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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 122 (from laksa121)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa122.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/the-kings-malady-george-iiis-mental-illness-explored/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/the-kings-malady-george-iiis-mental-illness-explored/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/the-kings-malady-george-iiis-mental-illness-explored\/","crawl_time":1776155412,"first_indexed_time":1711161016,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"uk,org,hrp!www,\/blog\/the-kings-malady-george-iiis-mental-illness-explored\/ s443","src_root_hash":"610660735132344122","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"The King's 'Malady': George III's Mental Illness Explored | Historic Royal Palaces","meta_descriptions":["George III had four prolonged periods of illness during his reign. Despite his achievements, he is perhaps most commonly referred to as ‘The Mad King’ – an unhelpful phrase that undermines the extent of his deeply traumatic ailments, and ignores his physical symptoms."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Start of main content\nDate:\n22 March 2024\nGeorge III\nhad four prolonged periods of illness during his reign. Despite his achievements, he is perhaps most commonly referred to as ‘The Mad King’ – an unhelpful phrase that undermines the extent of his deeply traumatic ailments, and ignores his physical symptoms.  \nHere, Kew Palace curator Polly Putnam explores what we know of George’s mental and physical illness, the misconceptions under which his doctors treated him, and his brutal but ineffective treatment at Kew. \nWhat do we know about George III's symptoms?\nWhile George III’s first period of illness in 1765 is largely undocumented, we know much more about his later episodes in 1788-89, 1801, and 1804. His final bout occurred in November 1810 after the death of his beloved daughter, Princess Amelia. He never recovered from this final illness, and died in isolation at Windsor Castle 10 years later.\n \nThe King experienced both physical and mental symptoms, including fever, frequent vomiting, and swelling of the legs and feet. The King also complained of aches and pains in his stomach, head and joints, which were so painful that he was unable to walk without a stick.\n \nImage: George III, Queen Charlotte and their six eldest children. © Royal Collection Trust \/ Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II\nHis daughter Princess Elizabeth described a rash which was ‘very red and in great weals, as if it had been scourged by cords’. His doctors mentioned a yellowing of the eyes, dark urine and a series of violent spasms. \nThe most alarming effect of the King’s illness was his periods of mania. At their mildest George experienced a ‘a desire of talking that he was unable to control’. Often, he would talk for hours until he was hoarse and foaming at the mouth.  \nDespite his kind nature, his illness caused the King to exhibit inappropriate and wild behaviour. He was sometimes violent towards his staff and doctors, and on one occasion he was violent towards\nQueen Charlotte\n.  \nThe moment in which the doctors decided that George III needed prolonged treatments, was a dreadful meal with the Prince of Wales, during which the King berated him in front of Queen Charlotte and the Princesses. The evening ended with George III picking his son up and throwing him on the floor. \nImage: Kew Palace, where George III was sent for treatment in the neighbouring White House. © Historic Royal Palaces\nThe King's brutal treatment at Kew Palace\nGeorge III was transferred for treatment at the White House, next to what is now known as Kew Palace, in 1788. George Baker, the King’s most senior physician wrote that a ‘change of place and objects is likely to facilitate his recovery’.\n \nBaker was supported by Sir Lucas Pepys, Dr Henry Revell Reynolds Dr Richard and Dr Anthony Addington. He was given various emetics to make him vomit, and was blistered, a process by which caustic powder was applied to his legs until they formed blisters. \n \nThe King was also subjected to cupping, where heated glass cups were applied to his body to create suction on the skin. None of these treatments seemed to work.\n \nSince his Majesty has been at Kew the unfavourable symptoms of his disorder have increased rather than diminished.\nRobert Fulke Greville, George III’s Equerry\nThe King’s language became coarser and crueller. He was more melancholy and his behaviour was more erratic. On one occasion he demanded that he be wheeled around his rooms like a child; on another, he stole the page’s wigs and burned them in a fire.\n \nThe doctors could not cope and began to quarrel amongst themselves. In desperation, Dr Francis Willis and his sons were brought in to treat the King on 5 December.\nThe 'Moral Method'\nWillis and his sons’ treatment, known as the ‘Moral Method’, involved enacting control over the King through stern words and a system of punishment and reward. It was designed to break the King’s spirit and to turn his behaviour from mania into what they saw as compliance.\n \nThe King was often confined in a strait waistcoat or bound to his bed. George bitterly referred to one piece of binding equipment – a chair with a strait waistcoat attached – as his ‘throne’. In contrast, the King could be rewarded for ‘good behaviour’ with access to his library or a visit from his family.\n \nBy February the King’s condition seemed to improve and on 26 February an official report stated, ‘His Majesty appears to have an entire cessation of his illness’.\n \nCan we ever diagnose George III?\nGeorge III would return to Kew for treatment twice more, in 1801 and 1804 – coerced into staying in the red brick building now known as Kew Palace, since the White House was falling into disrepair.\n \nIt is almost impossible to give a cause for or diagnose the King’s illness. Accounts differ wildly and can be interpreted in many ways. These inconsistencies have led historians to ‘diagnose’ the King with many different illnesses and conditions, including arsenic poisoning, porphyria and most recently bi-polar disorder. \n \nImage: Print of George III during his last period of illness. © Historic Royal Palaces\nStudying George III’s illness is made more complicated by the political situation surrounding the King’s treatment. For example, the Prince of Wales installed his own doctor in the King’s household.\n \nIf George was deemed incapacitated and unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales could make himself regent and effectively run the country in his father’s place; the Prince’s doctor was tasked with writing pessimistic reports of the King’s illness to increase the likelihood that the Prince could take over as regent.\n \nWe can never really know what caused George III’s illness, but we do know that the King suffered greatly, both physically and mentally.\n \nHis cruel treatment at the hands of his doctors was painful, humiliating and frightening. During these periods, Queen Charlotte and the couple’s daughters endured agonising hours in their rooms at Kew, anxiously waiting for news. The Prince of Wales’ attempts to use his father’s illness to gain power caused his parents even more strain.\nAfter being moved to permanent seclusion in Windsor in 1810, George would hold imaginary conversations with his dead children and cry for hours. \nMuch more than a simple story of ‘The Mad King’, George’s periods of mental and physical illness were as complex as the man himself – and had a huge impact on him, his family, and the nation. \nPolly Putnam\n \nCurator (Collections)\n \nHistoric Royal Palaces\n \nMore from our blog\nRoyal Wetnurses: the 'Foster Mothers' of the Georgian Nursery\n24 March 2022\nAhead of Mother's Day, we share the lesser-known histories of the women employed as wetnurses in the Royal Nursery. Taking on the role of 'foster mother' to young princes and princesses, they often developed a close personal bond with the royal family and received mementos that were passed down in families for generations.\nThe explosive wartime history of the Kew Pagoda\n06 June 2023\nOne of the most surprising periods in the history of the Great Pagoda is its use as a secret testing site during World War II. Curator Polly Putnam picks up the tale of this fascinating discovery.\nA tour of Kew's Kitchen Garden\n10 September 2019\nLike Kew Palace and the Royal Kitchens, the Kitchen Garden is open seasonally to visitors, from April to October. But work in the garden continues all year round. Let's take a tour...","attrs_markdown":"For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript.  \n Not sure how to enable it? 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Palace What's on\n\n[What's on](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/)\n\n[Audio Guide Tour](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/audio-guide-tour\/)\n\n[Beano Havoc at Hampton Court Palace](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/beano-havoc-at-hampton-court-palace\/)\n\n[The Big Bahooey](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-big-bahooey\/)\n\n[British Sign Language Digital Visitor Guide](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/british-sign-language-digital-visitor-guide\/)\n\n[Chapel Court](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/chapel-court\/)\n\n[Chapel Royal](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-chapel-royal\/)\n\n[Chocolate Kitchens](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/chocolate-kitchens\/)\n\n[Community Access Scheme](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/community-access-scheme\/)\n\n[Concours of Elegance](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/concours-of-elegance\/)\n\n[Council Chamber](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/council-chamber\/)\n\n[Cumberland Art Gallery](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/cumberland-art-gallery\/)\n\n[Deaf-Led Guided Tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/deaf-led-guided-tours\/)\n\n[Dementia-friendly programme](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/dementia-friendly-programme\/)\n\n[Fountain Court](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/fountain-court\/)\n\n[Garden History Tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/garden-history-tours\/)\n\n[Great Hall](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/great-hall\/)\n\n[Georgian Story](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/georgian-story\/)\n\n[Great Watching Chamber](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/great-watching-chamber\/)\n\n[Great Fountain Garden and the Long Water](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/great-fountain-garden-and-the-long-water\/)\n\n[Guided Tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/guided-tours\/)\n\n[Gardens](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/hampton-court-gardens\/)\n\n[Hampton Court Palace Festival](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/hampton-court-palace-festival\/)\n\n[Hampton Court Palace Food Festival](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/hampton-court-palace-food-festival\/)\n\n[Haunted Gallery and Processional Route](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/haunted-gallery-and-processional-route\/)\n\n[Henry's Crown](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/henrys-crown\/)\n\n[Henry VIII's Joust](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/henry-viiis-joust\/)\n\n[Henry VIII's Kitchens](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/henry-viiis-kitchens\/)\n\n[Home Park](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/home-park\/)\n\n[Hampton Court Palace Object Handling](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/hampton-court-palace-object-handling\/)\n\n[Kitchen Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/kitchen-garden\/)\n\n[Mantegna Gallery](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/mantegna-gallery\/)\n\n[Magic Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-magic-garden\/)\n\n[Maze](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-maze\/)\n\n[Members’ Book Talk with Tracy Borman: The House of Boleyn](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-house-of-boleyn-members-book-talk-with-tracy-borman\/)\n\n[Members-only Early Gardens Access](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/members-only-early-gardens-access\/)\n\n[Member-Only Rooftop Tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/member-only-rooftop-tours\/)\n\n[Members-only Garden History Tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/members-only-garden-history-tours\/)\n\n[Members' Tulip Festival Early Gardens Access](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/members-tulip-festival-early-gardens-access\/)\n\n[Palace Host Talks](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/palace-host-talks\/)\n\n[Pond Gardens](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/pond-gardens\/)\n\n[Privy Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/privy-garden\/)\n\n[Relaxed Mornings in the Magic Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/relaxed-mornings-in-the-magic-garden\/)\n\n[Rose Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-rose-garden\/)\n\n[Royal School of Needlework](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/royal-school-of-needlework\/)\n\n[Royal Tennis](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/royal-tennis-at-hampton-court\/)\n\n[Running Events](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/running-events\/)\n\n[Self-Led Audio Described Tour](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/self-led-audio-described-tour\/)\n\n[Shire Horse Rides](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/shire-horse-rides\/)\n\n[Great Vine](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-great-vine\/)\n\n[The Tudor World in the Wolsey Rooms](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-tudor-world-in-the-wolsey-rooms\/)\n\n[Tulip Festival](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/tulip-festival\/)\n\n[Wilderness](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/the-wilderness\/)\n\n[William III's Apartments](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/william-iiis-apartments\/)\n\n[Wolsey Closet](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-on\/wolsey-closet\/)\n\n[What's included in your ticket](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/whats-included-in-your-ticket\/)\n\nHistory and stories\n\nBack to Hampton Court Palace History and stories\n\n[History and stories](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/)\n\n[Anne of Cleves](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/anne-of-cleves\/)\n\n[Catherine Duleep Singh](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/catherine-duleep-singh\/)\n\n[Catherine Howard](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/catherine-howard\/)\n\n[Chocolate Fit for a King](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/chocolate-fit-for-a-king\/)\n\n[Edward VI](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/edward-vi\/)\n\n[Elizabeth I](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/elizabeth-i\/)\n\n[The Field of Cloth of Gold](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-field-of-cloth-of-gold\/)\n\n[Henry VIII](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/henry-viii\/)\n\n[Henry VIII's Children](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/henry-viiis-children\/)\n\n[Henry VIII's Lost Gardens at Hampton Court](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/henry-viiis-lost-tudor-gardens\/)\n\n[Henry VIII’s wives: six queens, six women](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/henry-viii-s-wives-six-queens-six-women\/)\n\n[Historic Hauntings at Hampton Court](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/historic-hauntings-at-hampton-court-palace\/)\n\n[Jane Seymour](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/jane-seymour\/)\n\n[Katherine of Aragon](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/katherine-of-aragon\/)\n\n[Katherine Parr](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/katherine-parr\/)\n\n[Mary I](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/mary-i\/)\n\n[Oliver Cromwell](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/oliver-cromwell\/)\n\n[Sophia Duleep Singh](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/sophia-duleep-singh\/)\n\n[The Elizabethan era: a golden age?](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-elizabethan-era-a-golden-age\/)\n\n[The Gardens at Hampton Court Palace](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-gardens-at-hampton-court-palace\/)\n\n[The Indian Army at Hampton Court Palace in 1919](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-indian-army-at-hampton-court-palace-in-1919\/)\n\n[The royal court in the Tudor period](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-royal-court-in-the-tudor-period\/)\n\n[The Story of Hampton Court Palace](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-story-of-hampton-court-palace\/)\n\n[Thomas Wolsey](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/thomas-wolsey\/)\n\n[Tudor Food and Eating](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/tudor-food-and-eating\/)\n\n[William IV](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/william-iv\/)\n\n[Hampton Court Conference of 1604](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/history-and-stories\/hampton-court-conference-of-1604\/)\n\nSchools\n\nBack to Hampton Court Palace Schools\n\n[Schools](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/schools\/)\n\n[Plan a school visit](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/schools\/plan-a-school-visit\/)\n\n[Home educators](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/schools\/home-educators\/)\n\n[School sessions](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/schools\/school-sessions\/)\n\n[Self-led school visits](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/schools\/self-led-school-visits\/)\n\n[Schools Only Tuesdays](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/schools\/schools-only-tuesdays\/)\n\n[Hampton Court Palace Schools Tudor Festival](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/schools\/tudor-festival\/)\n\nHire a venue\n\nBack to Hampton Court Palace Hire a venue\n\n[Hire a venue](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/)\n\n[Garden Room](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/garden-room\/)\n\n[Corporate away days](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/corporate-away-days\/)\n\n[Dinners and receptions](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/dinners-and-receptions\/)\n\n[Large-scale events](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/large-scale-events\/)\n\n[Private proposals](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/private-proposals\/)\n\n[Exclusive tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/exclusive-tours\/)\n\n[Weddings](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/weddings\/)\n\n[Approved suppliers](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/hire-a-venue\/approved-suppliers\/)\n\n[Family day out](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/a-family-day-out-at-hampton-court-palace\/)\n\n[Film and TV Locations](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hampton-court-palace\/film-and-tv-locations-at-hampton-court-palace\/)\n\nBanqueting House\n\nBack to Our Palaces Banqueting House\n\n[Banqueting House](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/)\n\nVisit\n\nBack to Banqueting House Visit\n\n[Visit](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/)\n\n[Tickets and prices](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/tickets-and-prices\/)\n\n[Opening and closing times](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/opening-and-closing-times\/)\n\n[Getting here](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/getting-here\/)\n\n[Group visits](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/group-visits\/)\n\n[Accessibility](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/accessibility\/)\n\n[Facilities](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/facilities\/)\n\n[FAQs](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/faqs\/)\n\n[Shopping](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/visit\/shopping\/)\n\nWhat's on\n\nBack to Banqueting House What's on\n\n[What's on](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/)\n\n[Art and Sculpture](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/art-and-sculpture\/)\n\n[Banqueting Hall](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/banqueting-hall\/)\n\n[Charles I's Execution Site](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/charles-i-s-execution-site\/)\n\n[Inigo Jones' Architecture](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/inigo-jones-architecture\/)\n\n[Members-Only Days at Banqueting House](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/members-only-days-at-banqueting-house\/)\n\n[Open Days](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/open-days\/)\n\n[Rubens Ceiling](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/rubens-ceiling\/)\n\n[Undercroft](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/the-undercroft\/)\n\n[Deaf-Led Guided Tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/whats-on\/deaf-led-guided-tours\/)\n\nHistory and stories\n\nBack to Banqueting House History and stories\n\n[History and stories](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/history-and-stories\/)\n\n[James I and Anne of Denmark](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/history-and-stories\/james-i-and-anne-of-denmark\/)\n\n[The Execution of Charles I](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/history-and-stories\/the-execution-of-charles-i\/)\n\n[The Masque](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/history-and-stories\/the-masque\/)\n\n[The Rubens Ceiling](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/history-and-stories\/the-rubens-ceiling\/)\n\n[The Story of Banqueting House](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/history-and-stories\/the-story-of-banqueting-house\/)\n\n[The Whitehall Fire of 1698](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/history-and-stories\/the-whitehall-palace-fire-of-1698\/)\n\n[Schools](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/schools\/)\n\nHire a venue\n\nBack to Banqueting House Hire a venue\n\n[Hire a venue](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/hire-a-venue\/)\n\n[Multi-day venue hire](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/hire-a-venue\/multi-day-venue-hire\/)\n\n[Receptions and dinners](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/hire-a-venue\/receptions-and-dinners\/)\n\n[Weddings](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/hire-a-venue\/weddings\/)\n\n[Approved suppliers](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/hire-a-venue\/approved-suppliers\/)\n\n[Corporate Venue Hire](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/hire-a-venue\/corporate-venue-hire\/)\n\n[Party venue hire](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/banqueting-house\/hire-a-venue\/party-venue-hire\/)\n\nKensington Palace\n\nBack to Our Palaces Kensington Palace\n\n[Kensington Palace](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/)\n\nVisit\n\nBack to Kensington Palace Visit\n\n[Visit](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/)\n\n[Tickets and prices](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/tickets-and-prices\/)\n\n[Opening and closing times](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/opening-and-closing-times\/)\n\n[Getting here](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/getting-here\/)\n\n[Group visits](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/group-visits\/)\n\n[Accessibility](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/accessibility\/)\n\n[Facilities](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/facilities\/)\n\n[FAQs](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/faqs\/)\n\n[Eating](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/eating\/)\n\n[The Orangery Restaurant](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/the-orangery-restaurant\/)\n\n[Shopping](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/visit\/shopping\/)\n\nWhat's on\n\nBack to Kensington Palace What's on\n\n[What's on](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/)\n\n[Audio Guide Tour](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/audio-guide-tour\/)\n\n[British Sign Language tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/british-sign-language-tours\/)\n\n[Community Access Scheme](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/community-access-scheme\/)\n\n[Daily Talks](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/daily-talks\/)\n\n[Describer tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/describer-tours\/)\n\n[Members-Only Evening Tour of Kensington Palace](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/members-only-evening-tour-of-kensington-palace\/)\n\n[Relaxed Events: Young People and Adults](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/relaxed-events-young-people-and-adults\/)\n\n[Jewel Room](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-jewel-room\/)\n\n[King's Staircase](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-kings-staircase\/)\n\n[King's State Apartments](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-kings-state-apartments\/)\n\n[King’s Gallery](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-king-s-gallery\/)\n\n[The Last Princesses of Punjab](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-last-princesses-of-punjab\/)\n\n[Palace Gardens](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-palace-gardens\/)\n\n[Queen's State Apartments](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-queen-s-state-apartments\/)\n\n[Sunken Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-sunken-garden\/)\n\n[Victoria: A Royal Childhood](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/victoria-a-royal-childhood\/)\n\n[The Last Royals of Lahore](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/whats-on\/the-last-royals-of-lahore\/)\n\nHistory and stories\n\nBack to Kensington Palace History and stories\n\n[History and stories](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/)\n\n[A History of Royal Weddings](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/a-history-of-royal-weddings\/)\n\n[Kings and queens of the Georgian period](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/kings-and-queens-of-the-georgian-period\/)\n\n[Mehmet von Königstreu](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/mehmet-von-koenigstreu\/)\n\n[Queen Anne](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/queen-anne\/)\n\n[Queen Victoria](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/queen-victoria\/)\n\n[Queen Victoria's role in the British Empire](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/queen-victorias-role-in-the-british-empire\/)\n\n[The Story of Kensington Palace](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-story-of-kensington-palace\/)\n\n[William III and Mary II](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/william-iii-and-mary-ii\/)\n\n[William Kent](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/history-and-stories\/william-kent\/)\n\nSchools\n\nBack to Kensington Palace Schools\n\n[Schools](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/schools\/)\n\n[Plan a school visit](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/schools\/plan-a-school-visit\/)\n\n[Home educators](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/schools\/home-educators\/)\n\n[School Sessions](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/schools\/school-sessions\/)\n\nHire a venue\n\nBack to Kensington Palace Hire a venue\n\n[Hire a venue](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/hire-a-venue\/)\n\n[Dinners and receptions](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/hire-a-venue\/dinners-and-receptions\/)\n\n[Exclusive tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/hire-a-venue\/exclusive-tours\/)\n\n[The Orangery](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/hire-a-venue\/the-orangery\/)\n\n[Weddings](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kensington-palace\/hire-a-venue\/weddings\/)\n\n[Approved 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stories\n\nBack to Kew Palace History and stories\n\n[History and stories](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/history-and-stories\/)\n\n[George III, the Complex King](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/history-and-stories\/george-iii\/)\n\n[Queen Charlotte](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/history-and-stories\/queen-charlotte\/)\n\n[The Royal Kitchens at Kew](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-royal-kitchens-at-kew\/)\n\n[The Story of Kew Palace](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/history-and-stories\/the-story-of-kew-palace\/)\n\nHire a venue\n\nBack to Kew Palace Hire a venue\n\n[Hire a venue](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/hire-a-venue\/)\n\n[Dinners and receptions](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/hire-a-venue\/dinners-and-receptions\/)\n\n[Exclusive tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/hire-a-venue\/exclusive-tours\/)\n\nHillsborough Castle\n\nBack to Our Palaces Hillsborough Castle\n\n[Hillsborough Castle](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/)\n\nVisit\n\nBack to Hillsborough Castle Visit\n\n[Visit](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/visit\/)\n\n[Tickets and prices](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/visit\/tickets-and-prices\/)\n\n[Opening and closing times](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/visit\/opening-and-closing-times\/)\n\n[Getting here](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/visit\/getting-here\/)\n\n[Group 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Gardens](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/beano-hijinks-at-hillsborough-castle-and-gardens\/)\n\n[The Benjamin Franklin Dining Room](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/the-benjamin-franklin-dining-room\/)\n\n[Bulbs and Blooms](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/bulbs-and-blooms\/)\n\n[Castle](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/the-castle\/)\n\n[Céilí at the Castle](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/ceili-at-the-castle\/)\n\n[Community Access Scheme](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/community-access-scheme\/)\n\n[Gardens](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/the-gardens\/)\n\n[Garden Workshops](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/garden-workshops\/)\n\n[Glen](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/the-glen\/)\n\n[Granville Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/granville-garden\/)\n\n[Gun Salute](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/gun-salute\/)\n\n[Hillsboroughton](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/hillsboroughton\/)\n\n[Fort](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/hillsborough-fort\/)\n\n[Weekend Tours](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/hillsborough-castle-special-interest-tours\/)\n\n[Imaginary Menagerie](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/the-imaginary-menagerie\/)\n\n[Jubilee Parterre](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/jubilee-parterre\/)\n\n[Lady Alice's Temple](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/lady-alices-temple\/)\n\n[Lady Grey's Study](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/lady-greys-study\/)\n\n[Lake and Pinetum](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/the-lake\/)\n\n[The Lost Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/the-lost-garden\/)\n\n[Members-Only Gardens Tours at Hillsborough Castle](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/members-only-gardens-tours-at-hillsborough-castle\/)\n\n[Red Room](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/red-room\/)\n\n[Royal Style in the Making](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/royal-style-in-the-making\/)\n\n[Running Festival](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/running-festival\/)\n\n[Stair Hall](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/stair-hall\/)\n\n[State Drawing Room](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/state-drawing-room\/)\n\n[State Entrance Hall](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/state-entrance-hall\/)\n\n[Summer House](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/summer-house\/)\n\n[Thank you for the Musicals 2](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/thank-you-for-the-musicals-2\/)\n\n[Throne Room](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/the-throne-room\/)\n\n[Twelve Paintings Book Talk](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/twelve-paintings-book-talk\/)\n\n[Walled Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/whats-on\/walled-garden\/)\n\nHistory and stories\n\nBack to Hillsborough Castle History and stories\n\n[History and stories](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/history-and-stories\/)\n\n[Art at Hillsborough Castle](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/history-and-stories\/art-at-hillsborough-castle\/)\n\n[The Good Friday Agreement](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/history-and-stories\/good-friday-agreement\/)\n\n[Mo Mowlam](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/history-and-stories\/mo-mowlam\/)\n\n[The Story of Hillsborough Castle and Gardens](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/history-and-stories\/the-story-of-hillsborough-castle-and-gardens\/)\n\nSchools\n\nBack to Hillsborough Castle Schools\n\n[Schools](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/schools\/)\n\n[Plan a school visit](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/schools\/plan-a-school-visit\/)\n\n[School sessions](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/schools\/school-sessions\/)\n\n[Online sessions](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/schools\/online-sessions\/)\n\n[Travel Bursary](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/schools\/travel-bursary\/)\n\n[Teacher familiarisation days](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/schools\/teacher-familiarisation-days\/)\n\nHire a venue\n\nBack to Hillsborough Castle Hire a venue\n\n[Hire a venue](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/hillsborough-castle\/hire-a-venue\/)\n\n[Approved 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Putnam](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/about-us\/research\/staff-research-profiles\/polly-putnam\/ \"Polly Putnam\")\n\nPolly Putnam\n\n**[George III](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/history-and-stories\/george-iii\/ \"George III\") had four prolonged periods of illness during his reign. Despite his achievements, he is perhaps most commonly referred to as ‘The Mad King’ – an unhelpful phrase that undermines the extent of his deeply traumatic ailments, and ignores his physical symptoms.**\n\n**Here, Kew Palace curator Polly Putnam explores what we know of George’s mental and physical illness, the misconceptions under which his doctors treated him, and his brutal but ineffective treatment at Kew.**\n\n## What do we know about George III's symptoms?\nWhile George III’s first period of illness in 1765 is largely undocumented, we know much more about his later episodes in 1788-89, 1801, and 1804. His final bout occurred in November 1810 after the death of his beloved daughter, Princess Amelia. He never recovered from this final illness, and died in isolation at Windsor Castle 10 years later.\n\nThe King experienced both physical and mental symptoms, including fever, frequent vomiting, and swelling of the legs and feet. The King also complained of aches and pains in his stomach, head and joints, which were so painful that he was unable to walk without a stick.\n\n![George III (1738-1820), Queen Charlotte (1744-1818) and their Six Eldest Children]()\n\n*Image: George III, Queen Charlotte and their six eldest children. © Royal Collection Trust \/ Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II*\n\nHis daughter Princess Elizabeth described a rash which was ‘very red and in great weals, as if it had been scourged by cords’. His doctors mentioned a yellowing of the eyes, dark urine and a series of violent spasms.\n\nThe most alarming effect of the King’s illness was his periods of mania. At their mildest George experienced a ‘a desire of talking that he was unable to control’. Often, he would talk for hours until he was hoarse and foaming at the mouth.\n\nDespite his kind nature, his illness caused the King to exhibit inappropriate and wild behaviour. He was sometimes violent towards his staff and doctors, and on one occasion he was violent towards [Queen Charlotte](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/history-and-stories\/queen-charlotte\/).\n\nThe moment in which the doctors decided that George III needed prolonged treatments, was a dreadful meal with the Prince of Wales, during which the King berated him in front of Queen Charlotte and the Princesses. The evening ended with George III picking his son up and throwing him on the floor.\n\n![Exterior photograph of the palace from the Queen's Garden.]()\n\n*Image: Kew Palace, where George III was sent for treatment in the neighbouring White House. © Historic Royal Palaces*\n\n## The King's brutal treatment at Kew Palace\nGeorge III was transferred for treatment at the White House, next to what is now known as Kew Palace, in 1788. George Baker, the King’s most senior physician wrote that a ‘change of place and objects is likely to facilitate his recovery’.\n\nBaker was supported by Sir Lucas Pepys, Dr Henry Revell Reynolds Dr Richard and Dr Anthony Addington. He was given various emetics to make him vomit, and was blistered, a process by which caustic powder was applied to his legs until they formed blisters.\n\nThe King was also subjected to cupping, where heated glass cups were applied to his body to create suction on the skin. None of these treatments seemed to work.\n\n### Since his Majesty has been at Kew the unfavourable symptoms of his disorder have increased rather than diminished.\nRobert Fulke Greville, George III’s Equerry\n\nThe King’s language became coarser and crueller. He was more melancholy and his behaviour was more erratic. On one occasion he demanded that he be wheeled around his rooms like a child; on another, he stole the page’s wigs and burned them in a fire.\n\nThe doctors could not cope and began to quarrel amongst themselves. In desperation, Dr Francis Willis and his sons were brought in to treat the King on 5 December.\n\n## The 'Moral Method'\nWillis and his sons’ treatment, known as the ‘Moral Method’, involved enacting control over the King through stern words and a system of punishment and reward. It was designed to break the King’s spirit and to turn his behaviour from mania into what they saw as compliance.\n\nThe King was often confined in a strait waistcoat or bound to his bed. George bitterly referred to one piece of binding equipment – a chair with a strait waistcoat attached – as his ‘throne’. In contrast, the King could be rewarded for ‘good behaviour’ with access to his library or a visit from his family.\n\nBy February the King’s condition seemed to improve and on 26 February an official report stated, ‘His Majesty appears to have an entire cessation of his illness’.\n\n## Can we ever diagnose George III?\nGeorge III would return to Kew for treatment twice more, in 1801 and 1804 – coerced into staying in the red brick building now known as Kew Palace, since the White House was falling into disrepair.\n\nIt is almost impossible to give a cause for or diagnose the King’s illness. Accounts differ wildly and can be interpreted in many ways. These inconsistencies have led historians to ‘diagnose’ the King with many different illnesses and conditions, including arsenic poisoning, porphyria and most recently bi-polar disorder.\n\n![Black and white sketch showing King George III during his last period of illness.]()\n\n*Image: Print of George III during his last period of illness. © Historic Royal Palaces*\n\nStudying George III’s illness is made more complicated by the political situation surrounding the King’s treatment. For example, the Prince of Wales installed his own doctor in the King’s household.\n\nIf George was deemed incapacitated and unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales could make himself regent and effectively run the country in his father’s place; the Prince’s doctor was tasked with writing pessimistic reports of the King’s illness to increase the likelihood that the Prince could take over as regent.\n\nWe can never really know what caused George III’s illness, but we do know that the King suffered greatly, both physically and mentally.\n\nHis cruel treatment at the hands of his doctors was painful, humiliating and frightening. During these periods, Queen Charlotte and the couple’s daughters endured agonising hours in their rooms at Kew, anxiously waiting for news. The Prince of Wales’ attempts to use his father’s illness to gain power caused his parents even more strain.\n\nAfter being moved to permanent seclusion in Windsor in 1810, George would hold imaginary conversations with his dead children and cry for hours.\n\nMuch more than a simple story of ‘The Mad King’, George’s periods of mental and physical illness were as complex as the man himself – and had a huge impact on him, his family, and the nation.\n\n**Polly Putnam  Curator (Collections)  Historic Royal Palaces**\n\n[Georgian](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/?tagId=2458) [George III](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/?tag=george-iii) [Kew Palace](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/?tag=kew-palace)\n\n## [More from our blog](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/ \"More from our blog\")\n![]()\n\n### [Royal Wetnurses: the 'Foster Mothers' of the Georgian Nursery](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/royal-wetnurses\/)\n24 March 2022\n\nAhead of Mother's Day, we share the lesser-known histories of the women employed as wetnurses in the Royal Nursery. Taking on the role of 'foster mother' to young princes and princesses, they often developed a close personal bond with the royal family and received mementos that were passed down in families for generations.\n\n![]()\n\n### [The explosive wartime history of the Kew Pagoda](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/smoke-screen-testing-at-the-great-pagoda\/)\n06 June 2023\n\nOne of the most surprising periods in the history of the Great Pagoda is its use as a secret testing site during World War II. Curator Polly Putnam picks up the tale of this fascinating discovery.\n\n![]()\n\n### [A tour of Kew's Kitchen Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/a-tour-of-kews-kitchen-garden\/)\n10 September 2019\n\nLike Kew Palace and the Royal Kitchens, the Kitchen Garden is open seasonally to visitors, from April to October. But work in the garden continues all year round. 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Despite his achievements, he is perhaps most commonly referred to as ‘The Mad King’ – an unhelpful phrase that undermines the extent of his deeply traumatic ailments, and ignores his physical symptoms.**\n\n**Here, Kew Palace curator Polly Putnam explores what we know of George’s mental and physical illness, the misconceptions under which his doctors treated him, and his brutal but ineffective treatment at Kew.**\n\n## What do we know about George III's symptoms?\nWhile George III’s first period of illness in 1765 is largely undocumented, we know much more about his later episodes in 1788-89, 1801, and 1804. His final bout occurred in November 1810 after the death of his beloved daughter, Princess Amelia. He never recovered from this final illness, and died in isolation at Windsor Castle 10 years later.\n\nThe King experienced both physical and mental symptoms, including fever, frequent vomiting, and swelling of the legs and feet. The King also complained of aches and pains in his stomach, head and joints, which were so painful that he was unable to walk without a stick.\n\n![George III (1738-1820), Queen Charlotte (1744-1818) and their Six Eldest Children]()\n\n*Image: George III, Queen Charlotte and their six eldest children. © Royal Collection Trust \/ Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II*\n\nHis daughter Princess Elizabeth described a rash which was ‘very red and in great weals, as if it had been scourged by cords’. His doctors mentioned a yellowing of the eyes, dark urine and a series of violent spasms.\n\nThe most alarming effect of the King’s illness was his periods of mania. At their mildest George experienced a ‘a desire of talking that he was unable to control’. Often, he would talk for hours until he was hoarse and foaming at the mouth.\n\nDespite his kind nature, his illness caused the King to exhibit inappropriate and wild behaviour. He was sometimes violent towards his staff and doctors, and on one occasion he was violent towards [Queen Charlotte](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/kew-palace\/history-and-stories\/queen-charlotte\/).\n\nThe moment in which the doctors decided that George III needed prolonged treatments, was a dreadful meal with the Prince of Wales, during which the King berated him in front of Queen Charlotte and the Princesses. The evening ended with George III picking his son up and throwing him on the floor.\n\n![Exterior photograph of the palace from the Queen's Garden.]()\n\n*Image: Kew Palace, where George III was sent for treatment in the neighbouring White House. © Historic Royal Palaces*\n\n## The King's brutal treatment at Kew Palace\nGeorge III was transferred for treatment at the White House, next to what is now known as Kew Palace, in 1788. George Baker, the King’s most senior physician wrote that a ‘change of place and objects is likely to facilitate his recovery’.\n\nBaker was supported by Sir Lucas Pepys, Dr Henry Revell Reynolds Dr Richard and Dr Anthony Addington. He was given various emetics to make him vomit, and was blistered, a process by which caustic powder was applied to his legs until they formed blisters.\n\nThe King was also subjected to cupping, where heated glass cups were applied to his body to create suction on the skin. None of these treatments seemed to work.\n\n### Since his Majesty has been at Kew the unfavourable symptoms of his disorder have increased rather than diminished.\nRobert Fulke Greville, George III’s Equerry\n\nThe King’s language became coarser and crueller. He was more melancholy and his behaviour was more erratic. On one occasion he demanded that he be wheeled around his rooms like a child; on another, he stole the page’s wigs and burned them in a fire.\n\nThe doctors could not cope and began to quarrel amongst themselves. In desperation, Dr Francis Willis and his sons were brought in to treat the King on 5 December.\n\n## The 'Moral Method'\nWillis and his sons’ treatment, known as the ‘Moral Method’, involved enacting control over the King through stern words and a system of punishment and reward. It was designed to break the King’s spirit and to turn his behaviour from mania into what they saw as compliance.\n\nThe King was often confined in a strait waistcoat or bound to his bed. George bitterly referred to one piece of binding equipment – a chair with a strait waistcoat attached – as his ‘throne’. In contrast, the King could be rewarded for ‘good behaviour’ with access to his library or a visit from his family.\n\nBy February the King’s condition seemed to improve and on 26 February an official report stated, ‘His Majesty appears to have an entire cessation of his illness’.\n\n## Can we ever diagnose George III?\nGeorge III would return to Kew for treatment twice more, in 1801 and 1804 – coerced into staying in the red brick building now known as Kew Palace, since the White House was falling into disrepair.\n\nIt is almost impossible to give a cause for or diagnose the King’s illness. Accounts differ wildly and can be interpreted in many ways. These inconsistencies have led historians to ‘diagnose’ the King with many different illnesses and conditions, including arsenic poisoning, porphyria and most recently bi-polar disorder.\n\n![Black and white sketch showing King George III during his last period of illness.]()\n\n*Image: Print of George III during his last period of illness. © Historic Royal Palaces*\n\nStudying George III’s illness is made more complicated by the political situation surrounding the King’s treatment. For example, the Prince of Wales installed his own doctor in the King’s household.\n\nIf George was deemed incapacitated and unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales could make himself regent and effectively run the country in his father’s place; the Prince’s doctor was tasked with writing pessimistic reports of the King’s illness to increase the likelihood that the Prince could take over as regent.\n\nWe can never really know what caused George III’s illness, but we do know that the King suffered greatly, both physically and mentally.\n\nHis cruel treatment at the hands of his doctors was painful, humiliating and frightening. During these periods, Queen Charlotte and the couple’s daughters endured agonising hours in their rooms at Kew, anxiously waiting for news. The Prince of Wales’ attempts to use his father’s illness to gain power caused his parents even more strain.\n\nAfter being moved to permanent seclusion in Windsor in 1810, George would hold imaginary conversations with his dead children and cry for hours.\n\nMuch more than a simple story of ‘The Mad King’, George’s periods of mental and physical illness were as complex as the man himself – and had a huge impact on him, his family, and the nation.\n\n**Polly Putnam  Curator (Collections)  Historic Royal Palaces**\n\n## [More from our blog](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/ \"More from our blog\")\n![]()\n\n### [Royal Wetnurses: the 'Foster Mothers' of the Georgian Nursery](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/royal-wetnurses\/)\n24 March 2022\n\nAhead of Mother's Day, we share the lesser-known histories of the women employed as wetnurses in the Royal Nursery. Taking on the role of 'foster mother' to young princes and princesses, they often developed a close personal bond with the royal family and received mementos that were passed down in families for generations.\n\n![]()\n\n### [The explosive wartime history of the Kew Pagoda](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/smoke-screen-testing-at-the-great-pagoda\/)\n06 June 2023\n\nOne of the most surprising periods in the history of the Great Pagoda is its use as a secret testing site during World War II. Curator Polly Putnam picks up the tale of this fascinating discovery.\n\n![]()\n\n### [A tour of Kew's Kitchen Garden](https:\/\/www.hrp.org.uk\/blog\/a-tour-of-kews-kitchen-garden\/)\n10 September 2019\n\nLike Kew Palace and the Royal Kitchens, the Kitchen Garden is open seasonally to visitors, from April to October. But work in the garden continues all year round. Let's take a tour...","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	The King's 'Malady': George III's Mental Illness Explored \| Historic Royal Palaces
Meta Description	George III had four prolonged periods of illness during his reign. Despite his achievements, he is perhaps most commonly referred to as ‘The Mad King’ – an unhelpful phrase that undermines the extent of his deeply traumatic ailments, and ignores his physical symptoms.
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Boilerpipe Text	Start of main content Date: 22 March 2024 George III had four prolonged periods of illness during his reign. Despite his achievements, he is perhaps most commonly referred to as ‘The Mad King’ – an unhelpful phrase that undermines the extent of his deeply traumatic ailments, and ignores his physical symptoms. Here, Kew Palace curator Polly Putnam explores what we know of George’s mental and physical illness, the misconceptions under which his doctors treated him, and his brutal but ineffective treatment at Kew. What do we know about George III's symptoms? While George III’s first period of illness in 1765 is largely undocumented, we know much more about his later episodes in 1788-89, 1801, and 1804. His final bout occurred in November 1810 after the death of his beloved daughter, Princess Amelia. He never recovered from this final illness, and died in isolation at Windsor Castle 10 years later. The King experienced both physical and mental symptoms, including fever, frequent vomiting, and swelling of the legs and feet. The King also complained of aches and pains in his stomach, head and joints, which were so painful that he was unable to walk without a stick. Image: George III, Queen Charlotte and their six eldest children. © Royal Collection Trust / Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II His daughter Princess Elizabeth described a rash which was ‘very red and in great weals, as if it had been scourged by cords’. His doctors mentioned a yellowing of the eyes, dark urine and a series of violent spasms. The most alarming effect of the King’s illness was his periods of mania. At their mildest George experienced a ‘a desire of talking that he was unable to control’. Often, he would talk for hours until he was hoarse and foaming at the mouth. Despite his kind nature, his illness caused the King to exhibit inappropriate and wild behaviour. He was sometimes violent towards his staff and doctors, and on one occasion he was violent towards Queen Charlotte . The moment in which the doctors decided that George III needed prolonged treatments, was a dreadful meal with the Prince of Wales, during which the King berated him in front of Queen Charlotte and the Princesses. The evening ended with George III picking his son up and throwing him on the floor. Image: Kew Palace, where George III was sent for treatment in the neighbouring White House. © Historic Royal Palaces The King's brutal treatment at Kew Palace George III was transferred for treatment at the White House, next to what is now known as Kew Palace, in 1788. George Baker, the King’s most senior physician wrote that a ‘change of place and objects is likely to facilitate his recovery’. Baker was supported by Sir Lucas Pepys, Dr Henry Revell Reynolds Dr Richard and Dr Anthony Addington. He was given various emetics to make him vomit, and was blistered, a process by which caustic powder was applied to his legs until they formed blisters. The King was also subjected to cupping, where heated glass cups were applied to his body to create suction on the skin. None of these treatments seemed to work. Since his Majesty has been at Kew the unfavourable symptoms of his disorder have increased rather than diminished. Robert Fulke Greville, George III’s Equerry The King’s language became coarser and crueller. He was more melancholy and his behaviour was more erratic. On one occasion he demanded that he be wheeled around his rooms like a child; on another, he stole the page’s wigs and burned them in a fire. The doctors could not cope and began to quarrel amongst themselves. In desperation, Dr Francis Willis and his sons were brought in to treat the King on 5 December. The 'Moral Method' Willis and his sons’ treatment, known as the ‘Moral Method’, involved enacting control over the King through stern words and a system of punishment and reward. It was designed to break the King’s spirit and to turn his behaviour from mania into what they saw as compliance. The King was often confined in a strait waistcoat or bound to his bed. George bitterly referred to one piece of binding equipment – a chair with a strait waistcoat attached – as his ‘throne’. In contrast, the King could be rewarded for ‘good behaviour’ with access to his library or a visit from his family. By February the King’s condition seemed to improve and on 26 February an official report stated, ‘His Majesty appears to have an entire cessation of his illness’. Can we ever diagnose George III? George III would return to Kew for treatment twice more, in 1801 and 1804 – coerced into staying in the red brick building now known as Kew Palace, since the White House was falling into disrepair. It is almost impossible to give a cause for or diagnose the King’s illness. Accounts differ wildly and can be interpreted in many ways. These inconsistencies have led historians to ‘diagnose’ the King with many different illnesses and conditions, including arsenic poisoning, porphyria and most recently bi-polar disorder. Image: Print of George III during his last period of illness. © Historic Royal Palaces Studying George III’s illness is made more complicated by the political situation surrounding the King’s treatment. For example, the Prince of Wales installed his own doctor in the King’s household. If George was deemed incapacitated and unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales could make himself regent and effectively run the country in his father’s place; the Prince’s doctor was tasked with writing pessimistic reports of the King’s illness to increase the likelihood that the Prince could take over as regent. We can never really know what caused George III’s illness, but we do know that the King suffered greatly, both physically and mentally. His cruel treatment at the hands of his doctors was painful, humiliating and frightening. During these periods, Queen Charlotte and the couple’s daughters endured agonising hours in their rooms at Kew, anxiously waiting for news. The Prince of Wales’ attempts to use his father’s illness to gain power caused his parents even more strain. After being moved to permanent seclusion in Windsor in 1810, George would hold imaginary conversations with his dead children and cry for hours. Much more than a simple story of ‘The Mad King’, George’s periods of mental and physical illness were as complex as the man himself – and had a huge impact on him, his family, and the nation. Polly Putnam Curator (Collections) Historic Royal Palaces More from our blog Royal Wetnurses: the 'Foster Mothers' of the Georgian Nursery 24 March 2022 Ahead of Mother's Day, we share the lesser-known histories of the women employed as wetnurses in the Royal Nursery. Taking on the role of 'foster mother' to young princes and princesses, they often developed a close personal bond with the royal family and received mementos that were passed down in families for generations. The explosive wartime history of the Kew Pagoda 06 June 2023 One of the most surprising periods in the history of the Great Pagoda is its use as a secret testing site during World War II. Curator Polly Putnam picks up the tale of this fascinating discovery. A tour of Kew's Kitchen Garden 10 September 2019 Like Kew Palace and the Royal Kitchens, the Kitchen Garden is open seasonally to visitors, from April to October. But work in the garden continues all year round. Let's take a tour...
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Castile](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/eleanor-of-castile/) Schools Back to Tower of London Schools [Schools](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/schools/) [Plan a school visit](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/schools/plan-a-school-visit/) [School sessions](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/schools/school-sessions/) [Self-led school trails](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/schools/self-led-school-trails/) [Home educators](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/schools/home-educators/) [The Tower Remembers](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/schools/the-tower-remembers/) Hire a venue Back to Tower of London Hire a venue [Hire a venue](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/hire-a-venue/) [Approved suppliers](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/hire-a-venue/approved-suppliers/) [Dinners and receptions](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/hire-a-venue/dinners-and-receptions/) [Large-scale events](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/hire-a-venue/large-scale-events/) [Exclusive tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/hire-a-venue/exclusive-tours/) [The Crown Jewels up close](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/crown-jewels/) [Films and TV locations](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/film-and-tv-locations-at-the-tower-of-london/) [Tower of London World Heritage Site](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/tower-of-london-world-heritage-site/) Hampton Court Palace Back to Our Palaces Hampton Court Palace [Hampton Court Palace](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/) Visit Back to Hampton Court Palace Visit [Visit](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/) [Tickets and prices](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/tickets-and-prices/) [Opening and closing times](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/opening-and-closing-times/) [Getting here](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/getting-here/) [Group visits](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/group-visits/) [Accessibility](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/accessibility/) [Itinerary](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/itineraries/) [Facilities](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/facilities/) [FAQs](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/faqs/) [Eating](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/eating/) [Shopping](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/visit/shopping/) What's on Back to Hampton Court Palace What's on [What's on](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/) [Audio Guide Tour](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/audio-guide-tour/) [Beano Havoc at Hampton Court Palace](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/beano-havoc-at-hampton-court-palace/) [The Big Bahooey](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-big-bahooey/) [British Sign Language Digital Visitor Guide](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/british-sign-language-digital-visitor-guide/) [Chapel Court](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/chapel-court/) [Chapel Royal](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-chapel-royal/) [Chocolate Kitchens](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/chocolate-kitchens/) [Community Access Scheme](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/community-access-scheme/) [Concours of Elegance](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/concours-of-elegance/) [Council Chamber](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/council-chamber/) [Cumberland Art Gallery](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/cumberland-art-gallery/) [Deaf-Led Guided Tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/deaf-led-guided-tours/) [Dementia-friendly programme](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/dementia-friendly-programme/) [Fountain Court](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/fountain-court/) [Garden History Tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/garden-history-tours/) [Great Hall](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/great-hall/) [Georgian Story](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/georgian-story/) [Great Watching Chamber](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/great-watching-chamber/) [Great Fountain Garden and the Long Water](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/great-fountain-garden-and-the-long-water/) [Guided Tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/guided-tours/) [Gardens](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/hampton-court-gardens/) [Hampton Court Palace Festival](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/hampton-court-palace-festival/) [Hampton Court Palace Food Festival](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/hampton-court-palace-food-festival/) [Haunted Gallery and Processional Route](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/haunted-gallery-and-processional-route/) [Henry's Crown](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/henrys-crown/) [Henry VIII's Joust](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/henry-viiis-joust/) [Henry VIII's Kitchens](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/henry-viiis-kitchens/) [Home Park](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/home-park/) [Hampton Court Palace Object Handling](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/hampton-court-palace-object-handling/) [Kitchen Garden](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/kitchen-garden/) [Mantegna Gallery](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/mantegna-gallery/) [Magic Garden](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-magic-garden/) [Maze](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-maze/) [Members’ Book Talk with Tracy Borman: The House of Boleyn](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-house-of-boleyn-members-book-talk-with-tracy-borman/) [Members-only Early Gardens Access](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/members-only-early-gardens-access/) [Member-Only Rooftop Tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/member-only-rooftop-tours/) [Members-only Garden History Tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/members-only-garden-history-tours/) [Members' Tulip Festival Early Gardens Access](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/members-tulip-festival-early-gardens-access/) [Palace Host Talks](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/palace-host-talks/) [Pond Gardens](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/pond-gardens/) [Privy Garden](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/privy-garden/) [Relaxed Mornings in the Magic Garden](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/relaxed-mornings-in-the-magic-garden/) [Rose Garden](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-rose-garden/) [Royal School of Needlework](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/royal-school-of-needlework/) [Royal Tennis](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/royal-tennis-at-hampton-court/) [Running Events](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/running-events/) [Self-Led Audio Described Tour](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/self-led-audio-described-tour/) [Shire Horse Rides](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/shire-horse-rides/) [Great Vine](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-great-vine/) [The Tudor World in the Wolsey Rooms](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-tudor-world-in-the-wolsey-rooms/) [Tulip Festival](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/tulip-festival/) [Wilderness](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/the-wilderness/) [William III's Apartments](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/william-iiis-apartments/) [Wolsey Closet](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-on/wolsey-closet/) [What's included in your ticket](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/whats-included-in-your-ticket/) History and stories Back to Hampton Court Palace History and stories [History and stories](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/) [Anne of Cleves](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/anne-of-cleves/) [Catherine Duleep Singh](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/catherine-duleep-singh/) [Catherine Howard](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/catherine-howard/) [Chocolate Fit for a King](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/chocolate-fit-for-a-king/) [Edward VI](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/edward-vi/) [Elizabeth I](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/elizabeth-i/) [The Field of Cloth of Gold](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-field-of-cloth-of-gold/) [Henry VIII](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/henry-viii/) [Henry VIII's Children](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/henry-viiis-children/) [Henry VIII's Lost Gardens at Hampton Court](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/henry-viiis-lost-tudor-gardens/) [Henry VIII’s wives: six queens, six women](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/henry-viii-s-wives-six-queens-six-women/) [Historic Hauntings at Hampton Court](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/historic-hauntings-at-hampton-court-palace/) [Jane Seymour](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/jane-seymour/) [Katherine of Aragon](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/katherine-of-aragon/) [Katherine Parr](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/katherine-parr/) [Mary I](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/mary-i/) [Oliver Cromwell](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/oliver-cromwell/) [Sophia Duleep Singh](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/sophia-duleep-singh/) [The Elizabethan era: a golden age?](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-elizabethan-era-a-golden-age/) [The Gardens at Hampton Court Palace](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-gardens-at-hampton-court-palace/) [The Indian Army at Hampton Court Palace in 1919](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-indian-army-at-hampton-court-palace-in-1919/) [The royal court in the Tudor period](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-royal-court-in-the-tudor-period/) [The Story of Hampton Court Palace](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-story-of-hampton-court-palace/) [Thomas Wolsey](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/thomas-wolsey/) [Tudor Food and Eating](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/tudor-food-and-eating/) [William IV](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/william-iv/) [Hampton Court Conference of 1604](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/hampton-court-conference-of-1604/) Schools Back to Hampton Court Palace Schools [Schools](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/schools/) [Plan a school visit](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/schools/plan-a-school-visit/) [Home educators](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/schools/home-educators/) [School sessions](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/schools/school-sessions/) [Self-led school visits](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/schools/self-led-school-visits/) [Schools Only Tuesdays](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/schools/schools-only-tuesdays/) [Hampton Court Palace Schools Tudor Festival](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/schools/tudor-festival/) Hire a venue Back to Hampton Court Palace Hire a venue [Hire a venue](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/) [Garden Room](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/garden-room/) [Corporate away days](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/corporate-away-days/) [Dinners and receptions](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/dinners-and-receptions/) [Large-scale events](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/large-scale-events/) [Private proposals](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/private-proposals/) [Exclusive tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/exclusive-tours/) [Weddings](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/weddings/) [Approved suppliers](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/hire-a-venue/approved-suppliers/) [Family day out](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/a-family-day-out-at-hampton-court-palace/) [Film and TV Locations](https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/film-and-tv-locations-at-hampton-court-palace/) Banqueting House Back to Our Palaces Banqueting House [Banqueting House](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/) Visit Back to Banqueting House Visit [Visit](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/) [Tickets and prices](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/tickets-and-prices/) [Opening and closing times](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/opening-and-closing-times/) [Getting here](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/getting-here/) [Group visits](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/group-visits/) [Accessibility](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/accessibility/) [Facilities](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/facilities/) [FAQs](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/faqs/) [Shopping](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/visit/shopping/) What's on Back to Banqueting House What's on [What's on](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/) [Art and Sculpture](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/art-and-sculpture/) [Banqueting Hall](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/banqueting-hall/) [Charles I's Execution Site](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/charles-i-s-execution-site/) [Inigo Jones' Architecture](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/inigo-jones-architecture/) [Members-Only Days at Banqueting House](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/members-only-days-at-banqueting-house/) [Open Days](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/open-days/) [Rubens Ceiling](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/rubens-ceiling/) [Undercroft](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/the-undercroft/) [Deaf-Led Guided Tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/whats-on/deaf-led-guided-tours/) History and stories Back to Banqueting House History and stories [History and stories](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/) [James I and Anne of Denmark](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/james-i-and-anne-of-denmark/) [The Execution of Charles I](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/the-execution-of-charles-i/) [The Masque](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/the-masque/) [The Rubens Ceiling](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/the-rubens-ceiling/) [The Story of Banqueting House](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/the-story-of-banqueting-house/) [The Whitehall Fire of 1698](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/the-whitehall-palace-fire-of-1698/) [Schools](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/schools/) Hire a venue Back to Banqueting House Hire a venue [Hire a venue](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/hire-a-venue/) [Multi-day venue hire](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/hire-a-venue/multi-day-venue-hire/) [Receptions and dinners](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/hire-a-venue/receptions-and-dinners/) [Weddings](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/hire-a-venue/weddings/) [Approved suppliers](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/hire-a-venue/approved-suppliers/) [Corporate Venue Hire](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/hire-a-venue/corporate-venue-hire/) [Party venue hire](https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/hire-a-venue/party-venue-hire/) Kensington Palace Back to Our Palaces Kensington Palace [Kensington Palace](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/) Visit Back to Kensington Palace Visit [Visit](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/) [Tickets and prices](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/tickets-and-prices/) [Opening and closing times](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/opening-and-closing-times/) [Getting here](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/getting-here/) [Group visits](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/group-visits/) [Accessibility](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/accessibility/) [Facilities](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/facilities/) [FAQs](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/faqs/) [Eating](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/eating/) [The Orangery Restaurant](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/the-orangery-restaurant/) [Shopping](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/visit/shopping/) What's on Back to Kensington Palace What's on [What's on](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/) [Audio Guide Tour](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/audio-guide-tour/) [British Sign Language tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/british-sign-language-tours/) [Community Access Scheme](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/community-access-scheme/) [Daily Talks](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/daily-talks/) [Describer tours](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/describer-tours/) [Members-Only Evening Tour of Kensington Palace](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/members-only-evening-tour-of-kensington-palace/) [Relaxed Events: Young People and Adults](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/relaxed-events-young-people-and-adults/) [Jewel Room](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/the-jewel-room/) [King's Staircase](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/the-kings-staircase/) [King's State Apartments](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/the-kings-state-apartments/) [King’s Gallery](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/the-king-s-gallery/) [The Last Princesses of Punjab](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/the-last-princesses-of-punjab/) [Palace Gardens](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/the-palace-gardens/) [Queen's State Apartments](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/the-queen-s-state-apartments/) [Sunken Garden](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/the-sunken-garden/) [Victoria: A Royal Childhood](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/whats-on/victoria-a-royal-childhood/) [The Last Royals of 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search [Buy tickets](https://www.hrp.org.uk/tickets-across-all-the-palaces/) OpenMenu Close Menu Close [Start of main content]() [Home](https://www.hrp.org.uk/) [Blog](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/) The King's 'Malady': George III's Mental Illness Explored # The King's 'Malady': George III's Mental Illness Explored Date: 22 March 2024 Authors: [Polly Putnam](https://www.hrp.org.uk/about-us/research/staff-research-profiles/polly-putnam/ "Polly Putnam") Polly Putnam [George III](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kew-palace/history-and-stories/george-iii/ "George III") had four prolonged periods of illness during his reign. Despite his achievements, he is perhaps most commonly referred to as ‘The Mad King’ – an unhelpful phrase that undermines the extent of his deeply traumatic ailments, and ignores his physical symptoms. Here, Kew Palace curator Polly Putnam explores what we know of George’s mental and physical illness, the misconceptions under which his doctors treated him, and his brutal but ineffective treatment at Kew. ## What do we know about George III's symptoms? While George III’s first period of illness in 1765 is largely undocumented, we know much more about his later episodes in 1788-89, 1801, and 1804. His final bout occurred in November 1810 after the death of his beloved daughter, Princess Amelia. He never recovered from this final illness, and died in isolation at Windsor Castle 10 years later. The King experienced both physical and mental symptoms, including fever, frequent vomiting, and swelling of the legs and feet. The King also complained of aches and pains in his stomach, head and joints, which were so painful that he was unable to walk without a stick. ![George III (1738-1820), Queen Charlotte (1744-1818) and their Six Eldest Children]() Image: George III, Queen Charlotte and their six eldest children. © Royal Collection Trust / Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II His daughter Princess Elizabeth described a rash which was ‘very red and in great weals, as if it had been scourged by cords’. His doctors mentioned a yellowing of the eyes, dark urine and a series of violent spasms. The most alarming effect of the King’s illness was his periods of mania. At their mildest George experienced a ‘a desire of talking that he was unable to control’. Often, he would talk for hours until he was hoarse and foaming at the mouth. Despite his kind nature, his illness caused the King to exhibit inappropriate and wild behaviour. He was sometimes violent towards his staff and doctors, and on one occasion he was violent towards [Queen Charlotte](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kew-palace/history-and-stories/queen-charlotte/). The moment in which the doctors decided that George III needed prolonged treatments, was a dreadful meal with the Prince of Wales, during which the King berated him in front of Queen Charlotte and the Princesses. The evening ended with George III picking his son up and throwing him on the floor. ![Exterior photograph of the palace from the Queen's Garden.]() Image: Kew Palace, where George III was sent for treatment in the neighbouring White House. © Historic Royal Palaces ## The King's brutal treatment at Kew Palace George III was transferred for treatment at the White House, next to what is now known as Kew Palace, in 1788. George Baker, the King’s most senior physician wrote that a ‘change of place and objects is likely to facilitate his recovery’. Baker was supported by Sir Lucas Pepys, Dr Henry Revell Reynolds Dr Richard and Dr Anthony Addington. He was given various emetics to make him vomit, and was blistered, a process by which caustic powder was applied to his legs until they formed blisters. The King was also subjected to cupping, where heated glass cups were applied to his body to create suction on the skin. None of these treatments seemed to work. ### Since his Majesty has been at Kew the unfavourable symptoms of his disorder have increased rather than diminished. Robert Fulke Greville, George III’s Equerry The King’s language became coarser and crueller. He was more melancholy and his behaviour was more erratic. On one occasion he demanded that he be wheeled around his rooms like a child; on another, he stole the page’s wigs and burned them in a fire. The doctors could not cope and began to quarrel amongst themselves. In desperation, Dr Francis Willis and his sons were brought in to treat the King on 5 December. ## The 'Moral Method' Willis and his sons’ treatment, known as the ‘Moral Method’, involved enacting control over the King through stern words and a system of punishment and reward. It was designed to break the King’s spirit and to turn his behaviour from mania into what they saw as compliance. The King was often confined in a strait waistcoat or bound to his bed. George bitterly referred to one piece of binding equipment – a chair with a strait waistcoat attached – as his ‘throne’. In contrast, the King could be rewarded for ‘good behaviour’ with access to his library or a visit from his family. By February the King’s condition seemed to improve and on 26 February an official report stated, ‘His Majesty appears to have an entire cessation of his illness’. ## Can we ever diagnose George III? George III would return to Kew for treatment twice more, in 1801 and 1804 – coerced into staying in the red brick building now known as Kew Palace, since the White House was falling into disrepair. It is almost impossible to give a cause for or diagnose the King’s illness. Accounts differ wildly and can be interpreted in many ways. These inconsistencies have led historians to ‘diagnose’ the King with many different illnesses and conditions, including arsenic poisoning, porphyria and most recently bi-polar disorder. ![Black and white sketch showing King George III during his last period of illness.]() Image: Print of George III during his last period of illness. © Historic Royal Palaces Studying George III’s illness is made more complicated by the political situation surrounding the King’s treatment. For example, the Prince of Wales installed his own doctor in the King’s household. If George was deemed incapacitated and unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales could make himself regent and effectively run the country in his father’s place; the Prince’s doctor was tasked with writing pessimistic reports of the King’s illness to increase the likelihood that the Prince could take over as regent. We can never really know what caused George III’s illness, but we do know that the King suffered greatly, both physically and mentally. His cruel treatment at the hands of his doctors was painful, humiliating and frightening. During these periods, Queen Charlotte and the couple’s daughters endured agonising hours in their rooms at Kew, anxiously waiting for news. The Prince of Wales’ attempts to use his father’s illness to gain power caused his parents even more strain. After being moved to permanent seclusion in Windsor in 1810, George would hold imaginary conversations with his dead children and cry for hours. Much more than a simple story of ‘The Mad King’, George’s periods of mental and physical illness were as complex as the man himself – and had a huge impact on him, his family, and the nation. Polly Putnam Curator (Collections) Historic Royal Palaces [Georgian](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/?tagId=2458) [George III](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/?tag=george-iii) [Kew Palace](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/?tag=kew-palace) ## [More from our blog](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/ "More from our blog") ![]() ### [Royal Wetnurses: the 'Foster Mothers' of the Georgian Nursery](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/royal-wetnurses/) 24 March 2022 Ahead of Mother's Day, we share the lesser-known histories of the women employed as wetnurses in the Royal Nursery. Taking on the role of 'foster mother' to young princes and princesses, they often developed a close personal bond with the royal family and received mementos that were passed down in families for generations. ![]() ### [The explosive wartime history of the Kew Pagoda](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/smoke-screen-testing-at-the-great-pagoda/) 06 June 2023 One of the most surprising periods in the history of the Great Pagoda is its use as a secret testing site during World War II. Curator Polly Putnam picks up the tale of this fascinating discovery. ![]() ### [A tour of Kew's Kitchen Garden](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/a-tour-of-kews-kitchen-garden/) 10 September 2019 Like Kew Palace and the Royal Kitchens, the Kitchen Garden is open seasonally to visitors, from April to October. But work in the garden continues all year round. Let's take a tour... 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Readable Markdown	[Start of main content]() Date: 22 March 2024 [George III](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kew-palace/history-and-stories/george-iii/ "George III") had four prolonged periods of illness during his reign. Despite his achievements, he is perhaps most commonly referred to as ‘The Mad King’ – an unhelpful phrase that undermines the extent of his deeply traumatic ailments, and ignores his physical symptoms. Here, Kew Palace curator Polly Putnam explores what we know of George’s mental and physical illness, the misconceptions under which his doctors treated him, and his brutal but ineffective treatment at Kew. ## What do we know about George III's symptoms? While George III’s first period of illness in 1765 is largely undocumented, we know much more about his later episodes in 1788-89, 1801, and 1804. His final bout occurred in November 1810 after the death of his beloved daughter, Princess Amelia. He never recovered from this final illness, and died in isolation at Windsor Castle 10 years later. The King experienced both physical and mental symptoms, including fever, frequent vomiting, and swelling of the legs and feet. The King also complained of aches and pains in his stomach, head and joints, which were so painful that he was unable to walk without a stick. ![George III (1738-1820), Queen Charlotte (1744-1818) and their Six Eldest Children]() Image: George III, Queen Charlotte and their six eldest children. © Royal Collection Trust / Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II His daughter Princess Elizabeth described a rash which was ‘very red and in great weals, as if it had been scourged by cords’. His doctors mentioned a yellowing of the eyes, dark urine and a series of violent spasms. The most alarming effect of the King’s illness was his periods of mania. At their mildest George experienced a ‘a desire of talking that he was unable to control’. Often, he would talk for hours until he was hoarse and foaming at the mouth. Despite his kind nature, his illness caused the King to exhibit inappropriate and wild behaviour. He was sometimes violent towards his staff and doctors, and on one occasion he was violent towards [Queen Charlotte](https://www.hrp.org.uk/kew-palace/history-and-stories/queen-charlotte/). The moment in which the doctors decided that George III needed prolonged treatments, was a dreadful meal with the Prince of Wales, during which the King berated him in front of Queen Charlotte and the Princesses. The evening ended with George III picking his son up and throwing him on the floor. ![Exterior photograph of the palace from the Queen's Garden.]() Image: Kew Palace, where George III was sent for treatment in the neighbouring White House. © Historic Royal Palaces ## The King's brutal treatment at Kew Palace George III was transferred for treatment at the White House, next to what is now known as Kew Palace, in 1788. George Baker, the King’s most senior physician wrote that a ‘change of place and objects is likely to facilitate his recovery’. Baker was supported by Sir Lucas Pepys, Dr Henry Revell Reynolds Dr Richard and Dr Anthony Addington. He was given various emetics to make him vomit, and was blistered, a process by which caustic powder was applied to his legs until they formed blisters. The King was also subjected to cupping, where heated glass cups were applied to his body to create suction on the skin. None of these treatments seemed to work. ### Since his Majesty has been at Kew the unfavourable symptoms of his disorder have increased rather than diminished. Robert Fulke Greville, George III’s Equerry The King’s language became coarser and crueller. He was more melancholy and his behaviour was more erratic. On one occasion he demanded that he be wheeled around his rooms like a child; on another, he stole the page’s wigs and burned them in a fire. The doctors could not cope and began to quarrel amongst themselves. In desperation, Dr Francis Willis and his sons were brought in to treat the King on 5 December. ## The 'Moral Method' Willis and his sons’ treatment, known as the ‘Moral Method’, involved enacting control over the King through stern words and a system of punishment and reward. It was designed to break the King’s spirit and to turn his behaviour from mania into what they saw as compliance. The King was often confined in a strait waistcoat or bound to his bed. George bitterly referred to one piece of binding equipment – a chair with a strait waistcoat attached – as his ‘throne’. In contrast, the King could be rewarded for ‘good behaviour’ with access to his library or a visit from his family. By February the King’s condition seemed to improve and on 26 February an official report stated, ‘His Majesty appears to have an entire cessation of his illness’. ## Can we ever diagnose George III? George III would return to Kew for treatment twice more, in 1801 and 1804 – coerced into staying in the red brick building now known as Kew Palace, since the White House was falling into disrepair. It is almost impossible to give a cause for or diagnose the King’s illness. Accounts differ wildly and can be interpreted in many ways. These inconsistencies have led historians to ‘diagnose’ the King with many different illnesses and conditions, including arsenic poisoning, porphyria and most recently bi-polar disorder. ![Black and white sketch showing King George III during his last period of illness.]() Image: Print of George III during his last period of illness. © Historic Royal Palaces Studying George III’s illness is made more complicated by the political situation surrounding the King’s treatment. For example, the Prince of Wales installed his own doctor in the King’s household. If George was deemed incapacitated and unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales could make himself regent and effectively run the country in his father’s place; the Prince’s doctor was tasked with writing pessimistic reports of the King’s illness to increase the likelihood that the Prince could take over as regent. We can never really know what caused George III’s illness, but we do know that the King suffered greatly, both physically and mentally. His cruel treatment at the hands of his doctors was painful, humiliating and frightening. During these periods, Queen Charlotte and the couple’s daughters endured agonising hours in their rooms at Kew, anxiously waiting for news. The Prince of Wales’ attempts to use his father’s illness to gain power caused his parents even more strain. After being moved to permanent seclusion in Windsor in 1810, George would hold imaginary conversations with his dead children and cry for hours. Much more than a simple story of ‘The Mad King’, George’s periods of mental and physical illness were as complex as the man himself – and had a huge impact on him, his family, and the nation. Polly Putnam Curator (Collections) Historic Royal Palaces ## [More from our blog](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/ "More from our blog") ![]() ### [Royal Wetnurses: the 'Foster Mothers' of the Georgian Nursery](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/royal-wetnurses/) 24 March 2022 Ahead of Mother's Day, we share the lesser-known histories of the women employed as wetnurses in the Royal Nursery. Taking on the role of 'foster mother' to young princes and princesses, they often developed a close personal bond with the royal family and received mementos that were passed down in families for generations. ![]() ### [The explosive wartime history of the Kew Pagoda](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/smoke-screen-testing-at-the-great-pagoda/) 06 June 2023 One of the most surprising periods in the history of the Great Pagoda is its use as a secret testing site during World War II. Curator Polly Putnam picks up the tale of this fascinating discovery. ![]() ### [A tour of Kew's Kitchen Garden](https://www.hrp.org.uk/blog/a-tour-of-kews-kitchen-garden/) 10 September 2019 Like Kew Palace and the Royal Kitchens, the Kitchen Garden is open seasonally to visitors, from April to October. But work in the garden continues all year round. Let's take a tour...
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