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1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 17 (from laksa087)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa017.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.makeuseof.com/javascript-creating-functions/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.makeuseof.com/javascript-creating-functions/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/javascript-creating-functions\/","crawl_time":1756074308,"first_indexed_time":1676836307,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,makeuseof!www,\/javascript-creating-functions\/ s443","src_root_hash":"8015183094204371817","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Creating Functions in JavaScript","meta_descriptions":["JavaScript is an unusual language, with many complexities. Naturally, it gives you more than one way to make a function."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"A function is a reusable piece of code that runs when you invoke it. Functions allow you to reuse code, making it more modular and easier to maintain. There are several ways to create functions in JavaScript. Here you will learn the different ways to create functions and how to use them. \n                        Function Declarations: The Straightforward Way\n                One way you can create functions in JavaScript is through function declarations. A function declaration is a function in JavaScript that follows the syntax below. function functionName ( parameters )  { return \"This is a function declaration\" ; } The components of the code block above include: \n                                        The  function  keyword: This keyword declares a function.\n                         functionName : This is the name of the function. In practice, it should be as descriptive and meaningful as possible, indicating what the function does.\n                         parameters : This represents the function parameters. Parameters are an optional list of variables that you can pass to a function when you call it.\n                         \n                                        The function body: This contains the code that the function will run when you call it. It's surrounded by curly braces  {}  and can contain any valid JavaScript code.\n                         \n                                        The  return  statement: This statement stops a function’s execution and returns the specified value. In the case above, calling the function would return the string “This is a function declaration”.\n                         For example, the function declaration below takes three numbers as parameters and returns their sum. function addThreeNumbers ( a, b, c )  { return  a + b + c; } To call a function declaration in JavaScript, write the function name followed by a set of parentheses  () . If the function takes any parameters, pass them as arguments within the parentheses. For example: addThreeNumbers( 1 ,  2 ,  3 )   The code block above calls the  addThreeNumber  functions and passes 1, 2, and 3 as arguments to the function. If you run this code, it will return the value 6. JavaScript hoists  function declarations, meaning you can call them before you define them. For example: isHoisted();   function isHoisted ( )  { console .log( \"Function is hoisted\" ); return true ; } As shown in the code block above, calling  isHoisted  before defining it would not throw an error. \n                        Function Expressions: Functions as Values\n                In JavaScript, you can define a function as an expression. You can then assign the function value to a variable or use it as an argument to another function. They are also known as anonymous functions since they have no names, and you can only call them from the variable you assigned them to. Below is the syntax for a function expression: const  functionName =  function  ( )  { return \"Function expression\" ; }; To call a function expression in JavaScript, write the variable name you assigned to the function followed by a set of parentheses  () . If the function takes any parameters, pass them as arguments within the parentheses. For example: functionName();   Function expressions are handy when creating functions that run in other functions. Typical examples include event handlers and their callbacks. For example: button.addEventListener( \"click\" ,  function  ( event )  { console .log( \"You clicked a button!\" ); }); The example above used a function expression that takes an  event  argument as a callback to the  addEventListener  function. You don't have to call the function explicitly when you use a function expression as a callback. It automatically gets called by its parent function. In the case above, when the event listener receives a  click  event, it calls the callback function and passes the  event  object as an argument. Unlike function declarations, function expressions are not hoisted, so you can’t call them before you define them. Trying to access a function expression before you define it will result in a  ReferenceError . For example: isHoisted();   const  isHoisted =  function  ( )  { console .log( \"Function is hoisted\" ); }; \n                        Arrow Functions: Compact and Limited\n                ES6 introduced a shorthand for writing anonymous functions in JavaScript called arrow functions. They have a concise syntax that can make your code more readable, especially when dealing with short, single-line functions. Unlike other methods of creating functions, arrow functions don't require the  function  keyword. An arrow function expression consists of three parts: \n                                        A pair of parentheses ( () ) containing the parameters. You can omit the parentheses if the function only has one parameter.\n                         \n                                        An arrow ( => ), which consists of an equal sign ( = ) and a greater than sign ( > ).\n                         \n                                        A pair of curly braces containing the function body. You can omit the curly braces if the function consists of a single expression.\n                         For example: const  functionName =  parameter  => console .log( \"Single parameter arrow function\" ) const  functionName =  ( parameter_1, parameter_2 ) =>  { return \"Multiple parameter arrow function\" }; When you omit the curly braces, the arrow function implicitly returns the single expression, so there’s no need for the  return  keyword. On the other hand, if you don't omit the curly braces, you have to explicitly return a value using the  return  keyword. Arrow functions also have a different  this  binding compared to regular functions. In regular functions, the value of  this  depends on how you call the function. In an arrow function,  this  is always bound to the  this  value of the surrounding scope. For example: const  foo = {   name:  \"Dave\" ,   greet:  function  ( )  {     setTimeout( ()  =>  { console .log( `Hello, my name is  ${ this .name} ` );     },  1000 );   }, }; foo.greet();   In the example above, the arrow function inside the  greet  method has access to  this.name , even though the  setTimeout  function calls it. A normal function would have its  this  bound to the global object. \n                        Immediately Invoked Function Expressions (IIFEs)\n                As the name implies, an immediately invoked function (IIFE) is a function that runs as soon as its defined. Here’s the structure of an IIFE: ( function  ( )  { })(); ( ()  =>  { })(); ( function  ( param_1, param_2 )  { console .log(param_1 * param_2); })( 2 ,  3 ); An IIFE consists of a function expression wrapped inside a pair of parentheses. Follow it with a pair of parentheses outside the enclosure to invoke the function. You can use IIFEs to create scopes, hide implementation details, and share data between multiple scripts. They were once used as a  module system in JavaScript . \n                        Creating a Function in Many Different Ways\n                Understanding how to create functions in JavaScript is crucial. This is true for a basic function that carries out a simple computation or a sophisticated function that interacts with other parts of your code. You can use the techniques discussed above to build functions in JavaScript and structure and organize your code. Select the approach that best suits your demands, as each has various benefits and applications.","attrs_markdown":"Menu\n\n[![MUO logo](https:\/\/static0.makeuseofimages.com\/assets\/images\/muo-logo-full-colored-light.svg?v=3.0)](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/)\n\nSign in now\n\nClose\n\n- - PC & Mobile Submenu\n    - [Windows](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/windows\/)\n    - [Android](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/google-android\/)\n    - [iPhone](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/ios\/)\n  - Technical Submenu\n    - [Tech Explained](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/technology-explained\/)\n    - [Security](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/security\/)\n  - Lifestyle Submenu\n    - [Productivity](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/productivity\/)\n    - [Creative](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/creative\/)\n  - [Entertainment](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/entertainment\/)\n    Submenu\n    - [Streaming](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/streaming\/)\n    - [Internet](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/web-based\/)\n  - [Home](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/home\/)\n  - [News](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/news\/)\n  - [Free Cheat Sheets](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/cheat-sheet\/)\n\n- [Sign in](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/javascript-creating-functions\/)\n- [Newsletter](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/page\/newsletter\/)\n\n[Windows 11](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/windows-11\/)\n\n[ChatGPT](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/chatgpt\/)\n\n[iPhone Help](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/iphone-troubleshooting\/)\n\n[Facebook Help](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/facebook\/)\n\n[Avoiding Scams](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/scam\/)\n\n[Emojis Explained](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/top-emojis-explained-cheat-sheet\/)\n\n[Free Movie Streaming](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/free-movie-streaming-sites-no-sign-up\/)\n\nClose\n\n# Creating Functions in JavaScript\n![4](https:\/\/static1.makeuseofimages.com\/wordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fauthors%2F649ec93f1b7b1-david-client-1-colored.jpg?fit=crop&w=90&h=90)\n\nBy  [David Ekete](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/author\/david-ekete\/)\n\nPublished Feb 18, 2023\n\nFollow\n\nFollowed\n\nLike\n\nLink copied to clipboard\n\n[Sign in to your MUO account]()\n\n![A close-up of some example JavaScript code showing an anonymous function.](https:\/\/static1.makeuseofimages.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/example-javascript-code.jpg)\n\nNo Attribution - \\[Unsplash\\](https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/g5jpH62pwes)\n\nA function is a reusable piece of code that runs when you invoke it. Functions allow you to reuse code, making it more modular and easier to maintain.\n\nThere are several ways to create functions in JavaScript. Here you will learn the different ways to create functions and how to use them.\n\n## Function Declarations: The Straightforward Way\nOne way you can create functions in JavaScript is through function declarations. A function declaration is a function in JavaScript that follows the syntax below.\n```\n\n```\nThe components of the code block above include:\n\n- The **function** keyword: This keyword declares a function.\n- **functionName**: This is the name of the function. In practice, it should be as descriptive and meaningful as possible, indicating what the function does.\n- **parameters**: This represents the function parameters. Parameters are an optional list of variables that you can pass to a function when you call it.\n- The function body: This contains the code that the function will run when you call it. It's surrounded by curly braces **{}** and can contain any valid JavaScript code.\n- The **return** statement: This statement stops a function’s execution and returns the specified value. In the case above, calling the function would return the string “This is a function declaration”.\n\nFor example, the function declaration below takes three numbers as parameters and returns their sum.\n```\n\n```\nTo call a function declaration in JavaScript, write the function name followed by a set of parentheses **()**. If the function takes any parameters, pass them as arguments within the parentheses.\n\nFor example:\n```\n        addThreeNumbers(1, 2, 3)  \/\/ 6\n```\nThe code block above calls the **addThreeNumber** functions and passes 1, 2, and 3 as arguments to the function. If you run this code, it will return the value 6.\n\n[JavaScript hoists](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/javascript-hoisting\/) function declarations, meaning you can call them before you define them.\n\nFor example:\n```\n\n```\nAs shown in the code block above, calling **isHoisted** before defining it would not throw an error.\n\n## Function Expressions: Functions as Values\nIn JavaScript, you can define a function as an expression. You can then assign the function value to a variable or use it as an argument to another function.\n\nThey are also known as anonymous functions since they have no names, and you can only call them from the variable you assigned them to.\n\nBelow is the syntax for a function expression:\n```\n\n```\nTo call a function expression in JavaScript, write the variable name you assigned to the function followed by a set of parentheses **()**. If the function takes any parameters, pass them as arguments within the parentheses.\n\nFor example:\n```\n        functionName();  \/\/ Function expression\n```\nFunction expressions are handy when creating functions that run in other functions. Typical examples include event handlers and their callbacks.\n\nFor example:\n```\n\n```\nThe example above used a function expression that takes an **event** argument as a callback to the **addEventListener** function. You don't have to call the function explicitly when you use a function expression as a callback. It automatically gets called by its parent function.\n\nIn the case above, when the event listener receives a **click** event, it calls the callback function and passes the **event** object as an argument.\n\nUnlike function declarations, function expressions are not hoisted, so you can’t call them before you define them. Trying to access a function expression before you define it will result in a **ReferenceError**.\n\nFor example:\n```\n\n```\n## Arrow Functions: Compact and Limited\nES6 introduced a shorthand for writing anonymous functions in JavaScript called arrow functions. They have a concise syntax that can make your code more readable, especially when dealing with short, single-line functions.\n\nUnlike other methods of creating functions, arrow functions don't require the **function** keyword. An arrow function expression consists of three parts:\n\n- A pair of parentheses (**()**) containing the parameters. You can omit the parentheses if the function only has one parameter.\n- An arrow (**\\=\\>**), which consists of an equal sign (**\\=**) and a greater than sign (**\\>**).\n- A pair of curly braces containing the function body. You can omit the curly braces if the function consists of a single expression.\n\nFor example:\n```\n\n```\nWhen you omit the curly braces, the arrow function implicitly returns the single expression, so there’s no need for the **return** keyword. On the other hand, if you don't omit the curly braces, you have to explicitly return a value using the **return** keyword.\n\nArrow functions also have a different **this** binding compared to regular functions. In regular functions, the value of **this** depends on how you call the function. In an arrow function, **this** is always bound to the **this** value of the surrounding scope.\n\nFor example:\n```\n\n```\nIn the example above, the arrow function inside the **greet** method has access to **this.name**, even though the **setTimeout** function calls it. A normal function would have its **this** bound to the global object.\n\n## Immediately Invoked Function Expressions (IIFEs)\nAs the name implies, an immediately invoked function (IIFE) is a function that runs as soon as its defined.\n\nHere’s the structure of an IIFE:\n```\n\n```\nAn IIFE consists of a function expression wrapped inside a pair of parentheses. Follow it with a pair of parentheses outside the enclosure to invoke the function.\n\nYou can use IIFEs to create scopes, hide implementation details, and share data between multiple scripts. They were once used as a [module system in JavaScript](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/javascript-module-systems\/).\n\n## Creating a Function in Many Different Ways\nUnderstanding how to create functions in JavaScript is crucial. This is true for a basic function that carries out a simple computation or a sophisticated function that interacts with other parts of your code.\n\nYou can use the techniques discussed above to build functions in JavaScript and structure and organize your code. Select the approach that best suits your demands, as each has various benefits and applications.\n\n- [Programming](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/category\/programming\/ \"Programming\")\n- [JavaScript](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/javascript\/ \"JavaScript\")\n- [Programming](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/programming\/ \"Programming\")\n\nFollow\n\nFollowed\n\nLike\n\nShare\n\n[Facebook](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeuseof.com%2Fjavascript-creating-functions%2F%2F&src=sdkpreparse)   [X](https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Creating%20Functions%20in%20JavaScript&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeuseof.com%2Fjavascript-creating-functions%2F)   [LinkedIn](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeuseof.com%2Fjavascript-creating-functions%2F&title=Creating%20Functions%20in%20JavaScript&source=www.makeuseof.com&summary=JavaScript%20is%20an%20unusual%20language%2C%20with%20many%20complexities.%20Naturally%2C%20it%20gives%20you%20more%20than%20one%20way%20to%20make%20a%20function.)   [Reddit](https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeuseof.com%2Fjavascript-creating-functions%2F)   [Flipboard](http:\/\/share.flipboard.com\/bookmarklet\/popout?v=2&title=Creating%20Functions%20in%20JavaScript&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeuseof.com%2Fjavascript-creating-functions%2F&utm_campaign=tools&utm_medium=article-share&utm_source=www.makeuseof.com)   [Copy link]()   [Email](<mailto:?Subject=Creating Functions in JavaScript&Body=Check%20this%20out%21%0Ahttps:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/javascript-creating-functions\/>)\n\nClose\n\nRecommended\n\n[![javascript-arrow-functions](https:\/\/static1.makeuseofimages.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/javascript-arrow-functions.jpg?q=50&fit=crop&w=420&h=260&dpr=1.5)](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/javascript-arrow-functions\/)\n\n##### [JavaScript Arrow Functions Can Make You a Better Developer](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/javascript-arrow-functions\/ \"JavaScript Arrow Functions Can Make You a Better Developer\")\n[JavaScript](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/javascript\/ \"JavaScript\")\n\nWant to be better at web development? 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URL	https://www.makeuseof.com/javascript-creating-functions/
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Meta Title	Creating Functions in JavaScript
Meta Description	JavaScript is an unusual language, with many complexities. Naturally, it gives you more than one way to make a function.
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Boilerpipe Text	A function is a reusable piece of code that runs when you invoke it. Functions allow you to reuse code, making it more modular and easier to maintain. There are several ways to create functions in JavaScript. Here you will learn the different ways to create functions and how to use them. Function Declarations: The Straightforward Way One way you can create functions in JavaScript is through function declarations. A function declaration is a function in JavaScript that follows the syntax below. function functionName ( parameters ) { return "This is a function declaration" ; } The components of the code block above include: The function keyword: This keyword declares a function. functionName : This is the name of the function. In practice, it should be as descriptive and meaningful as possible, indicating what the function does. parameters : This represents the function parameters. Parameters are an optional list of variables that you can pass to a function when you call it. The function body: This contains the code that the function will run when you call it. It's surrounded by curly braces {} and can contain any valid JavaScript code. The return statement: This statement stops a function’s execution and returns the specified value. In the case above, calling the function would return the string “This is a function declaration”. For example, the function declaration below takes three numbers as parameters and returns their sum. function addThreeNumbers ( a, b, c ) { return a + b + c; } To call a function declaration in JavaScript, write the function name followed by a set of parentheses () . If the function takes any parameters, pass them as arguments within the parentheses. For example: addThreeNumbers( 1 , 2 , 3 ) The code block above calls the addThreeNumber functions and passes 1, 2, and 3 as arguments to the function. If you run this code, it will return the value 6. JavaScript hoists function declarations, meaning you can call them before you define them. For example: isHoisted(); function isHoisted ( ) { console .log( "Function is hoisted" ); return true ; } As shown in the code block above, calling isHoisted before defining it would not throw an error. Function Expressions: Functions as Values In JavaScript, you can define a function as an expression. You can then assign the function value to a variable or use it as an argument to another function. They are also known as anonymous functions since they have no names, and you can only call them from the variable you assigned them to. Below is the syntax for a function expression: const functionName = function ( ) { return "Function expression" ; }; To call a function expression in JavaScript, write the variable name you assigned to the function followed by a set of parentheses () . If the function takes any parameters, pass them as arguments within the parentheses. For example: functionName(); Function expressions are handy when creating functions that run in other functions. Typical examples include event handlers and their callbacks. For example: button.addEventListener( "click" , function ( event ) { console .log( "You clicked a button!" ); }); The example above used a function expression that takes an event argument as a callback to the addEventListener function. You don't have to call the function explicitly when you use a function expression as a callback. It automatically gets called by its parent function. In the case above, when the event listener receives a click event, it calls the callback function and passes the event object as an argument. Unlike function declarations, function expressions are not hoisted, so you can’t call them before you define them. Trying to access a function expression before you define it will result in a ReferenceError . For example: isHoisted(); const isHoisted = function ( ) { console .log( "Function is hoisted" ); }; Arrow Functions: Compact and Limited ES6 introduced a shorthand for writing anonymous functions in JavaScript called arrow functions. They have a concise syntax that can make your code more readable, especially when dealing with short, single-line functions. Unlike other methods of creating functions, arrow functions don't require the function keyword. An arrow function expression consists of three parts: A pair of parentheses ( () ) containing the parameters. You can omit the parentheses if the function only has one parameter. An arrow ( => ), which consists of an equal sign ( = ) and a greater than sign ( > ). A pair of curly braces containing the function body. You can omit the curly braces if the function consists of a single expression. For example: const functionName = parameter => console .log( "Single parameter arrow function" ) const functionName = ( parameter_1, parameter_2 ) => { return "Multiple parameter arrow function" }; When you omit the curly braces, the arrow function implicitly returns the single expression, so there’s no need for the return keyword. On the other hand, if you don't omit the curly braces, you have to explicitly return a value using the return keyword. Arrow functions also have a different this binding compared to regular functions. In regular functions, the value of this depends on how you call the function. In an arrow function, this is always bound to the this value of the surrounding scope. For example: const foo = { name: "Dave" , greet: function ( ) { setTimeout( () => { console .log( `Hello, my name is ${ this .name} ` ); }, 1000 ); }, }; foo.greet(); In the example above, the arrow function inside the greet method has access to this.name , even though the setTimeout function calls it. A normal function would have its this bound to the global object. Immediately Invoked Function Expressions (IIFEs) As the name implies, an immediately invoked function (IIFE) is a function that runs as soon as its defined. Here’s the structure of an IIFE: ( function ( ) { })(); ( () => { })(); ( function ( param_1, param_2 ) { console .log(param_1 * param_2); })( 2 , 3 ); An IIFE consists of a function expression wrapped inside a pair of parentheses. Follow it with a pair of parentheses outside the enclosure to invoke the function. You can use IIFEs to create scopes, hide implementation details, and share data between multiple scripts. They were once used as a module system in JavaScript . Creating a Function in Many Different Ways Understanding how to create functions in JavaScript is crucial. This is true for a basic function that carries out a simple computation or a sophisticated function that interacts with other parts of your code. You can use the techniques discussed above to build functions in JavaScript and structure and organize your code. Select the approach that best suits your demands, as each has various benefits and applications.
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Functions allow you to reuse code, making it more modular and easier to maintain. There are several ways to create functions in JavaScript. Here you will learn the different ways to create functions and how to use them. ## Function Declarations: The Straightforward Way One way you can create functions in JavaScript is through function declarations. A function declaration is a function in JavaScript that follows the syntax below. ``` ``` The components of the code block above include: - The function keyword: This keyword declares a function. - functionName: This is the name of the function. In practice, it should be as descriptive and meaningful as possible, indicating what the function does. - parameters: This represents the function parameters. Parameters are an optional list of variables that you can pass to a function when you call it. - The function body: This contains the code that the function will run when you call it. It's surrounded by curly braces {} and can contain any valid JavaScript code. - The return statement: This statement stops a function’s execution and returns the specified value. In the case above, calling the function would return the string “This is a function declaration”. For example, the function declaration below takes three numbers as parameters and returns their sum. ``` ``` To call a function declaration in JavaScript, write the function name followed by a set of parentheses (). If the function takes any parameters, pass them as arguments within the parentheses. For example: ``` addThreeNumbers(1, 2, 3) // 6 ``` The code block above calls the addThreeNumber functions and passes 1, 2, and 3 as arguments to the function. If you run this code, it will return the value 6. [JavaScript hoists](https://www.makeuseof.com/javascript-hoisting/) function declarations, meaning you can call them before you define them. For example: ``` ``` As shown in the code block above, calling isHoisted before defining it would not throw an error. ## Function Expressions: Functions as Values In JavaScript, you can define a function as an expression. You can then assign the function value to a variable or use it as an argument to another function. They are also known as anonymous functions since they have no names, and you can only call them from the variable you assigned them to. Below is the syntax for a function expression: ``` ``` To call a function expression in JavaScript, write the variable name you assigned to the function followed by a set of parentheses (). If the function takes any parameters, pass them as arguments within the parentheses. For example: ``` functionName(); // Function expression ``` Function expressions are handy when creating functions that run in other functions. Typical examples include event handlers and their callbacks. For example: ``` ``` The example above used a function expression that takes an event argument as a callback to the addEventListener function. You don't have to call the function explicitly when you use a function expression as a callback. It automatically gets called by its parent function. In the case above, when the event listener receives a click event, it calls the callback function and passes the event object as an argument. Unlike function declarations, function expressions are not hoisted, so you can’t call them before you define them. Trying to access a function expression before you define it will result in a ReferenceError. For example: ``` ``` ## Arrow Functions: Compact and Limited ES6 introduced a shorthand for writing anonymous functions in JavaScript called arrow functions. They have a concise syntax that can make your code more readable, especially when dealing with short, single-line functions. Unlike other methods of creating functions, arrow functions don't require the function keyword. An arrow function expression consists of three parts: - A pair of parentheses (()) containing the parameters. You can omit the parentheses if the function only has one parameter. - An arrow (\=\>), which consists of an equal sign (\=) and a greater than sign (\>). - A pair of curly braces containing the function body. You can omit the curly braces if the function consists of a single expression. For example: ``` ``` When you omit the curly braces, the arrow function implicitly returns the single expression, so there’s no need for the return keyword. On the other hand, if you don't omit the curly braces, you have to explicitly return a value using the return keyword. Arrow functions also have a different this binding compared to regular functions. In regular functions, the value of this depends on how you call the function. In an arrow function, this is always bound to the this value of the surrounding scope. For example: ``` ``` In the example above, the arrow function inside the greet method has access to this.name, even though the setTimeout function calls it. A normal function would have its this bound to the global object. ## Immediately Invoked Function Expressions (IIFEs) As the name implies, an immediately invoked function (IIFE) is a function that runs as soon as its defined. Here’s the structure of an IIFE: ``` ``` An IIFE consists of a function expression wrapped inside a pair of parentheses. Follow it with a pair of parentheses outside the enclosure to invoke the function. You can use IIFEs to create scopes, hide implementation details, and share data between multiple scripts. They were once used as a [module system in JavaScript](https://www.makeuseof.com/javascript-module-systems/). ## Creating a Function in Many Different Ways Understanding how to create functions in JavaScript is crucial. This is true for a basic function that carries out a simple computation or a sophisticated function that interacts with other parts of your code. You can use the techniques discussed above to build functions in JavaScript and structure and organize your code. 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