🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 40 (from laksa174)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa040.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/snris/art-20044970\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/snris/art-20044970\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970","crawl_time":1775015345,"first_indexed_time":1741261695,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,mayoclinic!www,\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970 s443","src_root_hash":"1608882045018104440","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Mayo Clinic","meta_descriptions":["SNRIs help ease depression symptoms. Some also help with anxiety disorders or long-term pain. They may work well if depression and pain occur together."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, also called SNRIs, are a class of medicines that are effective in treating depression. They also are sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety and long-term pain, especially nerve pain. SNRIs may be helpful if you have both long-term pain and depression.\nHow SNRIs work\nSNRIs ease depression by affecting chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that affect mood.\nSNRIs block the reabsorption, also called reuptake, of the neurotransmitters serotonin (ser-o-TOE-nin) and norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin) in the brain. Blocking reabsorption makes more of these chemicals available to help ease depression symptoms.\nSNRIs approved to treat depression\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also called the FDA, has approved these SNRIs to treat depression:\nDesvenlafaxine (Pristiq).\nDuloxetine (Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder and certain types of pain, such as fibromyalgia pain.\nLevomilnacipran (Fetzima).\nVenlafaxine (Effexor XR). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder.\nSide effects and cautions\nAll SNRIs work in much the same way and generally can cause the same kinds of side effects. Some people may not have any side effects. Side effects that do occur are usually mild and go away after the first few weeks of treatment. Taking medicine with food may lessen upset stomach, a common side effect. If you can't handle the side effects of one SNRI, you may have fewer side effects with a different one, as each SNRI has a different chemical makeup.\nThe most common possible side effects of SNRIs include:\nUpset stomach.\nDry mouth.\nDizziness.\nHeadache.\nSweating.\nOther possible side effects may include:\nTiredness.\nConstipation.\nTrouble sleeping.\nLess sexual desire or trouble reaching orgasm.\nLoss of appetite.\nThe benefits of antidepressants typically outweigh the possible side effects when depression is severe. Which antidepressant is best for you depends on several factors, such as your symptoms and any other health conditions you may have.\nAsk your healthcare professional or pharmacist about the most common possible side effects for your specific medicine. Read the patient medication guide that comes with the prescription.\nSafety issues with SNRIs\nSNRIs are safe for most people. But sometimes they can slightly raise blood pressure, lower electrolyte levels such as sodium and worsen liver conditions. SNRIs sometimes can affect acute angle-closure glaucoma, a form of glaucoma that happens when the iris bulges and raises pressure inside the eye. Most of these safety issues can be monitored by your healthcare professional while you're taking the medicine.\nTalk with your healthcare professional about safety issues before you take an SNRI, including:\nMedicine interactions.\nTell your healthcare professional about any other prescription or nonprescription medicines, herbs or other supplements you're taking. Some antidepressants can cause dangerous reactions when taken with certain medicines or herbal products.\nFor example, SNRIs may slightly raise your risk of bleeding, especially when you're taking other medicines that also raise the risk of bleeding. These other medicines can include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), aspirin, warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners.\nSerotonin syndrome.\nRarely, antidepressants can cause dangerously high levels of serotonin in the body. This is called serotonin syndrome. It happens most often when you take two medicines that both raise serotonin levels. This includes taking an SNRI with other antidepressants, certain pain or headache medicines, or the herbal supplement St. John's wort.\nSymptoms of serotonin syndrome include anxiety, agitation, high fever, sweating, confusion, tremors, restlessness, lack of coordination, major changes in blood pressure and rapid heart rate. Get medical help right away if you have any of these symptoms.\nAntidepressants and pregnancy.\nSome antidepressants may harm your baby if you take them during pregnancy or while you're breastfeeding. If you are pregnant, are thinking about getting pregnant or are breastfeeding, talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and possible risks of antidepressants. Don't stop taking your medicine without talking with your healthcare professional first.\nSuicide risk and antidepressants\nMost antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA says that all antidepressants must carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under age 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting the medicine or when the dose is changed. There has been no evidence that this increase in suicidal thoughts or behaviors has resulted in completed suicides.\nAnyone taking an antidepressant should be watched closely for worsening depression or unusual behavior. If you or someone you know has suicidal thoughts when taking an antidepressant, call your healthcare professional right away or get emergency help.\nKeep in mind that depression that's not treated is a more concerning risk factor for suicide. And antidepressants may lessen suicide risk in the long run by improving mood for many people.\nStopping treatment with SNRIs\nTalk with your healthcare professional before you stop taking an SNRI.\nSNRIs are not considered habit-forming. But stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses may cause some symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome.\nDiscontinuation symptoms can include:\nDizziness.\nHeadache.\nFlu-like symptoms, such as tiredness, chills and muscle aches.\nIrritability and restlessness.\nUpset stomach.\nInsomnia or sleep disturbances, such as nightmares.\nDiarrhea.\nThese symptoms may be more likely to happen with venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine, though they can happen when any SNRI is stopped suddenly. Work with your healthcare professional to slowly and safely lower your dose over time so you can stop the medicine safely.\nFinding the right antidepressant\nEach person reacts differently to a particular antidepressant. Some people may be more likely to have certain side effects. Because of this, one antidepressant may work better for you than another. When choosing an antidepressant, your healthcare professional considers your symptoms, any health issues you have, other medicines you take and what has worked for you in the past.\nGenes passed down in families may play a role in how antidepressants affect you. For some people, blood tests, where available, may offer clues about how their bodies may respond to a particular antidepressant. But other things besides genetics can affect your response to medicine.\nIt may take several weeks or longer before an antidepressant has a full effect. It also may take several weeks or longer for initial side effects to ease up. Your healthcare professional may recommend dose changes or a different antidepressant. With patience, you and your healthcare professional can find a medicine that works well for you.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970#main-content)\n\n[![Mayo Clinic Home Page](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/mayoclinic\/images\/logos\/mayo-clinic-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n\n[![Mayo Clinic Home Page](https:\/\/assets.mayoclinic.org\/content\/dam\/mayoclinic\/images\/logos\/mayo-clinic-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n\n- [Request appointment](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/appointments)\n- [Log in](https:\/\/onlineservices.mayoclinic.org\/content\/staticpatient\/showpage\/patientonline)\n- Search\n- Menu\n  \n  [Request appointment](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/appointments)\n  \n  [Donate](https:\/\/give.mayoclinic.org\/give\/609586\/#!\/donation\/checkout)\n  \n  [Diseases & conditions](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions)\n  \n  [Find a doctor](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/appointments\/find-a-doctor)\n  \n  - 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Type 3 or more letters to display suggested search options.\n\nWhen results are available, use up and down arrow keys to navigate. Press space key to fill the input with the suggestion or enter key to search with the suggestion.Search by keyword or phrase\n\nSearch\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n\n1. [Home](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n2. [Diseases and Conditions](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions)\n3. [Depression (major depressive disorder)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20356007)\n4. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n\n# Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nAntidepressant SNRIs help relieve depression symptoms, such as irritability and sadness, but some are also used for anxiety disorders and nerve pain. Here's how they work and what side effects they may cause.\n\n[By Mayo Clinic Staff](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/meet-our-medical-editors)\n\nMarch 06, 2025\n\nSerotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, also called SNRIs, are a class of medicines that are effective in treating depression. They also are sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety and long-term pain, especially nerve pain. SNRIs may be helpful if you have both long-term pain and depression.\n\n## How SNRIs work\nSNRIs ease depression by affecting chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that affect mood.\n\nSNRIs block the reabsorption, also called reuptake, of the neurotransmitters serotonin (ser-o-TOE-nin) and norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin) in the brain. Blocking reabsorption makes more of these chemicals available to help ease depression symptoms.\n\n## SNRIs approved to treat depression\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also called the FDA, has approved these SNRIs to treat depression:\n\n- Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq).\n- Duloxetine (Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder and certain types of pain, such as fibromyalgia pain.\n- Levomilnacipran (Fetzima).\n- Venlafaxine (Effexor XR). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder.\n\n## Side effects and cautions\nAll SNRIs work in much the same way and generally can cause the same kinds of side effects. Some people may not have any side effects. Side effects that do occur are usually mild and go away after the first few weeks of treatment. Taking medicine with food may lessen upset stomach, a common side effect. If you can't handle the side effects of one SNRI, you may have fewer side effects with a different one, as each SNRI has a different chemical makeup.\n\nThe most common possible side effects of SNRIs include:\n\n- Upset stomach.\n- Dry mouth.\n- Dizziness.\n- Headache.\n- Sweating.\n\nOther possible side effects may include:\n\n- Tiredness.\n- Constipation.\n- Trouble sleeping.\n- Less sexual desire or trouble reaching orgasm.\n- Loss of appetite.\n\nThe benefits of antidepressants typically outweigh the possible side effects when depression is severe. Which antidepressant is best for you depends on several factors, such as your symptoms and any other health conditions you may have.\n\nAsk your healthcare professional or pharmacist about the most common possible side effects for your specific medicine. Read the patient medication guide that comes with the prescription.\n\n## Safety issues with SNRIs\nSNRIs are safe for most people. But sometimes they can slightly raise blood pressure, lower electrolyte levels such as sodium and worsen liver conditions. SNRIs sometimes can affect acute angle-closure glaucoma, a form of glaucoma that happens when the iris bulges and raises pressure inside the eye. Most of these safety issues can be monitored by your healthcare professional while you're taking the medicine.\n\nTalk with your healthcare professional about safety issues before you take an SNRI, including:\n\n- **Medicine interactions.** Tell your healthcare professional about any other prescription or nonprescription medicines, herbs or other supplements you're taking. Some antidepressants can cause dangerous reactions when taken with certain medicines or herbal products.\n  For example, SNRIs may slightly raise your risk of bleeding, especially when you're taking other medicines that also raise the risk of bleeding. These other medicines can include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), aspirin, warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners.\n- **Serotonin syndrome.** Rarely, antidepressants can cause dangerously high levels of serotonin in the body. This is called serotonin syndrome. It happens most often when you take two medicines that both raise serotonin levels. This includes taking an SNRI with other antidepressants, certain pain or headache medicines, or the herbal supplement St. John's wort.\n  Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include anxiety, agitation, high fever, sweating, confusion, tremors, restlessness, lack of coordination, major changes in blood pressure and rapid heart rate. Get medical help right away if you have any of these symptoms.\n- **Antidepressants and pregnancy.** Some antidepressants may harm your baby if you take them during pregnancy or while you're breastfeeding. If you are pregnant, are thinking about getting pregnant or are breastfeeding, talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and possible risks of antidepressants. Don't stop taking your medicine without talking with your healthcare professional first.\n\n## Suicide risk and antidepressants\nMost antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA says that all antidepressants must carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under age 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting the medicine or when the dose is changed. There has been no evidence that this increase in suicidal thoughts or behaviors has resulted in completed suicides.\n\nAnyone taking an antidepressant should be watched closely for worsening depression or unusual behavior. If you or someone you know has suicidal thoughts when taking an antidepressant, call your healthcare professional right away or get emergency help.\n\nKeep in mind that depression that's not treated is a more concerning risk factor for suicide. And antidepressants may lessen suicide risk in the long run by improving mood for many people.\n\n## Stopping treatment with SNRIs\nTalk with your healthcare professional before you stop taking an SNRI.\n\nSNRIs are not considered habit-forming. But stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses may cause some symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome.\n\nDiscontinuation symptoms can include:\n\n- Dizziness.\n- Headache.\n- Flu-like symptoms, such as tiredness, chills and muscle aches.\n- Irritability and restlessness.\n- Upset stomach.\n- Insomnia or sleep disturbances, such as nightmares.\n- Diarrhea.\n\nThese symptoms may be more likely to happen with venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine, though they can happen when any SNRI is stopped suddenly. Work with your healthcare professional to slowly and safely lower your dose over time so you can stop the medicine safely.\n\n## Finding the right antidepressant\nEach person reacts differently to a particular antidepressant. Some people may be more likely to have certain side effects. Because of this, one antidepressant may work better for you than another. When choosing an antidepressant, your healthcare professional considers your symptoms, any health issues you have, other medicines you take and what has worked for you in the past.\n\nGenes passed down in families may play a role in how antidepressants affect you. For some people, blood tests, where available, may offer clues about how their bodies may respond to a particular antidepressant. But other things besides genetics can affect your response to medicine.\n\nIt may take several weeks or longer before an antidepressant has a full effect. It also may take several weeks or longer for initial side effects to ease up. Your healthcare professional may recommend dose changes or a different antidepressant. With patience, you and your healthcare professional can find a medicine that works well for you.\n\nShow references\n\n1. Mental health medications. National Institute of Mental Health. https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications\\#part\\_2364. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025.\n2. Depression medicines. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/womens-health-topics\/depression-medicines. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025.\n3. Ritter JM, et al. Antidepressant drugs. In: Rang and Dale's Pharmacology. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2024. https:\/\/www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025.\n4. Nelson C. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Pharmacology, administration, and side effects. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025.\n5. Radosavljevic M, et al. The role of pharmacogenetics in personalizing the antidepressant and anxiolytic therapy. Genes. 2023; doi:10.3390\/genes14051095.\n6. Henssler J, et al. Incidence of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2024; doi:10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00133-0.\n7. Geen C. Antidepressant discontinuation and the role of the pharmacist. Canadian Pharmacists Journal. 2023; doi:10.1177\/17151635231188340.\n8. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 5: Treatment and management of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023; doi:10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005202.\n9. Simon GE, et al. Management of depression in adults: A review. JAMA. 2024; doi:10.1001\/jama.2024.5756.\n10. Rush AJ. Effect of antidepressants on suicide risk in adults. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025.\n11. Mikkelsen N, et al. Serotonin syndrome — A focused review. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2023; doi:10.1111\/bcpt.13912.\n12. Moreland CS, et al. Effect of antidepressants on suicide risk in children and adolescents. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search. Accessed Jan. 29, 2025.\n13. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 15, 2025.\n14. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 18, 2025.\n15. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Facts and Comparisons eAnswers. https:\/\/fco.factsandcomparisons.com. Accessed Feb. 20, 2025.\n\n[Print](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970?p=1)\n\n## Related content\n- [Addison's disease](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/addisons-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350293)\n- [Adjustment disorders](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/adjustment-disorders\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355224)\n- [Adrenal fatigue: What causes it?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/addisons-disease\/expert-answers\/adrenal-fatigue\/faq-20057906)\n- [Alzheimer's disease](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350447)\n- [Alzheimer's genes: Are you at risk?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/alzheimers-genes\/art-20046552)\n- [Alzheimer's prevention: Does it exist?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/expert-answers\/alzheimers-prevention\/faq-20058140)\n\n- [Alzheimer's stages: How the disease progresses](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/alzheimers-stages\/art-20048448)\n- [Alzheimer's treatments: What's on the horizon?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/alzheimers-treatments\/art-20047780)\n- [Alzheimer's: Managing sleep problems](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/alzheimers\/art-20047832)\n- [Alzheimer's: Medicines help manage symptoms and slow decline](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/alzheimers\/art-20048103)\n- [Ambien: Is dependence a concern?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/insomnia\/expert-answers\/ambien\/faq-20058103)\n- [Antidepressant withdrawal: Is there such a thing?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/antidepressant-withdrawal\/faq-20058133)\n- [Antidepressants and alcohol: What's the concern?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/antidepressants-and-alcohol\/faq-20058231)\n- [Antidepressants and weight gain: What causes it?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/antidepressants-and-weight-gain\/faq-20058127)\n- [Antidepressants: Can they stop working?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/antidepressants\/faq-20057938)\n- [Antidepressants: Get tips to cope with side effects](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/antidepressants\/art-20049305)\n- [Antidepressants: Safe during pregnancy?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/pregnancy-week-by-week\/in-depth\/antidepressants\/art-20046420)\n- [Antidepressants: Selecting one that's right for you](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/antidepressants\/art-20046273)\n- [Antidepressants: Which cause the fewest sexual side effects?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/antidepressants\/faq-20058104)\n- [Are you at risk of hidradenitis suppurativa?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/expert-answers\/risk-factors-hidradenitis-suppurativa\/faq-20182594)\n- [Atypical antidepressants](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/atypical-antidepressants\/art-20048208)\n- [Binge-eating disorder](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/binge-eating-disorder\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20353627)\n- [Borderline personality disorder](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/borderline-personality-disorder\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20370237)\n- [Can zinc supplements help treat hidradenitis suppurativa?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/expert-answers\/can-zinc-supplements-help-treat-hidradenitis-suppurativa\/faq-20476171)\n- [Care tips for hidradenitis suppurativa wounds](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/care-tips-for-hidradenitis-suppurativa-wounds\/art-20404807)\n- [Celiac disease](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/celiac-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20352220)\n- [Child abuse](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/child-abuse\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20370864)\n- [Chronic traumatic encephalopathy](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20370921)\n- [Cigar smoking](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/nicotine-dependence\/expert-answers\/cigar-smoking\/faq-20057787)\n- [Clinical depression: What does that mean?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/clinical-depression\/faq-20057770)\n- [Clinical trials for hidradenitis suppurativa](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/expert-answers\/clinical-trials-for-hidradenitis-suppurativa\/faq-20448248)\n- [Coconut oil: Can it cure hypothyroidism?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypothyroidism\/expert-answers\/coconut-oil-thyroid\/faq-20058244)\n- [Complete blood count (CBC)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/complete-blood-count\/about\/pac-20384919)\n- [Complicated grief](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/complicated-grief\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20360374)\n- [Compulsive sexual behavior](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/compulsive-sexual-behavior\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20360434)\n- [Concussion](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/concussion\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355594)\n- [Concussion in children](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/concussion\/expert-answers\/concussion-in-children\/faq-20058282)\n- [Coping with the emotional ups and downs of psoriatic arthritis](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/psoriatic-arthritis\/in-depth\/coping-with-the-emotional-ups-and-downs-of-psoriatic-arthritis\/art-20272594)\n- [Coping with the stress of hidradenitis suppurativa](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-coping\/art-20168982)\n- [Coughing more after quitting smoking: What's the deal?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/nicotine-dependence\/expert-answers\/quit-smoking\/faq-20057818)\n- [COVID-19 and your mental health](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/coronavirus\/in-depth\/mental-health-covid-19\/art-20482731)\n- [Creating a hidradenitis suppurativa care team](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-care-team\/art-20308336)\n- [Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20371226)\n- [Cushing syndrome](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/cushing-syndrome\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351310)\n- [Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/cyclothymia\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20371275)\n- [Delirium](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/delirium\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20371386)\n- [Delusional parasitosis](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/mental-illness\/in-depth\/delusional-parasitosis\/art-20044996)\n- [Depression (major depressive disorder)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20356007)\n- [Depression and anxiety: Can I have both?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/depression-and-anxiety\/faq-20057989)\n- [Depression and anxiety: Exercise eases symptoms](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/depression-and-exercise\/art-20046495)\n- [Depression during pregnancy: You're not alone](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/pregnancy-week-by-week\/in-depth\/depression-during-pregnancy\/art-20237875)\n- [Depression in women: Understanding the gender gap](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/depression\/art-20047725)\n- [Depression: Supporting a family member or friend](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/depression\/art-20045943)\n- [Diabetes and depression: Coping with the two conditions](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/diabetes\/expert-answers\/diabetes-and-depression\/faq-20057904)\n- [Diagnosing Alzheimer's: How Alzheimer's is diagnosed](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/alzheimers\/art-20048075)\n- [Did the definition of Alzheimer's disease change?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/expert-answers\/defining-alzheimers-disease\/faq-20436675)\n- [Dissociative disorders](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/dissociative-disorders\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355215)\n- [Drug addiction (substance use disorder)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/drug-addiction\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20365112)\n- [Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/electroconvulsive-therapy\/about\/pac-20393894)\n- [Fibromyalgia](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/fibromyalgia\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20354780)\n- [Hangovers](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hangovers\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20373012)\n- [Hashimoto's disease](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hashimotos-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351855)\n- [Hidradenitis suppurativa](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20352306)\n- [Hidradenitis suppurativa and biologics: Get the facts](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/biologics-and-hidradenitis-suppurativa\/art-20308338)\n- [Hidradenitis suppurativa and diet: What's recommended?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/expert-answers\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-diet\/faq-20182593)\n- [Hidradenitis suppurativa and sleep: How to get more zzz's](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-and-sleep-how-to-get-more-zzzs\/art-20475494)\n- [Hidradenitis suppurativa: Tips for weight-loss success](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-tips-for-weight-loss-success\/art-20473742)\n- [Hidradenitis suppurativa: What is it?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/expert-answers\/what-is-hidradenitis-suppurativa\/faq-20168976)\n- [Hidradenitis suppurativa: When does it appear?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-appear\/art-20168979)\n- [Hidradenitis suppurativa: Where can I find support?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/expert-answers\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-where-can-i-find-support\/faq-20476173)\n- [Hookah smoking](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/nicotine-dependence\/expert-answers\/hookah\/faq-20057920)\n- [How opioid use disorder occurs](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/prescription-drug-abuse\/in-depth\/how-opioid-addiction-occurs\/art-20360372)\n- [How to tell if a loved one is abusing opioids](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/prescription-drug-abuse\/in-depth\/how-to-tell-if-a-loved-one-is-abusing-opioids\/art-20386038)\n- [Hyperparathyroidism](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hyperparathyroidism\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20356194)\n- [Hypoparathyroidism](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypoparathyroidism\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355375)\n- [Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypothyroidism\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350284)\n- [Hypothyroidism and joint pain?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypothyroidism\/expert-answers\/hypothyroidism\/faq-20057789)\n- [Hypothyroidism diet](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypothyroidism\/expert-answers\/hypothyroidism-diet\/faq-20058554)\n- [Hypothyroidism symptoms: Can hypothyroidism cause eye problems?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypothyroidism\/expert-answers\/hypothyroidism-symptoms\/faq-20058058)\n- [Hypothyroidism: Can calcium supplements interfere with treatment?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypothyroidism\/expert-answers\/hypothyroidism\/faq-20058536)\n- [Hypothyroidism: Should I take iodine supplements?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypothyroidism\/expert-answers\/hypothyroidism-iodine\/faq-20057929)\n- [Infographic: Pancreatic Cancer: Minimally Invasive Surgery](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/pancreatic-cancer\/multimedia\/minimally-invasive-pancreatic-cancer-infographic\/ifg-20441211)\n- [Infographic: Pancreatic Cancers-Whipple](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/pancreatic-cancer\/multimedia\/pancreatic-cancers-whipple-infographic\/ifg-20473414)\n- [Insomnia](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/insomnia\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355167)\n- [Insomnia treatment: Cognitive behavioral therapy instead of sleeping pills](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/insomnia\/in-depth\/insomnia-treatment\/art-20046677)\n- [Insomnia: How do I stay asleep?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/insomnia\/expert-answers\/insomnia\/faq-20057824)\n- [Intervention: Help a loved one overcome addiction](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/mental-illness\/in-depth\/intervention\/art-20047451)\n- [Is depression a factor in rheumatoid arthritis?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/rheumatoid-arthritis\/expert-answers\/rheumatoid-arthritis-depression\/faq-20119780)\n- [Kratom for opioid withdrawal: Does it work?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/prescription-drug-abuse\/in-depth\/kratom-opioid-withdrawal\/art-20402170)\n- [Kratom: Unsafe and ineffective](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/prescription-drug-abuse\/in-depth\/kratom\/art-20402171)\n- [Lack of sleep: Can it make you sick?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/insomnia\/expert-answers\/lack-of-sleep\/faq-20057757)\n- [Lecanemab for Alzheimer's disease: An option for you?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/lecanemab\/art-20548103)\n- [Low blood pressure (hypotension)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/low-blood-pressure\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355465)\n- [Male depression: Understanding the issues](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/male-depression\/art-20046216)\n- [Managing hidradenitis suppurativa: Early treatment is crucial](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-early-treatment\/art-20168981)\n- [Managing other health risks when you have hidradenitis suppurativa](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/managing-other-health-risks-when-you-have-hidradenitis-suppurativa\/art-20399321)\n- [MAOIs and diet: Is it necessary to restrict tyramine?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/maois\/faq-20058035)\n- [Marijuana and depression](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/marijuana-and-depression\/faq-20058060)\n- [Medication overuse headaches](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/medication-overuse-headache\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20377083)\n- [Meditation: A simple, fast way to reduce stress](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/meditation\/in-depth\/meditation\/art-20045858)\n- [Memory loss: When to seek help](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/memory-loss\/art-20046326)\n- [Mental health providers: Tips on finding one](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/mental-illness\/in-depth\/mental-health-providers\/art-20045530)\n- [Mental health: Overcoming the stigma of mental illness](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/mental-illness\/in-depth\/mental-health\/art-20046477)\n- [Mental health: What's normal, what's not](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/adult-health\/in-depth\/mental-health\/art-20044098)\n- [Mental illness](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/mental-illness\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20374968)\n- [Migraine](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/migraine-headache\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20360201)\n- [Migraine medicines and antidepressants](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/migraine-headache\/expert-answers\/migraine-medications\/faq-20058166)\n- [Migraine treatment: Can antidepressants help?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/migraine-headache\/expert-answers\/migraine-treatment\/faq-20058410)\n- [Migraines and gastrointestinal problems: Is there a link?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/migraine-headache\/expert-answers\/migraines\/faq-20058268)\n- [Migraines: Are they triggered by weather changes?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/migraine-headache\/expert-answers\/migraine-headache\/faq-20058505)\n- [Migraines: Simple steps to head off the pain](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/migraine-headache\/in-depth\/migraines\/art-20047242)\n- [Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/mild-cognitive-impairment\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20354578)\n- [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/maois\/art-20043992)\n- [Natural remedies for depression: Are they effective?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/natural-remedies-for-depression\/faq-20058026)\n- [Nervous breakdown: What does it mean?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/nervous-breakdown\/faq-20057830)\n- [New FDA-approved blood tests for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/in-depth\/new-blood-tests-alzheimers\/art-20585060)\n- [Nicotine dependence](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/nicotine-dependence\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351584)\n- [Occipital nerve stimulation: Effective migraine treatment?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/migraine-headache\/expert-answers\/occipital-nerve-stimulation\/faq-20057788)\n- [Ocular migraine: When to seek help](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/migraine-headache\/expert-answers\/ocular-migraine\/faq-20058113)\n- [Opioid stewardship: What is it?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/prescription-drug-abuse\/expert-answers\/opioid-stewardship\/faq-20559908)\n- [Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/oppositional-defiant-disorder\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20375831)\n- [Pain and depression: Is there a link?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/expert-answers\/pain-and-depression\/faq-20057823)\n- [Pancreatic cancer](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/pancreatic-cancer\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355421)\n- [Perimenopause](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/perimenopause\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20354666)\n- [Pituitary tumors and adenomas](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/pituitary-tumors\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350548)\n- [Polymyalgia rheumatica](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/polymyalgia-rheumatica\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20376539)\n- [Poppy seed tea: Beneficial or dangerous?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/drug-addiction\/expert-answers\/poppy-seed-tea\/faq-20559907)\n- [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/premenstrual-syndrome\/expert-answers\/pmdd\/faq-20058315)\n- [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/premenstrual-syndrome\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20376780)\n- [Prescription drug abuse](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/prescription-drug-abuse\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20376813)\n- [Prescription sleeping pills: What's right for you?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/insomnia\/in-depth\/sleeping-pills\/art-20043959)\n- [Progressive supranuclear palsy](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/progressive-supranuclear-palsy\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355659)\n- [Psychotherapy](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/psychotherapy\/about\/pac-20384616)\n- [Quit-smoking products: Boost your chance of success](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/nicotine-dependence\/in-depth\/quit-smoking-products\/art-20045599)\n- [Quitting smoking: 10 ways to resist tobacco cravings](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/nicotine-dependence\/in-depth\/nicotine-craving\/art-20045454)\n- [Reducing the discomfort of hidradenitis suppurativa: Self-care tips](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-self-care\/art-20168983)\n- [Restless legs syndrome](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/restless-legs-syndrome\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20377168)\n- [Salt craving: A symptom of Addison's disease?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/addisons-disease\/expert-answers\/salt-craving\/faq-20057988)\n- [Schizoaffective disorder](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/schizoaffective-disorder\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20354504)\n- [Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/seasonal-affective-disorder\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20364651)\n- [Seasonal affective disorder treatment: Choosing a light box](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/seasonal-affective-disorder\/in-depth\/seasonal-affective-disorder-treatment\/art-20048298)\n- [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/ssris\/art-20044825)\n- [Sleep tips: 6 steps to better sleep](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/adult-health\/in-depth\/sleep\/art-20048379)\n- [Smokeless tobacco products](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/nicotine-dependence\/in-depth\/chewing-tobacco\/art-20047428)\n- [Soy: Does it worsen hypothyroidism?](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hypothyroidism\/expert-answers\/hyperthyroidism\/faq-20058188)\n- [Staying active with hidradenitis suppurativa](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/hidradenitis-suppurativa\/in-depth\/hidradenitis-suppurativa-exercise\/art-20182592)\n- [Stress symptoms: Effects on your body and behavior](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/stress-management\/in-depth\/stress-symptoms\/art-20050987)\n- [Suicide grief](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/complicated-grief\/in-depth\/suicide\/art-20044900)\n- [Sundowning: Late-day confusion](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/expert-answers\/sundowning\/faq-20058511)\n- [Support groups: Make connections, get 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Statement](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/accessibility-statement)\n- [Advertising and Sponsorship Policy](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/about-this-site\/advertising-sponsorship-policy)\n- [Site Map](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/site-help\/site-map)\n- [Manage Cookies](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/)\n***\nLanguage:\n\nEnglish\n\n- [English](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970)\n- [Español](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/es\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970)\n- [العربية](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/ar\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970)\n- [简体中文](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/zh-hans\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970)\n\n© 1998-2026 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved.\n\nLanguage:\n\nEnglish\n\n- [English](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970)\n- [Español](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/es\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970)\n- [العربية](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/ar\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970)\n- [简体中文](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/zh-hans\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/in-depth\/snris\/art-20044970)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, also called SNRIs, are a class of medicines that are effective in treating depression. They also are sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety and long-term pain, especially nerve pain. SNRIs may be helpful if you have both long-term pain and depression.\n\nHow SNRIs work\n\nSNRIs ease depression by affecting chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that affect mood.\n\nSNRIs block the reabsorption, also called reuptake, of the neurotransmitters serotonin (ser-o-TOE-nin) and norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin) in the brain. Blocking reabsorption makes more of these chemicals available to help ease depression symptoms.\n\nSNRIs approved to treat depression\n\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also called the FDA, has approved these SNRIs to treat depression:\n\n- Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq).\n- Duloxetine (Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder and certain types of pain, such as fibromyalgia pain.\n- Levomilnacipran (Fetzima).\n- Venlafaxine (Effexor XR). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder.\n\nSide effects and cautions\n\nAll SNRIs work in much the same way and generally can cause the same kinds of side effects. Some people may not have any side effects. Side effects that do occur are usually mild and go away after the first few weeks of treatment. Taking medicine with food may lessen upset stomach, a common side effect. If you can't handle the side effects of one SNRI, you may have fewer side effects with a different one, as each SNRI has a different chemical makeup.\n\nThe most common possible side effects of SNRIs include:\n\n- Upset stomach.\n- Dry mouth.\n- Dizziness.\n- Headache.\n- Sweating.\n\nOther possible side effects may include:\n\n- Tiredness.\n- Constipation.\n- Trouble sleeping.\n- Less sexual desire or trouble reaching orgasm.\n- Loss of appetite.\n\nThe benefits of antidepressants typically outweigh the possible side effects when depression is severe. Which antidepressant is best for you depends on several factors, such as your symptoms and any other health conditions you may have.\n\nAsk your healthcare professional or pharmacist about the most common possible side effects for your specific medicine. Read the patient medication guide that comes with the prescription.\n\nSafety issues with SNRIs\n\nSNRIs are safe for most people. But sometimes they can slightly raise blood pressure, lower electrolyte levels such as sodium and worsen liver conditions. SNRIs sometimes can affect acute angle-closure glaucoma, a form of glaucoma that happens when the iris bulges and raises pressure inside the eye. Most of these safety issues can be monitored by your healthcare professional while you're taking the medicine.\n\nTalk with your healthcare professional about safety issues before you take an SNRI, including:\n\n- **Medicine interactions.** Tell your healthcare professional about any other prescription or nonprescription medicines, herbs or other supplements you're taking. Some antidepressants can cause dangerous reactions when taken with certain medicines or herbal products.\n  For example, SNRIs may slightly raise your risk of bleeding, especially when you're taking other medicines that also raise the risk of bleeding. These other medicines can include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), aspirin, warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners.\n- **Serotonin syndrome.** Rarely, antidepressants can cause dangerously high levels of serotonin in the body. This is called serotonin syndrome. It happens most often when you take two medicines that both raise serotonin levels. This includes taking an SNRI with other antidepressants, certain pain or headache medicines, or the herbal supplement St. John's wort.\n  Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include anxiety, agitation, high fever, sweating, confusion, tremors, restlessness, lack of coordination, major changes in blood pressure and rapid heart rate. Get medical help right away if you have any of these symptoms.\n- **Antidepressants and pregnancy.** Some antidepressants may harm your baby if you take them during pregnancy or while you're breastfeeding. If you are pregnant, are thinking about getting pregnant or are breastfeeding, talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and possible risks of antidepressants. Don't stop taking your medicine without talking with your healthcare professional first.\n\nSuicide risk and antidepressants\n\nMost antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA says that all antidepressants must carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under age 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting the medicine or when the dose is changed. There has been no evidence that this increase in suicidal thoughts or behaviors has resulted in completed suicides.\n\nAnyone taking an antidepressant should be watched closely for worsening depression or unusual behavior. If you or someone you know has suicidal thoughts when taking an antidepressant, call your healthcare professional right away or get emergency help.\n\nKeep in mind that depression that's not treated is a more concerning risk factor for suicide. And antidepressants may lessen suicide risk in the long run by improving mood for many people.\n\nStopping treatment with SNRIs\n\nTalk with your healthcare professional before you stop taking an SNRI.\n\nSNRIs are not considered habit-forming. But stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses may cause some symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome.\n\nDiscontinuation symptoms can include:\n\n- Dizziness.\n- Headache.\n- Flu-like symptoms, such as tiredness, chills and muscle aches.\n- Irritability and restlessness.\n- Upset stomach.\n- Insomnia or sleep disturbances, such as nightmares.\n- Diarrhea.\n\nThese symptoms may be more likely to happen with venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine, though they can happen when any SNRI is stopped suddenly. Work with your healthcare professional to slowly and safely lower your dose over time so you can stop the medicine safely.\n\nFinding the right antidepressant\n\nEach person reacts differently to a particular antidepressant. Some people may be more likely to have certain side effects. Because of this, one antidepressant may work better for you than another. When choosing an antidepressant, your healthcare professional considers your symptoms, any health issues you have, other medicines you take and what has worked for you in the past.\n\nGenes passed down in families may play a role in how antidepressants affect you. For some people, blood tests, where available, may offer clues about how their bodies may respond to a particular antidepressant. But other things besides genetics can affect your response to medicine.\n\nIt may take several weeks or longer before an antidepressant has a full effect. It also may take several weeks or longer for initial side effects to ease up. Your healthcare professional may recommend dose changes or a different antidepressant. With patience, you and your healthcare professional can find a medicine that works well for you.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Mayo Clinic
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Boilerpipe Text	Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, also called SNRIs, are a class of medicines that are effective in treating depression. They also are sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety and long-term pain, especially nerve pain. SNRIs may be helpful if you have both long-term pain and depression. How SNRIs work SNRIs ease depression by affecting chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that affect mood. SNRIs block the reabsorption, also called reuptake, of the neurotransmitters serotonin (ser-o-TOE-nin) and norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin) in the brain. Blocking reabsorption makes more of these chemicals available to help ease depression symptoms. SNRIs approved to treat depression The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also called the FDA, has approved these SNRIs to treat depression: Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq). Duloxetine (Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder and certain types of pain, such as fibromyalgia pain. Levomilnacipran (Fetzima). Venlafaxine (Effexor XR). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Side effects and cautions All SNRIs work in much the same way and generally can cause the same kinds of side effects. Some people may not have any side effects. Side effects that do occur are usually mild and go away after the first few weeks of treatment. Taking medicine with food may lessen upset stomach, a common side effect. If you can't handle the side effects of one SNRI, you may have fewer side effects with a different one, as each SNRI has a different chemical makeup. The most common possible side effects of SNRIs include: Upset stomach. Dry mouth. Dizziness. Headache. Sweating. Other possible side effects may include: Tiredness. Constipation. Trouble sleeping. Less sexual desire or trouble reaching orgasm. Loss of appetite. The benefits of antidepressants typically outweigh the possible side effects when depression is severe. Which antidepressant is best for you depends on several factors, such as your symptoms and any other health conditions you may have. Ask your healthcare professional or pharmacist about the most common possible side effects for your specific medicine. Read the patient medication guide that comes with the prescription. Safety issues with SNRIs SNRIs are safe for most people. But sometimes they can slightly raise blood pressure, lower electrolyte levels such as sodium and worsen liver conditions. SNRIs sometimes can affect acute angle-closure glaucoma, a form of glaucoma that happens when the iris bulges and raises pressure inside the eye. Most of these safety issues can be monitored by your healthcare professional while you're taking the medicine. Talk with your healthcare professional about safety issues before you take an SNRI, including: Medicine interactions. Tell your healthcare professional about any other prescription or nonprescription medicines, herbs or other supplements you're taking. Some antidepressants can cause dangerous reactions when taken with certain medicines or herbal products. For example, SNRIs may slightly raise your risk of bleeding, especially when you're taking other medicines that also raise the risk of bleeding. These other medicines can include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), aspirin, warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners. Serotonin syndrome. Rarely, antidepressants can cause dangerously high levels of serotonin in the body. This is called serotonin syndrome. It happens most often when you take two medicines that both raise serotonin levels. This includes taking an SNRI with other antidepressants, certain pain or headache medicines, or the herbal supplement St. John's wort. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include anxiety, agitation, high fever, sweating, confusion, tremors, restlessness, lack of coordination, major changes in blood pressure and rapid heart rate. Get medical help right away if you have any of these symptoms. Antidepressants and pregnancy. Some antidepressants may harm your baby if you take them during pregnancy or while you're breastfeeding. If you are pregnant, are thinking about getting pregnant or are breastfeeding, talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and possible risks of antidepressants. Don't stop taking your medicine without talking with your healthcare professional first. Suicide risk and antidepressants Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA says that all antidepressants must carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under age 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting the medicine or when the dose is changed. There has been no evidence that this increase in suicidal thoughts or behaviors has resulted in completed suicides. Anyone taking an antidepressant should be watched closely for worsening depression or unusual behavior. If you or someone you know has suicidal thoughts when taking an antidepressant, call your healthcare professional right away or get emergency help. Keep in mind that depression that's not treated is a more concerning risk factor for suicide. And antidepressants may lessen suicide risk in the long run by improving mood for many people. Stopping treatment with SNRIs Talk with your healthcare professional before you stop taking an SNRI. SNRIs are not considered habit-forming. But stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses may cause some symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome. Discontinuation symptoms can include: Dizziness. Headache. Flu-like symptoms, such as tiredness, chills and muscle aches. Irritability and restlessness. Upset stomach. Insomnia or sleep disturbances, such as nightmares. Diarrhea. These symptoms may be more likely to happen with venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine, though they can happen when any SNRI is stopped suddenly. Work with your healthcare professional to slowly and safely lower your dose over time so you can stop the medicine safely. Finding the right antidepressant Each person reacts differently to a particular antidepressant. Some people may be more likely to have certain side effects. Because of this, one antidepressant may work better for you than another. When choosing an antidepressant, your healthcare professional considers your symptoms, any health issues you have, other medicines you take and what has worked for you in the past. Genes passed down in families may play a role in how antidepressants affect you. For some people, blood tests, where available, may offer clues about how their bodies may respond to a particular antidepressant. But other things besides genetics can affect your response to medicine. It may take several weeks or longer before an antidepressant has a full effect. It also may take several weeks or longer for initial side effects to ease up. Your healthcare professional may recommend dose changes or a different antidepressant. With patience, you and your healthcare professional can find a medicine that works well for you.
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Type 3 or more letters to display suggested search options. When results are available, use up and down arrow keys to navigate. Press space key to fill the input with the suggestion or enter key to search with the suggestion.Search by keyword or phrase Search [Home](https://www.mayoclinic.org/) 1. [Home](https://www.mayoclinic.org/) 2. [Diseases and Conditions](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions) 3. [Depression (major depressive disorder)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007) 4. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) # Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Antidepressant SNRIs help relieve depression symptoms, such as irritability and sadness, but some are also used for anxiety disorders and nerve pain. Here's how they work and what side effects they may cause. [By Mayo Clinic Staff](https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/meet-our-medical-editors) March 06, 2025 Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, also called SNRIs, are a class of medicines that are effective in treating depression. They also are sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety and long-term pain, especially nerve pain. SNRIs may be helpful if you have both long-term pain and depression. ## How SNRIs work SNRIs ease depression by affecting chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that affect mood. SNRIs block the reabsorption, also called reuptake, of the neurotransmitters serotonin (ser-o-TOE-nin) and norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin) in the brain. Blocking reabsorption makes more of these chemicals available to help ease depression symptoms. ## SNRIs approved to treat depression The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also called the FDA, has approved these SNRIs to treat depression: - Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq). - Duloxetine (Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder and certain types of pain, such as fibromyalgia pain. - Levomilnacipran (Fetzima). - Venlafaxine (Effexor XR). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder. ## Side effects and cautions All SNRIs work in much the same way and generally can cause the same kinds of side effects. Some people may not have any side effects. Side effects that do occur are usually mild and go away after the first few weeks of treatment. Taking medicine with food may lessen upset stomach, a common side effect. If you can't handle the side effects of one SNRI, you may have fewer side effects with a different one, as each SNRI has a different chemical makeup. The most common possible side effects of SNRIs include: - Upset stomach. - Dry mouth. - Dizziness. - Headache. - Sweating. Other possible side effects may include: - Tiredness. - Constipation. - Trouble sleeping. - Less sexual desire or trouble reaching orgasm. - Loss of appetite. The benefits of antidepressants typically outweigh the possible side effects when depression is severe. Which antidepressant is best for you depends on several factors, such as your symptoms and any other health conditions you may have. Ask your healthcare professional or pharmacist about the most common possible side effects for your specific medicine. Read the patient medication guide that comes with the prescription. ## Safety issues with SNRIs SNRIs are safe for most people. But sometimes they can slightly raise blood pressure, lower electrolyte levels such as sodium and worsen liver conditions. SNRIs sometimes can affect acute angle-closure glaucoma, a form of glaucoma that happens when the iris bulges and raises pressure inside the eye. Most of these safety issues can be monitored by your healthcare professional while you're taking the medicine. Talk with your healthcare professional about safety issues before you take an SNRI, including: - Medicine interactions. Tell your healthcare professional about any other prescription or nonprescription medicines, herbs or other supplements you're taking. Some antidepressants can cause dangerous reactions when taken with certain medicines or herbal products. For example, SNRIs may slightly raise your risk of bleeding, especially when you're taking other medicines that also raise the risk of bleeding. These other medicines can include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), aspirin, warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners. - Serotonin syndrome. Rarely, antidepressants can cause dangerously high levels of serotonin in the body. This is called serotonin syndrome. It happens most often when you take two medicines that both raise serotonin levels. This includes taking an SNRI with other antidepressants, certain pain or headache medicines, or the herbal supplement St. John's wort. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include anxiety, agitation, high fever, sweating, confusion, tremors, restlessness, lack of coordination, major changes in blood pressure and rapid heart rate. Get medical help right away if you have any of these symptoms. - Antidepressants and pregnancy. Some antidepressants may harm your baby if you take them during pregnancy or while you're breastfeeding. If you are pregnant, are thinking about getting pregnant or are breastfeeding, talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and possible risks of antidepressants. Don't stop taking your medicine without talking with your healthcare professional first. ## Suicide risk and antidepressants Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA says that all antidepressants must carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under age 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting the medicine or when the dose is changed. There has been no evidence that this increase in suicidal thoughts or behaviors has resulted in completed suicides. Anyone taking an antidepressant should be watched closely for worsening depression or unusual behavior. If you or someone you know has suicidal thoughts when taking an antidepressant, call your healthcare professional right away or get emergency help. Keep in mind that depression that's not treated is a more concerning risk factor for suicide. And antidepressants may lessen suicide risk in the long run by improving mood for many people. ## Stopping treatment with SNRIs Talk with your healthcare professional before you stop taking an SNRI. SNRIs are not considered habit-forming. But stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses may cause some symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome. Discontinuation symptoms can include: - Dizziness. - Headache. - Flu-like symptoms, such as tiredness, chills and muscle aches. - Irritability and restlessness. - Upset stomach. - Insomnia or sleep disturbances, such as nightmares. - Diarrhea. These symptoms may be more likely to happen with venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine, though they can happen when any SNRI is stopped suddenly. Work with your healthcare professional to slowly and safely lower your dose over time so you can stop the medicine safely. ## Finding the right antidepressant Each person reacts differently to a particular antidepressant. Some people may be more likely to have certain side effects. Because of this, one antidepressant may work better for you than another. When choosing an antidepressant, your healthcare professional considers your symptoms, any health issues you have, other medicines you take and what has worked for you in the past. Genes passed down in families may play a role in how antidepressants affect you. For some people, blood tests, where available, may offer clues about how their bodies may respond to a particular antidepressant. But other things besides genetics can affect your response to medicine. It may take several weeks or longer before an antidepressant has a full effect. It also may take several weeks or longer for initial side effects to ease up. Your healthcare professional may recommend dose changes or a different antidepressant. With patience, you and your healthcare professional can find a medicine that works well for you. Show references 1. Mental health medications. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications\#part\_2364. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025. 2. Depression medicines. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/depression-medicines. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025. 3. Ritter JM, et al. Antidepressant drugs. In: Rang and Dale's Pharmacology. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025. 4. Nelson C. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Pharmacology, administration, and side effects. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025. 5. Radosavljevic M, et al. The role of pharmacogenetics in personalizing the antidepressant and anxiolytic therapy. Genes. 2023; doi:10.3390/genes14051095. 6. Henssler J, et al. Incidence of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2024; doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(24)00133-0. 7. Geen C. Antidepressant discontinuation and the role of the pharmacist. Canadian Pharmacists Journal. 2023; doi:10.1177/17151635231188340. 8. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 5: Treatment and management of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023; doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005202. 9. Simon GE, et al. Management of depression in adults: A review. JAMA. 2024; doi:10.1001/jama.2024.5756. 10. Rush AJ. Effect of antidepressants on suicide risk in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 28, 2025. 11. Mikkelsen N, et al. Serotonin syndrome — A focused review. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2023; doi:10.1111/bcpt.13912. 12. Moreland CS, et al. Effect of antidepressants on suicide risk in children and adolescents. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 29, 2025. 13. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 15, 2025. 14. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 18, 2025. 15. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Facts and Comparisons eAnswers. https://fco.factsandcomparisons.com. Accessed Feb. 20, 2025. 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[Concussion](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/concussion/symptoms-causes/syc-20355594) - [Concussion in children](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/concussion/expert-answers/concussion-in-children/faq-20058282) - [Coping with the emotional ups and downs of psoriatic arthritis](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/psoriatic-arthritis/in-depth/coping-with-the-emotional-ups-and-downs-of-psoriatic-arthritis/art-20272594) - [Coping with the stress of hidradenitis suppurativa](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/hidradenitis-suppurativa-coping/art-20168982) - [Coughing more after quitting smoking: What's the deal?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/expert-answers/quit-smoking/faq-20057818) - [COVID-19 and your mental health](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/mental-health-covid-19/art-20482731) - [Creating a hidradenitis suppurativa care team](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/hidradenitis-suppurativa-care-team/art-20308336) - [Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20371226) - [Cushing syndrome](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351310) - [Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cyclothymia/symptoms-causes/syc-20371275) - [Delirium](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delirium/symptoms-causes/syc-20371386) - [Delusional parasitosis](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/in-depth/delusional-parasitosis/art-20044996) - [Depression (major depressive disorder)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007) - [Depression and anxiety: Can I have both?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/depression-and-anxiety/faq-20057989) - [Depression and anxiety: Exercise eases symptoms](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/depression-and-exercise/art-20046495) - [Depression during pregnancy: You're not alone](https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/depression-during-pregnancy/art-20237875) - [Depression in women: Understanding the gender gap](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/depression/art-20047725) - [Depression: Supporting a family member or friend](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/depression/art-20045943) - [Diabetes and depression: Coping with the two conditions](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/expert-answers/diabetes-and-depression/faq-20057904) - [Diagnosing Alzheimer's: How Alzheimer's is diagnosed](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/alzheimers/art-20048075) - [Did the definition of Alzheimer's disease change?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/expert-answers/defining-alzheimers-disease/faq-20436675) - [Dissociative disorders](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dissociative-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20355215) - [Drug addiction (substance use disorder)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112) - [Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/electroconvulsive-therapy/about/pac-20393894) - [Fibromyalgia](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354780) - [Hangovers](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012) - [Hashimoto's disease](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855) - [Hidradenitis suppurativa](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/symptoms-causes/syc-20352306) - [Hidradenitis suppurativa and biologics: Get the facts](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/biologics-and-hidradenitis-suppurativa/art-20308338) - [Hidradenitis suppurativa and diet: What's recommended?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/expert-answers/hidradenitis-suppurativa-diet/faq-20182593) - [Hidradenitis suppurativa and sleep: How to get more zzz's](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/hidradenitis-suppurativa-and-sleep-how-to-get-more-zzzs/art-20475494) - [Hidradenitis suppurativa: Tips for weight-loss success](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/hidradenitis-suppurativa-tips-for-weight-loss-success/art-20473742) - [Hidradenitis suppurativa: What is it?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/expert-answers/what-is-hidradenitis-suppurativa/faq-20168976) - [Hidradenitis suppurativa: When does it appear?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/hidradenitis-suppurativa-appear/art-20168979) - [Hidradenitis suppurativa: Where can I find support?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/expert-answers/hidradenitis-suppurativa-where-can-i-find-support/faq-20476173) - [Hookah smoking](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/expert-answers/hookah/faq-20057920) - [How opioid use disorder occurs](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/how-opioid-addiction-occurs/art-20360372) - [How to tell if a loved one is abusing opioids](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/how-to-tell-if-a-loved-one-is-abusing-opioids/art-20386038) - [Hyperparathyroidism](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperparathyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20356194) - [Hypoparathyroidism](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20355375) - [Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284) - [Hypothyroidism and joint pain?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/expert-answers/hypothyroidism/faq-20057789) - [Hypothyroidism diet](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/expert-answers/hypothyroidism-diet/faq-20058554) - [Hypothyroidism symptoms: Can hypothyroidism cause eye problems?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/expert-answers/hypothyroidism-symptoms/faq-20058058) - [Hypothyroidism: Can calcium supplements interfere with treatment?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/expert-answers/hypothyroidism/faq-20058536) - [Hypothyroidism: Should I take iodine supplements?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/expert-answers/hypothyroidism-iodine/faq-20057929) - [Infographic: Pancreatic Cancer: Minimally Invasive Surgery](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/multimedia/minimally-invasive-pancreatic-cancer-infographic/ifg-20441211) - [Infographic: Pancreatic Cancers-Whipple](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/multimedia/pancreatic-cancers-whipple-infographic/ifg-20473414) - [Insomnia](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167) - [Insomnia treatment: Cognitive behavioral therapy instead of sleeping pills](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/in-depth/insomnia-treatment/art-20046677) - [Insomnia: How do I stay asleep?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/insomnia/faq-20057824) - [Intervention: Help a loved one overcome addiction](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/in-depth/intervention/art-20047451) - [Is depression a factor in rheumatoid arthritis?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/expert-answers/rheumatoid-arthritis-depression/faq-20119780) - [Kratom for opioid withdrawal: Does it work?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/kratom-opioid-withdrawal/art-20402170) - [Kratom: Unsafe and ineffective](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/kratom/art-20402171) - [Lack of sleep: Can it make you sick?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757) - [Lecanemab for Alzheimer's disease: An option for you?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/lecanemab/art-20548103) - [Low blood pressure (hypotension)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465) - [Male depression: Understanding the issues](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/male-depression/art-20046216) - [Managing hidradenitis suppurativa: Early treatment is crucial](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/hidradenitis-suppurativa-early-treatment/art-20168981) - [Managing other health risks when you have hidradenitis suppurativa](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/managing-other-health-risks-when-you-have-hidradenitis-suppurativa/art-20399321) - [MAOIs and diet: Is it necessary to restrict tyramine?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/maois/faq-20058035) - [Marijuana and depression](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/marijuana-and-depression/faq-20058060) - [Medication overuse headaches](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/medication-overuse-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20377083) - [Meditation: A simple, fast way to reduce stress](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/meditation/in-depth/meditation/art-20045858) - [Memory loss: When to seek help](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/memory-loss/art-20046326) - [Mental health providers: Tips on finding one](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/in-depth/mental-health-providers/art-20045530) - [Mental health: Overcoming the stigma of mental illness](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/in-depth/mental-health/art-20046477) - [Mental health: What's normal, what's not](https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/mental-health/art-20044098) - [Mental illness](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968) - [Migraine](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201) - [Migraine medicines and antidepressants](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/expert-answers/migraine-medications/faq-20058166) - [Migraine treatment: Can antidepressants help?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/expert-answers/migraine-treatment/faq-20058410) - [Migraines and gastrointestinal problems: Is there a link?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/expert-answers/migraines/faq-20058268) - [Migraines: Are they triggered by weather changes?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/expert-answers/migraine-headache/faq-20058505) - [Migraines: Simple steps to head off the pain](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/in-depth/migraines/art-20047242) - [Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mild-cognitive-impairment/symptoms-causes/syc-20354578) - [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/maois/art-20043992) - [Natural remedies for depression: Are they effective?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/natural-remedies-for-depression/faq-20058026) - [Nervous breakdown: What does it mean?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/nervous-breakdown/faq-20057830) - [New FDA-approved blood tests for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/new-blood-tests-alzheimers/art-20585060) - [Nicotine dependence](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/symptoms-causes/syc-20351584) - [Occipital nerve stimulation: Effective migraine treatment?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/expert-answers/occipital-nerve-stimulation/faq-20057788) - [Ocular migraine: When to seek help](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/expert-answers/ocular-migraine/faq-20058113) - [Opioid stewardship: What is it?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/expert-answers/opioid-stewardship/faq-20559908) - [Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20375831) - [Pain and depression: Is there a link?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/pain-and-depression/faq-20057823) - [Pancreatic cancer](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20355421) - [Perimenopause](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20354666) - [Pituitary tumors and adenomas](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pituitary-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20350548) - [Polymyalgia rheumatica](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polymyalgia-rheumatica/symptoms-causes/syc-20376539) - [Poppy seed tea: Beneficial or dangerous?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/expert-answers/poppy-seed-tea/faq-20559907) - [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/expert-answers/pmdd/faq-20058315) - [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780) - [Prescription drug abuse](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/symptoms-causes/syc-20376813) - [Prescription sleeping pills: What's right for you?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/in-depth/sleeping-pills/art-20043959) - [Progressive supranuclear palsy](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progressive-supranuclear-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20355659) - [Psychotherapy](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/psychotherapy/about/pac-20384616) - [Quit-smoking products: Boost your chance of success](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/in-depth/quit-smoking-products/art-20045599) - [Quitting smoking: 10 ways to resist tobacco cravings](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/in-depth/nicotine-craving/art-20045454) - [Reducing the discomfort of hidradenitis suppurativa: Self-care tips](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/hidradenitis-suppurativa-self-care/art-20168983) - [Restless legs syndrome](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377168) - [Salt craving: A symptom of Addison's disease?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/expert-answers/salt-craving/faq-20057988) - [Schizoaffective disorder](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizoaffective-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20354504) - [Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20364651) - [Seasonal affective disorder treatment: Choosing a light box](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/in-depth/seasonal-affective-disorder-treatment/art-20048298) - [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825) - [Sleep tips: 6 steps to better sleep](https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/sleep/art-20048379) - [Smokeless tobacco products](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/in-depth/chewing-tobacco/art-20047428) - [Soy: Does it worsen hypothyroidism?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/expert-answers/hyperthyroidism/faq-20058188) - [Staying active with hidradenitis suppurativa](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/hidradenitis-suppurativa-exercise/art-20182592) - [Stress symptoms: Effects on your body and behavior](https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987) - [Suicide grief](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/complicated-grief/in-depth/suicide/art-20044900) - [Sundowning: Late-day confusion](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/expert-answers/sundowning/faq-20058511) - [Support groups: Make connections, get help](https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/support-groups/art-20044655) - [Surgery for hidradenitis suppurativa](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/surgery-and-hidradenitis-suppurativa/art-20308339) - [Symptom Checker](https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptom-checker/select-symptom/itt-20009075) - [Tapering off opioids: When and how](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/tapering-off-opioids-when-and-how/art-20386036) - [Thyroid peroxidase antibody test: What is it?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/expert-answers/thyroid-disease/faq-20058114) - [Tianeptine: Is safe use possible?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/tianeptine-is-safe-use-possible/art-20562252) - [Tinnitus and antidepressants](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinnitus/expert-answers/tinnitus-causes/faq-20057804) - [Transcranial magnetic stimulation](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/about/pac-20384625) - [Traumatic brain injury](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557) - [Treating hidradenitis suppurativa with antibiotics and hormones](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/antibiotics-and-hidradenitis-suppurativa/art-20308337) - [Treating hidradenitis suppurativa: Explore your options](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/in-depth/treating-hidradenitis-suppurativa/art-20308335) - [Treatment-resistant depression](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/treatment-resistant-depression/art-20044324) - [Tricyclic antidepressants and tetracyclic antidepressants](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/antidepressants/art-20046983) - [Understanding the difference between dementia types](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/expert-answers/alzheimers-and-dementia-whats-the-difference/faq-20396861) - [Vagus nerve stimulation](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vagus-nerve-stimulation/about/pac-20384565) - [Valerian: A safe and effective herbal sleep aid?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/valerian/faq-20057875) - [Vascular dementia](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378793) - [Vitamin B-12 and depression](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/vitamin-b12-and-depression/faq-20058077) - [Vitamin C and mood](https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/benefits-vitamin-c/faq-20058271) - [What are opioids and why are they dangerous?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/expert-answers/what-are-opioids/faq-20381270) - [What are the signs and symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa?](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/expert-answers/hidradenitis-suppurativa-symptoms/faq-20168978) - 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Readable Markdown	Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, also called SNRIs, are a class of medicines that are effective in treating depression. They also are sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety and long-term pain, especially nerve pain. SNRIs may be helpful if you have both long-term pain and depression. How SNRIs work SNRIs ease depression by affecting chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that affect mood. SNRIs block the reabsorption, also called reuptake, of the neurotransmitters serotonin (ser-o-TOE-nin) and norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin) in the brain. Blocking reabsorption makes more of these chemicals available to help ease depression symptoms. SNRIs approved to treat depression The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also called the FDA, has approved these SNRIs to treat depression: - Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq). - Duloxetine (Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder and certain types of pain, such as fibromyalgia pain. - Levomilnacipran (Fetzima). - Venlafaxine (Effexor XR). This medicine also is approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Side effects and cautions All SNRIs work in much the same way and generally can cause the same kinds of side effects. Some people may not have any side effects. Side effects that do occur are usually mild and go away after the first few weeks of treatment. Taking medicine with food may lessen upset stomach, a common side effect. If you can't handle the side effects of one SNRI, you may have fewer side effects with a different one, as each SNRI has a different chemical makeup. The most common possible side effects of SNRIs include: - Upset stomach. - Dry mouth. - Dizziness. - Headache. - Sweating. Other possible side effects may include: - Tiredness. - Constipation. - Trouble sleeping. - Less sexual desire or trouble reaching orgasm. - Loss of appetite. The benefits of antidepressants typically outweigh the possible side effects when depression is severe. Which antidepressant is best for you depends on several factors, such as your symptoms and any other health conditions you may have. Ask your healthcare professional or pharmacist about the most common possible side effects for your specific medicine. Read the patient medication guide that comes with the prescription. Safety issues with SNRIs SNRIs are safe for most people. But sometimes they can slightly raise blood pressure, lower electrolyte levels such as sodium and worsen liver conditions. SNRIs sometimes can affect acute angle-closure glaucoma, a form of glaucoma that happens when the iris bulges and raises pressure inside the eye. Most of these safety issues can be monitored by your healthcare professional while you're taking the medicine. Talk with your healthcare professional about safety issues before you take an SNRI, including: - Medicine interactions. Tell your healthcare professional about any other prescription or nonprescription medicines, herbs or other supplements you're taking. Some antidepressants can cause dangerous reactions when taken with certain medicines or herbal products. For example, SNRIs may slightly raise your risk of bleeding, especially when you're taking other medicines that also raise the risk of bleeding. These other medicines can include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), aspirin, warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners. - Serotonin syndrome. Rarely, antidepressants can cause dangerously high levels of serotonin in the body. This is called serotonin syndrome. It happens most often when you take two medicines that both raise serotonin levels. This includes taking an SNRI with other antidepressants, certain pain or headache medicines, or the herbal supplement St. John's wort. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include anxiety, agitation, high fever, sweating, confusion, tremors, restlessness, lack of coordination, major changes in blood pressure and rapid heart rate. Get medical help right away if you have any of these symptoms. - Antidepressants and pregnancy. Some antidepressants may harm your baby if you take them during pregnancy or while you're breastfeeding. If you are pregnant, are thinking about getting pregnant or are breastfeeding, talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and possible risks of antidepressants. Don't stop taking your medicine without talking with your healthcare professional first. Suicide risk and antidepressants Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA says that all antidepressants must carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under age 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting the medicine or when the dose is changed. There has been no evidence that this increase in suicidal thoughts or behaviors has resulted in completed suicides. Anyone taking an antidepressant should be watched closely for worsening depression or unusual behavior. If you or someone you know has suicidal thoughts when taking an antidepressant, call your healthcare professional right away or get emergency help. Keep in mind that depression that's not treated is a more concerning risk factor for suicide. And antidepressants may lessen suicide risk in the long run by improving mood for many people. Stopping treatment with SNRIs Talk with your healthcare professional before you stop taking an SNRI. SNRIs are not considered habit-forming. But stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses may cause some symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome. Discontinuation symptoms can include: - Dizziness. - Headache. - Flu-like symptoms, such as tiredness, chills and muscle aches. - Irritability and restlessness. - Upset stomach. - Insomnia or sleep disturbances, such as nightmares. - Diarrhea. These symptoms may be more likely to happen with venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine, though they can happen when any SNRI is stopped suddenly. Work with your healthcare professional to slowly and safely lower your dose over time so you can stop the medicine safely. Finding the right antidepressant Each person reacts differently to a particular antidepressant. Some people may be more likely to have certain side effects. Because of this, one antidepressant may work better for you than another. When choosing an antidepressant, your healthcare professional considers your symptoms, any health issues you have, other medicines you take and what has worked for you in the past. Genes passed down in families may play a role in how antidepressants affect you. For some people, blood tests, where available, may offer clues about how their bodies may respond to a particular antidepressant. But other things besides genetics can affect your response to medicine. It may take several weeks or longer before an antidepressant has a full effect. It also may take several weeks or longer for initial side effects to ease up. Your healthcare professional may recommend dose changes or a different antidepressant. With patience, you and your healthcare professional can find a medicine that works well for you.
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