25. Zhang P, et al. The impact of the time factors on the exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation outcomes of the patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2024; doi:10.1186\/s12872-023-03692-z.\n26. Heart attack recovery: Questions and answers. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/heart-attack\/life-after-a-heart-attack\/heart-attack-recovery-faqs. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n27. Kaneko H, et al. Age-dependent association between modifiable risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023; doi:10.1161\/JAHA.122.027684.\n28. Faridi KF, et al. 10-year and 30-year risks of cardiovascular disease in the U.S. population. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025; doi:10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.03.546.\n29. Metabolic syndrome. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/metabolic-syndrome\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351916. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n30. Statescu C, et al. A systematic review on the risk modulators of myocardial infarction in the \"young\" — implications of lipoprotein (a). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; doi:10.3390\/ijms24065927.\n31. AskMayoExpert. Familial hypercholesterolemia. Mayo Clinic; 2023.\n32. Rajendran A, et al. Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk factors and implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Atherosclerosis. 2023; doi:10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269.\n33. Blood tests for heart disease. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-disease\/in-depth\/heart-disease\/art-20049357. Accessed Jan. 23, 2026.\n\n[Diagnosis & treatment](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20373112)\n\n1. [Diseases & Conditions](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions)\n2. Heart attack - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic\n\n## News from Mayo Clinic\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Your wearable says your heart rate variability has changed. Now what?\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Mayo Clinic Minute: Can injectable weight-loss drugs improve heart health?\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Mayo Clinic Minute: A cardiologist's tips for a healthy heart\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Mayo Clinic Q and A: Cardiac arrest vs. heart attacks: Who is at risk?\n\nShow 8 more\n\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Expert explains how to improve heart health, even if your family has history of heart conditions\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  'I died twice that day': Country rap superstar Colt Ford on surviving a near-fatal heart attack\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  (VIDEO) Country rap musician Colt Ford shares his personal story of surviving a near-fatal heart attack\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Springing into action after a sedentary season? Here's how to protect your heart\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  The brain-heart connection: Mayo Clinic expert explains powerful tie that works both ways\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Mayo Clinic study reveals hidden causes of heart attacks in younger adults, especially women\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Mayo Clinic Q\\&A: Health benefits of counting steps\n- ![image](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/story-placeholder-196x196.png)\n  Mayo Clinic Q\\&A: Can holiday stress trigger a heart attack?\n\nShow 8 more\n\n***\n## More Information\nShow 3 more\n\n- [Calcium supplements: A risk factor for heart attack?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/expert-answers\/calcium-supplements\/faq-20058352)\n- [Flu Shot Prevents Heart Attack](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/multimedia\/vid-20078223)\n- [Heart attack](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/multimedia\/heart-attack\/img-20006160)\n- [Heart attack prevention: Should I avoid secondhand smoke?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/expert-answers\/secondhand-smoke\/faq-20058082)\n- [Heart attack symptoms: Know what's a medical emergency](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/in-depth\/heart-attack-symptoms\/art-20047744)\n\n- [Heart Attack Timing](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/multimedia\/vid-20078240)\n- [NSAIDs: Do they increase my risk of heart attack and stroke?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/expert-answers\/nsaids-heart-attack-stroke\/faq-20147557)\n- [Silent heart attack](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/expert-answers\/silent-heart-attack\/faq-20057777)\n\nShow 3 more\n\n***\n## Associated Procedures\nShow 3 more\n\n- [Cardiac catheterization](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/cardiac-catheterization\/about\/pac-20384695)\n- [Chest X-rays](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/chest-x-rays\/about\/pac-20393494)\n- [Coronary angiogram](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/coronary-angiogram\/about\/pac-20384904)\n- [Coronary artery bypass surgery](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/coronary-bypass-surgery\/about\/pac-20384589)\n- [Echocardiogram](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/echocardiogram\/about\/pac-20393856)\n\n- [Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/ekg\/about\/pac-20384983)\n- [Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/ecmo\/about\/pac-20484615)\n- [Stress test](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/stress-test\/about\/pac-20385234)\n\nShow 3 more\n\nCON-20373087\n\n[Skip Advertisement](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106#advertising-disclaimer)\n\n## Advertisement\n\nMayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. 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[Digital Accessibility Statement](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/accessibility-statement)\n- [Advertising & Sponsorship Policy](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/advertising-sponsorship-policy)\n- [Site Map](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/site-help\/site-map)\n- [Manage Cookies](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n\n- [Terms and Conditions](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/terms-conditions-use-policy)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/privacy-policy)\n- [Notice of Privacy Practices](https:\/\/mcforms.mayo.edu\/mc5200-mc5299\/mc5256-01.pdf)\n- [Notice of Nondiscrimination](https:\/\/mcforms.mayo.edu\/mc2500-mc2599\/mc2570-61.pdf)\n- [Digital Accessibility Statement](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/accessibility-statement)\n- [Advertising and Sponsorship Policy](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/advertising-sponsorship-policy)\n- [Site Map](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/site-help\/site-map)\n- [Manage Cookies](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n***\nLanguage:\n\nEnglish\n\n- [English](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)\n- [Español](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/es\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)\n- [العربية](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/ar\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)\n- [简体中文](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/zh-hans\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)\n\n© 1998-2026 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved.\n\nLanguage:\n\nEnglish\n\n- [English](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)\n- [Español](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/es\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)\n- [العربية](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/ar\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)\n- [简体中文](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/zh-hans\/diseases-conditions\/heart-attack\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373106)","attrs_readable_markdown":"On this page\n\nOverview\n\nA heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the heart (coronary) arteries. The fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits are called plaques. The process of plaque buildup is called atherosclerosis.\n\nSometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow. A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.\n\n![A heart attack](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/media\/en\/images\/2023\/02\/09\/heart-attack.jpg)\n\nHeart attack\n\nA heart attack occurs when an artery that sends blood and oxygen to the heart is blocked. Fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits build up over time, forming plaques in the heart's arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form. The clot can block arteries, causing a heart attack. During a heart attack, a lack of blood flow causes the tissue in the heart muscle to die.\n\nA heart attack is also called a myocardial infarction.\n\nPrompt treatment is needed for a heart attack to prevent death. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you think you might be having a heart attack.\n\nSymptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms.\n\nCommon heart attack symptoms include:\n\n- Chest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing or aching.\n- Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or upper belly.\n- Cold sweat.\n- Fatigue.\n- Heartburn or indigestion.\n- Lightheadedness.\n- Loss of consciousness.\n- Nausea.\n- Shortness of breath.\n\nChest pain is usually the most common symptom of a heart attack. But for some people, such as women, older adults and those with diabetes, symptoms may seem unrelated to a heart attack. For example, there may be nausea or a very brief pain in the neck or back.\n\nSome heart attacks strike suddenly. But many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Chest pain or pressure (angina) that keeps happening and doesn't go away with rest may be an early warning sign. Angina is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart.\n\nMore Information\n\nWhen to see a doctor\n\nGet help right away if you think you're having a heart attack. Take these steps:\n\n- **Call for emergency medical help.** If you think you're having a heart attack, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Drive yourself only if there are no other options.\n- **Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed to you by a health care provider.** Take it as instructed while awaiting emergency help.\n- **Take aspirin, if recommended.** Taking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage by preventing blood clotting.\n  Aspirin can interact with other drugs. Don't take an aspirin unless your care provider or emergency medical personnel say to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first.\n\n### What to do if you see someone who might be having a heart attack\nIf someone is unconscious and you think they're having a heart attack, first call 911 or your local emergency number. Then check if the person is breathing and has a pulse. If the person isn't breathing or you don't find a pulse, only then should you begin CPR .\n\n- **If you're untrained in CPR** or don't want to put your mouth on the person's mouth or nose, then do hands-only CPR. That means push hard and fast on the person's chest — about 100 to 120 compressions a minute. Do this until medical help gets to you.\n- **If you're trained in CPR** and confident in your ability, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths. Keep doing this pattern of 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until medical help arrives.\n\nFrom Mayo Clinic to your inbox\n\nSign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. [Click here for an email preview.](https:\/\/links.e.response.mayoclinic.org\/EmailPreview-GeneralHealth)\n\nWe use the data you provide to deliver you the content you requested. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, we may combine your email and website data with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, we will only use your protected health information as outlined in our [Notice of Privacy Practices](https:\/\/mcforms.mayo.edu\/mc5200-mc5299\/mc5256-01.pdf). You may opt out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the email.\n\nCauses\n\nCoronary artery disease causes most heart attacks. In coronary artery disease, one or more of the heart (coronary) arteries are blocked. This is usually due to cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart.\n\nIf a plaque breaks open, it can cause a blood clot in the heart.\n\nA heart attack may be caused by a complete or partial blockage of a heart (coronary) artery. One way to classify heart attacks is whether an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows some specific changes (ST elevation) that require emergency invasive treatment. Your health care provider may use ECG results to describe these types of heart attacks.\n\n- **An acute complete blockage** of a medium or large heart artery usually means you've had an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).\n- **A partial blockage** often means you've had a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). However, some people with NSTEMI have a total blockage.\n\nNot all heart attacks are caused by blocked arteries. Other causes include:\n\n- **Coronary artery spasm.** This is a severe squeezing of a blood vessel that's not blocked. The artery generally has cholesterol plaques or there is early hardening of the vessel due to smoking or other risk factors. Other names for coronary artery spasms are Prinzmetal's angina, vasospastic angina or variant angina.\n- **Certain infections.** COVID-19 and other viral infections may cause damage to the heart muscle.\n- **Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).** This life-threatening condition is caused by a tear inside a heart artery.\n\nRisk factors\n\nHeart attack risk factors include:\n\n- **Age.** The risk of a heart attack goes up with age, starting at about age 45. The risk also tends to go up after menopause.\n- **Tobacco use.** This includes smoking and long-term exposure to secondhand smoke. If you smoke, quit.\n- **High blood pressure.** Over time, high blood pressure can damage arteries that lead to the heart. High blood pressure that occurs with other conditions, such as obesity, high cholesterol or diabetes, increases the risk even more.\n- **High cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) and triglycerides.** A high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the \"bad\" cholesterol, can make arteries narrow. Your heart attack risk may go down if levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the \"good\" cholesterol, are in the standard range.\n  Lipoprotein (a), also called Lp(a), is a type of LDL cholesterol. Your genes affect your Lp(a) level. Your lifestyle does not. High levels of Lp(a) have been linked to a higher risk of coronary artery disease and heart attacks.\n  A high level of certain blood fats called triglycerides also increases heart attack risk.\n- **Obesity.** Obesity is linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, high levels of triglycerides and bad cholesterol, and low levels of good cholesterol.\n- **Diabetes.** Blood sugar rises when the body doesn't make a hormone called insulin or can't use it correctly. High blood sugar increases the risk of a heart attack.\n- **Metabolic syndrome.** This is a combination of at least three of the following things: enlarged waist (central obesity), high blood pressure, low good cholesterol, high triglycerides and high blood sugar. Having metabolic syndrome makes you twice as likely to develop heart disease than if you don't have it.\n- **Family history of heart attacks.** If a brother, sister, parent or grandparent had an early heart attack (by age 55 for males and by age 65 for females), you might be at increased risk.\n- **Not enough exercise.** A lack of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle) is linked to a higher risk of heart attacks. Regular exercise improves heart health.\n- **Unhealthy diet.** A diet high in sugars, animal fats, processed foods, trans fats and salt increases the risk of heart attacks. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, fiber and healthy oils.\n- **Stress.** Emotional stress, such as extreme anger, may increase the risk of a heart attack.\n- **Illegal drug use.** Cocaine and amphetamines are stimulants. They can trigger a coronary artery spasm that can cause a heart attack.\n- **A history of preeclampsia.** This condition causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. It increases the lifetime risk of heart disease.\n- **An autoimmune condition.** Having a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can increase the risk of a heart attack.\n\nComplications\n\nHeart attack complications are often due to heart muscle damage. Potential complications of a heart attack include:\n\n- **Irregular or atypical heart rhythms (arrhythmias).** Heart attack damage can affect how electrical signals move through the heart, causing heartbeat changes. Some may be serious and can be deadly.\n- **Cardiogenic shock.** This rare condition occurs when the heart is suddenly and abruptly unable to pump blood.\n- **Heart failure.** A lot of damage to the heart muscle tissue can make the heart unable to pump blood. Heart failure can be temporary or long-lasting (chronic).\n- **Inflammation of the saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericarditis).** Sometimes a heart attack triggers a faulty immune system response. This condition may be called Dressler syndrome, postmyocardial infarction syndrome or postcardiac injury syndrome.\n- **Cardiac arrest.** Without warning, the heart stops. A sudden change in the heart's signaling causes sudden cardiac arrest. A heart attack increases the risk of this life-threatening condition. It can lead to death (sudden cardiac death) without immediate treatment.\n\nPrevention\n\nIt's never too late to take steps to prevent a heart attack — even if you've already had one. Here are ways to prevent a heart attack.\n\n- **Follow a healthy lifestyle.** Don't smoke. Maintain a healthy weight with a heart-healthy diet. Get regular exercise and manage stress.\n- **Manage other health conditions.** Certain conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can increase the risk of heart attacks. Ask your health care provider how often you need checkups.\n- **Take medications as directed.** Your health care provider may prescribe drugs to protect and improve your heart health.\n\nIt's also a good idea to learn Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) properly so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Consider taking an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED).\n\nMore Information\n\nMarch 27, 2026\n\n1. Heart attack: Overview. CardioSmart: American College of Cardiology https:\/\/www.cardiosmart.org\/topics\/heart-attack\/overview. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n2. Reeder GS, et al. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n3. What is a heart attack? American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/heart-attack\/about-heart-attacks. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n4. AskMayoExpert. Cardiac rehabilitation: Indications (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2022.\n5. How to be more active. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/healthy-living\/healthy-lifestyle\/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n6. AskMayoExpert. ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Mayo Clinic; 2023.\n7. Libby P, et al., eds. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https:\/\/www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n8. Ferri FF. Myocardial infarction. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2026. Elsevier; 2026. https:\/\/www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n9. Wilson PWF, et al. Prognosis after myocardial infarction. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n10. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/first-aid\/first-aid-cpr\/basics\/art-20056600. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n11. Piano MR, et al. Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2025; doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001341.\n12. How to eat better. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/healthy-living\/healthy-lifestyle\/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n13. Small AM, et al. Lipoprotein(a), C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk in primary and secondary prevention populations. JAMA Cardiology. 2024; doi:10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.5605.\n14. Zuin M, et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction after COVID-19 recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology; 2023; doi:10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.12.032.\n15. Highlights of the 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. American Heart Association. https:\/\/cpr.heart.org\/en\/resuscitation-science\/guidelines-updates-and-highlights. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n16. Gulati M, et al. 2021 AHA\/ACC\/ASE\/CHEST\/SAEM\/SCCT\/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021; doi:10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.053.\n17. Blaha MJ, et al. Sexual activity in patients with cardiovascular disease. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n18. Cutlip D, et al. Revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Jan. 14, 2026.\n19. Coronary artery disease. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/coronary-artery-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350613. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n20. Pericarditis. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/pericarditis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20352510. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n21. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 14, 2026.\n22. Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Life's essential 8: Updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's construct of cardiovascular health: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078.\n23. AskMayoExpert. Considerations in STEMI management (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2023.\n24. Catheter angiography. RadiologyInfo. https:\/\/www.radiologyinfo.org\/en\/info\/angiocath. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025.\n25. Zhang P, et al. The impact of the time factors on the exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation outcomes of the patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2024; doi:10.1186\/s12872-023-03692-z.\n26. Heart attack recovery: Questions and answers. American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/heart-attack\/life-after-a-heart-attack\/heart-attack-recovery-faqs. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n27. Kaneko H, et al. Age-dependent association between modifiable risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023; doi:10.1161\/JAHA.122.027684.\n28. Faridi KF, et al. 10-year and 30-year risks of cardiovascular disease in the U.S. population. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025; doi:10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.03.546.\n29. Metabolic syndrome. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/metabolic-syndrome\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351916. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025.\n30. Statescu C, et al. A systematic review on the risk modulators of myocardial infarction in the \"young\" — implications of lipoprotein (a). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; doi:10.3390\/ijms24065927.\n31. AskMayoExpert. Familial hypercholesterolemia. Mayo Clinic; 2023.\n32. Rajendran A, et al. Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk factors and implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Atherosclerosis. 2023; doi:10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269.\n33. Blood tests for heart disease. Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/heart-disease\/in-depth\/heart-disease\/art-20049357. Accessed Jan. 23, 2026.\n\n1. Heart attack - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic\n\nMore Information\n\nAssociated Procedures\n\nCON-20373087\n\n![](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/mayoclinic\/images\/icons\/person-physician.svg)\n\nNational Doctors’ Day is March 30\\!\n\nYour gift to celebrate this day advances our doctors’ lifesaving work.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	On this page Overview A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the heart (coronary) arteries. The fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits are called plaques. The process of plaque buildup is called atherosclerosis. Sometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow. A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle. Heart attack A heart attack occurs when an artery that sends blood and oxygen to the heart is blocked. Fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits build up over time, forming plaques in the heart's arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form. The clot can block arteries, causing a heart attack. During a heart attack, a lack of blood flow causes the tissue in the heart muscle to die. A heart attack is also called a myocardial infarction. Prompt treatment is needed for a heart attack to prevent death. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you think you might be having a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms. Common heart attack symptoms include: Chest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing or aching. Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or upper belly. Cold sweat. Fatigue. Heartburn or indigestion. Lightheadedness. Loss of consciousness. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Chest pain is usually the most common symptom of a heart attack. But for some people, such as women, older adults and those with diabetes, symptoms may seem unrelated to a heart attack. For example, there may be nausea or a very brief pain in the neck or back. Some heart attacks strike suddenly. But many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Chest pain or pressure (angina) that keeps happening and doesn't go away with rest may be an early warning sign. Angina is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart. More Information When to see a doctor Get help right away if you think you're having a heart attack. Take these steps: Call for emergency medical help. If you think you're having a heart attack, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Drive yourself only if there are no other options. Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed to you by a health care provider. Take it as instructed while awaiting emergency help. Take aspirin, if recommended. Taking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage by preventing blood clotting. Aspirin can interact with other drugs. Don't take an aspirin unless your care provider or emergency medical personnel say to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first. What to do if you see someone who might be having a heart attack If someone is unconscious and you think they're having a heart attack, first call 911 or your local emergency number. Then check if the person is breathing and has a pulse. If the person isn't breathing or you don't find a pulse, only then should you begin CPR . If you're untrained in CPR or don't want to put your mouth on the person's mouth or nose, then do hands-only CPR. That means push hard and fast on the person's chest — about 100 to 120 compressions a minute. Do this until medical help gets to you. If you're trained in CPR and confident in your ability, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths. Keep doing this pattern of 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until medical help arrives. From Mayo Clinic to your inbox Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview. We use the data you provide to deliver you the content you requested. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, we may combine your email and website data with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, we will only use your protected health information as outlined in our Notice of Privacy Practices . You may opt out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the email. Causes Coronary artery disease causes most heart attacks. In coronary artery disease, one or more of the heart (coronary) arteries are blocked. This is usually due to cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. If a plaque breaks open, it can cause a blood clot in the heart. A heart attack may be caused by a complete or partial blockage of a heart (coronary) artery. One way to classify heart attacks is whether an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows some specific changes (ST elevation) that require emergency invasive treatment. Your health care provider may use ECG results to describe these types of heart attacks. An acute complete blockage of a medium or large heart artery usually means you've had an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A partial blockage often means you've had a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). However, some people with NSTEMI have a total blockage. Not all heart attacks are caused by blocked arteries. Other causes include: Coronary artery spasm. This is a severe squeezing of a blood vessel that's not blocked. The artery generally has cholesterol plaques or there is early hardening of the vessel due to smoking or other risk factors. Other names for coronary artery spasms are Prinzmetal's angina, vasospastic angina or variant angina. Certain infections. COVID-19 and other viral infections may cause damage to the heart muscle. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). This life-threatening condition is caused by a tear inside a heart artery. Risk factors Heart attack risk factors include: Age. The risk of a heart attack goes up with age, starting at about age 45. The risk also tends to go up after menopause. Tobacco use. This includes smoking and long-term exposure to secondhand smoke. If you smoke, quit. High blood pressure. Over time, high blood pressure can damage arteries that lead to the heart. High blood pressure that occurs with other conditions, such as obesity, high cholesterol or diabetes, increases the risk even more. High cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) and triglycerides. A high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the "bad" cholesterol, can make arteries narrow. Your heart attack risk may go down if levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol, are in the standard range. Lipoprotein (a), also called Lp(a), is a type of LDL cholesterol. Your genes affect your Lp(a) level. Your lifestyle does not. High levels of Lp(a) have been linked to a higher risk of coronary artery disease and heart attacks. A high level of certain blood fats called triglycerides also increases heart attack risk. Obesity. Obesity is linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, high levels of triglycerides and bad cholesterol, and low levels of good cholesterol. Diabetes. Blood sugar rises when the body doesn't make a hormone called insulin or can't use it correctly. High blood sugar increases the risk of a heart attack. Metabolic syndrome. This is a combination of at least three of the following things: enlarged waist (central obesity), high blood pressure, low good cholesterol, high triglycerides and high blood sugar. Having metabolic syndrome makes you twice as likely to develop heart disease than if you don't have it. Family history of heart attacks. If a brother, sister, parent or grandparent had an early heart attack (by age 55 for males and by age 65 for females), you might be at increased risk. Not enough exercise. A lack of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle) is linked to a higher risk of heart attacks. Regular exercise improves heart health. Unhealthy diet. A diet high in sugars, animal fats, processed foods, trans fats and salt increases the risk of heart attacks. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, fiber and healthy oils. Stress. Emotional stress, such as extreme anger, may increase the risk of a heart attack. Illegal drug use. Cocaine and amphetamines are stimulants. They can trigger a coronary artery spasm that can cause a heart attack. A history of preeclampsia. This condition causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. It increases the lifetime risk of heart disease. An autoimmune condition. Having a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can increase the risk of a heart attack. Complications Heart attack complications are often due to heart muscle damage. Potential complications of a heart attack include: Irregular or atypical heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Heart attack damage can affect how electrical signals move through the heart, causing heartbeat changes. Some may be serious and can be deadly. Cardiogenic shock. This rare condition occurs when the heart is suddenly and abruptly unable to pump blood. Heart failure. A lot of damage to the heart muscle tissue can make the heart unable to pump blood. Heart failure can be temporary or long-lasting (chronic). Inflammation of the saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericarditis). Sometimes a heart attack triggers a faulty immune system response. This condition may be called Dressler syndrome, postmyocardial infarction syndrome or postcardiac injury syndrome. Cardiac arrest. Without warning, the heart stops. A sudden change in the heart's signaling causes sudden cardiac arrest. A heart attack increases the risk of this life-threatening condition. It can lead to death (sudden cardiac death) without immediate treatment. Prevention It's never too late to take steps to prevent a heart attack — even if you've already had one. Here are ways to prevent a heart attack. Follow a healthy lifestyle. Don't smoke. Maintain a healthy weight with a heart-healthy diet. Get regular exercise and manage stress. Manage other health conditions. Certain conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can increase the risk of heart attacks. Ask your health care provider how often you need checkups. Take medications as directed. Your health care provider may prescribe drugs to protect and improve your heart health. It's also a good idea to learn Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) properly so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Consider taking an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). More Information March 27, 2026 Heart attack: Overview. CardioSmart: American College of Cardiology https://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/heart-attack/overview. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. Reeder GS, et al. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. What is a heart attack? American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/about-heart-attacks. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. AskMayoExpert. Cardiac rehabilitation: Indications (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2022. How to be more active. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. AskMayoExpert. ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Mayo Clinic; 2023. Libby P, et al., eds. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. Ferri FF. Myocardial infarction. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2026. Elsevier; 2026. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. Wilson PWF, et al. Prognosis after myocardial infarction. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. Piano MR, et al. Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2025; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001341. How to eat better. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. Small AM, et al. Lipoprotein(a), C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk in primary and secondary prevention populations. JAMA Cardiology. 2024; doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2023.5605. Zuin M, et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction after COVID-19 recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology; 2023; doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.12.032. Highlights of the 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. American Heart Association. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/guidelines-updates-and-highlights. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. Gulati M, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053. Blaha MJ, et al. Sexual activity in patients with cardiovascular disease. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. Cutlip D, et al. Revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 14, 2026. Coronary artery disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. Pericarditis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352510. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 14, 2026. Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Life's essential 8: Updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's construct of cardiovascular health: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001078. AskMayoExpert. Considerations in STEMI management (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2023. Catheter angiography. RadiologyInfo. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/angiocath. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. Zhang P, et al. The impact of the time factors on the exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation outcomes of the patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2024; doi:10.1186/s12872-023-03692-z. Heart attack recovery: Questions and answers. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/life-after-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-recovery-faqs. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. Kaneko H, et al. Age-dependent association between modifiable risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023; doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.027684. Faridi KF, et al. 10-year and 30-year risks of cardiovascular disease in the U.S. population. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.03.546. Metabolic syndrome. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. Statescu C, et al. A systematic review on the risk modulators of myocardial infarction in the "young" — implications of lipoprotein (a). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; doi:10.3390/ijms24065927. AskMayoExpert. Familial hypercholesterolemia. Mayo Clinic; 2023. Rajendran A, et al. Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk factors and implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Atherosclerosis. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269. Blood tests for heart disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/heart-disease/art-20049357. Accessed Jan. 23, 2026. 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[Diseases & Conditions](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions) # Heart attack [Request an appointment](https://www.mayoclinic.org/appointments) * - [Symptoms & causes](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106) - [Diagnosis & treatment](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373112) - [Doctors & departments](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/doctors-departments/ddc-20373113) ## On this page - [Overview](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#overview) - [Symptoms](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#symptoms) - [When to see a doctor](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#when-to-see-a-doctor) - [Causes](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#causes) - [Risk factors](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#risk-factors) - [Complications](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#complications) - [Prevention](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#prevention) * ## Overview A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the heart (coronary) arteries. The fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits are called plaques. The process of plaque buildup is called atherosclerosis. Sometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow. A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle. ![A heart attack](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/02/09/heart-attack.jpg) ### Heart attack A heart attack occurs when an artery that sends blood and oxygen to the heart is blocked. Fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits build up over time, forming plaques in the heart's arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form. The clot can block arteries, causing a heart attack. During a heart attack, a lack of blood flow causes the tissue in the heart muscle to die. A heart attack is also called a myocardial infarction. Prompt treatment is needed for a heart attack to prevent death. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you think you might be having a heart attack. * ## Symptoms Symptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms. Common heart attack symptoms include: - Chest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing or aching. - Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or upper belly. - Cold sweat. - Fatigue. - Heartburn or indigestion. - Lightheadedness. - Loss of consciousness. - Nausea. - Shortness of breath. Chest pain is usually the most common symptom of a heart attack. But for some people, such as women, older adults and those with diabetes, symptoms may seem unrelated to a heart attack. For example, there may be nausea or a very brief pain in the neck or back. Some heart attacks strike suddenly. But many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Chest pain or pressure (angina) that keeps happening and doesn't go away with rest may be an early warning sign. Angina is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart. ### More Information - [Heart attack symptoms: Know what's a medical emergency](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/in-depth/heart-attack-symptoms/art-20047744) * ## When to see a doctor Get help right away if you think you're having a heart attack. Take these steps: - Call for emergency medical help. If you think you're having a heart attack, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Drive yourself only if there are no other options. - Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed to you by a health care provider. Take it as instructed while awaiting emergency help. - Take aspirin, if recommended. Taking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage by preventing blood clotting. Aspirin can interact with other drugs. Don't take an aspirin unless your care provider or emergency medical personnel say to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first. ### What to do if you see someone who might be having a heart attack If someone is unconscious and you think they're having a heart attack, first call 911 or your local emergency number. Then check if the person is breathing and has a pulse. If the person isn't breathing or you don't find a pulse, only then should you begin CPR . - If you're untrained in CPR or don't want to put your mouth on the person's mouth or nose, then do hands-only CPR. That means push hard and fast on the person's chest — about 100 to 120 compressions a minute. Do this until medical help gets to you. - If you're trained in CPR and confident in your ability, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths. Keep doing this pattern of 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until medical help arrives. ## From Mayo Clinic to your inbox Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. [Click here for an email preview.](https://links.e.response.mayoclinic.org/EmailPreview-GeneralHealth) Learn more about Mayo Clinic’s use of data. We use the data you provide to deliver you the content you requested. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, we may combine your email and website data with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, we will only use your protected health information as outlined in our [Notice of Privacy Practices](https://mcforms.mayo.edu/mc5200-mc5299/mc5256-01.pdf). You may opt out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the email. * ## Causes Coronary artery disease causes most heart attacks. In coronary artery disease, one or more of the heart (coronary) arteries are blocked. This is usually due to cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. If a plaque breaks open, it can cause a blood clot in the heart. A heart attack may be caused by a complete or partial blockage of a heart (coronary) artery. One way to classify heart attacks is whether an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows some specific changes (ST elevation) that require emergency invasive treatment. Your health care provider may use ECG results to describe these types of heart attacks. - An acute complete blockage of a medium or large heart artery usually means you've had an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). - A partial blockage often means you've had a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). However, some people with NSTEMI have a total blockage. Not all heart attacks are caused by blocked arteries. Other causes include: - Coronary artery spasm. This is a severe squeezing of a blood vessel that's not blocked. The artery generally has cholesterol plaques or there is early hardening of the vessel due to smoking or other risk factors. Other names for coronary artery spasms are Prinzmetal's angina, vasospastic angina or variant angina. - Certain infections. COVID-19 and other viral infections may cause damage to the heart muscle. - Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). This life-threatening condition is caused by a tear inside a heart artery. * ## Risk factors Heart attack risk factors include: - Age. The risk of a heart attack goes up with age, starting at about age 45. The risk also tends to go up after menopause. - Tobacco use. This includes smoking and long-term exposure to secondhand smoke. If you smoke, quit. - High blood pressure. Over time, high blood pressure can damage arteries that lead to the heart. High blood pressure that occurs with other conditions, such as obesity, high cholesterol or diabetes, increases the risk even more. - High cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) and triglycerides. A high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the "bad" cholesterol, can make arteries narrow. Your heart attack risk may go down if levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol, are in the standard range. Lipoprotein (a), also called Lp(a), is a type of LDL cholesterol. Your genes affect your Lp(a) level. Your lifestyle does not. High levels of Lp(a) have been linked to a higher risk of coronary artery disease and heart attacks. A high level of certain blood fats called triglycerides also increases heart attack risk. - Obesity. Obesity is linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, high levels of triglycerides and bad cholesterol, and low levels of good cholesterol. - Diabetes. Blood sugar rises when the body doesn't make a hormone called insulin or can't use it correctly. High blood sugar increases the risk of a heart attack. - Metabolic syndrome. This is a combination of at least three of the following things: enlarged waist (central obesity), high blood pressure, low good cholesterol, high triglycerides and high blood sugar. Having metabolic syndrome makes you twice as likely to develop heart disease than if you don't have it. - Family history of heart attacks. If a brother, sister, parent or grandparent had an early heart attack (by age 55 for males and by age 65 for females), you might be at increased risk. - Not enough exercise. A lack of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle) is linked to a higher risk of heart attacks. Regular exercise improves heart health. - Unhealthy diet. A diet high in sugars, animal fats, processed foods, trans fats and salt increases the risk of heart attacks. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, fiber and healthy oils. - Stress. Emotional stress, such as extreme anger, may increase the risk of a heart attack. - Illegal drug use. Cocaine and amphetamines are stimulants. They can trigger a coronary artery spasm that can cause a heart attack. - A history of preeclampsia. This condition causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. It increases the lifetime risk of heart disease. - An autoimmune condition. Having a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can increase the risk of a heart attack. * ## Complications Heart attack complications are often due to heart muscle damage. Potential complications of a heart attack include: - Irregular or atypical heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Heart attack damage can affect how electrical signals move through the heart, causing heartbeat changes. Some may be serious and can be deadly. - Cardiogenic shock. This rare condition occurs when the heart is suddenly and abruptly unable to pump blood. - Heart failure. A lot of damage to the heart muscle tissue can make the heart unable to pump blood. Heart failure can be temporary or long-lasting (chronic). - Inflammation of the saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericarditis). Sometimes a heart attack triggers a faulty immune system response. This condition may be called Dressler syndrome, postmyocardial infarction syndrome or postcardiac injury syndrome. - Cardiac arrest. Without warning, the heart stops. A sudden change in the heart's signaling causes sudden cardiac arrest. A heart attack increases the risk of this life-threatening condition. It can lead to death (sudden cardiac death) without immediate treatment. * ## Prevention It's never too late to take steps to prevent a heart attack — even if you've already had one. Here are ways to prevent a heart attack. - Follow a healthy lifestyle. Don't smoke. Maintain a healthy weight with a heart-healthy diet. Get regular exercise and manage stress. - Manage other health conditions. Certain conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can increase the risk of heart attacks. Ask your health care provider how often you need checkups. - Take medications as directed. Your health care provider may prescribe drugs to protect and improve your heart health. It's also a good idea to learn Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) properly so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Consider taking an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). ### More Information - [Heart attack prevention: Should I avoid secondhand smoke?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/expert-answers/secondhand-smoke/faq-20058082) [Request an appointment](https://www.mayoclinic.org/appointments) * [By Mayo Clinic Staff](https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/meet-our-medical-editors) March 27, 2026 [Print](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106?p=1) Show References 1. Heart attack: Overview. CardioSmart: American College of Cardiology https://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/heart-attack/overview. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 2. Reeder GS, et al. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 3. What is a heart attack? American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/about-heart-attacks. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 4. AskMayoExpert. Cardiac rehabilitation: Indications (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2022. 5. How to be more active. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 6. AskMayoExpert. ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Mayo Clinic; 2023. 7. Libby P, et al., eds. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 8. Ferri FF. Myocardial infarction. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2026. Elsevier; 2026. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 9. Wilson PWF, et al. Prognosis after myocardial infarction. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 10. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 11. Piano MR, et al. Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2025; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001341. 12. How to eat better. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 13. Small AM, et al. Lipoprotein(a), C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk in primary and secondary prevention populations. JAMA Cardiology. 2024; doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2023.5605. 14. Zuin M, et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction after COVID-19 recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology; 2023; doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.12.032. 15. Highlights of the 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. American Heart Association. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/guidelines-updates-and-highlights. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 16. Gulati M, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053. 17. Blaha MJ, et al. Sexual activity in patients with cardiovascular disease. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 18. Cutlip D, et al. Revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 14, 2026. 19. Coronary artery disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 20. Pericarditis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352510. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 21. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 14, 2026. 22. Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Life's essential 8: Updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's construct of cardiovascular health: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001078. 23. AskMayoExpert. Considerations in STEMI management (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2023. 24. Catheter angiography. RadiologyInfo. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/angiocath. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 25. Zhang P, et al. The impact of the time factors on the exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation outcomes of the patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2024; doi:10.1186/s12872-023-03692-z. 26. Heart attack recovery: Questions and answers. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/life-after-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-recovery-faqs. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 27. Kaneko H, et al. Age-dependent association between modifiable risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023; doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.027684. 28. Faridi KF, et al. 10-year and 30-year risks of cardiovascular disease in the U.S. population. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.03.546. 29. Metabolic syndrome. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 30. Statescu C, et al. A systematic review on the risk modulators of myocardial infarction in the "young" — implications of lipoprotein (a). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; doi:10.3390/ijms24065927. 31. AskMayoExpert. Familial hypercholesterolemia. Mayo Clinic; 2023. 32. Rajendran A, et al. Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk factors and implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Atherosclerosis. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269. 33. Blood tests for heart disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/heart-disease/art-20049357. Accessed Jan. 23, 2026. [Diagnosis & treatment](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373112) 1. [Diseases & Conditions](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions) 2. Heart attack - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic ## News from Mayo Clinic - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Your wearable says your heart rate variability has changed. Now what? - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Mayo Clinic Minute: Can injectable weight-loss drugs improve heart health? - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Mayo Clinic Minute: A cardiologist's tips for a healthy heart - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Mayo Clinic Q and A: Cardiac arrest vs. heart attacks: Who is at risk? Show 8 more - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Expert explains how to improve heart health, even if your family has history of heart conditions - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) 'I died twice that day': Country rap superstar Colt Ford on surviving a near-fatal heart attack - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) (VIDEO) Country rap musician Colt Ford shares his personal story of surviving a near-fatal heart attack - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Springing into action after a sedentary season? Here's how to protect your heart - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) The brain-heart connection: Mayo Clinic expert explains powerful tie that works both ways - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Mayo Clinic study reveals hidden causes of heart attacks in younger adults, especially women - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Mayo Clinic Q\&A: Health benefits of counting steps - ![image](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/story-placeholder-196x196.png) Mayo Clinic Q\&A: Can holiday stress trigger a heart attack? Show 8 more * ## More Information Show 3 more - [Calcium supplements: A risk factor for heart attack?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/expert-answers/calcium-supplements/faq-20058352) - [Flu Shot Prevents Heart Attack](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/multimedia/vid-20078223) - [Heart attack](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/multimedia/heart-attack/img-20006160) - [Heart attack prevention: Should I avoid secondhand smoke?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/expert-answers/secondhand-smoke/faq-20058082) - [Heart attack symptoms: Know what's a medical emergency](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/in-depth/heart-attack-symptoms/art-20047744) - [Heart Attack Timing](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/multimedia/vid-20078240) - [NSAIDs: Do they increase my risk of heart attack and stroke?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/expert-answers/nsaids-heart-attack-stroke/faq-20147557) - [Silent heart attack](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/expert-answers/silent-heart-attack/faq-20057777) Show 3 more * ## Associated Procedures Show 3 more - [Cardiac catheterization](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cardiac-catheterization/about/pac-20384695) - [Chest X-rays](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/chest-x-rays/about/pac-20393494) - [Coronary angiogram](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-20384904) - [Coronary artery bypass surgery](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-bypass-surgery/about/pac-20384589) - [Echocardiogram](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/echocardiogram/about/pac-20393856) - [Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ekg/about/pac-20384983) - [Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ecmo/about/pac-20484615) - [Stress test](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/stress-test/about/pac-20385234) Show 3 more CON-20373087 [Skip Advertisement](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#advertising-disclaimer) ## Advertisement Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. 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Readable Markdown	On this page Overview A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the heart (coronary) arteries. The fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits are called plaques. The process of plaque buildup is called atherosclerosis. Sometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow. A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle. ![A heart attack](https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/media/en/images/2023/02/09/heart-attack.jpg) Heart attack A heart attack occurs when an artery that sends blood and oxygen to the heart is blocked. Fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits build up over time, forming plaques in the heart's arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form. The clot can block arteries, causing a heart attack. During a heart attack, a lack of blood flow causes the tissue in the heart muscle to die. A heart attack is also called a myocardial infarction. Prompt treatment is needed for a heart attack to prevent death. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you think you might be having a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms. Common heart attack symptoms include: - Chest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing or aching. - Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or upper belly. - Cold sweat. - Fatigue. - Heartburn or indigestion. - Lightheadedness. - Loss of consciousness. - Nausea. - Shortness of breath. Chest pain is usually the most common symptom of a heart attack. But for some people, such as women, older adults and those with diabetes, symptoms may seem unrelated to a heart attack. For example, there may be nausea or a very brief pain in the neck or back. Some heart attacks strike suddenly. But many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Chest pain or pressure (angina) that keeps happening and doesn't go away with rest may be an early warning sign. Angina is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart. More Information When to see a doctor Get help right away if you think you're having a heart attack. Take these steps: - Call for emergency medical help. If you think you're having a heart attack, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Drive yourself only if there are no other options. - Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed to you by a health care provider. Take it as instructed while awaiting emergency help. - Take aspirin, if recommended. Taking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage by preventing blood clotting. Aspirin can interact with other drugs. Don't take an aspirin unless your care provider or emergency medical personnel say to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first. ### What to do if you see someone who might be having a heart attack If someone is unconscious and you think they're having a heart attack, first call 911 or your local emergency number. Then check if the person is breathing and has a pulse. If the person isn't breathing or you don't find a pulse, only then should you begin CPR . - If you're untrained in CPR or don't want to put your mouth on the person's mouth or nose, then do hands-only CPR. That means push hard and fast on the person's chest — about 100 to 120 compressions a minute. Do this until medical help gets to you. - If you're trained in CPR and confident in your ability, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths. Keep doing this pattern of 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until medical help arrives. From Mayo Clinic to your inbox Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. [Click here for an email preview.](https://links.e.response.mayoclinic.org/EmailPreview-GeneralHealth) We use the data you provide to deliver you the content you requested. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, we may combine your email and website data with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, we will only use your protected health information as outlined in our [Notice of Privacy Practices](https://mcforms.mayo.edu/mc5200-mc5299/mc5256-01.pdf). You may opt out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the email. Causes Coronary artery disease causes most heart attacks. In coronary artery disease, one or more of the heart (coronary) arteries are blocked. This is usually due to cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. If a plaque breaks open, it can cause a blood clot in the heart. A heart attack may be caused by a complete or partial blockage of a heart (coronary) artery. One way to classify heart attacks is whether an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows some specific changes (ST elevation) that require emergency invasive treatment. Your health care provider may use ECG results to describe these types of heart attacks. - An acute complete blockage of a medium or large heart artery usually means you've had an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). - A partial blockage often means you've had a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). However, some people with NSTEMI have a total blockage. Not all heart attacks are caused by blocked arteries. Other causes include: - Coronary artery spasm. This is a severe squeezing of a blood vessel that's not blocked. The artery generally has cholesterol plaques or there is early hardening of the vessel due to smoking or other risk factors. Other names for coronary artery spasms are Prinzmetal's angina, vasospastic angina or variant angina. - Certain infections. COVID-19 and other viral infections may cause damage to the heart muscle. - Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). This life-threatening condition is caused by a tear inside a heart artery. Risk factors Heart attack risk factors include: - Age. The risk of a heart attack goes up with age, starting at about age 45. The risk also tends to go up after menopause. - Tobacco use. This includes smoking and long-term exposure to secondhand smoke. If you smoke, quit. - High blood pressure. Over time, high blood pressure can damage arteries that lead to the heart. High blood pressure that occurs with other conditions, such as obesity, high cholesterol or diabetes, increases the risk even more. - High cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) and triglycerides. A high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the "bad" cholesterol, can make arteries narrow. Your heart attack risk may go down if levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol, are in the standard range. Lipoprotein (a), also called Lp(a), is a type of LDL cholesterol. Your genes affect your Lp(a) level. Your lifestyle does not. High levels of Lp(a) have been linked to a higher risk of coronary artery disease and heart attacks. A high level of certain blood fats called triglycerides also increases heart attack risk. - Obesity. Obesity is linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, high levels of triglycerides and bad cholesterol, and low levels of good cholesterol. - Diabetes. Blood sugar rises when the body doesn't make a hormone called insulin or can't use it correctly. High blood sugar increases the risk of a heart attack. - Metabolic syndrome. This is a combination of at least three of the following things: enlarged waist (central obesity), high blood pressure, low good cholesterol, high triglycerides and high blood sugar. Having metabolic syndrome makes you twice as likely to develop heart disease than if you don't have it. - Family history of heart attacks. If a brother, sister, parent or grandparent had an early heart attack (by age 55 for males and by age 65 for females), you might be at increased risk. - Not enough exercise. A lack of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle) is linked to a higher risk of heart attacks. Regular exercise improves heart health. - Unhealthy diet. A diet high in sugars, animal fats, processed foods, trans fats and salt increases the risk of heart attacks. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, fiber and healthy oils. - Stress. Emotional stress, such as extreme anger, may increase the risk of a heart attack. - Illegal drug use. Cocaine and amphetamines are stimulants. They can trigger a coronary artery spasm that can cause a heart attack. - A history of preeclampsia. This condition causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. It increases the lifetime risk of heart disease. - An autoimmune condition. Having a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can increase the risk of a heart attack. Complications Heart attack complications are often due to heart muscle damage. Potential complications of a heart attack include: - Irregular or atypical heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Heart attack damage can affect how electrical signals move through the heart, causing heartbeat changes. Some may be serious and can be deadly. - Cardiogenic shock. This rare condition occurs when the heart is suddenly and abruptly unable to pump blood. - Heart failure. A lot of damage to the heart muscle tissue can make the heart unable to pump blood. Heart failure can be temporary or long-lasting (chronic). - Inflammation of the saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericarditis). Sometimes a heart attack triggers a faulty immune system response. This condition may be called Dressler syndrome, postmyocardial infarction syndrome or postcardiac injury syndrome. - Cardiac arrest. Without warning, the heart stops. A sudden change in the heart's signaling causes sudden cardiac arrest. A heart attack increases the risk of this life-threatening condition. It can lead to death (sudden cardiac death) without immediate treatment. Prevention It's never too late to take steps to prevent a heart attack — even if you've already had one. Here are ways to prevent a heart attack. - Follow a healthy lifestyle. Don't smoke. Maintain a healthy weight with a heart-healthy diet. Get regular exercise and manage stress. - Manage other health conditions. Certain conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can increase the risk of heart attacks. Ask your health care provider how often you need checkups. - Take medications as directed. Your health care provider may prescribe drugs to protect and improve your heart health. It's also a good idea to learn Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) properly so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Consider taking an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). 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Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 8. Ferri FF. Myocardial infarction. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2026. Elsevier; 2026. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 9. Wilson PWF, et al. Prognosis after myocardial infarction. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 10. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 11. Piano MR, et al. Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2025; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001341. 12. How to eat better. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/lifes-essential-8. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 13. Small AM, et al. Lipoprotein(a), C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk in primary and secondary prevention populations. JAMA Cardiology. 2024; doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2023.5605. 14. Zuin M, et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction after COVID-19 recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology; 2023; doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.12.032. 15. Highlights of the 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. American Heart Association. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/guidelines-updates-and-highlights. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 16. Gulati M, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053. 17. Blaha MJ, et al. Sexual activity in patients with cardiovascular disease. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 18. Cutlip D, et al. Revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 14, 2026. 19. Coronary artery disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 20. Pericarditis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352510. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 21. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 14, 2026. 22. Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Life's essential 8: Updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's construct of cardiovascular health: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001078. 23. AskMayoExpert. Considerations in STEMI management (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2023. 24. Catheter angiography. RadiologyInfo. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/angiocath. Accessed Dec. 30, 2025. 25. Zhang P, et al. The impact of the time factors on the exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation outcomes of the patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2024; doi:10.1186/s12872-023-03692-z. 26. Heart attack recovery: Questions and answers. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/life-after-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-recovery-faqs. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 27. Kaneko H, et al. Age-dependent association between modifiable risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023; doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.027684. 28. Faridi KF, et al. 10-year and 30-year risks of cardiovascular disease in the U.S. population. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.03.546. 29. Metabolic syndrome. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916. Accessed Dec. 29, 2025. 30. Statescu C, et al. A systematic review on the risk modulators of myocardial infarction in the "young" — implications of lipoprotein (a). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; doi:10.3390/ijms24065927. 31. AskMayoExpert. Familial hypercholesterolemia. Mayo Clinic; 2023. 32. Rajendran A, et al. Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk factors and implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Atherosclerosis. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269. 33. Blood tests for heart disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/heart-disease/art-20049357. Accessed Jan. 23, 2026. 1. 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