🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 57 (from laksa086)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa057.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.markpack.org.uk/148288/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.markpack.org.uk/148288/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/","crawl_time":1776182965,"first_indexed_time":1497678417,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"uk,org,markpack!www,\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/ s443","src_root_hash":"14122867460222400057","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Ward and constituency breakdown of European referendum results","meta_descriptions":["Get detailed ward-by-ward and constituency level results for the June 2016 European referendum, using a mix of actual data and modelling to fill gaps."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Both detailed ward-by-ward and constituency level results for the June 2016 European referendum are now available, using a mix of actual data and careful modelling to fill in the gaps.\nThe BBC has been investigating the details of the European referendum election results:\nSince the referendum the BBC has been trying to get the most detailed, localised voting data we could from each of the counting areas. This was a major data collection exercise carried out by my colleague George Greenwood.\nWe managed to obtain voting figures broken down into smaller geographical units for 178 of the 399 referendum counting areas (\n380 councils in England, Wales and Scotland, with a separate tally in Gibraltar\n, while in\nNorthern Ireland\nresults were issued for the 18 constituencies).\nThis varied between data for individual local government wards, wards grouped into clusters, and constituency level data. In a few cases the results supplied were even more localised than ward level. Overall the extra data covers a wide range of different areas and kinds of councils across the UK.\nElectoral returning officers are not covered by the Freedom of Information Act, so releasing the information was up to the discretion of councils. While some were very willing, in other cases it required a lot of persistence and persuasion.\nSome councils could not supply any detailed data because they mixed all ballot boxes prior to counting; some did possess more local figures but simply refused to disclose them to us. Others did provide data, but the combinations in which ballot boxes were mixed before counting were too complex to fit ward boundaries neatly.\nThe conclusion from this detailed analysis?\nThe data confirms previous indications that local results were strongly associated with the educational attainment of voters – populations with lower qualifications were significantly more likely to vote Leave. (The data for this analysis comes from one in nine wards)\nThe level of education had a higher correlation with the voting pattern than any other major demographic measure from the census\nThe age of voters was also important, with older electorates more likely to choose Leave\nEthnicity was crucial in some places, with ethnic minority areas generally more likely to back Remain. However this varied, and in parts of London some Asian populations were more likely to support Leave\nThe combination of education, age and ethnicity accounts for the large majority of the variation in votes between different places\nAcross the country and in many council districts we can point out stark contrasts between localities which most favoured Leave or Remain\nThere was a broad pattern in several urban areas of deprived, predominantly white, housing estates towards the urban periphery voting Leave, while inner cities with high numbers of ethnic minorities and\/or students voted Remain\nYou can\nread the BBC’s full analysis here\n. As for why this sort of analysis matters in particular for the Liberal Democrats,\nsee the pamphlet I wrote with David Howarth\n.\nDownload the BBC’s ward-level European referendum results here\n.\nChris Hanretty’s constituency-level estimated results for the European referendum are also available here\n. This is his third version of the results, taken from “Areal interpolation and the UK’s referendum on EU membership” by Chris Hanretty,\nJournal Of Elections, Public Opinion And Parties\n,\nhttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/17457289.2017.1287081\nUPDATE: Chris Hanretty has redone his figures for\nthe new Parliamentary constituency boundaries coming into force at the 2024 general election\n.","attrs_markdown":"![](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/tr?id=466438576792664&ev=PageView&noscript=1)\n\n[Skip to content »](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/#content \"Skip to content »\")\n\n[Mark Pack](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/)\n\nLib Dem peer and political polling expert\n\n[Political](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/browse\/political\/)\n\n# [Ward and constituency breakdown of European referendum results](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/)\nFebruary 6, 2017 - 8:54 am\n\n***Both detailed ward-by-ward and constituency level results for the June 2016 European referendum are now available, using a mix of actual data and careful modelling to fill in the gaps.***\n\nThe BBC has been investigating the details of the European referendum election results:\n\n> Since the referendum the BBC has been trying to get the most detailed, localised voting data we could from each of the counting areas. This was a major data collection exercise carried out by my colleague George Greenwood.\n> \n> We managed to obtain voting figures broken down into smaller geographical units for 178 of the 399 referendum counting areas ([380 councils in England, Wales and Scotland, with a separate tally in Gibraltar](https:\/\/www.electoralcommission.org.uk\/research-reports-and-data\/our-reports-and-data-past-elections-and-referendums\/results-and-turnout-eu-referendum), while in [Northern Ireland](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170210130205\/http:\/\/www.eoni.org.uk\/getmedia\/50595cd6-0ed8-410f-a7ee-75b46c32045d\/EU-REFERENDUM-2016-CONSTITUENCY-COUNT-TOTALS_1) results were issued for the 18 constituencies).\n> \n> This varied between data for individual local government wards, wards grouped into clusters, and constituency level data. In a few cases the results supplied were even more localised than ward level. Overall the extra data covers a wide range of different areas and kinds of councils across the UK.\n> \n> Electoral returning officers are not covered by the Freedom of Information Act, so releasing the information was up to the discretion of councils. While some were very willing, in other cases it required a lot of persistence and persuasion.\n> \n> Some councils could not supply any detailed data because they mixed all ballot boxes prior to counting; some did possess more local figures but simply refused to disclose them to us. Others did provide data, but the combinations in which ballot boxes were mixed before counting were too complex to fit ward boundaries neatly.\n\nThe conclusion from this detailed analysis?\n\n> - The data confirms previous indications that local results were strongly associated with the educational attainment of voters – populations with lower qualifications were significantly more likely to vote Leave. (The data for this analysis comes from one in nine wards)\n> - The level of education had a higher correlation with the voting pattern than any other major demographic measure from the census\n> - The age of voters was also important, with older electorates more likely to choose Leave\n> - Ethnicity was crucial in some places, with ethnic minority areas generally more likely to back Remain. However this varied, and in parts of London some Asian populations were more likely to support Leave\n> - The combination of education, age and ethnicity accounts for the large majority of the variation in votes between different places\n> - Across the country and in many council districts we can point out stark contrasts between localities which most favoured Leave or Remain\n> - There was a broad pattern in several urban areas of deprived, predominantly white, housing estates towards the urban periphery voting Leave, while inner cities with high numbers of ethnic minorities and\/or students voted Remain\n\nYou can [read the BBC’s full analysis here](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-38762034). As for why this sort of analysis matters in particular for the Liberal Democrats, [see the pamphlet I wrote with David Howarth](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/building-a-core-vote-for-the-liberal-democrats-the-20-strategy\/).\n\n- [Download the BBC’s ward-level European referendum results here](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/files\/2017\/02\/ward-results.xlsx).\n- [Chris Hanretty’s constituency-level estimated results for the European referendum are also available here](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/files\/2017\/03\/Final-estimates-of-the-Leave-vote-share-in-the-EU-referendum.xlsx). This is his third version of the results, taken from “Areal interpolation and the UK’s referendum on EU membership” by Chris Hanretty, *Journal Of Elections, Public Opinion And Parties*, [http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/17457289.2017.1287081](https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17457289.2017.1287081)\n- UPDATE: Chris Hanretty has redone his figures for [the new Parliamentary constituency boundaries coming into force at the 2024 general election](https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1mtph-ml7CYVoeEUIc1g_IbOvbiZMa_ezRGQlHQoCpF4\/edit#gid=341382343).\n\nKeep scrolling to read the next post: [£100m a year goes on Brexit civil servants... not on the NHS](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148272\/100m-goes-brexit-civil-servants-not-nhs\/)...\n\n[2016 European referendum](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/tag\/european-referendum\/), [Chris Hanretty](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/tag\/chris-hanretty\/), [European Union](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/tag\/european-union\/), [Freedom of Information](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/tag\/freedom-of-information\/)\n\n### Let others know about this post:\n- [Share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) WhatsApp](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/?share=jetpack-whatsapp)\n- [Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email](mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Ward%20and%20constituency%20breakdown%20of%20European%20referendum%20results&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.markpack.org.uk%2F148288%2Fward-level-voting-data-european-referendum%2F&share=email)\n- [Share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/?share=facebook)\n- [Share on Bluesky (Opens in new window) Bluesky](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/?share=bluesky)\n- [Share on Threads (Opens in new window) Threads](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/?share=threads)\n\n- [← £100m a year goes on Brexit civil servants… not on the NHS](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148272\/100m-goes-brexit-civil-servants-not-nhs\/)\n- [VIDEO: Lynne Featherstone on tackling Female Genital Mutilation →](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148287\/video-lynne-featherstone-on-tackling-female-genital-mutilation\/)\n\n[Menu](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/148288\/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum\/)\n\n#### Search\n#### Menu\n- [About Mark](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/about-lord-mark-pack\/)\n- [Lib Dem Newswire](https:\/\/www.libdemnewswire.com\/)\n- [The Week in Polls](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/171496\/the-week-in-polls\/)\n- [A Lord’s Eye View](https:\/\/lordseyeview.substack.com\/)\n- [Latest voting intentions](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/155623\/voting-intention-opinion-poll-scorecard\/)\n- [Never Mind The Bar 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[Click\/tap here for details.](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/legal-privacy\/)\n\nI'm happy to visit site","attrs_readable_markdown":"***Both detailed ward-by-ward and constituency level results for the June 2016 European referendum are now available, using a mix of actual data and careful modelling to fill in the gaps.***\n\nThe BBC has been investigating the details of the European referendum election results:\n\n> Since the referendum the BBC has been trying to get the most detailed, localised voting data we could from each of the counting areas. This was a major data collection exercise carried out by my colleague George Greenwood.\n> \n> We managed to obtain voting figures broken down into smaller geographical units for 178 of the 399 referendum counting areas ([380 councils in England, Wales and Scotland, with a separate tally in Gibraltar](https:\/\/www.electoralcommission.org.uk\/research-reports-and-data\/our-reports-and-data-past-elections-and-referendums\/results-and-turnout-eu-referendum), while in [Northern Ireland](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170210130205\/http:\/\/www.eoni.org.uk\/getmedia\/50595cd6-0ed8-410f-a7ee-75b46c32045d\/EU-REFERENDUM-2016-CONSTITUENCY-COUNT-TOTALS_1) results were issued for the 18 constituencies).\n> \n> This varied between data for individual local government wards, wards grouped into clusters, and constituency level data. In a few cases the results supplied were even more localised than ward level. Overall the extra data covers a wide range of different areas and kinds of councils across the UK.\n> \n> Electoral returning officers are not covered by the Freedom of Information Act, so releasing the information was up to the discretion of councils. While some were very willing, in other cases it required a lot of persistence and persuasion.\n> \n> Some councils could not supply any detailed data because they mixed all ballot boxes prior to counting; some did possess more local figures but simply refused to disclose them to us. Others did provide data, but the combinations in which ballot boxes were mixed before counting were too complex to fit ward boundaries neatly.\n\nThe conclusion from this detailed analysis?\n\n> - The data confirms previous indications that local results were strongly associated with the educational attainment of voters – populations with lower qualifications were significantly more likely to vote Leave. (The data for this analysis comes from one in nine wards)\n> - The level of education had a higher correlation with the voting pattern than any other major demographic measure from the census\n> - The age of voters was also important, with older electorates more likely to choose Leave\n> - Ethnicity was crucial in some places, with ethnic minority areas generally more likely to back Remain. However this varied, and in parts of London some Asian populations were more likely to support Leave\n> - The combination of education, age and ethnicity accounts for the large majority of the variation in votes between different places\n> - Across the country and in many council districts we can point out stark contrasts between localities which most favoured Leave or Remain\n> - There was a broad pattern in several urban areas of deprived, predominantly white, housing estates towards the urban periphery voting Leave, while inner cities with high numbers of ethnic minorities and\/or students voted Remain\n\nYou can [read the BBC’s full analysis here](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-38762034). As for why this sort of analysis matters in particular for the Liberal Democrats, [see the pamphlet I wrote with David Howarth](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/building-a-core-vote-for-the-liberal-democrats-the-20-strategy\/).\n\n- [Download the BBC’s ward-level European referendum results here](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/files\/2017\/02\/ward-results.xlsx).\n- [Chris Hanretty’s constituency-level estimated results for the European referendum are also available here](https:\/\/www.markpack.org.uk\/files\/2017\/03\/Final-estimates-of-the-Leave-vote-share-in-the-EU-referendum.xlsx). This is his third version of the results, taken from “Areal interpolation and the UK’s referendum on EU membership” by Chris Hanretty, *Journal Of Elections, Public Opinion And Parties*, [http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/17457289.2017.1287081](https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17457289.2017.1287081)\n- UPDATE: Chris Hanretty has redone his figures for [the new Parliamentary constituency boundaries coming into force at the 2024 general election](https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1mtph-ml7CYVoeEUIc1g_IbOvbiZMa_ezRGQlHQoCpF4\/edit#gid=341382343).","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

3 days ago

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Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0.1 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.markpack.org.uk/148288/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum/
Last Crawled	2026-04-14 16:09:25 (3 days ago)
First Indexed	2017-06-17 05:46:57 (8 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Ward and constituency breakdown of European referendum results
Meta Description	Get detailed ward-by-ward and constituency level results for the June 2016 European referendum, using a mix of actual data and modelling to fill gaps.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Both detailed ward-by-ward and constituency level results for the June 2016 European referendum are now available, using a mix of actual data and careful modelling to fill in the gaps. The BBC has been investigating the details of the European referendum election results: Since the referendum the BBC has been trying to get the most detailed, localised voting data we could from each of the counting areas. This was a major data collection exercise carried out by my colleague George Greenwood. We managed to obtain voting figures broken down into smaller geographical units for 178 of the 399 referendum counting areas ( 380 councils in England, Wales and Scotland, with a separate tally in Gibraltar , while in Northern Ireland results were issued for the 18 constituencies). This varied between data for individual local government wards, wards grouped into clusters, and constituency level data. In a few cases the results supplied were even more localised than ward level. Overall the extra data covers a wide range of different areas and kinds of councils across the UK. Electoral returning officers are not covered by the Freedom of Information Act, so releasing the information was up to the discretion of councils. While some were very willing, in other cases it required a lot of persistence and persuasion. Some councils could not supply any detailed data because they mixed all ballot boxes prior to counting; some did possess more local figures but simply refused to disclose them to us. Others did provide data, but the combinations in which ballot boxes were mixed before counting were too complex to fit ward boundaries neatly. The conclusion from this detailed analysis? The data confirms previous indications that local results were strongly associated with the educational attainment of voters – populations with lower qualifications were significantly more likely to vote Leave. (The data for this analysis comes from one in nine wards) The level of education had a higher correlation with the voting pattern than any other major demographic measure from the census The age of voters was also important, with older electorates more likely to choose Leave Ethnicity was crucial in some places, with ethnic minority areas generally more likely to back Remain. However this varied, and in parts of London some Asian populations were more likely to support Leave The combination of education, age and ethnicity accounts for the large majority of the variation in votes between different places Across the country and in many council districts we can point out stark contrasts between localities which most favoured Leave or Remain There was a broad pattern in several urban areas of deprived, predominantly white, housing estates towards the urban periphery voting Leave, while inner cities with high numbers of ethnic minorities and/or students voted Remain You can read the BBC’s full analysis here . As for why this sort of analysis matters in particular for the Liberal Democrats, see the pamphlet I wrote with David Howarth . Download the BBC’s ward-level European referendum results here . Chris Hanretty’s constituency-level estimated results for the European referendum are also available here . This is his third version of the results, taken from “Areal interpolation and the UK’s referendum on EU membership” by Chris Hanretty, Journal Of Elections, Public Opinion And Parties , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2017.1287081 UPDATE: Chris Hanretty has redone his figures for the new Parliamentary constituency boundaries coming into force at the 2024 general election .
Markdown	![](https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=466438576792664&ev=PageView&noscript=1) [Skip to content »](https://www.markpack.org.uk/148288/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum/#content "Skip to content »") [Mark Pack](https://www.markpack.org.uk/) Lib Dem peer and political polling expert [Political](https://www.markpack.org.uk/browse/political/) # [Ward and constituency breakdown of European referendum results](https://www.markpack.org.uk/148288/ward-level-voting-data-european-referendum/) February 6, 2017 - 8:54 am *Both detailed ward-by-ward and constituency level results for the June 2016 European referendum are now available, using a mix of actual data and careful modelling to fill in the gaps.* The BBC has been investigating the details of the European referendum election results: > Since the referendum the BBC has been trying to get the most detailed, localised voting data we could from each of the counting areas. This was a major data collection exercise carried out by my colleague George Greenwood. > > We managed to obtain voting figures broken down into smaller geographical units for 178 of the 399 referendum counting areas ([380 councils in England, Wales and Scotland, with a separate tally in Gibraltar](https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/research-reports-and-data/our-reports-and-data-past-elections-and-referendums/results-and-turnout-eu-referendum), while in [Northern Ireland](https://web.archive.org/web/20170210130205/http://www.eoni.org.uk/getmedia/50595cd6-0ed8-410f-a7ee-75b46c32045d/EU-REFERENDUM-2016-CONSTITUENCY-COUNT-TOTALS_1) results were issued for the 18 constituencies). > > This varied between data for individual local government wards, wards grouped into clusters, and constituency level data. In a few cases the results supplied were even more localised than ward level. Overall the extra data covers a wide range of different areas and kinds of councils across the UK. > > Electoral returning officers are not covered by the Freedom of Information Act, so releasing the information was up to the discretion of councils. While some were very willing, in other cases it required a lot of persistence and persuasion. > > Some councils could not supply any detailed data because they mixed all ballot boxes prior to counting; some did possess more local figures but simply refused to disclose them to us. Others did provide data, but the combinations in which ballot boxes were mixed before counting were too complex to fit ward boundaries neatly. The conclusion from this detailed analysis? > - The data confirms previous indications that local results were strongly associated with the educational attainment of voters – populations with lower qualifications were significantly more likely to vote Leave. (The data for this analysis comes from one in nine wards) > - The level of education had a higher correlation with the voting pattern than any other major demographic measure from the census > - The age of voters was also important, with older electorates more likely to choose Leave > - Ethnicity was crucial in some places, with ethnic minority areas generally more likely to back Remain. However this varied, and in parts of London some Asian populations were more likely to support Leave > - The combination of education, age and ethnicity accounts for the large majority of the variation in votes between different places > - Across the country and in many council districts we can point out stark contrasts between localities which most favoured Leave or Remain > - There was a broad pattern in several urban areas of deprived, predominantly white, housing estates towards the urban periphery voting Leave, while inner cities with high numbers of ethnic minorities and/or students voted Remain You can [read the BBC’s full analysis here](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-38762034). As for why this sort of analysis matters in particular for the Liberal Democrats, [see the pamphlet I wrote with David Howarth](https://www.markpack.org.uk/building-a-core-vote-for-the-liberal-democrats-the-20-strategy/). - [Download the BBC’s ward-level European referendum results here](https://www.markpack.org.uk/files/2017/02/ward-results.xlsx). - [Chris Hanretty’s constituency-level estimated results for the European referendum are also available here](https://www.markpack.org.uk/files/2017/03/Final-estimates-of-the-Leave-vote-share-in-the-EU-referendum.xlsx). This is his third version of the results, taken from “Areal interpolation and the UK’s referendum on EU membership” by Chris Hanretty, Journal Of Elections, Public Opinion And Parties, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2017.1287081](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17457289.2017.1287081) - UPDATE: Chris Hanretty has redone his figures for [the new Parliamentary constituency boundaries coming into force at the 2024 general election](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1mtph-ml7CYVoeEUIc1g_IbOvbiZMa_ezRGQlHQoCpF4/edit#gid=341382343). Keep scrolling to read the next post: [£100m a year goes on Brexit civil servants... not on the NHS](https://www.markpack.org.uk/148272/100m-goes-brexit-civil-servants-not-nhs/)... 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Readable Markdown	*Both detailed ward-by-ward and constituency level results for the June 2016 European referendum are now available, using a mix of actual data and careful modelling to fill in the gaps.* The BBC has been investigating the details of the European referendum election results: > Since the referendum the BBC has been trying to get the most detailed, localised voting data we could from each of the counting areas. This was a major data collection exercise carried out by my colleague George Greenwood. > > We managed to obtain voting figures broken down into smaller geographical units for 178 of the 399 referendum counting areas ([380 councils in England, Wales and Scotland, with a separate tally in Gibraltar](https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/research-reports-and-data/our-reports-and-data-past-elections-and-referendums/results-and-turnout-eu-referendum), while in [Northern Ireland](https://web.archive.org/web/20170210130205/http://www.eoni.org.uk/getmedia/50595cd6-0ed8-410f-a7ee-75b46c32045d/EU-REFERENDUM-2016-CONSTITUENCY-COUNT-TOTALS_1) results were issued for the 18 constituencies). > > This varied between data for individual local government wards, wards grouped into clusters, and constituency level data. In a few cases the results supplied were even more localised than ward level. Overall the extra data covers a wide range of different areas and kinds of councils across the UK. > > Electoral returning officers are not covered by the Freedom of Information Act, so releasing the information was up to the discretion of councils. While some were very willing, in other cases it required a lot of persistence and persuasion. > > Some councils could not supply any detailed data because they mixed all ballot boxes prior to counting; some did possess more local figures but simply refused to disclose them to us. Others did provide data, but the combinations in which ballot boxes were mixed before counting were too complex to fit ward boundaries neatly. The conclusion from this detailed analysis? > - The data confirms previous indications that local results were strongly associated with the educational attainment of voters – populations with lower qualifications were significantly more likely to vote Leave. (The data for this analysis comes from one in nine wards) > - The level of education had a higher correlation with the voting pattern than any other major demographic measure from the census > - The age of voters was also important, with older electorates more likely to choose Leave > - Ethnicity was crucial in some places, with ethnic minority areas generally more likely to back Remain. However this varied, and in parts of London some Asian populations were more likely to support Leave > - The combination of education, age and ethnicity accounts for the large majority of the variation in votes between different places > - Across the country and in many council districts we can point out stark contrasts between localities which most favoured Leave or Remain > - There was a broad pattern in several urban areas of deprived, predominantly white, housing estates towards the urban periphery voting Leave, while inner cities with high numbers of ethnic minorities and/or students voted Remain You can [read the BBC’s full analysis here](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-38762034). As for why this sort of analysis matters in particular for the Liberal Democrats, [see the pamphlet I wrote with David Howarth](https://www.markpack.org.uk/building-a-core-vote-for-the-liberal-democrats-the-20-strategy/). - [Download the BBC’s ward-level European referendum results here](https://www.markpack.org.uk/files/2017/02/ward-results.xlsx). - [Chris Hanretty’s constituency-level estimated results for the European referendum are also available here](https://www.markpack.org.uk/files/2017/03/Final-estimates-of-the-Leave-vote-share-in-the-EU-referendum.xlsx). This is his third version of the results, taken from “Areal interpolation and the UK’s referendum on EU membership” by Chris Hanretty, Journal Of Elections, Public Opinion And Parties, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2017.1287081](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17457289.2017.1287081) - UPDATE: Chris Hanretty has redone his figures for [the new Parliamentary constituency boundaries coming into force at the 2024 general election](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1mtph-ml7CYVoeEUIc1g_IbOvbiZMa_ezRGQlHQoCpF4/edit#gid=341382343).
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