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Nieman](https://www.jacksonlewis.com/people/matthew-f-nieman) [PDF](https://www.jacksonlewis.com/pdf/insight/10368) Consistent with legislative trends, Virginia weighed in further on the nationwide marijuana debate by enacting two new comprehensive cannabis-related laws. The first prohibits [discipline for employee’s medical use of cannabis oil](https://casetext.com/statute/code-of-virginia/title-401-labor-and-employment/chapter-3-protection-of-employees/article-1-general-provisions/section-401-274-effective-712021-discipline-for-employees-medicinal-use-of-cannabis-oil-prohibited). The second is an omnibus bill permitting all individuals over the age of 21 to [lawfully possess recreational marijuana](https://lis.virginia.gov/000/cannabisbillsub.pdf). All provisions go into effect on July 1, 2021. #### Background After years of silence in the marijuana debate, in 2020, Virginia [decriminalized simple marijuana possession](https://www.jacksonlewis.com/publication/virginia-enacts-wage-theft-non-compete-laws-amidst-flurry-new-employee-protections) offenses and prohibited employers from requiring job applicants to [disclose past charges for marijuana possession](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/19.2-389.3). In 2021, lawmakers extended protections to stop adverse employment actions against cannabis oil users and to legalize recreational marijuana. #### Medical Use of Cannabis Oil Cannabis oil users will have increased employment protections beginning July 1, 2021. New [§ 40.1-27.4](https://casetext.com/statute/code-of-virginia/title-401-labor-and-employment/chapter-3-protection-of-employees/article-1-general-provisions/section-401-274-effective-712021-discipline-for-employees-medicinal-use-of-cannabis-oil-prohibited) prohibits employers from discharging, disciplining, or discriminating against an employee for their lawful use of cannabis oil with a valid written certification issued by a doctor. These restrictions apply *only* to the medical use of cannabis oil, *not* medical marijuana. The law explains that employers can still take adverse action against an employee for any work impairments caused by the use of cannabis oil and prohibit possession of cannabis oil during work hours. The scope of this exception is not yet known. Although cannabis oil was previously authorized by Virginia lawmakers to [treat a medical condition](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/54.1-3408.3/), the new law provides no new guidance as to whether employers must allow an employee to use cannabis oil during work hours if offered by a doctor as a reasonable accommodation for an employee’s disability or if the use of cannabis oil during work hours is unreasonable *per se*. Additionally, the law states that nothing in this provision requires employers to commit any act in violation of federal law or that would lead to the loss of a federal contract or federal funding. This may mean that federal contractors who must comply with drug-free workplace laws are exempt from this provision. The law also does not require any defense industrial base sector employer or prospective employer to hire or retain any applicant or employee who tests positive for THC in excess of 50 ng/ml for a urine test or 10 pg/mg for a hair test. #### Recreational Marijuana Legalization Includes Expanded Expungement Governor Northam signed into law [S.B. 1406](https://lis.virginia.gov/000/cannabisbillsub.pdf) to allow adults over the age of 21 to possess one ounce of marijuana under Virginia law starting July 1, 2021. The legislation establishes the Virginia Cannabis Control Authority to legalize, tax, and regulate recreational marijuana use. The new law also makes fundamental changes to expungement rules related to past marijuana convictions. Previously, the only offenses eligible for expungement were acquittals, certain dismissals, and charges formally not pursued by prosecutors. As a result of this new legislation, all misdemeanor violations are expunged and the Virginia State Police is directed to determine no later than July 1, 2025, which marijuana-related offenses will be automatically expunged from the state’s record. Felony marijuana charges are also implicated by the new law. Any person can petition to expunge a felony marijuana conviction, and, if successful, the conviction is permanently erased. An employer cannot then require an applicant to answer any question related to any arrest, criminal charge, conviction, or civil offense that has been expunged. The law also limits the dissemination of information related to marijuana offenses. Private employers that are not subject to federal laws or regulations in the hiring process cannot require in any application, interview, or otherwise an applicant to disclose information when the record is not open for public inspection. This law does *not* stop employers from prohibiting marijuana in the workplace. Despite this state-level legislation, the federal government still considers marijuana an illegal drug pursuant to the [Controlled Substances Act](https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/811.htm). While some employers may choose to revisit their policies about off-hours marijuana use considering this development, nothing stops employers from drug testing and prohibiting marijuana use under federal law. At a minimum, employers should consider how they want to message their expectations to their workforce considering the swirling — and often contradictory — information and messages regarding cannabis use and the workplace. Marijuana legalization continues to be a fast-moving area of the law and information is still developing. Please contact a Jackson Lewis attorney with any questions about these fundamental changes in Virginia law or any other legal issues. (Summer law clerks Felicia Kalkman and Alyssa Testo contributed significantly to this article.) ©2021 Jackson Lewis P.C. This material is provided for informational purposes only. It is not intended to constitute legal advice nor does it create a client-lawyer relationship between Jackson Lewis and any recipient. Recipients should consult with counsel before taking any actions based on the information contained within this material. This material may be considered attorney advertising in some jurisdictions. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. Focused on employment and labor law since 1958, Jackson Lewis P.C.’s 1,100+ attorneys located in major cities nationwide consistently identify and respond to new ways workplace law intersects business. We help employers develop proactive strategies, strong policies and business-oriented solutions to cultivate high-functioning workforces that are engaged and stable, and share our clients’ goals to emphasize belonging and respect for the contributions of every employee. 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Consistent with legislative trends, Virginia weighed in further on the nationwide marijuana debate by enacting two new comprehensive cannabis-related laws. The first prohibits [discipline for employee’s medical use of cannabis oil](https://casetext.com/statute/code-of-virginia/title-401-labor-and-employment/chapter-3-protection-of-employees/article-1-general-provisions/section-401-274-effective-712021-discipline-for-employees-medicinal-use-of-cannabis-oil-prohibited). The second is an omnibus bill permitting all individuals over the age of 21 to [lawfully possess recreational marijuana](https://lis.virginia.gov/000/cannabisbillsub.pdf). All provisions go into effect on July 1, 2021. #### Background After years of silence in the marijuana debate, in 2020, Virginia [decriminalized simple marijuana possession](https://www.jacksonlewis.com/publication/virginia-enacts-wage-theft-non-compete-laws-amidst-flurry-new-employee-protections) offenses and prohibited employers from requiring job applicants to [disclose past charges for marijuana possession](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/19.2-389.3). In 2021, lawmakers extended protections to stop adverse employment actions against cannabis oil users and to legalize recreational marijuana. #### Medical Use of Cannabis Oil Cannabis oil users will have increased employment protections beginning July 1, 2021. New [§ 40.1-27.4](https://casetext.com/statute/code-of-virginia/title-401-labor-and-employment/chapter-3-protection-of-employees/article-1-general-provisions/section-401-274-effective-712021-discipline-for-employees-medicinal-use-of-cannabis-oil-prohibited) prohibits employers from discharging, disciplining, or discriminating against an employee for their lawful use of cannabis oil with a valid written certification issued by a doctor. These restrictions apply *only* to the medical use of cannabis oil, *not* medical marijuana. The law explains that employers can still take adverse action against an employee for any work impairments caused by the use of cannabis oil and prohibit possession of cannabis oil during work hours. The scope of this exception is not yet known. Although cannabis oil was previously authorized by Virginia lawmakers to [treat a medical condition](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/54.1-3408.3/), the new law provides no new guidance as to whether employers must allow an employee to use cannabis oil during work hours if offered by a doctor as a reasonable accommodation for an employee’s disability or if the use of cannabis oil during work hours is unreasonable *per se*. Additionally, the law states that nothing in this provision requires employers to commit any act in violation of federal law or that would lead to the loss of a federal contract or federal funding. This may mean that federal contractors who must comply with drug-free workplace laws are exempt from this provision. The law also does not require any defense industrial base sector employer or prospective employer to hire or retain any applicant or employee who tests positive for THC in excess of 50 ng/ml for a urine test or 10 pg/mg for a hair test. #### Recreational Marijuana Legalization Includes Expanded Expungement Governor Northam signed into law [S.B. 1406](https://lis.virginia.gov/000/cannabisbillsub.pdf) to allow adults over the age of 21 to possess one ounce of marijuana under Virginia law starting July 1, 2021. The legislation establishes the Virginia Cannabis Control Authority to legalize, tax, and regulate recreational marijuana use. The new law also makes fundamental changes to expungement rules related to past marijuana convictions. Previously, the only offenses eligible for expungement were acquittals, certain dismissals, and charges formally not pursued by prosecutors. As a result of this new legislation, all misdemeanor violations are expunged and the Virginia State Police is directed to determine no later than July 1, 2025, which marijuana-related offenses will be automatically expunged from the state’s record. Felony marijuana charges are also implicated by the new law. Any person can petition to expunge a felony marijuana conviction, and, if successful, the conviction is permanently erased. An employer cannot then require an applicant to answer any question related to any arrest, criminal charge, conviction, or civil offense that has been expunged. The law also limits the dissemination of information related to marijuana offenses. Private employers that are not subject to federal laws or regulations in the hiring process cannot require in any application, interview, or otherwise an applicant to disclose information when the record is not open for public inspection. This law does *not* stop employers from prohibiting marijuana in the workplace. Despite this state-level legislation, the federal government still considers marijuana an illegal drug pursuant to the [Controlled Substances Act](https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/811.htm). While some employers may choose to revisit their policies about off-hours marijuana use considering this development, nothing stops employers from drug testing and prohibiting marijuana use under federal law. At a minimum, employers should consider how they want to message their expectations to their workforce considering the swirling — and often contradictory — information and messages regarding cannabis use and the workplace. Marijuana legalization continues to be a fast-moving area of the law and information is still developing. Please contact a Jackson Lewis attorney with any questions about these fundamental changes in Virginia law or any other legal issues. (Summer law clerks Felicia Kalkman and Alyssa Testo contributed significantly to this article.)