🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 188 (from laksa076)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa188.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.livemint.com/science/news/what-is-covid-19-brain-fog-what-causes-it-11666672533007.html\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.livemint.com/science/news/what-is-covid-19-brain-fog-what-causes-it-11666672533007.html\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/science\/news\/what-is-covid-19-brain-fog-what-causes-it-11666672533007.html","crawl_time":1776678552,"first_indexed_time":1666674005,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,livemint!www,\/science\/news\/what-is-covid-19-brain-fog-what-causes-it-11666672533007.html s443","src_root_hash":"1893191970873670588","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"What is Covid-19 brain fog? What causes it? | Mint","meta_descriptions":["Brain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms"],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":" The COVID pandemic has introduced many scientific and medical terms into our everyday language. Many of us are now fluent in conversations about viral strains, PCR tests and mortality rates. “Brain fog” has joined these ranks to describe a now-familiar symptom of COVID and long COVID.\nBut what exactly is brain fog, and is it limited to COVID?\nIt is what it sounds like\nBrain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms. Brain fog is what doctors refer to as “cognitive dysfunction”. This describes problems with closely linked tasks such as concentration, information processing, memory, thinking and reasoning, and making sense of language.\nBrain fog is exactly what it sounds like: a feeling something like being shrouded by a thick fog, not quite able to grasp ideas, feeling confused or disoriented, and having trouble concentrating or recalling memories.\nSufferers describe experiences with brain fog as lapses in memory and concentration, with some saying they “put food on the gas stove and walked away for over an hour, only noticing when they were burning”.\nOther people say they “forget how to do normal routines like running a meeting at work”.\nBrain fog can make even simple tasks like grocery shopping very difficult: navigating the car park, remembering a list of items to buy, switching attention between products and prices, and reading ingredients can be confusing, overwhelming and exhausting.\nBrain fog can be unpleasant in the short term, but over time can make it difficult to work and maintain social activities. Brain fog can also take a toll on relationships, and change the way we see ourselves personally and professionally.\nOne recent study asked people with long COVID about their experiences with brain fog. They reported feeling guilt and shame, especially about how brain fog had affected their ability to return to work and their relationships.\nWhile the symptoms of brain fog can be similar to those experienced by people with Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions associated with older age, brain fog can affect people of any age. Brain fog doesn’t usually worsen over time, and may not last forever.\nLinked to COVID\nBrain fog was one of the most common symptoms to emerge in the first months of the COVID pandemic.\nRecent reports suggest 20-30% of people have brain fog three months after infection. Up to 85% of people with long COVID also have brain fog.\nAlthough we’re hearing a lot about brain fog in relation to COVID, people experience the symptom with many other diseases and disorders.\nScientists aren’t sure whether the same biological processes underpin brain fog in different illnesses; however, brain fog is common among people recovering from traumatic brain injury, experiencing persistent post-concussion symptoms, with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, HIV, postural tachycardia syndrome, lupus, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, and as a side-effect of chemotherapy. People with coeliac disease may even experience brain fog after consuming gluten. It’s also been reported as a symptom of menopause.\nWhat causes it?\nWhile COVID may cause shrinkage of some brain areas, brain fog itself has not been linked to brain volume changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.\nHowever, a new case report of two people found that while they had normal clinical MRI findings, they also had decreases in oxygen use in a specific part of the brain called the cingulate cortex. This area, within the limbic system, is thought to be involved in attention and memory.\nThere isn’t one single test for brain fog, so it can be difficult to diagnose. Although there are combinations of tests that can be used, formal testing may not always be helpful because symptoms can look different for each person, and some days may be worse than others.\nHow do you know if you have it?\nTraditional assessments can test a person’s executive function and cognitive status. But findings have been mixed in people with brain fog due to COVID.\nSome studies have found more problems with attention and executive function in people who have had COVID. Cognitive deficits linked to brain fog have also been reported as worse for those with more severe COVID infection.\nBut other researchers have found standard cognitive screening tests don’t show good specificity for brain fog (that is, they might not detect the absence of the condition and produce false negatives) and may not determine the severity of brain fog.\nA new study suggested conflicting findings in studies on brain fog might be due to the brain functions assessed by different tests. People with both mild and more severe cases of COVID might experience problems with processing speed, reasoning, verbal and overall performance, but no problems with memory. So studies that use tests for memory are less likely to show the effects of brain fog, no matter the severity.\nOutside of scientific studies, brain fog diagnosis is most likely to be based on the symptoms and experiences people report once other causes, such as not sleeping enough, stress or hormonal changes, have been ruled out.\nIf you think you may be experiencing brain fog, it would be worthwhile to note down your symptoms and track them over several weeks, alongside any changes in stress, diet or sleep. This information can help your doctor understand your symptoms and help you manage them.\nHow to manage\nFor people experiencing brain fog, developing coping strategies and prioritising time to rest may help to manage symptoms. Coping strategies could involve making lists, using visual reminders (such as calendars, digital alerts and timers), and altering work duties where possible.\nClinical trials are underway for naltrexone, a medication used for alcohol and opioid drug addition, which has shown promise in reducing brain fog. While not currently available as a brain fog treatment in Australia, initial research in Ireland shows it is safe and effective in low doses.\nAside from getting enough sleep, people are often encouraged to approach recovery from brain fog holistically. This means looking at their entire health picture and prioritising exercise and a healthy diet. If you are concerned about brain fog, your GP can refer you to a neurologist or neuropsychologist for further assessment and management. \nBy Sarah Hellewell , Curtin University","attrs_markdown":"![](https:\/\/sb.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=6035286&cv=4.4.0&cj=1)\n\n[![mint](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/lm-img\/images\/logo-mint2.png)](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/)\n\n[![mint](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/lm-img\/images\/logo-mint2.png)](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/)\n\nSubscribe\n\nSign in\n\n[View Market Dashboard](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats)\n\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/)\n- [Markets](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market)\n  - [Market News](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market)\n  - [Stock Markets](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/stock-market-news)\n  - [IPO](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/ipo)\n  - [US Markets](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/us-market)\n  - [Mark to Market](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/mark-to-market)\n  - [Bonds](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/bonds)\n  - 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What causes it?\n## Brain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms\n[**Sarah Hellewell**](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/authors\/sarah-hellewell)( with inputs from PTI)\n\nPublished25 Oct 2022, 10:29 AM IST\n\n![A health worker takes a swab sample from a man to test for the Covid-19 ](https:\/\/images.livemint.com\/img\/2022\/10\/25\/382x214\/Coronavirus_1666673937959_1666673938373_1666673938373.jpg)\n\nA health worker takes a swab sample from a man to test for the Covid-19 **(AFP)**\n\nThe COVID pandemic has introduced many scientific and medical terms into our everyday language. Many of us are now fluent in conversations about viral strains, PCR tests and mortality rates. “Brain fog” has joined these ranks to describe a now-familiar symptom of COVID and long COVID.\n\n**But what exactly is brain fog, and is it limited to COVID?**\n\nIt is what it sounds like\n\nBrain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms. Brain fog is what doctors refer to as “cognitive dysfunction”. This describes problems with closely linked tasks such as concentration, information processing, memory, thinking and reasoning, and making sense of language.\n\nBrain fog is exactly what it sounds like: a feeling something like being shrouded by a thick fog, not quite able to grasp ideas, feeling confused or disoriented, and having trouble concentrating or recalling memories.\n\nSufferers describe experiences with brain fog as lapses in memory and concentration, with some saying they “put food on the gas stove and walked away for over an hour, only noticing when they were burning”.\n\nOther people say they “forget how to do normal routines like running a meeting at work”.\n\nBrain fog can make even simple tasks like grocery shopping very difficult: navigating the car park, remembering a list of items to buy, switching attention between products and prices, and reading ingredients can be confusing, overwhelming and exhausting.\n\nBrain fog can be unpleasant in the short term, but over time can make it difficult to work and maintain social activities. Brain fog can also take a toll on relationships, and change the way we see ourselves personally and professionally.\n\nOne recent study asked people with long COVID about their experiences with brain fog. They reported feeling guilt and shame, especially about how brain fog had affected their ability to return to work and their relationships.\n\nWhile the symptoms of brain fog can be similar to those experienced by people with Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions associated with older age, brain fog can affect people of any age. Brain fog doesn’t usually worsen over time, and may not last forever.\n\n**Linked to COVID**\n\nBrain fog was one of the most common symptoms to emerge in the first months of the COVID pandemic.\n\nRecent reports suggest 20-30% of people have brain fog three months after infection. Up to 85% of people with long COVID also have brain fog.\n\nAlthough we’re hearing a lot about brain fog in relation to COVID, people experience the symptom with many other diseases and disorders.\n\nScientists aren’t sure whether the same biological processes underpin brain fog in different illnesses; however, brain fog is common among people recovering from traumatic brain injury, experiencing persistent post-concussion symptoms, with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, HIV, postural tachycardia syndrome, lupus, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, and as a side-effect of chemotherapy. People with coeliac disease may even experience brain fog after consuming gluten. It’s also been reported as a symptom of menopause.\n\n**What causes it?**\n\nWhile COVID may cause shrinkage of some brain areas, brain fog itself has not been linked to brain volume changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.\n\nHowever, a new case report of two people found that while they had normal clinical MRI findings, they also had decreases in oxygen use in a specific part of the brain called the cingulate cortex. This area, within the limbic system, is thought to be involved in attention and memory.\n\nThere isn’t one single test for brain fog, so it can be difficult to diagnose. Although there are combinations of tests that can be used, formal testing may not always be helpful because symptoms can look different for each person, and some days may be worse than others.\n\n**How do you know if you have it?**\n\nTraditional assessments can test a person’s executive function and cognitive status. But findings have been mixed in people with brain fog due to COVID.\n\nSome studies have found more problems with attention and executive function in people who have had COVID. Cognitive deficits linked to brain fog have also been reported as worse for those with more severe COVID infection.\n\nBut other researchers have found standard cognitive screening tests don’t show good specificity for brain fog (that is, they might not detect the absence of the condition and produce false negatives) and may not determine the severity of brain fog.\n\nA new study suggested conflicting findings in studies on brain fog might be due to the brain functions assessed by different tests. People with both mild and more severe cases of COVID might experience problems with processing speed, reasoning, verbal and overall performance, but no problems with memory. So studies that use tests for memory are less likely to show the effects of brain fog, no matter the severity.\n\nOutside of scientific studies, brain fog diagnosis is most likely to be based on the symptoms and experiences people report once other causes, such as not sleeping enough, stress or hormonal changes, have been ruled out.\n\nIf you think you may be experiencing brain fog, it would be worthwhile to note down your symptoms and track them over several weeks, alongside any changes in stress, diet or sleep. This information can help your doctor understand your symptoms and help you manage them.\n\n**How to manage**\n\nFor people experiencing brain fog, developing coping strategies and prioritising time to rest may help to manage symptoms. Coping strategies could involve making lists, using visual reminders (such as calendars, digital alerts and timers), and altering work duties where possible.\n\nClinical trials are underway for naltrexone, a medication used for alcohol and opioid drug addition, which has shown promise in reducing brain fog. While not currently available as a brain fog treatment in Australia, initial research in Ireland shows it is safe and effective in low doses.\n\nAside from getting enough sleep, people are often encouraged to approach recovery from brain fog holistically. This means looking at their entire health picture and prioritising exercise and a healthy diet. If you are concerned about brain fog, your GP can refer you to a neurologist or neuropsychologist for further assessment and management.\n\n*By Sarah Hellewell , Curtin University*\n\nCatch all the [Business News](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/), [Market News](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market), [Breaking News](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news) Events and [Latest News](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/latest-news) Updates on Live Mint. Download The [Mint News App](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/mint-apps) to get Daily Market Updates.\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/)[Science](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/science)[News](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/science\/news)What is Covid-19 brain fog? 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LIVE](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/stock-market-news\/stock-market-today-sensex-today-nifty-gold-rate-today-us-iran-ceasefire-crude-oil-prices-rbi-policy-trump-8-april-2026-11775613946261.html) [RBI MPC Meeting 2026 LIVE](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/stock-market-news\/rbi-mpc-meeting-2026-live-updates-sanjay-malhotra-repo-rate-cut-interest-rate-monetary-policy-latest-news-8-april-2026-11775580959588.html) [US Iran War LIVE](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/world\/us-israel-iran-war-live-updates-donald-trump-strait-of-hormuz-oil-prices-benjamin-netanyahu-middle-east-conflict-news-11775435995214.html) [Assembly Election 2026](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/elections\/assembly-elections\/assembly-elections-2026-live-updates-campaign-ends-kerala-assam-puducherry-7-april-2026-11775529443818.html) [Orange Cap in IPL 2026](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/sports\/cricket-news\/ipl-orange-cap) [Mint Money](https:\/\/www.livemintmoney.com\/) [Livemint Hindi](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/hindi) [Bank Holidays in Gujarat](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/bank-holidays-india\/gujarat) [Bank Holidays in Delhi](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/bank-holidays-india\/delhi)  [Income Tax Calculator 2026](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/tools-calculators\/income-tax-calculator) [Bank Holidays in Jammu And Kashmir](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/bank-holidays-india\/jammu-and-kashmir) [Gold Rate in Bangalore](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/bangalore) [Gold Rate in Chennai](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/chennai) [Gold Rate in Hyderabad](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/hyderabad) [Gold Rate in Mumbai](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/mumbai) [Gold Rate Today](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices)\n\n## Nifty 50 companies\n[ADANI ENTERPRISES share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-adani-enterprises-share-price-nse-bse-s0003094)[ADANI PORTS share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-adani-ports-special-economic-zone-share-price-nse-bse-s0003086)[APOLLO HOSPITALS share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-apollo-hospitals-enterprise-share-price-nse-bse-s0003104)[ASIAN PAINTS share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-asian-paints-share-price-nse-bse-s0003079)[AXIS BANK share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-axis-bank-share-price-nse-bse-s0003048)[BAJAJ AUTO share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-bajaj-auto-share-price-nse-bse-s0003120)[BAJAJ FINANCE share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-bajaj-finance-share-price-nse-bse-s0003015)[BAJAJ FINSERVE share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-bajaj-finserve-share-price-nse-bse-s0003036)[BPCL share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-bharat-petroleum-corporation-share-price-nse-bse-s0003060)[BHARTI AIRTEL share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-bharti-airtel-share-price-nse-bse-s0003039)[BRITANNIA share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-britannia-industries-share-price-nse-bse-s0003082)[CIPLA share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-cipla-share-price-nse-bse-s0003049)[COAL INDIA share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-coal-india-share-price-nse-bse-s0003044)[DIVIS LABORATORIES share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-divis-laboratories-share-price-nse-bse-s0003081)[DR REDDYS LABORATORIES share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-dr-reddys-laboratories-share-price-nse-bse-s0003058)[EICHER MOTORS share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-eicher-motors-share-price-nse-bse-s0003093)[GRASIM INDUSTRIES share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-grasim-industries-share-price-nse-bse-s0003182)[HCL TECHNOLOGIES share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-hcl-technologies-share-price-nse-bse-s0003045)[HDFC BANK share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-hdfc-bank-share-price-nse-bse-s0003020)[HDFC LIFE share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-hdfc-life-insurance-company-share-price-nse-bse-s0003103)[HERO MOTOCORP share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-hero-motocorp-share-price-nse-bse-s0003088)[HINDALCO INDUSTRIES share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-hindalco-industries-share-price-nse-bse-s0003072)[HINDUSTAN UNILEVER share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-hindustan-unilever-share-price-nse-bse-s0003053)[ICICI BANK share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-icici-bank-share-price-nse-bse-s0003019)[ITC share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-itc-share-price-nse-bse-s0003028)[INDUSIND BANK share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-indusind-bank-share-price-nse-bse-s0003023)[INFOSYS share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-infosys-share-price-nse-bse-s0003032)[JSW STEEL share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-jsw-steel-share-price-nse-bse-s0003097)[KOTAK BANK share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-kotak-mahindra-bank-share-price-nse-bse-s0003043)[LARSEN & TOURBO share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-larsen-toubro-share-price-nse-bse-s0003025)[MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-mahindra-mahindra-share-price-nse-bse-s0003059)[MARUTI SUZUKI share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-maruti-suzuki-india-share-price-nse-bse-s0003046)[NTPC share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-ntpc-share-price-nse-bse-s0003057)[NESTLE INDIA share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-nestle-india-share-price-nse-bse-s0003095)[ONGC share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-oil-natural-gas-corporation-share-price-nse-bse-s0003030)[POWER GRID share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-power-grid-corporation-of-india-share-price-nse-bse-s0003068)[RELIANCE INDUSTRIES share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-reliance-industries-share-price-nse-bse-s0003018)[SBI LIFE share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-sbi-life-insurance-company-share-price-nse-bse-s0003216)[SBI share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-state-bank-of-india-share-price-nse-bse-s0003016)[SUN PHARMA share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-sun-pharmaceutical-industries-share-price-nse-bse-s0003089)[TCS share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-tata-consultancy-services-share-price-nse-bse-s0003051)[TATA MOTORS share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-tata-motors-share-price-nse-bse-s0003022)[TATA STEEL share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-tata-steel-share-price-nse-bse-s0003026)[TATA CONSUMER share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-tataconsumer-share-price-nse-bse-s0003126)[TECH MAHINDRA share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-tech-mahindra-share-price-nse-bse-s0003115)[TITAN share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-titan-company-share-price-nse-bse-s0003074)[UPL share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-upl-share-price-nse-bse-s0003029)[ULTRATECH CEMENT share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-ultratech-cement-share-price-nse-bse-s0003075)[WIPRO share price](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/market-stats\/stocks-wipro-share-price-nse-bse-s0003105)\n\n## Gold and Silver Data Pages\n[Gold Rate Delhi](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/delhi)[Silver Rate Delhi](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/delhi)[Gold Rate Noida](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/noida)[Silver Rate Noida](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/noida)[Gold Rate Mumbai](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/mumbai)[Silver Rate Mumbai](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/mumbai)[Gold Rate Chennai](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/chennai)[Silver Rate Chennai](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/chennai)[Gold Rate Bangalore](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/bangalore)[Silver Rate Bangalore](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/bangalore)[Gold Rate Kolkata](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/kolkata)[Silver Rate Kolkata](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/kolkata)[Gold Rate Hyderabad](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/hyderabad)[Silver Rate Hyderabad](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/hyderabad)[Gold Rate Ahmedabad](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/ahmedabad)[Silver Rate Ahmedabad](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/ahmedabad)[Gold Rate Pune](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/pune)[Silver Rate Pune](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/silver-prices\/pune)[Gold Rate Jaipur](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/gold-prices\/jaipur)[Silver 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result: What happened in DC vs GT clash?](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/sports\/cricket-news\/yesterday-dc-vs-gt-ipl-2026-match-result-what-happened-in-delhi-capitals-vs-gujarat-titans-april-8-clash-highlights-11775676265882.html) [North Korea Conducted Test of Electromagnetic Weapon System, KCNA Says](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/world\/northkorea-conducted-test-of-electromagnetic-weapon-system-kcna-says-11775690072514.html) [Gold Steadies as Traders Weigh Fragile Ceasefire in Iran War](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/gold-steadies-as-traders-weigh-fragile-ceasefire-in-iran-war-11775689644530.html) [IPL: SRHs Klaasen says he is 'not worried' about poor record against CSK](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/sports\/ipl-srhs-klaasen-says-he-is-not-worried-about-poor-record-against-csk-11775687623685.html) [Korean Stocks, Won Surge as Iran Ceasefire Spurs Relief Rally](https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/market\/korean-stocks-won-surge-as-iran-ceasefire-spurs-relief-rally-11775687369767.html) 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All Rights Reserved.","attrs_readable_markdown":"The COVID pandemic has introduced many scientific and medical terms into our everyday language. Many of us are now fluent in conversations about viral strains, PCR tests and mortality rates. “Brain fog” has joined these ranks to describe a now-familiar symptom of COVID and long COVID.\n\n**But what exactly is brain fog, and is it limited to COVID?**\n\nIt is what it sounds like\n\nBrain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms. Brain fog is what doctors refer to as “cognitive dysfunction”. This describes problems with closely linked tasks such as concentration, information processing, memory, thinking and reasoning, and making sense of language.\n\nBrain fog is exactly what it sounds like: a feeling something like being shrouded by a thick fog, not quite able to grasp ideas, feeling confused or disoriented, and having trouble concentrating or recalling memories.\n\nSufferers describe experiences with brain fog as lapses in memory and concentration, with some saying they “put food on the gas stove and walked away for over an hour, only noticing when they were burning”.\n\nOther people say they “forget how to do normal routines like running a meeting at work”.\n\nBrain fog can make even simple tasks like grocery shopping very difficult: navigating the car park, remembering a list of items to buy, switching attention between products and prices, and reading ingredients can be confusing, overwhelming and exhausting.\n\nBrain fog can be unpleasant in the short term, but over time can make it difficult to work and maintain social activities. Brain fog can also take a toll on relationships, and change the way we see ourselves personally and professionally.\n\nOne recent study asked people with long COVID about their experiences with brain fog. They reported feeling guilt and shame, especially about how brain fog had affected their ability to return to work and their relationships.\n\nWhile the symptoms of brain fog can be similar to those experienced by people with Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions associated with older age, brain fog can affect people of any age. Brain fog doesn’t usually worsen over time, and may not last forever.\n\n**Linked to COVID**\n\nBrain fog was one of the most common symptoms to emerge in the first months of the COVID pandemic.\n\nRecent reports suggest 20-30% of people have brain fog three months after infection. Up to 85% of people with long COVID also have brain fog.\n\nAlthough we’re hearing a lot about brain fog in relation to COVID, people experience the symptom with many other diseases and disorders.\n\nScientists aren’t sure whether the same biological processes underpin brain fog in different illnesses; however, brain fog is common among people recovering from traumatic brain injury, experiencing persistent post-concussion symptoms, with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, HIV, postural tachycardia syndrome, lupus, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, and as a side-effect of chemotherapy. People with coeliac disease may even experience brain fog after consuming gluten. It’s also been reported as a symptom of menopause.\n\n**What causes it?**\n\nWhile COVID may cause shrinkage of some brain areas, brain fog itself has not been linked to brain volume changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.\n\nHowever, a new case report of two people found that while they had normal clinical MRI findings, they also had decreases in oxygen use in a specific part of the brain called the cingulate cortex. This area, within the limbic system, is thought to be involved in attention and memory.\n\nThere isn’t one single test for brain fog, so it can be difficult to diagnose. Although there are combinations of tests that can be used, formal testing may not always be helpful because symptoms can look different for each person, and some days may be worse than others.\n\n**How do you know if you have it?**\n\nTraditional assessments can test a person’s executive function and cognitive status. But findings have been mixed in people with brain fog due to COVID.\n\nSome studies have found more problems with attention and executive function in people who have had COVID. Cognitive deficits linked to brain fog have also been reported as worse for those with more severe COVID infection.\n\nBut other researchers have found standard cognitive screening tests don’t show good specificity for brain fog (that is, they might not detect the absence of the condition and produce false negatives) and may not determine the severity of brain fog.\n\nA new study suggested conflicting findings in studies on brain fog might be due to the brain functions assessed by different tests. People with both mild and more severe cases of COVID might experience problems with processing speed, reasoning, verbal and overall performance, but no problems with memory. So studies that use tests for memory are less likely to show the effects of brain fog, no matter the severity.\n\nOutside of scientific studies, brain fog diagnosis is most likely to be based on the symptoms and experiences people report once other causes, such as not sleeping enough, stress or hormonal changes, have been ruled out.\n\nIf you think you may be experiencing brain fog, it would be worthwhile to note down your symptoms and track them over several weeks, alongside any changes in stress, diet or sleep. This information can help your doctor understand your symptoms and help you manage them.\n\n**How to manage**\n\nFor people experiencing brain fog, developing coping strategies and prioritising time to rest may help to manage symptoms. Coping strategies could involve making lists, using visual reminders (such as calendars, digital alerts and timers), and altering work duties where possible.\n\nClinical trials are underway for naltrexone, a medication used for alcohol and opioid drug addition, which has shown promise in reducing brain fog. While not currently available as a brain fog treatment in Australia, initial research in Ireland shows it is safe and effective in low doses.\n\nAside from getting enough sleep, people are often encouraged to approach recovery from brain fog holistically. This means looking at their entire health picture and prioritising exercise and a healthy diet. If you are concerned about brain fog, your GP can refer you to a neurologist or neuropsychologist for further assessment and management.\n\n*By Sarah Hellewell , Curtin University*","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"","ml_types_json":"","ml_intent_types_json":"","meta_language":"en","attrs_author":null,"attrs_publish_time":1666673999,"attrs_original_publish_time":1666673999,"attrs_is_republished":0,"attrs_nr_words":"2253","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"1034","body_ext_links_number":36,"body_int_links_number":253,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":0,"props_was_rendered":0,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":375,"download_ttfb_msec":292,"download_size":35645}

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Meta Title	What is Covid-19 brain fog? What causes it? \| Mint
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Boilerpipe Text	The COVID pandemic has introduced many scientific and medical terms into our everyday language. Many of us are now fluent in conversations about viral strains, PCR tests and mortality rates. “Brain fog” has joined these ranks to describe a now-familiar symptom of COVID and long COVID. But what exactly is brain fog, and is it limited to COVID? It is what it sounds like Brain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms. Brain fog is what doctors refer to as “cognitive dysfunction”. This describes problems with closely linked tasks such as concentration, information processing, memory, thinking and reasoning, and making sense of language. Brain fog is exactly what it sounds like: a feeling something like being shrouded by a thick fog, not quite able to grasp ideas, feeling confused or disoriented, and having trouble concentrating or recalling memories. Sufferers describe experiences with brain fog as lapses in memory and concentration, with some saying they “put food on the gas stove and walked away for over an hour, only noticing when they were burning”. Other people say they “forget how to do normal routines like running a meeting at work”. Brain fog can make even simple tasks like grocery shopping very difficult: navigating the car park, remembering a list of items to buy, switching attention between products and prices, and reading ingredients can be confusing, overwhelming and exhausting. Brain fog can be unpleasant in the short term, but over time can make it difficult to work and maintain social activities. Brain fog can also take a toll on relationships, and change the way we see ourselves personally and professionally. One recent study asked people with long COVID about their experiences with brain fog. They reported feeling guilt and shame, especially about how brain fog had affected their ability to return to work and their relationships. While the symptoms of brain fog can be similar to those experienced by people with Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions associated with older age, brain fog can affect people of any age. Brain fog doesn’t usually worsen over time, and may not last forever. Linked to COVID Brain fog was one of the most common symptoms to emerge in the first months of the COVID pandemic. Recent reports suggest 20-30% of people have brain fog three months after infection. Up to 85% of people with long COVID also have brain fog. Although we’re hearing a lot about brain fog in relation to COVID, people experience the symptom with many other diseases and disorders. Scientists aren’t sure whether the same biological processes underpin brain fog in different illnesses; however, brain fog is common among people recovering from traumatic brain injury, experiencing persistent post-concussion symptoms, with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, HIV, postural tachycardia syndrome, lupus, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, and as a side-effect of chemotherapy. People with coeliac disease may even experience brain fog after consuming gluten. It’s also been reported as a symptom of menopause. What causes it? While COVID may cause shrinkage of some brain areas, brain fog itself has not been linked to brain volume changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. However, a new case report of two people found that while they had normal clinical MRI findings, they also had decreases in oxygen use in a specific part of the brain called the cingulate cortex. This area, within the limbic system, is thought to be involved in attention and memory. There isn’t one single test for brain fog, so it can be difficult to diagnose. Although there are combinations of tests that can be used, formal testing may not always be helpful because symptoms can look different for each person, and some days may be worse than others. How do you know if you have it? Traditional assessments can test a person’s executive function and cognitive status. But findings have been mixed in people with brain fog due to COVID. Some studies have found more problems with attention and executive function in people who have had COVID. Cognitive deficits linked to brain fog have also been reported as worse for those with more severe COVID infection. But other researchers have found standard cognitive screening tests don’t show good specificity for brain fog (that is, they might not detect the absence of the condition and produce false negatives) and may not determine the severity of brain fog. A new study suggested conflicting findings in studies on brain fog might be due to the brain functions assessed by different tests. People with both mild and more severe cases of COVID might experience problems with processing speed, reasoning, verbal and overall performance, but no problems with memory. So studies that use tests for memory are less likely to show the effects of brain fog, no matter the severity. Outside of scientific studies, brain fog diagnosis is most likely to be based on the symptoms and experiences people report once other causes, such as not sleeping enough, stress or hormonal changes, have been ruled out. If you think you may be experiencing brain fog, it would be worthwhile to note down your symptoms and track them over several weeks, alongside any changes in stress, diet or sleep. This information can help your doctor understand your symptoms and help you manage them. How to manage For people experiencing brain fog, developing coping strategies and prioritising time to rest may help to manage symptoms. Coping strategies could involve making lists, using visual reminders (such as calendars, digital alerts and timers), and altering work duties where possible. Clinical trials are underway for naltrexone, a medication used for alcohol and opioid drug addition, which has shown promise in reducing brain fog. While not currently available as a brain fog treatment in Australia, initial research in Ireland shows it is safe and effective in low doses. Aside from getting enough sleep, people are often encouraged to approach recovery from brain fog holistically. This means looking at their entire health picture and prioritising exercise and a healthy diet. If you are concerned about brain fog, your GP can refer you to a neurologist or neuropsychologist for further assessment and management. By Sarah Hellewell , Curtin University
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What causes it? ## Brain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms [Sarah Hellewell](https://www.livemint.com/authors/sarah-hellewell)( with inputs from PTI) Published25 Oct 2022, 10:29 AM IST ![A health worker takes a swab sample from a man to test for the Covid-19 ](https://images.livemint.com/img/2022/10/25/382x214/Coronavirus_1666673937959_1666673938373_1666673938373.jpg) A health worker takes a swab sample from a man to test for the Covid-19 (AFP) The COVID pandemic has introduced many scientific and medical terms into our everyday language. Many of us are now fluent in conversations about viral strains, PCR tests and mortality rates. “Brain fog” has joined these ranks to describe a now-familiar symptom of COVID and long COVID. But what exactly is brain fog, and is it limited to COVID? It is what it sounds like Brain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms. Brain fog is what doctors refer to as “cognitive dysfunction”. This describes problems with closely linked tasks such as concentration, information processing, memory, thinking and reasoning, and making sense of language. Brain fog is exactly what it sounds like: a feeling something like being shrouded by a thick fog, not quite able to grasp ideas, feeling confused or disoriented, and having trouble concentrating or recalling memories. Sufferers describe experiences with brain fog as lapses in memory and concentration, with some saying they “put food on the gas stove and walked away for over an hour, only noticing when they were burning”. Other people say they “forget how to do normal routines like running a meeting at work”. Brain fog can make even simple tasks like grocery shopping very difficult: navigating the car park, remembering a list of items to buy, switching attention between products and prices, and reading ingredients can be confusing, overwhelming and exhausting. Brain fog can be unpleasant in the short term, but over time can make it difficult to work and maintain social activities. Brain fog can also take a toll on relationships, and change the way we see ourselves personally and professionally. One recent study asked people with long COVID about their experiences with brain fog. They reported feeling guilt and shame, especially about how brain fog had affected their ability to return to work and their relationships. While the symptoms of brain fog can be similar to those experienced by people with Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions associated with older age, brain fog can affect people of any age. Brain fog doesn’t usually worsen over time, and may not last forever. Linked to COVID Brain fog was one of the most common symptoms to emerge in the first months of the COVID pandemic. Recent reports suggest 20-30% of people have brain fog three months after infection. Up to 85% of people with long COVID also have brain fog. Although we’re hearing a lot about brain fog in relation to COVID, people experience the symptom with many other diseases and disorders. Scientists aren’t sure whether the same biological processes underpin brain fog in different illnesses; however, brain fog is common among people recovering from traumatic brain injury, experiencing persistent post-concussion symptoms, with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, HIV, postural tachycardia syndrome, lupus, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, and as a side-effect of chemotherapy. People with coeliac disease may even experience brain fog after consuming gluten. It’s also been reported as a symptom of menopause. What causes it? While COVID may cause shrinkage of some brain areas, brain fog itself has not been linked to brain volume changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. However, a new case report of two people found that while they had normal clinical MRI findings, they also had decreases in oxygen use in a specific part of the brain called the cingulate cortex. This area, within the limbic system, is thought to be involved in attention and memory. There isn’t one single test for brain fog, so it can be difficult to diagnose. Although there are combinations of tests that can be used, formal testing may not always be helpful because symptoms can look different for each person, and some days may be worse than others. How do you know if you have it? Traditional assessments can test a person’s executive function and cognitive status. But findings have been mixed in people with brain fog due to COVID. Some studies have found more problems with attention and executive function in people who have had COVID. Cognitive deficits linked to brain fog have also been reported as worse for those with more severe COVID infection. But other researchers have found standard cognitive screening tests don’t show good specificity for brain fog (that is, they might not detect the absence of the condition and produce false negatives) and may not determine the severity of brain fog. A new study suggested conflicting findings in studies on brain fog might be due to the brain functions assessed by different tests. People with both mild and more severe cases of COVID might experience problems with processing speed, reasoning, verbal and overall performance, but no problems with memory. So studies that use tests for memory are less likely to show the effects of brain fog, no matter the severity. Outside of scientific studies, brain fog diagnosis is most likely to be based on the symptoms and experiences people report once other causes, such as not sleeping enough, stress or hormonal changes, have been ruled out. If you think you may be experiencing brain fog, it would be worthwhile to note down your symptoms and track them over several weeks, alongside any changes in stress, diet or sleep. This information can help your doctor understand your symptoms and help you manage them. How to manage For people experiencing brain fog, developing coping strategies and prioritising time to rest may help to manage symptoms. Coping strategies could involve making lists, using visual reminders (such as calendars, digital alerts and timers), and altering work duties where possible. Clinical trials are underway for naltrexone, a medication used for alcohol and opioid drug addition, which has shown promise in reducing brain fog. While not currently available as a brain fog treatment in Australia, initial research in Ireland shows it is safe and effective in low doses. Aside from getting enough sleep, people are often encouraged to approach recovery from brain fog holistically. This means looking at their entire health picture and prioritising exercise and a healthy diet. If you are concerned about brain fog, your GP can refer you to a neurologist or neuropsychologist for further assessment and management. By Sarah Hellewell , Curtin University Catch all the [Business News](https://www.livemint.com/), [Market News](https://www.livemint.com/market), [Breaking News](https://www.livemint.com/news) Events and [Latest News](https://www.livemint.com/latest-news) Updates on Live Mint. Download The [Mint News App](https://www.livemint.com/mint-apps) to get Daily Market Updates. [Home](https://www.livemint.com/)[Science](https://www.livemint.com/science)[News](https://www.livemint.com/science/news)What is Covid-19 brain fog? What causes it? 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Readable Markdown	The COVID pandemic has introduced many scientific and medical terms into our everyday language. Many of us are now fluent in conversations about viral strains, PCR tests and mortality rates. “Brain fog” has joined these ranks to describe a now-familiar symptom of COVID and long COVID. But what exactly is brain fog, and is it limited to COVID? It is what it sounds like Brain fog is not a medical diagnosis, but rather the description patients tend to use for their symptoms. Brain fog is what doctors refer to as “cognitive dysfunction”. This describes problems with closely linked tasks such as concentration, information processing, memory, thinking and reasoning, and making sense of language. Brain fog is exactly what it sounds like: a feeling something like being shrouded by a thick fog, not quite able to grasp ideas, feeling confused or disoriented, and having trouble concentrating or recalling memories. Sufferers describe experiences with brain fog as lapses in memory and concentration, with some saying they “put food on the gas stove and walked away for over an hour, only noticing when they were burning”. Other people say they “forget how to do normal routines like running a meeting at work”. Brain fog can make even simple tasks like grocery shopping very difficult: navigating the car park, remembering a list of items to buy, switching attention between products and prices, and reading ingredients can be confusing, overwhelming and exhausting. Brain fog can be unpleasant in the short term, but over time can make it difficult to work and maintain social activities. Brain fog can also take a toll on relationships, and change the way we see ourselves personally and professionally. One recent study asked people with long COVID about their experiences with brain fog. They reported feeling guilt and shame, especially about how brain fog had affected their ability to return to work and their relationships. While the symptoms of brain fog can be similar to those experienced by people with Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions associated with older age, brain fog can affect people of any age. Brain fog doesn’t usually worsen over time, and may not last forever. Linked to COVID Brain fog was one of the most common symptoms to emerge in the first months of the COVID pandemic. Recent reports suggest 20-30% of people have brain fog three months after infection. Up to 85% of people with long COVID also have brain fog. Although we’re hearing a lot about brain fog in relation to COVID, people experience the symptom with many other diseases and disorders. Scientists aren’t sure whether the same biological processes underpin brain fog in different illnesses; however, brain fog is common among people recovering from traumatic brain injury, experiencing persistent post-concussion symptoms, with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, HIV, postural tachycardia syndrome, lupus, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, and as a side-effect of chemotherapy. People with coeliac disease may even experience brain fog after consuming gluten. It’s also been reported as a symptom of menopause. What causes it? While COVID may cause shrinkage of some brain areas, brain fog itself has not been linked to brain volume changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. However, a new case report of two people found that while they had normal clinical MRI findings, they also had decreases in oxygen use in a specific part of the brain called the cingulate cortex. This area, within the limbic system, is thought to be involved in attention and memory. There isn’t one single test for brain fog, so it can be difficult to diagnose. Although there are combinations of tests that can be used, formal testing may not always be helpful because symptoms can look different for each person, and some days may be worse than others. How do you know if you have it? Traditional assessments can test a person’s executive function and cognitive status. But findings have been mixed in people with brain fog due to COVID. Some studies have found more problems with attention and executive function in people who have had COVID. Cognitive deficits linked to brain fog have also been reported as worse for those with more severe COVID infection. But other researchers have found standard cognitive screening tests don’t show good specificity for brain fog (that is, they might not detect the absence of the condition and produce false negatives) and may not determine the severity of brain fog. A new study suggested conflicting findings in studies on brain fog might be due to the brain functions assessed by different tests. People with both mild and more severe cases of COVID might experience problems with processing speed, reasoning, verbal and overall performance, but no problems with memory. So studies that use tests for memory are less likely to show the effects of brain fog, no matter the severity. Outside of scientific studies, brain fog diagnosis is most likely to be based on the symptoms and experiences people report once other causes, such as not sleeping enough, stress or hormonal changes, have been ruled out. If you think you may be experiencing brain fog, it would be worthwhile to note down your symptoms and track them over several weeks, alongside any changes in stress, diet or sleep. This information can help your doctor understand your symptoms and help you manage them. How to manage For people experiencing brain fog, developing coping strategies and prioritising time to rest may help to manage symptoms. Coping strategies could involve making lists, using visual reminders (such as calendars, digital alerts and timers), and altering work duties where possible. Clinical trials are underway for naltrexone, a medication used for alcohol and opioid drug addition, which has shown promise in reducing brain fog. While not currently available as a brain fog treatment in Australia, initial research in Ireland shows it is safe and effective in low doses. Aside from getting enough sleep, people are often encouraged to approach recovery from brain fog holistically. This means looking at their entire health picture and prioritising exercise and a healthy diet. If you are concerned about brain fog, your GP can refer you to a neurologist or neuropsychologist for further assessment and management. By Sarah Hellewell , Curtin University
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