🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 178 (from laksa160)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa178.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/hepa/international-travel/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/hepa/international-travel/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/","crawl_time":1775185104,"first_indexed_time":1701433944,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,immunize!www,\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/ s443","src_root_hash":"15214894206049953578","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Ask The Experts About Vaccines: Hepatitis A | International Travel | Immunize.org","meta_descriptions":["Read answers by medical experts to healthcare provider questions on vaccines and Hepatitis A | International Travel."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Results (10)\nHepatitis A vaccination is recommended for people age 6 months or older who are traveling to or working in an area of the world at intermediate or high risk of hepatitis A transmission. Areas of low risk include the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and Western Europe. Visit the CDC’s Traveler Health website for more information about specific destinations and current outbreaks or travel notices (\nhttps:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/travel\/\n). When in doubt, vaccinate.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nFor details on preexposure protection of international travelers age 12 months and older, refer to Appendix A on page 35 of the current ACIP recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A: \nwww.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/69\/rr\/pdfs\/rr6905a1-H.pdf\n.\nHealthy people age 12 months through 40 years who are planning travel to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity and have not received HepA vaccine should receive a single dose of HepA vaccine as soon as travel is considered and should complete the 2-does series according to the routine schedule.\nPeople with chronic liver disease as well as adults older than 40 years of age, immunocompromised people, and people with other chronic medical conditions planning to depart to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity in less than 2 weeks should receive the initial dose of HepA vaccine and may also simultaneously be administered immune globulin (IG) at a separate anatomic injection site (for example in separate limbs).\nACIP revised its recommendations for preexposure hepatitis A vaccination for travelers in 2018 to include vaccination of infants 6 through 11 months of age. All infants of this age traveling internationally should be given a dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) before travel. Due to the potential interference of hepatitis A IG with MMR vaccine effectiveness, an off-label dose of HepA vaccine is recommended instead of IG in this situation. The travel-related dose for infants 6–11 months of age should not be counted toward the routine 2-dose series. The routine 2-dose HepA and MMR vaccination series should be initiated at age 12 months according to the routine, age-appropriate vaccination schedule.\nInfants younger than 6 months and travelers who elect not to receive vaccine or for whom vaccine is contraindicated should receive a single 0.1 mL\/kg dose of IG before travel when protection against HAV is recommended. If travel is for more than 1 month, a dose of 0.2 mL\/kg should be administered. A 0.2 mL\/kg dose can be repeated every 2 months for travel of more than 2 months duration.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nYes. If time allows, use the standard Twinrix schedule of 3 doses given intramuscularly on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule. If travel is imminent the accelerated 4-dose Twinrix schedule can be used: 3 doses given on days 0, 7, and 21-30 days and a booster dose at 12 months.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJanuary 27, 2025\nNo. There is no recommendation for a booster dose of HepA if a patient has completed the 2-dose series at any age.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nYes. Data have shown that people acquire hepatitis A virus infection even in such places as 4-star hotels located in Latin America.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nNo. Just give the final dose of HepA vaccine prior to travel.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nPossibly. Since IG protects against hepatitis A infection for only 1 to 2 months, depending on the dosage given, additional IG may be needed if the infant is not yet age 6 months. Once the child has reached six months of age, HepA vaccine should be given.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nYes. ACIP recommends that all children age 1 year through 18 years should be vaccinated against hepatitis A. VFC HepA vaccine may be administered to any eligible child, including those recommended for vaccination at 6 through 11 months of age as a result of travel to an HAV-endemic area.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nIt depends on whether that person has a history of HAV infection. Unless there are medical records that document prior HAV infection, serologic testing for immunity (positive test for total anti-HAV) is the only way to determine if vaccination is necessary. For people from countries with high rates of HAV infection, such as Vietnam and Mexico, serologic testing might be done to prevent unnecessary vaccination. The cost effectiveness of serologic testing, however, should be balanced against the possibility of delaying needed vaccination while awaiting test results.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nNo, as long as there are medical records that document that the person was previously infected with HAV (i.e., positive test for total anti-HAV). If there is any doubt that the person actually was infected with HAV, HepA vaccine and\/or IG should be given. The vaccine or IG will not harm a person who is already immune.\nLast reviewed: \n\t\t\t\tJune 25, 2023\nThis page was updated on\nJanuary 27, 2025\n.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/#primary)\n\n[![Immunize.org Logo](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Immunize.svg)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/)\n\n- [*IZ Express*](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/news\/iz-express\/about\/)\n- [Shop](https:\/\/shop.immunize.org\/)\n- [Donate](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/donate\/)\n- [Guide](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/guide\/)\n\n- [Vaccines & VISs]()\n  - [Vaccines A-ZOur immunization resources organized by vaccine]()\n    - - - [Adenovirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/adenovirus\/)\n        - [Anthrax](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/anthrax\/)\n        - [BCG](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/bcg\/)\n        - [Chikungunya](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/chikungunya\/)\n        - 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[Meningococcal ACWY](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/)\n      - - [Meningococcal B](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/)\n        - [Pertussis](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/)\n        - [Pneumococcal](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/)\n        - [Polio](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/polio\/)\n        - [Rabies](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rabies\/)\n        - [Rotavirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rotavirus\/)\n        - [RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv\/)\n        - [Tetanus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/)\n        - [Varicella (Chickenpox)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/)\n        - [Zoster (Shingles)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/)\n      - - #### General Topics\n        - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/admin-vaccines\/)\n        - [Billing & Reimbursement](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/billing-reimburse\/)\n        - [Combination Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/)\n        - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/contraindications-precautions\/)\n        - [Documenting Vaccination](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/documenting-vaccination\/)\n        - [Scheduling Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/scheduling-vaccines\/)\n        - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/storage-handling\/)\n        - [Travel Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/travel-vaccines\/)\n        - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/vaccine-recs\/)\n        - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/vaccine-safety\/)\n- [Official Guidance]()\n  - [CDCKey CDC resources for immunization providers]()\n    - - - [CDC Recommended Schedules](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/cdc\/rec-schedules\/)\n        - [ACIP Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/cdc\/acip-recs\/vaccines\/)\n        - [Additional CDC Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/cdc\/resources\/)\n  - [FDAFDA vaccine package inserts and related content](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n    - - - [Package Inserts & EUAs](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/fda\/pkg-inserts\/)\n        - [Additional FDA Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/fda\/fda-resources\/)\n  - [StatesState-specific recommendations, school requirements, related state websites and public health contact information]()\n    - - - [School and Childcare Vaccine-Specific Requirements](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/state-policies\/requirements\/)\n        - [School and Childcare Immunization Exemption Policies](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/state-policies\/exemptions\/)\n        - [State Immunization Websites](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/state-policies\/state-websites\/)\n        - [State Immunization Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/state-policies\/state-vaccine-recommendations\/)\n        - [Additional State Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/state-policies\/state-resources\/)\n  - [Healthcare Professional OrganizationsImmunization guidance from groups such as the American Academy of Pediatrics](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/hpo\/)\n    - - - [Recommended Schedules](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/hpo\/rec-schedules)\n        - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/hpo\/vax-recs\/vaccine\/)\n  - [WHOPosition papers on vaccines and other vaccine-related resources from the World Health Organization](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/official-guidance\/who\/)\n- [News & Updates]()\n  - [IZ Express NewsletterWeekly digest of important immunization news and updates]()\n    - - - [About *IZ Express*](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/news\/iz-express\/about\/)\n        - [Current Issue](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/news\/iz-express\/current-issue\/)\n        - [Browse All Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/news\/iz-express\/all-issues\/)\n  - [What's New on Immunize.orgChronological listing of our website content updates](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/news\/updates\/website\/)\n  - [Official Release RepositoryChronological listing of vaccine-related announcements from FDA, CDC, and ACIP](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/news\/official-release-repository\/acip\/)\n  - [Calendar of EventsImmunization-related events, including national conferences and training programs, plus Immunize.org webinars](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/events\/)\n  - [Publication ArchivesRepository of our publications since 1994, including IAC Express (now IZ Express), Needle Tips, and more](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/history\/overview\/)\n- [About]()\n  - [Our OrganizationLearn about our mission, our people, and our recognition and honors]()\n    - - - [Overview](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/org\/overview\/)\n        - [Our People](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/org\/people\/)\n        - [Board of Directors](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/org\/bod\/)\n        - [Recognition](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/org\/recognition\/)\n        - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/org\/contact\/)\n  - [Our HistoryLearn about our history and our founder, Deborah L. Wexler, MD. Browse past publications in our archives]()\n    - - - [Our Founder](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/history\/founder\/)\n        - [Publication Archives](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/history\/overview\/)\n        - [Our History Through Film](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/history\/film-history\/)\n  - [Financial SupportView our supporters and learn how to join our corporate membership program]()\n    - - - [Funding](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/financial-support\/funding\/)\n        - [Corporate Membership Program](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/financial-support\/corp-membership\/)\n  - [Recognizing ExcellenceOur honor rolls for institutions with vaccination policies that protect lives, plus our Becky Payne Award recipients]()\n    - - - #### Patient Safety Honor Rolls\n        - [Influenza Vaccination Honor Roll](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/excellence\/honor-rolls\/influenza-vaccination\/)\n        - [Hepatitis B Birth Dose Honor Roll](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/excellence\/honor-rolls\/hepb-birth-dose\/)\n        - [MenB Vaccination Honor Roll](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/excellence\/honor-rolls\/menb-vaccination\/)\n        - [Honor Rolls Honorees](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/excellence\/honor-rolls\/honorees\/)\n      - - [The Immunize.org Becky Payne Award](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/excellence\/becky-payne-award\/)\n  - [MediaInformation for the media, including how to request an interview, past press mentions, and our press releases]()\n    - - - [Press Room](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/media\/press-room\/)\n        - [Press Releases](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/media\/press-room\/#Press-Releases)\n        - [Immunize.org In the News](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/media\/immunize-news\/)\n\nback\n\n- [Vaccines & VISs](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/)\n- [Clinical Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/a-z\/)\n- [Ask the Experts](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n- [Official Guidance](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n- [News & Updates](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n- [About](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/about\/)\n\n- [*IZ Express*](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/news\/iz-express\/about\/)\n- [Shop](https:\/\/shop.immunize.org\/)\n- [Donate](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/donate\/)\n- [Guide](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/guide\/)\n\nVaccines\n\n- [Vaccines A-Z Our immunization resources organized by vaccine](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/)\n  - [Adenovirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/adenovirus\/)\n  - [Anthrax](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/anthrax\/)\n  - [BCG](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/bcg\/)\n  - [Chikungunya](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/chikungunya\/)\n  - [Cholera](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/cholera\/)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/covid-19\/)\n  - [Dengue](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/dengue\/)\n  - [Diphtheria](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/diphtheria\/)\n  - [Ebola](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/ebola\/)\n  - [Hepatitis A](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/hepa\/)\n  - [Hepatitis B](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/hepb\/)\n  - [Hib (*Haemophilus Influenzae* type b)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/hib\/)\n  - [HPV (Human Papillomavirus)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/hpv\/)\n  - [Influenza](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/influenza\/)\n  - [Japanese Encephalitis](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/japanese-encephalitis\/)\n  - [Measles](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/measles\/)\n  - [Meningococcal ACWY](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/menacwy\/)\n  - [Meningococcal B](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/menb\/)\n  - [Mpox](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/mpox\/)\n  - [Mumps](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/mumps\/)\n  - [Pertussis](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/pertussis\/)\n  - [Pneumococcal](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/pneumococcal\/)\n  - [Polio](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/polio\/)\n  - [Rabies](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/rabies\/)\n  - [RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/rsv\/)\n  - [Rotavirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/rotavirus\/)\n  - [Rubella](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/rubella\/)\n  - [Smallpox](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/smallpox\/)\n  - [Tetanus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/tetanus\/)\n  - [TBE (Tick-borne Encephalitis)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/tbe\/)\n  - [Typhoid](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/typhoid\/)\n  - [Varicella (Chickenpox)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/varicella\/)\n  - [Yellow Fever](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/yellow-fever\/)\n  - [Zoster (Shingles)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/a-z\/zoster\/)\n- [VISs Access current Vaccine Information Statements from CDC](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/about-vis\/)\n  - [VISs Overview](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/about-vis\/)\n  - [VIS-Related Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/vis\/)\n  - [Translations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/translations\/)\n  - [Adenovirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/adenovirus\/)\n  - [Anthrax](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/anthrax\/)\n  - [Cholera](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/cholera\/)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/covid-19\/)\n  - [Dengue](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/dengue\/)\n  - [DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/dtap\/)\n  - [Ebola](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/ebola\/)\n  - [Hib (*Haemophilus Influenzae* type b)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/hib\/)\n  - [Hepatitis A](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/hepa\/)\n  - [Hepatitis B](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/hepb\/)\n  - [HPV (Human Papillomavirus)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/hpv\/)\n  - [Influenza (Inactivated or Recombinant)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/influenza-inactivated\/)\n  - [Influenza (Live Intranasal)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/influenza-live\/)\n  - [Japanese Encephalitis](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/japanese-encephalitis\/)\n  - [Meningococcal ACWY](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/menacwy\/)\n  - [Meningococcal B](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/menb\/)\n  - [MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/mmr\/)\n  - [MMRV (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/mmrv\/)\n  - [Multi-Vaccine](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/multi-vaccine\/)\n  - [PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/pcv\/)\n  - [PPSV (Pneumococcal Polysaccharide)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/ppsv\/)\n  - [Polio](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/polio\/)\n  - [Rabies](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/rabies\/)\n  - [Rotavirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/rotavirus\/)\n  - [RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/rsv\/)\n  - [RSV Preventive Antibody – IIS](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/iis-rsv\/)\n  - [Smallpox\/Monkeypox](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/smallpox-mpox\/)\n  - [TBE (Tick-borne Encephalitis)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/tbe\/)\n  - [Td (Tetanus, Diphtheria)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/td\/)\n  - [Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/tdap\/)\n  - [Typhoid](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/typhoid\/)\n  - [Varicella (Chickenpox)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/varicella\/)\n  - [Yellow Fever](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/yellow-fever\/)\n  - [Zoster (Shingles)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis\/zoster\/)\n- [VIS Translations Vaccine-specific VISs translated into dozens of languages](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vis-translations\/)\n- [Travel Vaccines Information about travelers’ health and vaccination](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/travel-vaccines\/)\n- [Vaccine History Timeline Notable milestones in immunization going back to 400 BC](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vaccine-timeline\/)\n- [CDC Recommended Schedules Current immunization schedules from CDC](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/rec-schedules\/)\n- [ACIP Vaccine Recommendations As endorsed and published by CDC](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/acip-recs\/)\n\nClinical Resources\n\n- [Clinical Resources A-Z Our printable resources designed to help healthcare professionals in all aspects of immunization practice](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/a-z\/)\n  - [Search All Clinical Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/a-z\/)\n  - [All Patient Handouts](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/a-z\/all-patient\/)\n  - [All Resources for Staff & Providers](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/a-z\/all-providers\/)\n  - [Translations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/translations\/)\n  - [By Topic](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n    - [Addressing Vaccination Anxiety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/addressing-anxiety\/)\n    - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/admin-vaccines\/)\n    - [Adolescent Vaccination](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/adolescent-vaccination\/)\n    - [Adult Vaccination](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/adult-vaccination\/)\n    - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/contraindications\/)\n    - [Documenting Vaccination](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/documenting\/)\n    - [Healthcare Personnel](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/healthcare-personnel\/)\n    - [Managing Vaccine Reactions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/managing-vaccine-reactions\/)\n    - [Parent Handouts](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/parent-handouts\/)\n    - [Pregnancy and Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/pregnancy-vaccines\/)\n    - [Q\\&As by Diseases and Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/qas\/)\n    - [Schedules for Patients](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/patient-schedules\/)\n    - [Screening Checklists](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/screening-checklists\/)\n    - [Standing Orders Templates](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/standing-orders-templates\/)\n    - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/storage-handling\/)\n    - [Strategies & Policies](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/strategies-policies\/)\n    - [Vaccine Confidence](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/vaccine-confidence\/)\n    - [VIS-Related Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/vis\/)\n    - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/topic\/vaccine-recs\/)\n- [Vaccine Confidence & Addressing Concerns Practical resources to help providers respond to patient concerns](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n  - [Vaccine Confidence Overview](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/)\n  - [Adjuvants](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/adjuvants\/)\n  - [Alternative Schedules](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/alt-schedules\/)\n  - [Autism](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/autism\/)\n  - [Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Partner Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/alt-medicine\/)\n  - [Importance of Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/vaccine-importance\/)\n  - [Improving the Vaccination Experience](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/improving-vaccine-experience\/)\n  - [MMR Vaccine](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/mmr-vaccine\/)\n  - [Religious Concerns](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/religious-concerns\/)\n  - [Responding to Parents](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/responding-parents\/)\n  - [Thimerosal](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/thimerosal\/)\n  - [Unprotected People Stories](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/unprotected-people\/)\n  - [Vaccine Hesitancy](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/vaccine-hesitancy\/)\n  - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/vaccine-confidence\/topic\/vaccine-safety\/)\n- [Image Library Photos related to vaccine-preventable diseases](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/)\n  - [Image Library Overview](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/)\n  - [Anthrax](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/anthrax\/)\n  - [Diphtheria](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/diphtheria\/)\n  - [Hepatitis A](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/hepa\/)\n  - [Hepatitis B](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/hepb\/)\n  - [Hib (*Haemophilus Influenzae* type b)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/hib\/)\n  - [HPV (Human Papillomavirus)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/hpv\/)\n  - [Influenza](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/influenza\/)\n  - [Measles](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/measles\/)\n  - [Meningococcal](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/meningococcal\/)\n  - [Mpox](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/mpox\/)\n  - [Mumps](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/mumps\/)\n  - [Pertussis](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/pertussis\/)\n  - [Pneumococcal](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/pneumococcal\/)\n  - [Polio](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/polio\/)\n  - [Rabies](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/rabies\/)\n  - [Rotavirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/rotavirus\/)\n  - [Rubella](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/rubella\/)\n  - [Smallpox](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/smallpox\/)\n  - [Tetanus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/tetanus\/)\n  - [Vaccination](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/vaccination\/)\n  - [Varicella (Chickenpox)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/varicella\/)\n  - [Zoster (Shingles)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/image-library\/zoster\/)\n- [External Resources Contact information and resources for immunization providers](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/clinical\/external\/)\n  - 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Areas of low risk include the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and Western Europe. Visit the CDC’s Traveler Health website for more information about specific destinations and current outbreaks or travel notices (<https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/travel\/>). When in doubt, vaccinate.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## What are the recommendations for vaccination of travelers to protect them from hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection?\n\nFor details on preexposure protection of international travelers age 12 months and older, refer to Appendix A on page 35 of the current ACIP recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A: [www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/69\/rr\/pdfs\/rr6905a1-H.pdf](http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/69\/rr\/pdfs\/rr6905a1-H.pdf).\n\nHealthy people age 12 months through 40 years who are planning travel to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity and have not received HepA vaccine should receive a single dose of HepA vaccine as soon as travel is considered and should complete the 2-does series according to the routine schedule.\n\nPeople with chronic liver disease as well as adults older than 40 years of age, immunocompromised people, and people with other chronic medical conditions planning to depart to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity in less than 2 weeks should receive the initial dose of HepA vaccine and may also simultaneously be administered immune globulin (IG) at a separate anatomic injection site (for example in separate limbs).\n\nACIP revised its recommendations for preexposure hepatitis A vaccination for travelers in 2018 to include vaccination of infants 6 through 11 months of age. All infants of this age traveling internationally should be given a dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) before travel. Due to the potential interference of hepatitis A IG with MMR vaccine effectiveness, an off-label dose of HepA vaccine is recommended instead of IG in this situation. The travel-related dose for infants 6–11 months of age should not be counted toward the routine 2-dose series. The routine 2-dose HepA and MMR vaccination series should be initiated at age 12 months according to the routine, age-appropriate vaccination schedule.\n\nInfants younger than 6 months and travelers who elect not to receive vaccine or for whom vaccine is contraindicated should receive a single 0.1 mL\/kg dose of IG before travel when protection against HAV is recommended. If travel is for more than 1 month, a dose of 0.2 mL\/kg should be administered. A 0.2 mL\/kg dose can be repeated every 2 months for travel of more than 2 months duration.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## Can Twinrix (HepA-HepB combination vaccine) be used for people planning international travel?\n\nYes. If time allows, use the standard Twinrix schedule of 3 doses given intramuscularly on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule. If travel is imminent the accelerated 4-dose Twinrix schedule can be used: 3 doses given on days 0, 7, and 21-30 days and a booster dose at 12 months.\n\nLast reviewed: January 27, 2025\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## We have an adult patient who received the correct pediatric series of HepA vaccine as a teenager and is now traveling abroad. Does the patient need an adult booster?\n\nNo. There is no recommendation for a booster dose of HepA if a patient has completed the 2-dose series at any age.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## Is it really necessary to vaccinate travelers to Latin America who will be staying in 4-star hotels against hepatitis A?\n\nYes. Data have shown that people acquire hepatitis A virus infection even in such places as 4-star hotels located in Latin America.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## If a traveler received the first dose of HepA vaccine more than one year ago and needs to travel abroad imminently, will the traveler need immune globulin in addition to dose \\#2 prior to leaving?\n\nNo. Just give the final dose of HepA vaccine prior to travel.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## If an infant younger than age 6 months receives immune globulin (IG) before travel to a hepatitis A endemic area, will he\/she need HepA vaccine before another trip to a hepatitis A endemic area?\n\nPossibly. Since IG protects against hepatitis A infection for only 1 to 2 months, depending on the dosage given, additional IG may be needed if the infant is not yet age 6 months. Once the child has reached six months of age, HepA vaccine should be given.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## Can VFC-eligible children who travel to regions where hepatitis A virus (HAV) is endemic receive HepA vaccine under the VFC program?\n\nYes. ACIP recommends that all children age 1 year through 18 years should be vaccinated against hepatitis A. VFC HepA vaccine may be administered to any eligible child, including those recommended for vaccination at 6 through 11 months of age as a result of travel to an HAV-endemic area.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## If a person was born and grew up in a country where HAV infection is endemic (e.g., Vietnam, Mexico) and then moved to the United States at age 20, should that person receive HepA vaccine before returning to visit his\/her homeland?\n\nIt depends on whether that person has a history of HAV infection. Unless there are medical records that document prior HAV infection, serologic testing for immunity (positive test for total anti-HAV) is the only way to determine if vaccination is necessary. For people from countries with high rates of HAV infection, such as Vietnam and Mexico, serologic testing might be done to prevent unnecessary vaccination. The cost effectiveness of serologic testing, however, should be balanced against the possibility of delaying needed vaccination while awaiting test results.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nLink copied\n\n- Hepatitis A\n- International Travel\n## If a person has had HAV infection, should they still receive the vaccine if planning international travel?\n\nNo, as long as there are medical records that document that the person was previously infected with HAV (i.e., positive test for total anti-HAV). If there is any doubt that the person actually was infected with HAV, HepA vaccine and\/or IG should be given. The vaccine or IG will not harm a person who is already immune.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nThis page was updated on January 27, 2025 .\n\n- [Ask the Experts](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/)\n  - [Ask the Experts Overview](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/overview\/)\n  - [View All Questions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/)\n  - [View All Video Questions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/?q=%5Bvideo%5D)\n  - [Vaccine Topics](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n    - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All COVID-19](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/covid-19\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/covid-19\/disease-issues\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/covid-19\/vaccine-recommendations-covid-19\/)\n      - [Vaccine Products](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/covid-19\/vaccine-products-covid-19\/)\n      - 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[For Adults (includes HBV Screening)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepb\/adults\/)\n      - [For Healthcare Personnel](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepb\/healthcare-personnel\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepb\/vaccine-safety-hepb\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepb\/contraindications-precautions-hepb\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepb\/storage-handling-hepb\/)\n    - [Hib (*Haemophilus Influenzae* type b)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Hib](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hib\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hib\/disease-issues-hib\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hib\/vaccine-recommendations-hib\/)\n      - [Scheduling & Administration](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hib\/scheduling-administration-hib\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hib\/contraindications-precautions-hib\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hib\/vaccine-safety-hib\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hib\/storage-handling-hib\/)\n      - [Chemoprophylaxis](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hib\/chemoprophylaxis\/)\n    - [HPV (Human Papillomavirus)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All HPV](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hpv\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hpv\/disease-issues-hpv\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hpv\/vaccine-recommendations-hpv\/)\n      - [Scheduling & Administration](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hpv\/scheduling-administration-hpv\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hpv\/contraindications-precautions-hpv\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hpv\/vaccine-safety-hpv\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hpv\/storage-handling-hpv\/)\n    - [Influenza](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Influenza](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/disease-issues-influenza\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/vaccine-recommendations-influenza\/)\n      - [For Children](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/children\/)\n      - [For Special Populations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/special-populations-influenza\/)\n      - [For Healthcare Personnel](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/healthcare-personnel-influenza\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/contraindications-precautions-influenza\/)\n      - [LAIV Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/laiv-issues\/)\n      - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/admin-vaccines-influenza\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/influenza\/storage-handling-influenza\/)\n    - [MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All MMR](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/disease-issues-mmr\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/vaccine-recommendations-mmr\/)\n      - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/admin-vaccines-mmr\/)\n      - [Scheduling Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/scheduling-vaccines-mmr\/)\n      - [For Healthcare Personnel](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/for-healthcare-personnel-mmr\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/contraindications-precautions-mmr\/)\n      - [Pregnancy & Postpartum](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/pregnancy-postpartum-considerations\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/vaccine-safety-mmr\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/mmr\/storage-handling-mmr\/)\n    - [Meningococcal ACWY](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All MenACWY](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/disease-issues-menacwy\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/vaccine-recommendations-menacwy\/)\n      - [For People with Risk Factors](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/risk-factors\/)\n      - [Booster Doses](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/booster-doses\/)\n      - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/admin-vaccines-menacwy\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/vaccine-safety-menacwy\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/contraindications-precautions-menacwy\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menacwy\/storage-handling-menacwy\/)\n    - [Meningococcal B](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Men B](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/disease-issues-menb\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/vaccine-recommendations-menb\/)\n      - [For People with Risk Factors](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/risk-factors-menb\/)\n      - [Booster Doses](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/booster-doses-menb\/)\n      - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/admin-vaccines-menb\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/vaccine-safety-menb\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/contraindications-precautions-menb\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/menb\/storage-handling-menb\/)\n    - [Pertussis](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Pertussis](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/disease-issues-pertussis\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/vaccine-recommendations-pertussis\/)\n      - [Vaccine Products](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/vaccine-products-pertussis\/)\n      - [Tdap for Adolescents & Adults](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/tdap-adolescents-adults-pertussis\/)\n      - [Tdap & Pregnancy](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/tdap-pregnancy-pertussis\/)\n      - [Scheduling Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/scheduling-vaccines-pertussis\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/contraindications-precautions-pertussis\/)\n      - [Tetanus & Wound Management](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/tetanus-wound-management-pertussis\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pertussis\/storage-handling-pertussis\/)\n    - [Pneumococcal](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Pneumococcal](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/disease-issues-pneumococcal\/)\n      - [Vaccine Products](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/vaccine-products-pneumococcal\/)\n      - [Recommendations for Children](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/recommendations-children\/)\n      - [Recommendations for Adults](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/recommendations-adults\/)\n      - [Adults and PCV13](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/adults-pcv13\/)\n      - [Miscellaneous Vaccine Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/miscellaneous\/)\n      - [Scheduling & Documentation](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/scheduling-documentation\/)\n      - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/admin-vaccines-pneumococcal\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/pneumococcal\/storage-handling-pneumococcal\/)\n    - [Polio](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/polio\/)\n    - [Rabies](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rabies\/)\n    - [Rotavirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Rotavirus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rotavirus\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rotavirus\/disease-issues-rotavirus\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rotavirus\/vaccine-recommendations-rotavirus\/)\n      - [Scheduling & Administration](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rotavirus\/scheduling-administration-rotavirus\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rotavirus\/contraindications-precautions-rotavirus\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rotavirus\/vaccine-safety-rotavirus\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rotavirus\/storage-handling-rotavirus\/)\n    - [RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All RSV](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/disease-issues-rsv)\n      - [Vaccine Products](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/vaccine-products-rsv)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations for Older Adults](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/vaccine-recs-adults-rsv)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations during Pregnancy](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/vaccine-recs-pregnancy-rsv)\n      - [Vaccine Administration](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/vaccine-admin-rsv)\n      - [RSV Preventive Antibody Products](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv\/rsv-preventive-antibody\/)\n      - [RSV mAb Recommendations for Infants](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv\/rsv-preventive-antibody-infants\/)\n      - [RSV mAb Administration](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv\/rsv-preventive-antibody-admin\/)\n      - [Scheduling & Documentation (Vaccines and mAb)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv\/scheduling-documentation-rsv\/)\n      - [Safety (Vaccines and mAb)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv\/safety-rsv\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions (Vaccines and mAb)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv\/contraindication-precautions-rsv\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling (Vaccines and mAb)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/rsv\/storage-handling-rsv\/)\n    - [Tetanus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Tetanus](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/disease-issues-tetanus\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/vaccine-recommendations-tetanus\/)\n      - [Vaccine Products](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/vaccine-products-tetanus\/)\n      - [Tdap for Adolescents & Adults](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/tdap-adolescents-adults\/)\n      - [Tdap & Pregnancy](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/tdap-pregnancy\/)\n      - [Scheduling Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/scheduling-vaccines-tetanus\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/contraindications-precautions-tetanus\/)\n      - [Wound Management](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/wound-management\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/tetanus\/storage-handling-tetanus\/)\n    - [Varicella (Chickenpox)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Varicella](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/disease-issues-varicella\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/vaccine-recommendations-varicella\/)\n      - [Scheduling Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/scheduling-vaccines-varicella\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/contraindications-precautions-varicella\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/vaccine-safety-varicella\/)\n      - [Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/varicella-zoster-immune-globulin\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/varicella\/storage-handling-varicella\/)\n    - [Zoster (Shingles)](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Zoster](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/)\n      - [Disease Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/disease-issues-zoster-shingles\/)\n      - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/vaccine-recommendations-zoster-shingles\/)\n      - [Immunocompromised Adults](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/immunocompromised-adults\/)\n      - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/vaccine-safety-zoster-shingles\/)\n      - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/contraindications-precautions-zoster-shingles\/)\n      - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/admin-vaccines-zoster\/)\n      - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/zoster\/storage-handling-zoster-shingles\/)\n  - [General Topics](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n    - [Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Administering Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/admin-vaccines\/)\n      - [General Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/admin-vaccines\/general-issues\/)\n      - [Administration Errors](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/admin-vaccines\/vaccine-admin-errors\/)\n    - [Billing & Reimbursement](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/billing-reimburse\/)\n    - [Combination Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Combo Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/)\n      - [General Issues](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/combo-general\/)\n      - [DTaP-IPV-HepB](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/dtap-ipv-hepb\/)\n      - [DTaP-IPV\/Hib](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/dtap-ipv-hib\/)\n      - [DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/dtap-ipv-hib-hepb\/)\n      - [DTaP-IPV](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/dtap-ipv\/)\n      - [HepA-HepB](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/hepa-hepb\/)\n      - [MMRV](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/combo-vaccines\/mmrv\/)\n    - [Contraindications & Precautions](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/contraindications-precautions\/)\n    - [Documenting Vaccination](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/documenting-vaccination\/)\n    - [Scheduling Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/scheduling-vaccines\/)\n    - [Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/)\n      - [All Storage & Handling](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/storage-handling\/)\n      - [Vaccine Storage Units](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/storage-handling\/vaccine-storage-units\/)\n      - [Temperature Monitoring & Controls](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/storage-handling\/temperature-monitoring-controls\/)\n      - [Troubleshooting & Follow-Up](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/storage-handling\/troubleshooting-follow-up\/)\n      - [Vaccine Viability & Expiration](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/storage-handling\/vaccine-viability-expiration\/)\n      - [Resources](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/storage-handling\/resources\/)\n    - [Travel Vaccines](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/travel-vaccines\/)\n    - [Vaccine Recommendations](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/vaccine-recs\/)\n    - [Vaccine Safety](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/vaccine-safety\/)\n\n#### On This Page\n- [Search & Filter](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/#offcanvasResponsive)\n- [Back to Top](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/#page)\n\n### Our Affiliated Sites\n[**For the Public:** VaccineInformation.org](https:\/\/vaccineinformation.org\/)\n\n[**For Coalitions:** ImmunizationCoalitions.org](https:\/\/immunizationcoalitions.org\/)\n\n[Let's Get Real Information about pediatric vaccines for parents and providers.](https:\/\/www.letsgetrealaboutvaccines.org\/)\n\n[65+ Flu Defense Protect vulnerable, older adult patients from influenza.](https:\/\/www.influenza-defense.org\/)\n\n[Give2MenACWY.org Improve protection from meningococcal serogroups ACWY.](https:\/\/www.give2menacwy.org\/)\n\n[NAIIS Home of the National Adult and Influenza Immunization Summit.](https:\/\/www.izsummitpartners.org\/)\n\n![](https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/icons\/immunize.org-logo-white.svg)\n\nSave Lives. 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The website content is the sole responsibility of Immunize.org and does not necessarily represent the official views of CDC.\n\nCopyright © 2026 Immunize.org","attrs_readable_markdown":"Results (10)\n\nHepatitis A vaccination is recommended for people age 6 months or older who are traveling to or working in an area of the world at intermediate or high risk of hepatitis A transmission. Areas of low risk include the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and Western Europe. Visit the CDC’s Traveler Health website for more information about specific destinations and current outbreaks or travel notices (<https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/travel\/>). When in doubt, vaccinate.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nFor details on preexposure protection of international travelers age 12 months and older, refer to Appendix A on page 35 of the current ACIP recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A: [www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/69\/rr\/pdfs\/rr6905a1-H.pdf](http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/69\/rr\/pdfs\/rr6905a1-H.pdf).\n\nHealthy people age 12 months through 40 years who are planning travel to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity and have not received HepA vaccine should receive a single dose of HepA vaccine as soon as travel is considered and should complete the 2-does series according to the routine schedule.\n\nPeople with chronic liver disease as well as adults older than 40 years of age, immunocompromised people, and people with other chronic medical conditions planning to depart to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity in less than 2 weeks should receive the initial dose of HepA vaccine and may also simultaneously be administered immune globulin (IG) at a separate anatomic injection site (for example in separate limbs).\n\nACIP revised its recommendations for preexposure hepatitis A vaccination for travelers in 2018 to include vaccination of infants 6 through 11 months of age. All infants of this age traveling internationally should be given a dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) before travel. Due to the potential interference of hepatitis A IG with MMR vaccine effectiveness, an off-label dose of HepA vaccine is recommended instead of IG in this situation. The travel-related dose for infants 6–11 months of age should not be counted toward the routine 2-dose series. The routine 2-dose HepA and MMR vaccination series should be initiated at age 12 months according to the routine, age-appropriate vaccination schedule.\n\nInfants younger than 6 months and travelers who elect not to receive vaccine or for whom vaccine is contraindicated should receive a single 0.1 mL\/kg dose of IG before travel when protection against HAV is recommended. If travel is for more than 1 month, a dose of 0.2 mL\/kg should be administered. A 0.2 mL\/kg dose can be repeated every 2 months for travel of more than 2 months duration.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nYes. If time allows, use the standard Twinrix schedule of 3 doses given intramuscularly on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule. If travel is imminent the accelerated 4-dose Twinrix schedule can be used: 3 doses given on days 0, 7, and 21-30 days and a booster dose at 12 months.\n\nLast reviewed: January 27, 2025\n\nNo. There is no recommendation for a booster dose of HepA if a patient has completed the 2-dose series at any age.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nYes. Data have shown that people acquire hepatitis A virus infection even in such places as 4-star hotels located in Latin America.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nNo. Just give the final dose of HepA vaccine prior to travel.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nPossibly. Since IG protects against hepatitis A infection for only 1 to 2 months, depending on the dosage given, additional IG may be needed if the infant is not yet age 6 months. Once the child has reached six months of age, HepA vaccine should be given.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nYes. ACIP recommends that all children age 1 year through 18 years should be vaccinated against hepatitis A. VFC HepA vaccine may be administered to any eligible child, including those recommended for vaccination at 6 through 11 months of age as a result of travel to an HAV-endemic area.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nIt depends on whether that person has a history of HAV infection. Unless there are medical records that document prior HAV infection, serologic testing for immunity (positive test for total anti-HAV) is the only way to determine if vaccination is necessary. For people from countries with high rates of HAV infection, such as Vietnam and Mexico, serologic testing might be done to prevent unnecessary vaccination. The cost effectiveness of serologic testing, however, should be balanced against the possibility of delaying needed vaccination while awaiting test results.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nNo, as long as there are medical records that document that the person was previously infected with HAV (i.e., positive test for total anti-HAV). If there is any doubt that the person actually was infected with HAV, HepA vaccine and\/or IG should be given. The vaccine or IG will not harm a person who is already immune.\n\nLast reviewed: June 25, 2023\n\nThis page was updated on January 27, 2025 .","meta_canonical":"org,immunize!www,\/ask-experts\/topic\/hepa\/international-travel\/ h80"}

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Boilerpipe Text	Results (10) Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for people age 6 months or older who are traveling to or working in an area of the world at intermediate or high risk of hepatitis A transmission. Areas of low risk include the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and Western Europe. Visit the CDC’s Traveler Health website for more information about specific destinations and current outbreaks or travel notices ( https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/ ). When in doubt, vaccinate. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 For details on preexposure protection of international travelers age 12 months and older, refer to Appendix A on page 35 of the current ACIP recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/rr/pdfs/rr6905a1-H.pdf . Healthy people age 12 months through 40 years who are planning travel to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity and have not received HepA vaccine should receive a single dose of HepA vaccine as soon as travel is considered and should complete the 2-does series according to the routine schedule. People with chronic liver disease as well as adults older than 40 years of age, immunocompromised people, and people with other chronic medical conditions planning to depart to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity in less than 2 weeks should receive the initial dose of HepA vaccine and may also simultaneously be administered immune globulin (IG) at a separate anatomic injection site (for example in separate limbs). ACIP revised its recommendations for preexposure hepatitis A vaccination for travelers in 2018 to include vaccination of infants 6 through 11 months of age. All infants of this age traveling internationally should be given a dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) before travel. Due to the potential interference of hepatitis A IG with MMR vaccine effectiveness, an off-label dose of HepA vaccine is recommended instead of IG in this situation. The travel-related dose for infants 6–11 months of age should not be counted toward the routine 2-dose series. The routine 2-dose HepA and MMR vaccination series should be initiated at age 12 months according to the routine, age-appropriate vaccination schedule. Infants younger than 6 months and travelers who elect not to receive vaccine or for whom vaccine is contraindicated should receive a single 0.1 mL/kg dose of IG before travel when protection against HAV is recommended. If travel is for more than 1 month, a dose of 0.2 mL/kg should be administered. A 0.2 mL/kg dose can be repeated every 2 months for travel of more than 2 months duration. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Yes. If time allows, use the standard Twinrix schedule of 3 doses given intramuscularly on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule. If travel is imminent the accelerated 4-dose Twinrix schedule can be used: 3 doses given on days 0, 7, and 21-30 days and a booster dose at 12 months. Last reviewed: January 27, 2025 No. There is no recommendation for a booster dose of HepA if a patient has completed the 2-dose series at any age. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Yes. Data have shown that people acquire hepatitis A virus infection even in such places as 4-star hotels located in Latin America. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 No. Just give the final dose of HepA vaccine prior to travel. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Possibly. Since IG protects against hepatitis A infection for only 1 to 2 months, depending on the dosage given, additional IG may be needed if the infant is not yet age 6 months. Once the child has reached six months of age, HepA vaccine should be given. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Yes. ACIP recommends that all children age 1 year through 18 years should be vaccinated against hepatitis A. VFC HepA vaccine may be administered to any eligible child, including those recommended for vaccination at 6 through 11 months of age as a result of travel to an HAV-endemic area. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 It depends on whether that person has a history of HAV infection. Unless there are medical records that document prior HAV infection, serologic testing for immunity (positive test for total anti-HAV) is the only way to determine if vaccination is necessary. For people from countries with high rates of HAV infection, such as Vietnam and Mexico, serologic testing might be done to prevent unnecessary vaccination. The cost effectiveness of serologic testing, however, should be balanced against the possibility of delaying needed vaccination while awaiting test results. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 No, as long as there are medical records that document that the person was previously infected with HAV (i.e., positive test for total anti-HAV). If there is any doubt that the person actually was infected with HAV, HepA vaccine and/or IG should be given. The vaccine or IG will not harm a person who is already immune. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 This page was updated on January 27, 2025 .
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Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for people age 6 months or older who are traveling to or working in an area of the world at intermediate or high risk of hepatitis A transmission. Areas of low risk include the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and Western Europe. Visit the CDC’s Traveler Health website for more information about specific destinations and current outbreaks or travel notices (<https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/>). When in doubt, vaccinate. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## What are the recommendations for vaccination of travelers to protect them from hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection? For details on preexposure protection of international travelers age 12 months and older, refer to Appendix A on page 35 of the current ACIP recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A: [www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/rr/pdfs/rr6905a1-H.pdf](http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/rr/pdfs/rr6905a1-H.pdf). Healthy people age 12 months through 40 years who are planning travel to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity and have not received HepA vaccine should receive a single dose of HepA vaccine as soon as travel is considered and should complete the 2-does series according to the routine schedule. People with chronic liver disease as well as adults older than 40 years of age, immunocompromised people, and people with other chronic medical conditions planning to depart to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity in less than 2 weeks should receive the initial dose of HepA vaccine and may also simultaneously be administered immune globulin (IG) at a separate anatomic injection site (for example in separate limbs). ACIP revised its recommendations for preexposure hepatitis A vaccination for travelers in 2018 to include vaccination of infants 6 through 11 months of age. All infants of this age traveling internationally should be given a dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) before travel. Due to the potential interference of hepatitis A IG with MMR vaccine effectiveness, an off-label dose of HepA vaccine is recommended instead of IG in this situation. The travel-related dose for infants 6–11 months of age should not be counted toward the routine 2-dose series. The routine 2-dose HepA and MMR vaccination series should be initiated at age 12 months according to the routine, age-appropriate vaccination schedule. Infants younger than 6 months and travelers who elect not to receive vaccine or for whom vaccine is contraindicated should receive a single 0.1 mL/kg dose of IG before travel when protection against HAV is recommended. If travel is for more than 1 month, a dose of 0.2 mL/kg should be administered. A 0.2 mL/kg dose can be repeated every 2 months for travel of more than 2 months duration. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## Can Twinrix (HepA-HepB combination vaccine) be used for people planning international travel? Yes. If time allows, use the standard Twinrix schedule of 3 doses given intramuscularly on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule. If travel is imminent the accelerated 4-dose Twinrix schedule can be used: 3 doses given on days 0, 7, and 21-30 days and a booster dose at 12 months. Last reviewed: January 27, 2025 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## We have an adult patient who received the correct pediatric series of HepA vaccine as a teenager and is now traveling abroad. Does the patient need an adult booster? No. There is no recommendation for a booster dose of HepA if a patient has completed the 2-dose series at any age. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## Is it really necessary to vaccinate travelers to Latin America who will be staying in 4-star hotels against hepatitis A? Yes. Data have shown that people acquire hepatitis A virus infection even in such places as 4-star hotels located in Latin America. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## If a traveler received the first dose of HepA vaccine more than one year ago and needs to travel abroad imminently, will the traveler need immune globulin in addition to dose \#2 prior to leaving? No. Just give the final dose of HepA vaccine prior to travel. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## If an infant younger than age 6 months receives immune globulin (IG) before travel to a hepatitis A endemic area, will he/she need HepA vaccine before another trip to a hepatitis A endemic area? Possibly. Since IG protects against hepatitis A infection for only 1 to 2 months, depending on the dosage given, additional IG may be needed if the infant is not yet age 6 months. Once the child has reached six months of age, HepA vaccine should be given. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## Can VFC-eligible children who travel to regions where hepatitis A virus (HAV) is endemic receive HepA vaccine under the VFC program? Yes. ACIP recommends that all children age 1 year through 18 years should be vaccinated against hepatitis A. VFC HepA vaccine may be administered to any eligible child, including those recommended for vaccination at 6 through 11 months of age as a result of travel to an HAV-endemic area. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## If a person was born and grew up in a country where HAV infection is endemic (e.g., Vietnam, Mexico) and then moved to the United States at age 20, should that person receive HepA vaccine before returning to visit his/her homeland? It depends on whether that person has a history of HAV infection. Unless there are medical records that document prior HAV infection, serologic testing for immunity (positive test for total anti-HAV) is the only way to determine if vaccination is necessary. For people from countries with high rates of HAV infection, such as Vietnam and Mexico, serologic testing might be done to prevent unnecessary vaccination. The cost effectiveness of serologic testing, however, should be balanced against the possibility of delaying needed vaccination while awaiting test results. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Link copied - Hepatitis A - International Travel ## If a person has had HAV infection, should they still receive the vaccine if planning international travel? No, as long as there are medical records that document that the person was previously infected with HAV (i.e., positive test for total anti-HAV). If there is any doubt that the person actually was infected with HAV, HepA vaccine and/or IG should be given. The vaccine or IG will not harm a person who is already immune. 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Readable Markdown	Results (10) Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for people age 6 months or older who are traveling to or working in an area of the world at intermediate or high risk of hepatitis A transmission. Areas of low risk include the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and Western Europe. Visit the CDC’s Traveler Health website for more information about specific destinations and current outbreaks or travel notices (<https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/>). When in doubt, vaccinate. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 For details on preexposure protection of international travelers age 12 months and older, refer to Appendix A on page 35 of the current ACIP recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A: [www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/rr/pdfs/rr6905a1-H.pdf](http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/rr/pdfs/rr6905a1-H.pdf). Healthy people age 12 months through 40 years who are planning travel to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity and have not received HepA vaccine should receive a single dose of HepA vaccine as soon as travel is considered and should complete the 2-does series according to the routine schedule. People with chronic liver disease as well as adults older than 40 years of age, immunocompromised people, and people with other chronic medical conditions planning to depart to an area with high or intermediate HAV endemicity in less than 2 weeks should receive the initial dose of HepA vaccine and may also simultaneously be administered immune globulin (IG) at a separate anatomic injection site (for example in separate limbs). ACIP revised its recommendations for preexposure hepatitis A vaccination for travelers in 2018 to include vaccination of infants 6 through 11 months of age. All infants of this age traveling internationally should be given a dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) before travel. Due to the potential interference of hepatitis A IG with MMR vaccine effectiveness, an off-label dose of HepA vaccine is recommended instead of IG in this situation. The travel-related dose for infants 6–11 months of age should not be counted toward the routine 2-dose series. The routine 2-dose HepA and MMR vaccination series should be initiated at age 12 months according to the routine, age-appropriate vaccination schedule. Infants younger than 6 months and travelers who elect not to receive vaccine or for whom vaccine is contraindicated should receive a single 0.1 mL/kg dose of IG before travel when protection against HAV is recommended. If travel is for more than 1 month, a dose of 0.2 mL/kg should be administered. A 0.2 mL/kg dose can be repeated every 2 months for travel of more than 2 months duration. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Yes. If time allows, use the standard Twinrix schedule of 3 doses given intramuscularly on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule. If travel is imminent the accelerated 4-dose Twinrix schedule can be used: 3 doses given on days 0, 7, and 21-30 days and a booster dose at 12 months. Last reviewed: January 27, 2025 No. There is no recommendation for a booster dose of HepA if a patient has completed the 2-dose series at any age. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Yes. Data have shown that people acquire hepatitis A virus infection even in such places as 4-star hotels located in Latin America. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 No. Just give the final dose of HepA vaccine prior to travel. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Possibly. Since IG protects against hepatitis A infection for only 1 to 2 months, depending on the dosage given, additional IG may be needed if the infant is not yet age 6 months. Once the child has reached six months of age, HepA vaccine should be given. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 Yes. ACIP recommends that all children age 1 year through 18 years should be vaccinated against hepatitis A. VFC HepA vaccine may be administered to any eligible child, including those recommended for vaccination at 6 through 11 months of age as a result of travel to an HAV-endemic area. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 It depends on whether that person has a history of HAV infection. Unless there are medical records that document prior HAV infection, serologic testing for immunity (positive test for total anti-HAV) is the only way to determine if vaccination is necessary. For people from countries with high rates of HAV infection, such as Vietnam and Mexico, serologic testing might be done to prevent unnecessary vaccination. The cost effectiveness of serologic testing, however, should be balanced against the possibility of delaying needed vaccination while awaiting test results. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 No, as long as there are medical records that document that the person was previously infected with HAV (i.e., positive test for total anti-HAV). If there is any doubt that the person actually was infected with HAV, HepA vaccine and/or IG should be given. The vaccine or IG will not harm a person who is already immune. Last reviewed: June 25, 2023 This page was updated on January 27, 2025 .
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