🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 150 (from laksa022)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa150.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/hurricane-irma-case-study/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/hurricane-irma-case-study/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/hurricane-irma-case-study\/","crawl_time":1775598712,"first_indexed_time":1529209509,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"net,internetgeography!www,\/topics\/hurricane-irma-case-study\/ s443","src_root_hash":"7354973427256164550","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Hurricane Irma Case Study - Internet Geography","meta_descriptions":["Hurricane Irma Case Study - Find out the primary and secondary effects of Hurricane Irma along with the short and long-term response to the tropical storm."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Hurricane Irma is one of the most powerful hurricanes ever recorded over the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane was so powerful that seismometers, machines used to detect the strength of earthquakes, detected it.\nOverview\nHurricane Irma struck the Caribbean and the east coast of the United States in September 2017. The hurricane developed on 30th August near the Cape Verde Islands. High ocean temperatures and extremely low pressures over the Atlantic fuelled the storm’s intensity. The hurricane first made landfall on 6th September along the northern coast of Barbuda with wind speeds of up to 282 kph (175mph). It travelled north along the east coast of the Caribbean as a category-five hurricane. The hurricane reached Florida on 10th September as a category four hurricane with sustained winds of 209 kph (130mph).\nHurricane Irma – the path of destruction\nPlanning to manage the impact\nGiven that Irma’s forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5.\nOn September 4, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency. By September 6, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for\ndistribution\n.\nIn the Turks and Caicos,\nevacuation\norders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened. Officials spread warnings to residents in various languages via social media, radio, SMS, and WhatsApp.\nThe Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage; the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later. According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas before the storm’s arrival. Seven thousand four hundred tourists were moved away from\nbeach\nresorts to Santo Domingo.\nIn The Bahamas, the government began preparations the week before the hurricane’s arrival, including securing national sports facilities for shelter use. By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from Bimini.\nThe US National Hurricane Centre issued several warnings for the Southeastern United States. The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas before the storm.\nOfficials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits. Road tolls were suspended in Florida to enable more people to evacuate. Public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67 counties in Florida were closed between the 8th and 11th September. Almost 700 emergency shelters were opened throughout the state and used by almost 200,000 people. Main airports were closed. An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas, in mobile or sub-standard homes, and in low-lying or flood-prone areas.\nPrimary Effects\nIrma was the most intense hurricane to strike the east coast of the United States since Katrina in 2005. The hurricane resulted in 134 deaths and caused over $65 billion in damage. The northeastern Caribbean and Florida were worst hit. On the Caribbean island of Barbuda, 90% of all structures were damaged or destroyed. Hurricane Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record.\nThe island of Providenciales is a popular tourist destination, and dozens of holidaymakers were caught on the island, unable to leave before the hurricane hit.\nPeople were forced to evacuate their cities to avoid Irma’s wake. People left their towns and homes to find safer places to ride out the storm. Some people stayed in shelters, while others visited family or friends out of the hurricane’s path.\nOn Sint Maarten, 95% of the houses there had been damaged, and 60% had been left uninhabitable.\nIt is estimated that Irma caused at least $50 billion in damage in Florida and led to 84 deaths. Cities like Miami and Jacksonville suffered flooding, and some 60% of homes across Florida were left without power. In Florida, inland areas like Immokalee experienced widespread flooding.\nThe highest recorded storm surge in the US was a 2.3m storm surge. Approximately 7.7 million electrical customers across Florida lost power at some point; this accounts for 73% of customers. Flooding occurred in over 30 rivers and creeks. Fifty thousand boats were destroyed or damaged.\nIn the Florida Keys, the hurricane caused significant damage to homes, buildings, trailer parks, boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply, and the fuel supply.\nInitially, it was estimated that about 25% of homes were destroyed, and 65% of others suffered extensive damage.\nOne hundred prisoners escaped jail in the British Virgin Islands.\nSecondary Effects\nMany Caribbean islands strongly rely on\ntourism\nand will continue to feel the\neconomic impact\nof Irma for a long time into the future.\nResearch suggests that recovery to previous levels could take up to four years, and if this is the case, the region will miss out on over US$3 billion over this timeframe.\nDue to the significant impact of several hurricanes during 2017, insurance companies such as Lloyds of London reported an annual loss in earnings.\nSix months after Hurricane Irma, many in Puerto Rico still go to school and look after the elderly in the dark. There are still UK citizens sleeping in a government shelter with nowhere to call home on the Virgin Islands.\nImmediate Response\nThe French and UK governments sent aid workers, food and medical equipment to their overseas territories to start the long process of reconstruction there.\n£57 million pounds of funding, along with 120 tonnes of aid, was provided by the UK Government. British military troops, along with Department For International\nDevelopment\n(DFID) logisticians, supported the restoration of electricity to the main power station on the British Virgin Islands as part of the ongoing recovery operation. Additionally, the UK government doubled any public donations made to the Red Cross appeal for the hurricane’s victims up to £3 million.\nSix UK medical health experts have been deployed to Antigua to assess the capacity of healthcare provisions on affected islands in the region. 54 officers from forces around the UK carried out joint patrols of the islands and assisted in policing duties.\nTwo hundred and fifty Dutch troops were deployed on Sint Maarten to deliver aid, food, medical supplies and building materials – and to maintain security.\nThe five living former US presidents have raised more than $31m (£23.5m) for victims in the US.\nLong-term Response\nComing in the future!","attrs_markdown":"- [Link to X](https:\/\/twitter.com\/internetgeog \"Link to X\")\n- [Link to Facebook](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/internetgeography \"Link to Facebook\")\n- [Link to Youtube](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCMMuYloA-KwcVU_bbLQXcRw \"Link to Youtube\")\n\n- [Shopping Cart0Shopping Cart](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/basket-2\/)\n  No products in the basket.\n\n[![Internet Geography](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Internet-Geography-Logo.png)![Internet Geography](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Internet-Geography-Logo.png)](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/ \"Internet Geography Logo\")\n\n- [Click to open the search input fieldSearch](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/hurricane-irma-case-study\/?s= \"Click to open the search input field\")\n- [**Menu** Menu](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/hurricane-irma-case-study\/)\n\n- [Link to X](https:\/\/twitter.com\/internetgeog \"Link to X\")\n- [Link to Facebook](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/internetgeography \"Link to Facebook\")\n- [Link to Youtube](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCMMuYloA-KwcVU_bbLQXcRw \"Link to Youtube\")\n\n- [\\+Plus](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/login\/)\n  - 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[Wider Reading in Geography](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wider-reading-in-geography\/)\n  - [Wider Technology in Geography](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wider-technology-in-geography\/)\n  \n  - [Wider Watching in Geography](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wider-watching-in-geography\/)\n- [iGCSE](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/igcse-geography\/)\n  - [CIE iGCSE](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/cambridge-igcse-geography\/)\n  - [Edexcel iGCSE Geography Revision](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/edexcel-igcse-geography-revision\/)\n- [AQA Geography](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/aqa-gcse-geography\/)\n  - [The Challenge of Natural Hazards](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/aqa-gcse-geography\/the-challenge-of-natural-hazards\/)\n  - [Physical Landscapes in the UK](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/aqa-gcse-geography\/physical-landscapes-in-the-uk\/)\n  - [The Living World](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/aqa-gcse-geography\/the-living-world\/)\n  - [The Changing Economic World](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-changing-economic-world\/)\n    - [How are countries classified?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-are-countries-classified\/)\n    - [What does world development look like?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-does-world-development-look-like\/)\n    - [How reliable are economic indicators of development?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-reliable-are-economic-indicators-of-development\/)\n    - [How is social development measured?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-social-development-measured\/)\n    - [Why is the Human Development Index important?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/why-is-the-human-development-index-important\/)\n    - [Development, population change and the demographic transition model](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/development-population-change-and-the-demographic-transition-model\/)\n    - [What factors influence development?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-factors-influence-development\/)\n    - [Strategies for reducing the development gap](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/strategies-for-reducing-the-development-gap\/)\n    - [How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Jamaica Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-can-the-growth-of-tourism-reduce-the-development-gap-jamaica-case-study\/)\n    - [How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Tunisia Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-can-the-growth-of-tourism-reduce-the-development-gap-tunisia-case-study\/)\n    - [What is Nigeria’s location and importance?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-nigerias-location-and-importance\/)\n    - [What is Nigeria’s wider context?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-nigerias-wider-context\/)\n    - [How is Nigeria’s economy changing?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-nigerias-economy-changing\/)\n    - [What is the role of transnational companies in Nigeria?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-role-of-transnational-companies-in-nigeria\/)\n    - [How are Nigeria’s trading and political relationships changing?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-are-nigerias-trading-and-political-relationships-changing\/)\n    - [International Aid in Nigeria](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/international-aid-in-nigeria\/)\n    - [What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-environmental-impacts-of-economic-development-in-nigeria\/)\n    - [What are the effects of economic development in Nigeria on quality of life?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-effects-of-economic-development-in-nigeria-on-quality-of-life\/)\n    - [Economic change in the UK](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/economic-change-in-the-uk\/)\n    - [De-industrialisation in the UK](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/de-industrialisation-in-the-uk\/)\n    - [The UK’s post-industrial economy](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-uks-post-industrial-economy\/)\n    - [What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-impacts-of-industry-on-the-physical-environment\/)\n    - [How is the rural landscape changing?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-the-rural-landscape-changing\/)\n    - [Developments in infrastructure in the UK](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/developments-in-infrastructure-in-the-uk\/)\n    - [The north-south divide](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-north-south-divide\/)\n    - [The UK in the Wider World](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-uk-in-the-wider-world\/)\n  - [Urban Issues and Challenges](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/aqa-gcse-geography\/urban-issues-and-challenges\/)\n  - [AQA Resource Management](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/aqa-resource-management\/)\n  - [Geographical Skills](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/geographical-skills-2\/)\n- [Topics](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/)\n  - [Climate Change](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/climate-change\/)\n    - [What is climate change?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-climate-change\/)\n    - [Is climate change happening?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/is-climate-change-happening\/)\n    - [What causes climate change?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-causes-climate-change\/)\n    - [What are the effects of climate change?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-effects-of-climate-change\/)\n    - [How can the impacts of climate change be managed?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-can-the-impacts-of-climate-change-be-managed\/)\n  - [Coasts](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/coasts\/)\n    - [What are waves?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-waves\/)\n    - [Constructive Waves](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/constructive-waves\/)\n    - [Destructive Waves](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/destructive-waves\/)\n    - [What is chemical and mechanical weathering?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-chemical-and-mechanical-weathering\/)\n    - [What is mass movement?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-mass-movement\/)\n    - [What is coastal erosion?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-coastal-erosion\/)\n    - [Cliffs and wave-cut platforms](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/cliffs-wave-cut-platforms\/)\n    - [Landforms of coastal erosion](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/landforms-of-coastal-erosion\/)\n    - [Bays and Headlands](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/bays-and-headlands\/)\n    - [Erosion of a headland](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/erosion-of-a-headland\/)\n    - [What is coastal transportation?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-coastal-transportation\/)\n    - [What is longshore drift?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-longshore-drift\/)\n    - [What is coastal deposition?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-coastal-deposition\/)\n    - [Landforms of coastal deposition](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/landforms-of-coastal-deposition\/)\n    - [Salt Marsh](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/salt-marsh\/)\n    - [How are sand dunes formed?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-are-sand-dunes-formed\/)\n    - [Coastal Management](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/coastal-management\/)\n    - [Hard Engineering Coastal Management](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/hard-engineering-coastal-management\/)\n    - [Soft Engineering Coastal Management](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/soft-engineering-coastal-management\/)\n    - [Coastal Realignment](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/coastal-realignment\/)\n    - [Sandscaping at Bacton](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sandscaping-at-bacton\/)\n    - [Happisburgh Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/happisburgh-case-study\/)\n    - [Blakeney Point Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/blakeney-point-case-study\/)\n    - [The Holderness Coast – Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-holderness-coast-case-study\/)\n    - [Dorset Coast – Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/coasts\/dorset-coast\/)\n      - [Chesil Beach](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/photos\/chesil-beach-gallery\/)\n      - [Durdle Door](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/coasts\/durdle-door\/)\n      - [Lulworth Cove](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/coasts\/lulworth-cove\/)\n      - [Old Harry Rocks](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/coasts\/old-harry-rocks\/)\n  - [Earthquakes](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/earthquakes\/)\n    - [What is an earthquake?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-an-earthquake\/)\n    - [Why do earthquakes happen?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/why-do-earthquakes-happen\/)\n    - [What are the effects of earthquakes?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-effects-of-earthquakes\/)\n    - [How are earthquakes measured?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-are-earthquakes-measured\/)\n    - [What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-factors-influence-the-effects-and-response-to-tectonic-activity\/)\n    - [Two Earthquakes Compared – Nepal and L’Aquila](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/two-earthquakes-compared-nepal-and-laquila\/)\n    - [Can the risks of earthquakes be reduced?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/can-the-risks-of-earthquakes-be-reduced\/)\n    - [What is a tsunami?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-a-tsunami\/)\n    - [The Kobe Earthquake 1995](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-kobe-earthquake-1995\/)\n    - [The 1999 Turkish Earthquake](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-1999-turkish-earthquake\/)\n    - [Earthquakes in California](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/earthquakes-in-california\/)\n    - [Gujarat Earthquake 2001](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/gujarat-earthquake-2001\/)\n    - [L’Aquila Earthquake 2009](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/laquila-earthquake-2009\/)\n    - [Haiti Earthquake 2010](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/haiti-earthquake-2010\/)\n    - [Japan Earthquake 2011](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/japan-earthquake-2011\/)\n    - [Christchurch Earthquake Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/christchurch-earthquake-case-study\/)\n    - [Nepal Earthquake 2015](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/nepal-earthquake-2015\/)\n    - [Amatrice Earthquake Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/amatrice-earthquake-case-study\/)\n    - [Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/lombok-indonesia-earthquake-2018-case-study\/)\n    - [2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/2018-sulawesi-indonesia-earthquake-and-tsunami-case-study\/)\n  - [Ecosystems](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/ecosystems\/)\n    - [What is an ecosystem?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-an-ecosystem\/)\n    - [What is a Biome?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-a-biome\/)\n    - [Humans and the Biosphere](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/humans-and-the-biosphere\/)\n    - [How do changes affect the balance of an ecosystem?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-do-changes-affect-the-balance-of-an-ecosystem\/)\n    - [UK Ecosystems](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/uk-ecosystems\/)\n    - [Epping Forest Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/epping-forest-case-study\/)\n    - [The Tropical Rainforest](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/the-tropical-rainforest\/)\n      - [What is a Tropical Rainforest?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-a-tropical-rainforest\/)\n      - [Where are tropical rainforests located?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-are-tropical-rainforests-located\/)\n      - [What is the structure of the tropical rainforest?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-structure-of-the-tropical-rainforest\/)\n      - [What is the climate of the rainforest?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-climate-of-the-rainforest\/)\n      - [The nutrient cycle in the rainforest](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-nutrient-cycle-in-the-rainforest\/)\n      - [How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-has-the-vegetation-adapted-to-the-climate\/)\n      - [How have animals adapted to the rainforest environment?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-have-animals-adapted-to-the-rainforest-environment\/)\n      - [Biodiversity and Tropical Rainforests](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/biodiversity-and-tropical-rainforests\/)\n      - [Changing rates of rainforest deforestation](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/changing-rates-of-rainforest-deforestation\/)\n      - [What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/what-are-the-causes-of-deforestation-in-the-amazon\/)\n      - [What are the effects of deforestation in the Amazon?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-effects-of-deforestation-in-the-amazon\/)\n      - [What is the value of the tropical rainforest?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-value-of-the-tropical-rainforest\/)\n      - [Sustainable Management of the Tropical Rainforest](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sustainable-development-in-the-tropical-rainforest\/)\n      - [Sustainable Management of the Amazon Rainforest](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sustainable-management-of-the-amazon-rainforest\/)\n    - [Temperate Deciduous Woodland](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/temperate-deciduous-woodland\/)\n      - [What is a Temperate Deciduous Woodland?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-a-temperate-deciduous-woodland\/)\n      - [Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-are-temperate-deciduous-woodlands-located\/)\n      - [What is the structure of the Temperate Deciduous Woodland?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-structure-of-the-temperate-deciduous-woodland\/)\n      - [How did the temperate deciduous woodland get like this?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-did-the-temperate-deciduous-woodland-get-like-this\/)\n      - [How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-has-the-vegetation-adapted-to-the-climate-2\/)\n      - [What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-the-temperate-deciduous-woodland\/)\n      - [Sustainable development in the Temperate Deciduous Woodland](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sustainable-development-in-the-temperate-deciduous-woodland\/)\n    - [Taiga](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/taiga\/)\n      - [What is Taiga?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-taiga\/)\n      - [Where is Taiga located?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-is-taiga-located\/)\n      - [How did the Taiga get like this?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-did-the-taiga-get-like-this\/)\n      - [What is the impact of humans on the Taiga?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-the-taiga\/)\n      - [Sustainable development in the Taiga](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sustainable-development-in-the-taiga\/)\n    - [Savanna](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/savanna\/)\n      - [What is savanna?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/what-is-savanna\/)\n      - [Where is savanna located?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-is-savanna-located\/)\n      - [How did the savanna get like this?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-did-the-savanna-get-like-this\/)\n      - [What is the impact of humans on the savanna?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-the-savanna\/)\n      - [Sustainable development in the savanna](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sustainable-development-in-the-savanna\/)\n    - [Desert](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/desert\/)\n      - [What is a hot desert?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-a-hot-desert\/)\n      - [Where are deserts located?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-are-deserts-located\/)\n      - [Why are deserts located along the tropics?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/why-are-deserts-located-along-the-tropics\/)\n      - [Interdependence in the hot desert](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/interdependence-in-the-hot-desert\/)\n      - [Biodiversity in hot deserts](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/biodiversity-in-hot-deserts\/)\n      - [How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-has-hot-desert-vegetation-adapted-to-the-climate\/)\n      - [How have animals adapted to the desert?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-have-animals-adapted-to-the-desert\/)\n      - [Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/opportunities-and-challenges-in-the-sahara-desert\/)\n      - [Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/thar-desert-case-study\/)\n      - [Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/western-desert-case-study\/)\n      - [What is the impact of humans on the desert?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-desert\/)\n      - [Reducing the risk of desertification](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/reducing-the-risk-of-desertification\/)\n      - [Sustainable development in the desert – The Great Green Wall](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sustainable-development-in-the-desert\/)\n    - [Cold Environments – Polar and Tundra](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/cold-environments-polar-and-tundra\/)\n      - [What are cold environments?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-cold-environments\/)\n      - [Where are polar and tundra environments located?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-are-polar-and-tundra-environments-located\/)\n      - [What are the physical characteristics of cold environments?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-physical-characteristics-of-cold-environments\/)\n      - [How have animals adapted to cold environments?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-have-animals-adapted-to-cold-environments\/)\n      - [How have plants adapted to cold environments?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-have-plants-adapted-to-cold-environments\/)\n      - [How is a cold environment interdependent?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-a-cold-environment-interdependent\/)\n      - [Alaska Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/alaska-case-study\/)\n      - [Svalbard Case Study](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/svalbard-case-study\/)\n      - [Where is Tundra located?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-is-tundra-located\/)\n      - [Protection of cold environments as wilderness areas](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/protection-of-cold-environments-as-wilderness-areas\/)\n      - [How did Tundra get like this?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-did-tundra-get-like-this\/)\n      - [What is the impact of humans on Tundra?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-tundra\/)\n  - [Environmental Problems](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/environmental-problems\/)\n    - [What is Acid Rain?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-acid-rain\/)\n    - [What problems are caused by acid rain?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-problems-are-caused-by-acid-rain\/)\n    - [What is the greenhouse effect?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect\/)\n    - [What is global warming?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-global-warming\/)\n    - [What causes global warming?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-causes-global-warming\/)\n    - [What problems are caused by global warming?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-problems-are-caused-by-global-warming\/)\n    - [What are the benefits of global warming?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-benefits-of-global-warming\/)\n  - [Erosion and Weathering](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/erosion-and-weathering\/)\n    - [What is erosion?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-erosion\/)\n    - [What does scenery formed by erosion look like?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-does-scenery-formed-by-erosion-look-like\/)\n    - [What is weathering?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-weathering\/)\n    - [What are the different types of weathering?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-different-types-of-weathering\/)\n  \n  - [Food Resources](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/food-resources\/)\n    - [What are the differences in global calorie intake and food supply?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-differences-in-global-calorie-intake-and-food-supply\/)\n    - [Why is demand for food growing?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/why-is-demand-for-food-growing\/)\n    - [What affects the amount of food we have?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-affects-the-amount-of-food-we-have\/)\n    - [How does food insecurity affect people?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-does-food-insecurity-affect-people\/)\n    - [How does food insecurity affect the environment?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-does-food-insecurity-affect-the-environment\/)\n    - [How can we increase the amount of food produced globally?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-can-we-increase-the-amount-of-food-produced-globally\/)\n    - [What is the new green revolution?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-new-green-revolution\/)\n    - [Almería in Spain: a large-scale agricultural development](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/almeria-in-spain-a-large-scale-agricultural-development\/)\n    - [What is a sustainable food supply?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-a-sustainable-food-supply\/)\n    - [Sustainable Food Supplies in an LIC – Bangladesh](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sustainable-food-supplies-in-an-lic-bangladesh\/)\n  - [Glaciation](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/glaciation\/)\n    - [What is glaciation?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-glaciation\/)\n    - [How do glaciers erode?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-do-glaciers-erode-the-land\/)\n    - [How do glaciers move?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-do-glaciers-move\/)\n    - [How do glaciers transport material?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-do-glaciers-transport-material\/)\n    - [Why does glacial deposition happen?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/why-does-glacial-deposition-happen\/)\n    - [Glacial Landforms – Upland Features](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/glacial-landforms-upland-features\/)\n    - [Which landforms result from moving or melting ice?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/which-landforms-result-from-moving-or-melting-ice\/)\n    - [Glacial Landforms – Lowland Features](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/glacial-landforms-lowland-features\/)\n    - [Glacial landforms in the Lake District](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/glacial-landforms-in-the-lake-district\/)\n    - [Economic activities in glaciated upland areas](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/economic-activities-in-glaciated-upland-areas\/)\n    - [Glaciation Photo gallery – Goat Fell, Isle of Arran](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/glaciation-photo-gallery-goat-fell-isle-of-arran\/)\n  - [Urban Growth in India – Mumbai](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/mumbai-case-study\/)\n    - [What is the location and importance of Mumbai?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-location-and-importance-of-mumbai\/)\n    - [Why is Mumbai growing?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/why-is-mumbai-growing\/)\n    - [What are Mumbai’s social and economic opportunities?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-mumbais-social-and-economic-opportunities\/)\n    - [What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-challenges-have-been-caused-by-urban-growth-in-mumbai\/)\n    - [How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-urban-planning-improving-the-quality-of-life-for-the-urban-poor-in-mumbai\/)\n  - [Urban Growth in Nigeria – Lagos](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/lagos-case-study\/)\n    - [Location of Lagos](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/location-of-lagos\/)\n    - [The Growth of Lagos](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-growth-of-lagos\/)\n    - [What causes population growth in Lagos?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-causes-population-growth-in-lagos\/)\n    - [How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-has-urbanisation-helped-nigeria-to-develop\/)\n    - [How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-has-the-growth-of-lagos-caused-inequality\/)\n    - [Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/economic-opportunities-and-challenges-in-lagos\/)\n    - [Lagos squatter settlements](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/lagos-squatter-settlements\/)\n    - [Lagos Water Supply and Pollution](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/lagos-water-supply-and-pollution\/)\n    - [Traffic Congestion in Lagos](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/traffic-congestion-in-lagos\/)\n    - [Urban Planning in Lagos](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/urban-planning-in-lagos\/)\n  - [Urban Growth in Rio de Janeiro – Brazil](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/urban-growth-in-rio-de-janeiro-brazil\/)\n    - [How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-urban-planning-improving-the-quality-of-life-for-the-urban-poor-in-rio-de-janeiro\/)\n    - [What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-location-and-importance-of-rio-de-janeiro\/)\n    - [How has Rio de Janeiro grown?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-has-rio-de-janeiro-grown\/)\n    - [What are the social and economic opportunities associated with the growth of Rio?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-social-and-economic-opportunities-associated-with-the-growth-of-rio\/)\n    - [What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-challenges-are-associated-with-the-growth-of-rio\/)\n    - [How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-urban-planning-improving-the-quality-of-life-for-the-urban-poor-in-rio-de-janeiro\/)\n  - [Limestone](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/limestone\/)\n    - [What is limestone?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-limestone\/)\n    - [How does weathering affect limestone?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-does-weathering-affect-limestone\/)\n    - [Limestone (karst features) – Overview](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/limestone-karst-features-overview\/)\n    - [Limestone features below ground](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/limestone-features-below-ground\/)\n    - [Limestone features above ground](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/limestone-features-above-ground\/)\n    - [Limestone and Recreation](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/limestone-and-recreation\/)\n    - [How are limestone landscapes used?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-are-limestone-landscapes-used\/)\n    - [Limestone Case Study – Malham, The Yorkshire Dales](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/limestone-case-study-malham-the-yorkshire-dales\/)\n    - [Sustainable management of quarrying](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/sustainable-management-of-quarrying\/)\n  \n  - [Migration](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/migration-2\/)\n    - [What is migration?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-migration\/)\n    - [What are the main types of migration?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-main-types-of-migration\/)\n    - [Why do people migrate?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/why-do-people-migrate\/)\n    - [Push and Pull Factors](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/push-and-pull-factors\/)\n    - [Migration into Europe](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/migration-into-europe\/)\n  - [Plate Tectonics](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/plate-tectonics\/)\n    - [Structure of the Earth](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/structure-of-the-earth\/)\n    - [Plate Boundaries](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/plate-boundaries\/)\n    - [What is Continental Drift?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-continental-drift\/)\n    - [Why do tectonic plates move?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/why-do-tectonic-plates-move\/)\n    - [Where do volcanoes and earthquakes happen?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-do-volcanoes-and-earthquakes-happen\/)\n    - [Conservative Plate Margins](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/conservative-plate-margins\/)\n    - [Constructive Plate Margins](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/constructive-plate-margins\/)\n    - [Destructive Plate Margins](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/destructive-plate-margins\/)\n    - [Volcanic Hot Spots](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/volcanic-hot-spots\/)\n    - [Pacific Ring of Fire](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/pacific-ring-of-fire\/)\n    - [Fold Mountains](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/fold-mountains\/)\n  - [Population](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/population\/)\n    - [What is population distribution?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-population-distribution\/)\n    - [What is population density?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-population-density\/)\n    - [What factors affect population density?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-factors-affect-population-density\/)\n    - [How has world population changed?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-has-world-population-changed\/)\n    - [What causes population change?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-causes-population-change\/)\n    - [What is life expectancy?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-life-expectancy\/)\n    - [What is the Demographic Transition Model?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-the-demographic-transition-model\/)\n    - [What are population pyramids?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-population-pyramids\/)\n    - [Population change in LEDCs](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/population-change-in-ledcs\/)\n      - [Case Study: China](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/case-study-china\/)\n      - [Population Case Study: Kerala, India](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/case-study-india\/)\n    - [Population change in MEDCs](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/population-change-in-medcs\/)\n  - [Resources](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/resources\/)\n    - [Types of Energy](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/types-of-energy\/)\n    - [Non-renewable Energy](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/non-renewable-energy\/)\n    - [Renewable Energy](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/renewable-energy\/)\n  - [Resource Management](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/resource-management\/)\n    - [The significance of food, water and energy](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-significance-of-food-water-and-energy\/)\n    - [An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/an-overview-of-global-inequalities-in-the-supply-and-consumption-of-resources\/)\n    - [The demand for food in the UK](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-demand-for-food-in-the-uk\/)\n    - [Carbon footprints, ‘food miles’ and moves towards local sourcing of food](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/carbon-footprints-food-miles-and-moves-towards-local-sourcing-of-food\/)\n    - [Why is there a trend towards agribusiness?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/trend-towards-agribusiness\/)\n    - [How has demand for water in the UK changed?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-has-the-demand-for-water-in-the-uk-changed\/)\n    - [Carbon footprints, ‘food miles’ and moves towards local sourcing of food](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/carbon-footprints-food-miles-and-moves-towards-local-sourcing-of-food\/)\n    - [Water quality and pollution management in the UK](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/water-quality-and-pollution-management-in-the-uk\/)\n    - [Where are the areas of water deficit and surplus in the UK?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/where-are-the-areas-of-water-deficit-and-surplus-in-the-uk\/)\n    - [Water Transfer in the UK](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/water-transfer-in-the-uk\/)\n    - [How is demand for energy changing in the UK?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-demand-for-energy-changing-in-the-uk\/)\n    - [How is the UK’s energy mix changing?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-is-the-uks-energy-mix-changing\/)\n    - [What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-economic-and-environmental-issues-of-energy-production\/)\n  - [Rivers](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/rivers\/)\n    - [Weathering and mass movement in river valleys](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/weathering-and-mass-movement-in-river-valleys\/)\n    - [How do rivers erode?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-do-rivers-erode\/)\n    - [How do rivers transport material?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-do-rivers-transport-material\/)\n    - [Why do rivers deposit sediment?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/why-do-rivers-deposit-sediment\/)\n    - [How does geology affect the formation of river landforms?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-does-geology-affect-the-formation-of-river-landforms\/)\n    - [The Long Profile of a River](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-long-profile-of-a-river\/)\n    - [Cross profiles of a river](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/cross-profiles-of-a-river\/)\n    - [Landforms in the upper course of a river](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/landforms-in-the-upper-course-of-a-river\/)\n    - [Landforms in the middle course of a river](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/landforms-in-the-middle-course-of-a-river\/)\n    - [Landforms in the lower course of a river](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/landforms-in-the-lower-course-of-a-river\/)\n    - [How do weather and climate affect river landscapes?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-do-weather-and-climate-affect-river-landscapes\/)\n    - [Human activity in River Landscapes](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/human-activity-in-river-landscapes\/)\n    - [What are the human and physical factors that affect flood risk?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-are-the-human-and-physical-factors-that-affect-flood-risk\/)\n    - [How does flooding affect humans and the environment?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/how-does-flooding-affect-humans-and-the-environment\/)\n    - [The River Tees – landforms of erosion and deposition](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/the-river-tees-case-study-landforms-of-erosion-and-deposition\/)\n    - [The Water Cycle](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/the-water-cycle\/)\n    - [What is a river basin?](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/what-is-a-river-basin\/)\n    - [River Discharge](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/river-discharge\/)\n    - [Hydrographs](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/flood-hydrographs\/)\n    - [River Flooding and Management](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/river-flooding-and-management\/)\n    - [Rivers – Hard Engineering](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/hard-engineering-river-management\/)\n    - [Rivers – Soft Engineering](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/soft-engineering-river-management\/)\n    - 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[Contact](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/contact\/)\n  - [Mail List](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/mail-list\/)\n- [Click to open the search input fieldSearch](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/hurricane-irma-case-study\/?s= \"Click to open the search input field\")\n- [**Menu** Menu](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/hurricane-irma-case-study\/)\n\nYou are here: [Home](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/ \"Internet Geography\")1 \/ [Topics](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/topics\/ \"Topics\")2 \/ Hurricane Irma Case Study\n\n### Hurricane Irma Case Study\n# Hurricane Irma Case Study\nHurricane Irma is one of the most powerful hurricanes ever recorded over the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane was so powerful that seismometers, machines used to detect the strength of earthquakes, detected it.\n\n## Overview\nHurricane Irma struck the Caribbean and the east coast of the United States in September 2017. The hurricane developed on 30th August near the Cape Verde Islands. High ocean temperatures and extremely low pressures over the Atlantic fuelled the storm’s intensity. The hurricane first made landfall on 6th September along the northern coast of Barbuda with wind speeds of up to 282 kph (175mph). It travelled north along the east coast of the Caribbean as a category-five hurricane. The hurricane reached Florida on 10th September as a category four hurricane with sustained winds of 209 kph (130mph).\n\n[![Hurricane Irma - the path of destruction](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/hurricane-irma-path.png)![Hurricane Irma - the path of destruction](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/hurricane-irma-path.png)](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/hurricane-irma-path.png)\n\nHurricane Irma – the path of destruction\n## Planning to manage the impact\nGiven that Irma’s forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5.\n\nOn September 4, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency. By September 6, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution.\n\nIn the Turks and Caicos, evacuation orders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened. Officials spread warnings to residents in various languages via social media, radio, SMS, and WhatsApp.\n\nThe Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage; the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later. According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas before the storm’s arrival. Seven thousand four hundred tourists were moved away from beach resorts to Santo Domingo.\n\nIn The Bahamas, the government began preparations the week before the hurricane’s arrival, including securing national sports facilities for shelter use. By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from Bimini.\n\nThe US National Hurricane Centre issued several warnings for the Southeastern United States. The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas before the storm.\n\nOfficials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits. Road tolls were suspended in Florida to enable more people to evacuate. Public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67 counties in Florida were closed between the 8th and 11th September. Almost 700 emergency shelters were opened throughout the state and used by almost 200,000 people. Main airports were closed. An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas, in mobile or sub-standard homes, and in low-lying or flood-prone areas.\n\n## Primary Effects\nIrma was the most intense hurricane to strike the east coast of the United States since Katrina in 2005. The hurricane resulted in 134 deaths and caused over \\$65 billion in damage. The northeastern Caribbean and Florida were worst hit. On the Caribbean island of Barbuda, 90% of all structures were damaged or destroyed. Hurricane Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record.\n\nThe island of Providenciales is a popular tourist destination, and dozens of holidaymakers were caught on the island, unable to leave before the hurricane hit.\n\nPeople were forced to evacuate their cities to avoid Irma’s wake. People left their towns and homes to find safer places to ride out the storm. Some people stayed in shelters, while others visited family or friends out of the hurricane’s path.\n\nOn Sint Maarten, 95% of the houses there had been damaged, and 60% had been left uninhabitable.\n\nIt is estimated that Irma caused at least \\$50 billion in damage in Florida and led to 84 deaths. Cities like Miami and Jacksonville suffered flooding, and some 60% of homes across Florida were left without power. In Florida, inland areas like Immokalee experienced widespread flooding.\n\nThe highest recorded storm surge in the US was a 2.3m storm surge. Approximately 7.7 million electrical customers across Florida lost power at some point; this accounts for 73% of customers. Flooding occurred in over 30 rivers and creeks. Fifty thousand boats were destroyed or damaged.\n\nIn the Florida Keys, the hurricane caused significant damage to homes, buildings, trailer parks, boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply, and the fuel supply. Initially, it was estimated that about 25% of homes were destroyed, and 65% of others suffered extensive damage.\n\nOne hundred prisoners escaped jail in the British Virgin Islands.\n\n## Secondary Effects\nMany Caribbean islands strongly rely on tourism and will continue to feel the economic impact of Irma for a long time into the future.\n\nResearch suggests that recovery to previous levels could take up to four years, and if this is the case, the region will miss out on over US\\$3 billion over this timeframe.\n\nDue to the significant impact of several hurricanes during 2017, insurance companies such as Lloyds of London reported an annual loss in earnings.\n\nSix months after Hurricane Irma, many in Puerto Rico still go to school and look after the elderly in the dark. There are still UK citizens sleeping in a government shelter with nowhere to call home on the Virgin Islands.\n\n## Immediate Response\nThe French and UK governments sent aid workers, food and medical equipment to their overseas territories to start the long process of reconstruction there.\n\n£57 million pounds of funding, along with 120 tonnes of aid, was provided by the UK Government. British military troops, along with Department For International Development (DFID) logisticians, supported the restoration of electricity to the main power station on the British Virgin Islands as part of the ongoing recovery operation. Additionally, the UK government doubled any public donations made to the Red Cross appeal for the hurricane’s victims up to £3 million.\n\nSix UK medical health experts have been deployed to Antigua to assess the capacity of healthcare provisions on affected islands in the region. 54 officers from forces around the UK carried out joint patrols of the islands and assisted in policing duties.\n\nTwo hundred and fifty Dutch troops were deployed on Sint Maarten to deliver aid, food, medical supplies and building materials – and to maintain security.\n\nThe five living former US presidents have raised more than \\$31m (£23.5m) for victims in the US.\n\n## Long-term Response\nComing in the future\\!\n\n[![Internet Geography Plus](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Internet-Geography-Plus-Advert-300x169.png)![Internet Geography 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The hurricane was so powerful that seismometers, machines used to detect the strength of earthquakes, detected it.\n\n## Overview\nHurricane Irma struck the Caribbean and the east coast of the United States in September 2017. The hurricane developed on 30th August near the Cape Verde Islands. High ocean temperatures and extremely low pressures over the Atlantic fuelled the storm’s intensity. The hurricane first made landfall on 6th September along the northern coast of Barbuda with wind speeds of up to 282 kph (175mph). It travelled north along the east coast of the Caribbean as a category-five hurricane. The hurricane reached Florida on 10th September as a category four hurricane with sustained winds of 209 kph (130mph).\n\n[![Hurricane Irma - the path of destruction](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/hurricane-irma-path.png)](https:\/\/www.internetgeography.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/hurricane-irma-path.png)\n\nHurricane Irma – the path of destruction\n## Planning to manage the impact\nGiven that Irma’s forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5.\n\nOn September 4, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency. By September 6, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution.\n\nIn the Turks and Caicos, evacuation orders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened. Officials spread warnings to residents in various languages via social media, radio, SMS, and WhatsApp.\n\nThe Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage; the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later. According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas before the storm’s arrival. Seven thousand four hundred tourists were moved away from beach resorts to Santo Domingo.\n\nIn The Bahamas, the government began preparations the week before the hurricane’s arrival, including securing national sports facilities for shelter use. By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from Bimini.\n\nThe US National Hurricane Centre issued several warnings for the Southeastern United States. The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas before the storm.\n\nOfficials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits. Road tolls were suspended in Florida to enable more people to evacuate. Public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67 counties in Florida were closed between the 8th and 11th September. Almost 700 emergency shelters were opened throughout the state and used by almost 200,000 people. Main airports were closed. An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas, in mobile or sub-standard homes, and in low-lying or flood-prone areas.\n\n## Primary Effects\nIrma was the most intense hurricane to strike the east coast of the United States since Katrina in 2005. The hurricane resulted in 134 deaths and caused over \\$65 billion in damage. The northeastern Caribbean and Florida were worst hit. On the Caribbean island of Barbuda, 90% of all structures were damaged or destroyed. Hurricane Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record.\n\nThe island of Providenciales is a popular tourist destination, and dozens of holidaymakers were caught on the island, unable to leave before the hurricane hit.\n\nPeople were forced to evacuate their cities to avoid Irma’s wake. People left their towns and homes to find safer places to ride out the storm. Some people stayed in shelters, while others visited family or friends out of the hurricane’s path.\n\nOn Sint Maarten, 95% of the houses there had been damaged, and 60% had been left uninhabitable.\n\nIt is estimated that Irma caused at least \\$50 billion in damage in Florida and led to 84 deaths. Cities like Miami and Jacksonville suffered flooding, and some 60% of homes across Florida were left without power. In Florida, inland areas like Immokalee experienced widespread flooding.\n\nThe highest recorded storm surge in the US was a 2.3m storm surge. Approximately 7.7 million electrical customers across Florida lost power at some point; this accounts for 73% of customers. Flooding occurred in over 30 rivers and creeks. Fifty thousand boats were destroyed or damaged.\n\nIn the Florida Keys, the hurricane caused significant damage to homes, buildings, trailer parks, boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply, and the fuel supply. Initially, it was estimated that about 25% of homes were destroyed, and 65% of others suffered extensive damage.\n\nOne hundred prisoners escaped jail in the British Virgin Islands.\n\n## Secondary Effects\nMany Caribbean islands strongly rely on tourism and will continue to feel the economic impact of Irma for a long time into the future.\n\nResearch suggests that recovery to previous levels could take up to four years, and if this is the case, the region will miss out on over US\\$3 billion over this timeframe.\n\nDue to the significant impact of several hurricanes during 2017, insurance companies such as Lloyds of London reported an annual loss in earnings.\n\nSix months after Hurricane Irma, many in Puerto Rico still go to school and look after the elderly in the dark. There are still UK citizens sleeping in a government shelter with nowhere to call home on the Virgin Islands.\n\n## Immediate Response\nThe French and UK governments sent aid workers, food and medical equipment to their overseas territories to start the long process of reconstruction there.\n\n£57 million pounds of funding, along with 120 tonnes of aid, was provided by the UK Government. British military troops, along with Department For International Development (DFID) logisticians, supported the restoration of electricity to the main power station on the British Virgin Islands as part of the ongoing recovery operation. Additionally, the UK government doubled any public donations made to the Red Cross appeal for the hurricane’s victims up to £3 million.\n\nSix UK medical health experts have been deployed to Antigua to assess the capacity of healthcare provisions on affected islands in the region. 54 officers from forces around the UK carried out joint patrols of the islands and assisted in policing duties.\n\nTwo hundred and fifty Dutch troops were deployed on Sint Maarten to deliver aid, food, medical supplies and building materials – and to maintain security.\n\nThe five living former US presidents have raised more than \\$31m (£23.5m) for victims in the US.\n\n## Long-term Response\nComing in the future\\!","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Hurricane Irma is one of the most powerful hurricanes ever recorded over the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane was so powerful that seismometers, machines used to detect the strength of earthquakes, detected it. Overview Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean and the east coast of the United States in September 2017. The hurricane developed on 30th August near the Cape Verde Islands. High ocean temperatures and extremely low pressures over the Atlantic fuelled the storm’s intensity. The hurricane first made landfall on 6th September along the northern coast of Barbuda with wind speeds of up to 282 kph (175mph). It travelled north along the east coast of the Caribbean as a category-five hurricane. The hurricane reached Florida on 10th September as a category four hurricane with sustained winds of 209 kph (130mph). Hurricane Irma – the path of destruction Planning to manage the impact Given that Irma’s forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5. On September 4, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency. By September 6, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution . In the Turks and Caicos, evacuation orders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened. Officials spread warnings to residents in various languages via social media, radio, SMS, and WhatsApp. The Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage; the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later. According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas before the storm’s arrival. Seven thousand four hundred tourists were moved away from beach resorts to Santo Domingo. In The Bahamas, the government began preparations the week before the hurricane’s arrival, including securing national sports facilities for shelter use. By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from Bimini. The US National Hurricane Centre issued several warnings for the Southeastern United States. The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas before the storm. Officials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits. Road tolls were suspended in Florida to enable more people to evacuate. Public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67 counties in Florida were closed between the 8th and 11th September. Almost 700 emergency shelters were opened throughout the state and used by almost 200,000 people. Main airports were closed. An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas, in mobile or sub-standard homes, and in low-lying or flood-prone areas. Primary Effects Irma was the most intense hurricane to strike the east coast of the United States since Katrina in 2005. The hurricane resulted in 134 deaths and caused over $65 billion in damage. The northeastern Caribbean and Florida were worst hit. On the Caribbean island of Barbuda, 90% of all structures were damaged or destroyed. Hurricane Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record. The island of Providenciales is a popular tourist destination, and dozens of holidaymakers were caught on the island, unable to leave before the hurricane hit. People were forced to evacuate their cities to avoid Irma’s wake. People left their towns and homes to find safer places to ride out the storm. Some people stayed in shelters, while others visited family or friends out of the hurricane’s path. On Sint Maarten, 95% of the houses there had been damaged, and 60% had been left uninhabitable. It is estimated that Irma caused at least $50 billion in damage in Florida and led to 84 deaths. Cities like Miami and Jacksonville suffered flooding, and some 60% of homes across Florida were left without power. In Florida, inland areas like Immokalee experienced widespread flooding. The highest recorded storm surge in the US was a 2.3m storm surge. Approximately 7.7 million electrical customers across Florida lost power at some point; this accounts for 73% of customers. Flooding occurred in over 30 rivers and creeks. Fifty thousand boats were destroyed or damaged. In the Florida Keys, the hurricane caused significant damage to homes, buildings, trailer parks, boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply, and the fuel supply. Initially, it was estimated that about 25% of homes were destroyed, and 65% of others suffered extensive damage. One hundred prisoners escaped jail in the British Virgin Islands. Secondary Effects Many Caribbean islands strongly rely on tourism and will continue to feel the economic impact of Irma for a long time into the future. Research suggests that recovery to previous levels could take up to four years, and if this is the case, the region will miss out on over US$3 billion over this timeframe. Due to the significant impact of several hurricanes during 2017, insurance companies such as Lloyds of London reported an annual loss in earnings. Six months after Hurricane Irma, many in Puerto Rico still go to school and look after the elderly in the dark. There are still UK citizens sleeping in a government shelter with nowhere to call home on the Virgin Islands. Immediate Response The French and UK governments sent aid workers, food and medical equipment to their overseas territories to start the long process of reconstruction there. £57 million pounds of funding, along with 120 tonnes of aid, was provided by the UK Government. British military troops, along with Department For International Development (DFID) logisticians, supported the restoration of electricity to the main power station on the British Virgin Islands as part of the ongoing recovery operation. Additionally, the UK government doubled any public donations made to the Red Cross appeal for the hurricane’s victims up to £3 million. Six UK medical health experts have been deployed to Antigua to assess the capacity of healthcare provisions on affected islands in the region. 54 officers from forces around the UK carried out joint patrols of the islands and assisted in policing duties. Two hundred and fifty Dutch troops were deployed on Sint Maarten to deliver aid, food, medical supplies and building materials – and to maintain security. The five living former US presidents have raised more than $31m (£23.5m) for victims in the US. Long-term Response Coming in the future!
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[The nutrient cycle in the rainforest](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-nutrient-cycle-in-the-rainforest/) - [How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-has-the-vegetation-adapted-to-the-climate/) - [How have animals adapted to the rainforest environment?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-have-animals-adapted-to-the-rainforest-environment/) - [Biodiversity and Tropical Rainforests](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/biodiversity-and-tropical-rainforests/) - [Changing rates of rainforest deforestation](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/changing-rates-of-rainforest-deforestation/) - [What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon?](https://www.internetgeography.net/what-are-the-causes-of-deforestation-in-the-amazon/) - [What are the effects of deforestation in the Amazon?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-effects-of-deforestation-in-the-amazon/) - [What is the value of the tropical rainforest?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-value-of-the-tropical-rainforest/) - 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[What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-the-temperate-deciduous-woodland/) - [Sustainable development in the Temperate Deciduous Woodland](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/sustainable-development-in-the-temperate-deciduous-woodland/) - [Taiga](https://www.internetgeography.net/taiga/) - [What is Taiga?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-taiga/) - [Where is Taiga located?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/where-is-taiga-located/) - [How did the Taiga get like this?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-did-the-taiga-get-like-this/) - [What is the impact of humans on the Taiga?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-the-taiga/) - [Sustainable development in the Taiga](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/sustainable-development-in-the-taiga/) - [Savanna](https://www.internetgeography.net/savanna/) - [What is savanna?](https://www.internetgeography.net/what-is-savanna/) - [Where is savanna located?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/where-is-savanna-located/) - [How did the savanna get like this?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-did-the-savanna-get-like-this/) - [What is the impact of humans on the savanna?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-the-savanna/) - [Sustainable development in the savanna](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/sustainable-development-in-the-savanna/) - [Desert](https://www.internetgeography.net/desert/) - [What is a hot desert?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-hot-desert/) - [Where are deserts located?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/where-are-deserts-located/) - [Why are deserts located along the tropics?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/why-are-deserts-located-along-the-tropics/) - [Interdependence in the hot desert](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/interdependence-in-the-hot-desert/) - [Biodiversity in hot deserts](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/biodiversity-in-hot-deserts/) - [How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-has-hot-desert-vegetation-adapted-to-the-climate/) - [How have animals adapted to the desert?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-have-animals-adapted-to-the-desert/) - [Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/opportunities-and-challenges-in-the-sahara-desert/) - [Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert](https://www.internetgeography.net/thar-desert-case-study/) - [Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert](https://www.internetgeography.net/western-desert-case-study/) - [What is the impact of humans on the desert?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-desert/) - [Reducing the risk of desertification](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/reducing-the-risk-of-desertification/) - [Sustainable development in the desert – The Great Green Wall](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/sustainable-development-in-the-desert/) - [Cold Environments – Polar and Tundra](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/cold-environments-polar-and-tundra/) - [What are cold environments?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-cold-environments/) - [Where are polar and tundra environments located?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/where-are-polar-and-tundra-environments-located/) - [What are the physical characteristics of cold environments?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-physical-characteristics-of-cold-environments/) - [How have animals adapted to cold environments?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-have-animals-adapted-to-cold-environments/) - [How have plants adapted to cold environments?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-have-plants-adapted-to-cold-environments/) - [How is a cold environment interdependent?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-is-a-cold-environment-interdependent/) - [Alaska Case Study](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/alaska-case-study/) - [Svalbard Case Study](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/svalbard-case-study/) - [Where is Tundra located?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/where-is-tundra-located/) - [Protection of cold environments as wilderness areas](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/protection-of-cold-environments-as-wilderness-areas/) - [How did Tundra get like this?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-did-tundra-get-like-this/) - [What is the impact of humans on Tundra?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-impact-of-humans-on-tundra/) - [Environmental Problems](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/environmental-problems/) - [What is Acid Rain?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-acid-rain/) - [What problems are caused by acid rain?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-problems-are-caused-by-acid-rain/) - [What is the greenhouse effect?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect/) - [What is global warming?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-global-warming/) - [What causes global warming?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-causes-global-warming/) - [What problems are caused by global warming?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-problems-are-caused-by-global-warming/) - [What are the benefits of global warming?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-benefits-of-global-warming/) - [Erosion and Weathering](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/erosion-and-weathering/) - [What is erosion?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-erosion/) - [What does scenery formed by erosion look like?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-does-scenery-formed-by-erosion-look-like/) - [What is weathering?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-weathering/) - [What are the different types of weathering?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-different-types-of-weathering/) - [Food Resources](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/food-resources/) - [What are the differences in global calorie intake and food supply?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-differences-in-global-calorie-intake-and-food-supply/) - [Why is demand for food growing?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/why-is-demand-for-food-growing/) - [What affects the amount of food we have?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-affects-the-amount-of-food-we-have/) - [How does food insecurity affect people?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-does-food-insecurity-affect-people/) - [How does food insecurity affect the environment?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-does-food-insecurity-affect-the-environment/) - [How can we increase the amount of food produced globally?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-can-we-increase-the-amount-of-food-produced-globally/) - [What is the new green revolution?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-new-green-revolution/) - [Almería in Spain: a large-scale agricultural development](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/almeria-in-spain-a-large-scale-agricultural-development/) - [What is a sustainable food supply?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-sustainable-food-supply/) - [Sustainable Food Supplies in an LIC – Bangladesh](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/sustainable-food-supplies-in-an-lic-bangladesh/) - [Glaciation](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/glaciation/) - [What is glaciation?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-glaciation/) - [How do glaciers erode?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-do-glaciers-erode-the-land/) - [How do glaciers move?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-do-glaciers-move/) - [How do glaciers transport material?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-do-glaciers-transport-material/) - [Why does glacial deposition happen?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/why-does-glacial-deposition-happen/) - [Glacial Landforms – Upland Features](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/glacial-landforms-upland-features/) - [Which landforms result from moving or melting ice?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/which-landforms-result-from-moving-or-melting-ice/) - [Glacial Landforms – Lowland Features](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/glacial-landforms-lowland-features/) - [Glacial landforms in the Lake District](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/glacial-landforms-in-the-lake-district/) - [Economic activities in glaciated upland areas](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/economic-activities-in-glaciated-upland-areas/) - [Glaciation Photo gallery – Goat Fell, Isle of Arran](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/glaciation-photo-gallery-goat-fell-isle-of-arran/) - [Urban Growth in India – Mumbai](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/mumbai-case-study/) - [What is the location and importance of Mumbai?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-location-and-importance-of-mumbai/) - [Why is Mumbai growing?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/why-is-mumbai-growing/) - [What are Mumbai’s social and economic opportunities?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-mumbais-social-and-economic-opportunities/) - [What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-challenges-have-been-caused-by-urban-growth-in-mumbai/) - [How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-is-urban-planning-improving-the-quality-of-life-for-the-urban-poor-in-mumbai/) - [Urban Growth in Nigeria – Lagos](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/lagos-case-study/) - [Location of Lagos](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/location-of-lagos/) - [The Growth of Lagos](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-growth-of-lagos/) - [What causes population growth in Lagos?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-causes-population-growth-in-lagos/) - [How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-has-urbanisation-helped-nigeria-to-develop/) - [How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-has-the-growth-of-lagos-caused-inequality/) - [Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/economic-opportunities-and-challenges-in-lagos/) - [Lagos squatter settlements](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/lagos-squatter-settlements/) - [Lagos Water Supply and Pollution](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/lagos-water-supply-and-pollution/) - [Traffic Congestion in Lagos](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/traffic-congestion-in-lagos/) - [Urban Planning in Lagos](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/urban-planning-in-lagos/) - [Urban Growth in Rio de Janeiro – Brazil](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/urban-growth-in-rio-de-janeiro-brazil/) - [How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-is-urban-planning-improving-the-quality-of-life-for-the-urban-poor-in-rio-de-janeiro/) - [What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-location-and-importance-of-rio-de-janeiro/) - [How has Rio de Janeiro grown?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-has-rio-de-janeiro-grown/) - [What are the social and economic opportunities associated with the growth of Rio?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-social-and-economic-opportunities-associated-with-the-growth-of-rio/) - [What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-challenges-are-associated-with-the-growth-of-rio/) - [How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-is-urban-planning-improving-the-quality-of-life-for-the-urban-poor-in-rio-de-janeiro/) - [Limestone](https://www.internetgeography.net/limestone/) - [What is limestone?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-limestone/) - [How does weathering affect limestone?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-does-weathering-affect-limestone/) - [Limestone (karst features) – Overview](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/limestone-karst-features-overview/) - [Limestone features below ground](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/limestone-features-below-ground/) - [Limestone features above ground](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/limestone-features-above-ground/) - [Limestone and Recreation](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/limestone-and-recreation/) - [How are limestone landscapes used?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-are-limestone-landscapes-used/) - [Limestone Case Study – Malham, The Yorkshire Dales](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/limestone-case-study-malham-the-yorkshire-dales/) - [Sustainable management of quarrying](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/sustainable-management-of-quarrying/) - [Migration](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/migration-2/) - [What is migration?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-migration/) - [What are the main types of migration?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-main-types-of-migration/) - [Why do people migrate?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/why-do-people-migrate/) - [Push and Pull Factors](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/push-and-pull-factors/) - [Migration into Europe](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/migration-into-europe/) - [Plate Tectonics](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/plate-tectonics/) - [Structure of the Earth](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/structure-of-the-earth/) - [Plate Boundaries](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/plate-boundaries/) - [What is Continental Drift?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-continental-drift/) - [Why do tectonic plates move?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/why-do-tectonic-plates-move/) - [Where do volcanoes and earthquakes happen?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/where-do-volcanoes-and-earthquakes-happen/) - [Conservative Plate Margins](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/conservative-plate-margins/) - [Constructive Plate Margins](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/constructive-plate-margins/) - [Destructive Plate Margins](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/destructive-plate-margins/) - [Volcanic Hot Spots](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/volcanic-hot-spots/) - [Pacific Ring of Fire](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/pacific-ring-of-fire/) - [Fold Mountains](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/fold-mountains/) - [Population](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/population/) - [What is population distribution?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-population-distribution/) - [What is population density?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-population-density/) - [What factors affect population density?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-factors-affect-population-density/) - [How has world population changed?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-has-world-population-changed/) - [What causes population change?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-causes-population-change/) - [What is life expectancy?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-life-expectancy/) - [What is the Demographic Transition Model?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-demographic-transition-model/) - [What are population pyramids?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-population-pyramids/) - [Population change in LEDCs](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/population-change-in-ledcs/) - [Case Study: China](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/case-study-china/) - [Population Case Study: Kerala, India](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/case-study-india/) - [Population change in MEDCs](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/population-change-in-medcs/) - [Resources](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/resources/) - [Types of Energy](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/types-of-energy/) - [Non-renewable Energy](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/non-renewable-energy/) - [Renewable Energy](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/renewable-energy/) - [Resource Management](https://www.internetgeography.net/resource-management/) - [The significance of food, water and energy](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-significance-of-food-water-and-energy/) - [An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/an-overview-of-global-inequalities-in-the-supply-and-consumption-of-resources/) - [The demand for food in the UK](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-demand-for-food-in-the-uk/) - [Carbon footprints, ‘food miles’ and moves towards local sourcing of food](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/carbon-footprints-food-miles-and-moves-towards-local-sourcing-of-food/) - [Why is there a trend towards agribusiness?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/trend-towards-agribusiness/) - [How has demand for water in the UK changed?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-has-the-demand-for-water-in-the-uk-changed/) - [Carbon footprints, ‘food miles’ and moves towards local sourcing of food](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/carbon-footprints-food-miles-and-moves-towards-local-sourcing-of-food/) - [Water quality and pollution management in the UK](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/water-quality-and-pollution-management-in-the-uk/) - [Where are the areas of water deficit and surplus in the UK?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/where-are-the-areas-of-water-deficit-and-surplus-in-the-uk/) - [Water Transfer in the UK](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/water-transfer-in-the-uk/) - [How is demand for energy changing in the UK?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-is-demand-for-energy-changing-in-the-uk/) - [How is the UK’s energy mix changing?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-is-the-uks-energy-mix-changing/) - [What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-economic-and-environmental-issues-of-energy-production/) - [Rivers](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/rivers/) - [Weathering and mass movement in river valleys](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/weathering-and-mass-movement-in-river-valleys/) - [How do rivers erode?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-do-rivers-erode/) - [How do rivers transport material?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-do-rivers-transport-material/) - [Why do rivers deposit sediment?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/why-do-rivers-deposit-sediment/) - [How does geology affect the formation of river landforms?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-does-geology-affect-the-formation-of-river-landforms/) - [The Long Profile of a River](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-long-profile-of-a-river/) - [Cross profiles of a river](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/cross-profiles-of-a-river/) - [Landforms in the upper course of a river](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/landforms-in-the-upper-course-of-a-river/) - [Landforms in the middle course of a river](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/landforms-in-the-middle-course-of-a-river/) - [Landforms in the lower course of a river](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/landforms-in-the-lower-course-of-a-river/) - [How do weather and climate affect river landscapes?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-do-weather-and-climate-affect-river-landscapes/) - [Human activity in River Landscapes](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/human-activity-in-river-landscapes/) - [What are the human and physical factors that affect flood risk?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-human-and-physical-factors-that-affect-flood-risk/) - [How does flooding affect humans and the environment?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-does-flooding-affect-humans-and-the-environment/) - [The River Tees – landforms of erosion and deposition](https://www.internetgeography.net/the-river-tees-case-study-landforms-of-erosion-and-deposition/) - [The Water Cycle](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-water-cycle/) - [What is a river basin?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-river-basin/) - [River Discharge](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/river-discharge/) - [Hydrographs](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/flood-hydrographs/) - [River Flooding and Management](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/river-flooding-and-management/) - [Rivers – Hard Engineering](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/hard-engineering-river-management/) - [Rivers – Soft Engineering](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/soft-engineering-river-management/) - [Case Study – Ganges/Brahmaputra River Basin](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/case-study-gangesbrahmaputra-river-basin/) - [The Great Floods of 2000](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-great-floods-of-2000/) - [Kerala flood case study](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/kerala-flood-case-study/) - [Rocks, Resources and Scenery](https://www.internetgeography.net/rocks-resources-and-scenery/) - [Geological time is on a different time to human time](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/geological-time-is-on-a-different-time-from-human-time/) - [Rock Types and the Rock Cycle](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/rock-types-and-the-rock-cycle/) - [Rock and Weathering](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/rock-and-weathering/) - [Different rocks create contrasting landforms and landscapes](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/different-rocks-create-contrasting-landforms-and-landscapes/) - [How are granite landscapes used?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-are-granite-landscapes-used/) - [How are limestone landscapes used?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-are-limestone-landscapes-used/) - [What is the impact of quarrying?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-impact-of-quarrying/) - [Sustainable management of quarrying](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/sustainable-management-of-quarrying/) - [Settlements](https://www.internetgeography.net/settlements/) - [What is a settlement?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-settlement/) - [What is the site and situation of a settlement?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-site-and-situation-of-a-settlement/) - [What are the functions of a settlement?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-funtions-of-a-settlement/) - [What is a settlement hierarchy?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-settlement-hierarchy/) - [What do we mean by land use?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-do-we-mean-by-land-use/) - [What are land use zones?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-land-use-zones/) - [CBD](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/cbd/) - [Inner City](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/inner-city/) - [Suburbs](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/suburbs/) - [Rural Urban Fringe](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/rural-urban-fringe/) - [What are landuse models?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-landuse-models/) - [What are landuse models in MEDCs like?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-landuse-models-in-medcs-like/) - [What are landuse models for LEDCs like?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-landuse-models-for-ledcs-like/) - [What are shanty towns / favelas?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-shanty-towns-favelas/) - [What are shanty town improvement schemes?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-shanty-town-improvement-schemes/) - [Tourism](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/tourism/) - [What is tourism?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-tourism/) - [How has tourism grown?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/how-has-tourism-grown/) - [What is the impact of tourism?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-impact-of-tourism/) - [Tourism in an MEDC – The UK](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/tourism-in-an-medc-the-uk/) - [What are National Parks?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-national-parks/) - [The National Parks of England and Wales](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-national-parks-of-england-and-wales/) - [Problems in National Parks](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/problems-in-national-parks/) - [Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/castleton-a-tourist-honey-pot-in-the-peak-district/) - [Castleton – Case Study Page](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/castleton-case-study-page/) - [Tourism in an LEDC – Kenya](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/tourism-in-an-ledc-kenya/) - [Ecotourism](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/ecotourism/) - [Ecotourism – Case Study](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/ecotourism-case-study/) - [Urbanisation](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/urbanisation/) - [What is urbanisation?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-urbanisation/) - [What causes urbanisation?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-causes-urbanisation/) - [Million Cities](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/million-cities/) - [What is a megacity?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-megacity/) - [Counter-urbanisation](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/counter-urbanisation/) - [Urban Problems in LEDCs](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/urban-problems-in-ledcs/) - [Case Study – Rio de Janerio](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/case-study-rio-de-janeiro/) - [Case Study – Favela](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/case-study-favela/) - [Self Help Schemes](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/self-help-schemes/) - [Urban Problems in MEDCs](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/urban-problems-in-medcs/) - [Case Study – Inner City Redevelopment – London’s Docklands](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/case-study-inner-city-redevelopment-londons-docklands/) - [Volcanoes](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/volcanoes/) - [What is a volcano?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-volcano/) - [Where are volcanoes located?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/where-are-volcanoes-located/) - [What is the Ring of Fire?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-ring-of-fire/) - [What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-active-dormant-and-extinct-volcanoes/) - [What are the main features of a volcano?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-main-features-of-a-volcano/) - [What are the different types of volcanoes?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-the-different-types-of-volcanoes/) - [What are lahars and pyroclastic flows?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-are-lahars-and-pyroclastic-flows/) - [What is a supervolcano?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-supervolcano/) - [Why do people live close to volcanoes?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/why-do-people-live-close-to-volcanoes/) - [Can the risks of volcanic eruptions be reduced?](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/can-the-risks-of-volcanic-eruptions-be-reduced/) - [The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-1980-eruption-of-mount-st-helens/) - [The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-1991-eruption-of-mount-pinatubo/) - [The 2000 eruption of Popocatepetl](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-2000-eruption-of-popocatepetl/) - [The 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-2010-eruption-of-mount-merapi/) - [Eyjafjallajokull Case Study](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/eyjafjallajokull-case-study/) - 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[Contact](https://www.internetgeography.net/contact/) - [Mail List](https://www.internetgeography.net/mail-list/) - [Click to open the search input fieldSearch](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/hurricane-irma-case-study/?s= "Click to open the search input field") - [Menu Menu](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/hurricane-irma-case-study/) You are here: [Home](https://www.internetgeography.net/ "Internet Geography")1 / [Topics](https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/ "Topics")2 / Hurricane Irma Case Study ### Hurricane Irma Case Study # Hurricane Irma Case Study Hurricane Irma is one of the most powerful hurricanes ever recorded over the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane was so powerful that seismometers, machines used to detect the strength of earthquakes, detected it. ## Overview Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean and the east coast of the United States in September 2017. The hurricane developed on 30th August near the Cape Verde Islands. High ocean temperatures and extremely low pressures over the Atlantic fuelled the storm’s intensity. The hurricane first made landfall on 6th September along the northern coast of Barbuda with wind speeds of up to 282 kph (175mph). It travelled north along the east coast of the Caribbean as a category-five hurricane. The hurricane reached Florida on 10th September as a category four hurricane with sustained winds of 209 kph (130mph). [![Hurricane Irma - the path of destruction](https://www.internetgeography.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/hurricane-irma-path.png)![Hurricane Irma - the path of destruction](https://www.internetgeography.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/hurricane-irma-path.png)](https://www.internetgeography.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/hurricane-irma-path.png) Hurricane Irma – the path of destruction ## Planning to manage the impact Given that Irma’s forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5. On September 4, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency. By September 6, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution. In the Turks and Caicos, evacuation orders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened. Officials spread warnings to residents in various languages via social media, radio, SMS, and WhatsApp. The Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage; the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later. According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas before the storm’s arrival. Seven thousand four hundred tourists were moved away from beach resorts to Santo Domingo. In The Bahamas, the government began preparations the week before the hurricane’s arrival, including securing national sports facilities for shelter use. By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from Bimini. The US National Hurricane Centre issued several warnings for the Southeastern United States. The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas before the storm. Officials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits. Road tolls were suspended in Florida to enable more people to evacuate. Public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67 counties in Florida were closed between the 8th and 11th September. Almost 700 emergency shelters were opened throughout the state and used by almost 200,000 people. Main airports were closed. An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas, in mobile or sub-standard homes, and in low-lying or flood-prone areas. ## Primary Effects Irma was the most intense hurricane to strike the east coast of the United States since Katrina in 2005. The hurricane resulted in 134 deaths and caused over \$65 billion in damage. The northeastern Caribbean and Florida were worst hit. On the Caribbean island of Barbuda, 90% of all structures were damaged or destroyed. Hurricane Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record. The island of Providenciales is a popular tourist destination, and dozens of holidaymakers were caught on the island, unable to leave before the hurricane hit. People were forced to evacuate their cities to avoid Irma’s wake. People left their towns and homes to find safer places to ride out the storm. Some people stayed in shelters, while others visited family or friends out of the hurricane’s path. On Sint Maarten, 95% of the houses there had been damaged, and 60% had been left uninhabitable. It is estimated that Irma caused at least \$50 billion in damage in Florida and led to 84 deaths. Cities like Miami and Jacksonville suffered flooding, and some 60% of homes across Florida were left without power. In Florida, inland areas like Immokalee experienced widespread flooding. The highest recorded storm surge in the US was a 2.3m storm surge. Approximately 7.7 million electrical customers across Florida lost power at some point; this accounts for 73% of customers. Flooding occurred in over 30 rivers and creeks. Fifty thousand boats were destroyed or damaged. In the Florida Keys, the hurricane caused significant damage to homes, buildings, trailer parks, boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply, and the fuel supply. Initially, it was estimated that about 25% of homes were destroyed, and 65% of others suffered extensive damage. One hundred prisoners escaped jail in the British Virgin Islands. ## Secondary Effects Many Caribbean islands strongly rely on tourism and will continue to feel the economic impact of Irma for a long time into the future. Research suggests that recovery to previous levels could take up to four years, and if this is the case, the region will miss out on over US\$3 billion over this timeframe. Due to the significant impact of several hurricanes during 2017, insurance companies such as Lloyds of London reported an annual loss in earnings. Six months after Hurricane Irma, many in Puerto Rico still go to school and look after the elderly in the dark. There are still UK citizens sleeping in a government shelter with nowhere to call home on the Virgin Islands. ## Immediate Response The French and UK governments sent aid workers, food and medical equipment to their overseas territories to start the long process of reconstruction there. £57 million pounds of funding, along with 120 tonnes of aid, was provided by the UK Government. British military troops, along with Department For International Development (DFID) logisticians, supported the restoration of electricity to the main power station on the British Virgin Islands as part of the ongoing recovery operation. Additionally, the UK government doubled any public donations made to the Red Cross appeal for the hurricane’s victims up to £3 million. Six UK medical health experts have been deployed to Antigua to assess the capacity of healthcare provisions on affected islands in the region. 54 officers from forces around the UK carried out joint patrols of the islands and assisted in policing duties. Two hundred and fifty Dutch troops were deployed on Sint Maarten to deliver aid, food, medical supplies and building materials – and to maintain security. The five living former US presidents have raised more than \$31m (£23.5m) for victims in the US. ## Long-term Response Coming in the future\! 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Readable Markdown	Hurricane Irma is one of the most powerful hurricanes ever recorded over the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane was so powerful that seismometers, machines used to detect the strength of earthquakes, detected it. ## Overview Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean and the east coast of the United States in September 2017. The hurricane developed on 30th August near the Cape Verde Islands. High ocean temperatures and extremely low pressures over the Atlantic fuelled the storm’s intensity. The hurricane first made landfall on 6th September along the northern coast of Barbuda with wind speeds of up to 282 kph (175mph). It travelled north along the east coast of the Caribbean as a category-five hurricane. The hurricane reached Florida on 10th September as a category four hurricane with sustained winds of 209 kph (130mph). [![Hurricane Irma - the path of destruction](https://www.internetgeography.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/hurricane-irma-path.png)](https://www.internetgeography.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/hurricane-irma-path.png) Hurricane Irma – the path of destruction ## Planning to manage the impact Given that Irma’s forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5. On September 4, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency. By September 6, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. Supplies, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution. In the Turks and Caicos, evacuation orders were issued for low-lying areas starting September 5. Schools were closed, government buildings were boarded up, and shelters were opened. Officials spread warnings to residents in various languages via social media, radio, SMS, and WhatsApp. The Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage; the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later. According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas before the storm’s arrival. Seven thousand four hundred tourists were moved away from beach resorts to Santo Domingo. In The Bahamas, the government began preparations the week before the hurricane’s arrival, including securing national sports facilities for shelter use. By September 7, the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from Bimini. The US National Hurricane Centre issued several warnings for the Southeastern United States. The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low-lying areas before the storm. Officials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits. Road tolls were suspended in Florida to enable more people to evacuate. Public schools, state colleges, and state universities in all 67 counties in Florida were closed between the 8th and 11th September. Almost 700 emergency shelters were opened throughout the state and used by almost 200,000 people. Main airports were closed. An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate, mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas, in mobile or sub-standard homes, and in low-lying or flood-prone areas. ## Primary Effects Irma was the most intense hurricane to strike the east coast of the United States since Katrina in 2005. The hurricane resulted in 134 deaths and caused over \$65 billion in damage. The northeastern Caribbean and Florida were worst hit. On the Caribbean island of Barbuda, 90% of all structures were damaged or destroyed. Hurricane Irma is the second-costliest Caribbean hurricane on record. The island of Providenciales is a popular tourist destination, and dozens of holidaymakers were caught on the island, unable to leave before the hurricane hit. People were forced to evacuate their cities to avoid Irma’s wake. People left their towns and homes to find safer places to ride out the storm. Some people stayed in shelters, while others visited family or friends out of the hurricane’s path. On Sint Maarten, 95% of the houses there had been damaged, and 60% had been left uninhabitable. It is estimated that Irma caused at least \$50 billion in damage in Florida and led to 84 deaths. Cities like Miami and Jacksonville suffered flooding, and some 60% of homes across Florida were left without power. In Florida, inland areas like Immokalee experienced widespread flooding. The highest recorded storm surge in the US was a 2.3m storm surge. Approximately 7.7 million electrical customers across Florida lost power at some point; this accounts for 73% of customers. Flooding occurred in over 30 rivers and creeks. Fifty thousand boats were destroyed or damaged. In the Florida Keys, the hurricane caused significant damage to homes, buildings, trailer parks, boats, roads, the electricity supply, mobile phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, the water supply, and the fuel supply. Initially, it was estimated that about 25% of homes were destroyed, and 65% of others suffered extensive damage. One hundred prisoners escaped jail in the British Virgin Islands. ## Secondary Effects Many Caribbean islands strongly rely on tourism and will continue to feel the economic impact of Irma for a long time into the future. Research suggests that recovery to previous levels could take up to four years, and if this is the case, the region will miss out on over US\$3 billion over this timeframe. Due to the significant impact of several hurricanes during 2017, insurance companies such as Lloyds of London reported an annual loss in earnings. Six months after Hurricane Irma, many in Puerto Rico still go to school and look after the elderly in the dark. There are still UK citizens sleeping in a government shelter with nowhere to call home on the Virgin Islands. ## Immediate Response The French and UK governments sent aid workers, food and medical equipment to their overseas territories to start the long process of reconstruction there. £57 million pounds of funding, along with 120 tonnes of aid, was provided by the UK Government. British military troops, along with Department For International Development (DFID) logisticians, supported the restoration of electricity to the main power station on the British Virgin Islands as part of the ongoing recovery operation. Additionally, the UK government doubled any public donations made to the Red Cross appeal for the hurricane’s victims up to £3 million. Six UK medical health experts have been deployed to Antigua to assess the capacity of healthcare provisions on affected islands in the region. 54 officers from forces around the UK carried out joint patrols of the islands and assisted in policing duties. Two hundred and fifty Dutch troops were deployed on Sint Maarten to deliver aid, food, medical supplies and building materials – and to maintain security. The five living former US presidents have raised more than \$31m (£23.5m) for victims in the US. ## Long-term Response Coming in the future\!
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