🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 121 (from laksa048)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa121.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms","crawl_time":1776230139,"first_indexed_time":1721213134,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,helpguide!www,\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms s443","src_root_hash":"10679577116146527521","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Schizophrenia Symptoms, Signs, and Causes","meta_descriptions":["This guide can help you recognize the early warning signs of schizophrenia, understand the causes, and better manage schizophrenia symptoms."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"What is schizophrenia?\nSchizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that often makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and unreal, to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function normally. It affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world.\nThe most common form is paranoid schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with paranoia as it’s often called. People with paranoid schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched. This can cause relationship problems, disrupt normal daily activities like bathing, eating, or running errands, and lead to alcohol and drug abuse in an attempt to\nself-medicate\n.\nMany people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion and fear, and are at an increased risk of attempting suicide, especially during psychotic episodes, periods of depression, and in the first six months after starting treatment.\nWhile schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, many fears about the disorder are not based in reality. Most people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. Treatment options are improving all the time and there are plenty of things you can do to manage the disorder.\nSchizophrenia is often episodic, so periods of remission are ideal times to employ\nself-help strategies\nto limit the length and frequency of any future episodes. Along with the right support, medication, and therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms, function independently, and enjoy full, rewarding lives.\nTake any suicidal thoughts or talk very seriously…\nIf you or someone you care about is suicidal, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline in the U.S. at 1-800-273-TALK, visit\nIASP\n or \nSuicide.org\n to find a helpline in your country, or read \nSuicide Prevention\n.\nWhat is paranoid schizophrenia?\nThe terms paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia with paranoia refer to the most common subtype of schizophrenia, one with pronounced paranoia and delusions.\nHowever, paranoid schizophrenia is no longer a recognized diagnosis in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and the term is rarely used by medical professionals.\nCommon misconceptions about schizophrenia\nMyth:\nSchizophrenia refers to a “split personality” or multiple personalities.\nFact:\nMultiple personality disorder\nis a different and much less common disorder than schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia do not have split personalities. Rather, they are “split off” from reality.\nMyth:\nSchizophrenia is a rare condition.\nFact:\nSchizophrenia is not rare; the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be around 1 in 100.\nMyth:\nPeople with schizophrenia are dangerous.\nFact:\nAlthough the delusional thoughts and hallucinations of schizophrenia sometimes lead to violent behavior, most people with schizophrenia are neither violent nor a danger to others.\nMyth:\nPeople with schizophrenia can’t be helped.\nFact:\nWhile long-term treatment may be required, the outlook for schizophrenia is far from hopeless. When treated properly, many people with schizophrenia are able to enjoy fulfilling, productive lives.\nEarly warning signs of schizophrenia\nIn some people, schizophrenia appears suddenly and without warning. But for most, it comes on slowly, with subtle warning signs and a gradual decline in functioning, long before the first severe episode. Often, friends or family members will know early on that something is wrong, without knowing exactly what.\nIn this early phase of schizophrenia, you may seem eccentric, unmotivated, emotionless, and reclusive to others. You may start to isolate yourself, begin neglecting your appearance, say peculiar things, and show a general indifference to life. You may abandon hobbies and activities, and your performance at work or school can deteriorate.\nThe most common early warning signs include:\nDepression\n, social withdrawal.\nHostility or suspiciousness, extreme reaction to criticism.\nDeterioration of personal hygiene.\nFlat, expressionless gaze.\nInability to cry or express joy or inappropriate laughter or crying.\nOversleeping or\ninsomnia\n.\nForgetful, unable to concentrate.\nOdd or irrational statements; strange use of words or way of speaking.\nWhile these warning signs can result from a number of problems—not just schizophrenia—they are cause for concern. When out-of-the-ordinary behavior is causing problems in your life or the life of a loved one, seek medical advice. If schizophrenia or another mental problem is the cause, getting treatment early will help.\nSchizophrenia symptoms\nThere are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia:\nDelusions\nHallucinations\nDisorganized speech\nDisorganized behavior\n“Negative” symptoms (absence of normal behaviors)\nHowever, the symptoms of schizophrenia vary dramatically from person to person, both in pattern and severity. Not every person with schizophrenia will have all the symptoms, and the symptoms of schizophrenia may also change over time.\nSpeak to a Licensed Therapist\nBetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Take the assessment and get matched with a therapist in as little as 48 hours.\nTake Assessment\nHelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for BetterHelp’s services after clicking through from this site.\nLearn more\nSymptom 1: Delusions\nA delusion is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it isn’t true. Delusions are extremely common in schizophrenia, occurring in more than 90% of those who have the disorder. Often, these delusions involve illogical or bizarre ideas or fantasies, such as:\nDelusions of persecution\n– Belief that others, often a vague “they,” are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. “Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water”).\nDelusions of reference\n– A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you.\nDelusions of grandeur\n– Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly.\nDelusions of control\n– Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting (“My private thoughts are being transmitted to others”), thought insertion (“Someone is planting thoughts in my head”), and thought withdrawal (“The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts”).\nSymptom 2: Hallucinations\nHallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in your mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. These often occur when you misinterpret your own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source.\nSchizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to you as the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone you know, and usually they’re critical, vulgar, or abusive. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common, while all hallucinations tend to be worse when you’re alone.\nSymptom 3: Disorganized speech\nSchizophrenia can cause you to have trouble concentrating and maintaining your train of thought, which may manifest itself in the way that you speak. You may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.\nCommon signs of disorganized speech include:\nLoose associations\n– Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next.\nNeologisms\n– Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to you.\nPerseveration\n– Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over.\nClang\n– Meaningless use of rhyming words (“I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head”).\nSymptom 4: Disorganized behavior\nSchizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, impairing your ability to take care of yourself, your work, and interact with others.\nDisorganized behavior can appear as:\nA decline in overall daily functioning\nUnpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses\nBehaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose\nLack of inhibition and impulse control\nSymptom 5: Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors)\nThe so-called “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals, such as:\nLack of emotional expression\n– Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions.\nLack of interest or enthusiasm\n– Problems with motivation; lack of self-care.\nSeeming lack of interest in the world\n– Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal.\nSpeech difficulties and abnormalities\n– Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in a monotone.\nDaniel's story\nDaniel is 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and holding down a part-time job in the stockroom of a local electronics store. But then he began to change, becoming increasingly paranoid and acting out in bizarre ways.\nFirst, he became convinced that his professors were “out to get him” since they didn’t appreciate his confusing, off-topic classroom rants. Then he told his roommate that the other students were “in on the conspiracy.” Soon after, he dropped out of school.\nFrom there, his condition got worse. Daniel stopped bathing, shaving, and washing his clothes. At work, he became convinced that his boss was watching him through surveillance bugs planted in the store’s TV screens. Then he started hearing voices telling him to find the bugs and deactivate them.\nThings came to a head when he acted on the voices, smashing several TVs and screaming that he wasn’t going to put up with the “illegal spying” any more. His frightened boss called the police, and Daniel was hospitalized.\nTreatment for schizophrenia\nAs upsetting as a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be, ignoring the problem won’t make it go away. Beginning treatment as soon as possible with an experienced mental health professional is crucial to your recovery.\nAt the same time, it’s important not to buy into the stigma associated with schizophrenia or the myth that you can’t get better. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not a life-sentence of ever-worsening symptoms and recurring hospitalizations. With the right\ntreatment and self-help\n, many people with schizophrenia are able to regain normal functioning and even become symptom-free.\nDr. Xavier Amador delves into the challenges faced when a loved one refuses help, introducing the concept of anosognosia, a symptom that prevents someone from recognizing their illness.\nTreatment basics\nThe most effective treatment strategy\nfor schizophrenia involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support.\nSchizophrenia requires long-term treatment.\nMost people with schizophrenia need to continue treatment even when they’re feeling better, in order to prevent new episodes and stay symptom-free. Treatment can change over time, though. As your symptoms improve, your doctor may be able to lower the dosage or change your medication.\nMedication\nfor schizophrenia works by reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disordered thinking. But schizophrenia medication is not a cure. It is also much less helpful for treating symptoms such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and lack of emotional expressiveness.\nFinding the right drug and dosage is also a trial and error process. While medication should not be used at the expense of your quality of life, be patient with the process and discuss any concerns with your doctor.\nTherapy\n, either in-person or via an online platform, can help you improve coping and life skills,\nmanage stress\n, address relationship issues, and improve communication. Group therapy can also connect you to others who are in a similar situation and are able to offer valuable insight into how they’ve overcome challenges.\nSchizophrenia coping tips\nMedication and therapy can take time to take full effect but there are still ways you can manage symptoms, improve the way you feel, and increase your self-esteem. The more you do to help yourself, the less hopeless and helpless you’ll feel, and the more likely your doctor will be able to reduce your medication.\nSchizophrenia: The 7 keys to self-help\nSeek social support.\nFriends and family vital to helping you get the right treatment and keeping your symptoms under control. Regularly connecting with others face-to-face is also the most effective way to calm your nervous system and relieve stress. Stay involved with others by continuing your work or education. If that’s not possible, consider\nvolunteering\n, joining a schizophrenia\nsupport group\n, or taking a class or joining a club to spend time with people who have common interests. As well as keeping you socially connected, it can help you feel good about yourself.\nManage stress.\nHigh levels of stress are believed to trigger schizophrenic episodes by increasing the body’s production of the hormone cortisol. As well as staying socially connected, there are plenty of steps you can take to reduce your stress levels. Try adopting a regular\nrelaxation practice\nsuch as  yoga, deep breathing, or\nmeditation\n.\nGet regular exercise.\nAs well as all the \nemotional and physical benefits\n, exercise may help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, improve your focus and energy, and help you feel calmer. Aim for 30 minutes of activity on most days, or if it’s easier, three 10-minute sessions. Try rhythmic exercise that engages both your arms and legs, such as walking, running, swimming, or dancing.\nGet plenty of sleep.\nWhen you’re on medication, you most likely need even\nmore sleep\nthan the standard 8 hours. Many people with schizophrenia have trouble with sleep, but getting regular exercise and avoiding caffeine can help.\nAvoid alcohol, drugs, and nicotine.\nSubstance abuse complicates schizophrenia treatment and worsens symptoms. Even smoking cigarettes can interfere with the effectiveness of some schizophrenia medications. If you have a\nsubstance abuse problem\n, seek help.\nEat regular, nutritious meals\nto avoid symptoms exacerbated by changes in blood sugar levels.\nOmega-3 fatty acids\nfrom fatty fish, fish oil, walnuts, and flaxseeds can help improve focus, banish fatigue, and balance your moods.\nWhat causes schizophrenia?\nWhile the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors.\nGenetic causes\nWhile schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia don’t always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny.\nEnvironmental causes\nStudies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder.\nMore and more research points to stress—either during pregnancy or at a later stage of development—as being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include:\nPrenatal exposure to a viral infection.\nLow oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth).\nExposure to a virus during infancy.\nEarly parental loss or separation.\nPhysical or sexual\nabuse in childhood\n.\nAbnormal brain structure\nIn addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain.\nDiagnosing schizophrenia\nA diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a full psychiatric evaluation, medical history assessment, and physical exam. Lab tests can also help to rule out other medical causes of your symptoms.\nCriteria to diagnose schizophrenia\nThe presence of\ntwo or more\nof the following symptoms for\nat least 30 days:\nHallucinations\nDelusions\nDisorganized speech\nDisorganized or catatonic behavior\nNegative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech)\nOther diagnosis criteria:\nHave had significant problems\nfunctioning at work or school, relating to other people, and taking care of yourself.\nShown continuous signs of schizophrenia for\nat least six months\n, with active symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) for at least one month.\nHave no other\nmental health disorder, medical issue, or substance abuse problem that is causing the symptoms.\nHelplines and support\nIn the U.S.\nCall 1-800-950-6264 or visit \nNAMI.org\nUK\nCall 0300 5000 927 or visit \nRethink: Schizophrenia\nAustralia\nCall 1800 18 7263 or visit \nSane Australia\nCanada\nVisit \nCanadian Mental Health Association\nfor links to helplines and services\nIndia\nCall the Vandrevala Foundation \nHelpline\n at 1860 2662 345 or 1800 2333 330\nMore Information\nSchizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. (2013). In\nDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\n. American Psychiatric Association.\nLink\nPatel, Krishna R., Jessica Cherian, Kunj Gohil, and Dylan Atkinson. “Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options.”\nPharmacy and Therapeutics\n39, no. 9 (September 2014): 638–45.\nLink\nGanguly, Pronab, Abdrabo Soliman, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. “Holistic Management of Schizophrenia Symptoms Using Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment.”\nFrontiers in Public Health\n6 (2018): 166.\nLink\nAquino, Patrick. “Diagnosing and Treating Schizophrenia.”\nAMA Journal of Ethics\n11, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 43–48.\nLink\nGage, S. H., H. J. Jones, S. Burgess, J. Bowden, G. Davey Smith, S. Zammit, and M. R. Munafò. “Assessing Causality in Associations between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.”\nPsychological Medicine\n47, no. 5 (April 2017): 971–80.\nLink\nChien, Wai Tong, Sau Fong Leung, Frederick KK Yeung, and Wai Kit Wong. “Current Approaches to Treatments for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Part II: Psychosocial Interventions and Patient-Focused Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.”\nNeuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment\n9 (2013): 1463–81.\nLink\nStępnicki, Piotr, Magda Kondej, and Agnieszka A. Kaczor. “Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia.”\nMolecules: A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry\n23, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2087.\nLink\nCatts, Stanley Victor, and Brian Ignatius O’Toole. “The Treatment of Schizophrenia: Can We Raise the Standard of Care?”\nAustralian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry\n50, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1128–38.\nLink\nKnight, Edward L. “Self-Help and Serious Mental Illness.”\nMedscape General Medicine\n8, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 68.\nLink\n“Self-Management: The Experiences and Views of Self-Management of People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia – Social Care Online.” Accessed November 2, 2021.\nLink\nSensky, T., D. Turkington, D. Kingdon, J. L. Scott, J. Scott, R. Siddle, M. O’Carroll, and T. R. Barnes. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia Resistant to Medication.”\nArchives of General Psychiatry\n57, no. 2 (February 2000): 165–72.\nLink\nPilling, S., P. Bebbington, E. Kuipers, P. Garety, J. Geddes, G. Orbach, and C. Morgan. “Psychological Treatments in Schizophrenia: I. Meta-Analysis of Family Intervention and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.” Psychological Medicine 32, no. 5 (July 2002): 763–82.\nLink\nTurkington, Douglas, David Kingdon, and Peter J. Weiden. “Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia.”\nThe American Journal of Psychiatry\n163, no. 3 (March 2006): 365–73.\nLink","attrs_markdown":"[![HelpGuide.org](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Group-13075.svg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/)\n\n- [Español](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/es\/esquizofrenia\/sintomas-de-la-esquizofrenia-y-consejos-para-afrontarla)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us)\n  - [About Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us)\n  - [Meet Our Team](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/meet-our-team)\n  - [Our Story](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/our-story)\n  - [Jeanne Segal, Ph.D.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/jeanne-segal)\n  - [Advisory Council](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/professional-advisory-council)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/contact-us)\n- [Resources](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms)\n  - [Harvard Health Partnership](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/harvard)\n  - [Audio Meditations](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/meditation)\n  - [Newsletter](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/newsletter)\n  - [Helplines](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\n[Donate](https:\/\/give.helpguide.org\/give\/581002\/#!\/donation\/checkout)\n\n[![HelpGuide.org](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Logo-3.svg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/)\n\n[Donate](https:\/\/give.helpguide.org\/give\/581002\/#!\/donation\/checkout)\n\n- [Schizophrenia Treatment and Self-Help](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help)\n- [Helping Someone with Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/helping-someone-with-schizophrenia)\n- [Schizoaffective Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizoaffective-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment)\n- [Interview with Dr. Xavier Amador: I’m Not Sick, I Don’t Need Help\\!](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/family\/caregiving\/dr-amador-im-not-sick-i-dont-need-help)\n- [How to Help Someone with Mental Illness Accept Treatment](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/how-to-help-someone-with-mental-illness-accept-treatment)\n- [Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): How it Works and What to Expect](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect)\n- [Dual Diagnosis: Substance Abuse and Mental Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction\/substance-abuse-and-mental-health)\n- [How to Cope with Thoughts of Suicide](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm\/are-you-feeling-suicidal)\n- [Online Therapy: Is it Right for You?](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/?p=130493)\n\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health)\n  [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health)\n  \n  - [ADHD](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/adhd)\n  - [Addiction](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n  - [Bipolar Disorder](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/bipolar-disorder)\n  - [Depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression)\n  - [Eating Disorders](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/eating-disorders)\n  - [Grief & Loss](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/grief)\n  \n  - [Personality Disorders](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/personality-disorders)\n  - [PTSD & Trauma](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/ptsd-trauma)\n  - [Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia)\n  - [Stress](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress)\n  - [Suicide & Self-Harm](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm)\n  - [Treatment](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment)\n  \n  Featured\n  \n  [Coping with Depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/coping-with-depression)\n  \n  Tips for overcoming depression one step at a time\n  \n  [![A woman in an orange dress strolls gracefully along a scenic path surrounded by greenery as she is coping with depression.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Coping-with-Depression-384x256.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/coping-with-depression)\n  \n  [The Best Online Therapy Platforms](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/best-online-therapy)\n  \n  HelpGuide’s reviews of the best services\n  \n  [![Abstract illustration of a woman sitting on the floor, a hand reaching out to her from a computer screen, symbolizing the best online therapy services.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Online-Therapy-384x384.png)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/best-online-therapy)\n- [Health & Wellness](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness)\n  [Health & Wellness](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness)\n  \n  - [Exercise & Fitness](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/fitness)\n  - [Nutrition](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/nutrition)\n  - [Sleep](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/sleep)\n  - [Stress](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress)\n  - [Well-being & Happiness](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/wellbeing)\n  - [Pets](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/pets)\n  \n  - [Weight Management](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/weight-loss)\n  - [Work & Career](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/career)\n  - [Illness & Disability](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/health-conditions)\n  - [Heart 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Issues](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/family\/young-adults)\n\nReturn\n\n[Relationships](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/relationships)\n\n- [Communication](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/relationships\/communication)\n- [Emotional Intelligence](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/emotional-intelligence)\n- [Love & Friendship](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/relationships\/social-connection)\n- [Domestic Abuse](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/relationships\/domestic-abuse)\n- [Sexual Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/relationships\/sexual-health)\n\nReturn\n\n[Aging Well](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/aging)\n\n- [Healthy Aging](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/aging\/healthy-aging)\n- [Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/aging\/dementia)\n- [Family Caregiving](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/family\/caregiving)\n- [End of Life](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/aging\/end-of-life)\n\nReturn\n\n[Screeners](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/screening-tests\/depression-test)\n\n- [Depression Test](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/screening-tests\/depression-test)\n\nReturn\n\n[About Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us)\n- [Meet Our Team](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/meet-our-team)\n- [Our Story](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/our-story)\n\nReturn\n\n[Resources](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms)\n\n- [Harvard Health Partnership](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/harvard)\n- [Audio Meditations](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/meditation)\n- [Newsletter](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/newsletter)\n- [Helplines](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\nWhat is schizophrenia?\n\n- What is schizophrenia?\n- What is paranoid schizophrenia?\n- Common misconceptions about schizophrenia\n- Early warning signs of schizophrenia\n- Schizophrenia symptoms\n- Symptom 1: Delusions\n- Symptom 2: Hallucinations\n- Symptom 3: Disorganized speech\n- Symptom 4: Disorganized behavior\n- Symptom 5: Negative symptoms\n- Treatment for schizophrenia\n- Schizophrenia coping tips\n- What causes schizophrenia?\n- Diagnosing schizophrenia\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/) [Choose a Therapist](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/)\n\n### Choose a Therapist\nThis therapist directory is offered in partnership with BetterHelp. If you sign up for therapy after clicking through from this site, HelpGuide will earn a commission. This helps us continue our nonprofit mission and continue to be there as a free mental health resource for everyone.\n\nNeed to talk to someone now? [Find a crisis helpline](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\nIf you're a BetterHelp therapist with questions about your directory listing, please contact [therapists@betterhelp.com](mailto:therapists@betterhelp.com)\n\nNeed to talk to someone now? [Find a crisis helpline](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\n[Are You Feeling Suicidal? How to Cope with Thoughts of Suicide](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm\/are-you-feeling-suicidal)\n\n[![depression-helpline](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/helpguide-core-functionality\/assets\/images\/svg\/depression-helpline.svg) Coping with depression Tips for overcoming depression one step at a time](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/coping-with-depression)\n\n[![generalized-helpline](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/helpguide-core-functionality\/assets\/images\/svg\/generalized-helpline.svg) Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms, treatment, and self-help for chronic anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad)\n\n[Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia)\n\n# Schizophrenia Symptoms, Signs, Causes, and Coping Tips\nLast updated on February 18, 2026\n\nRecognizing the signs of schizophrenia in yourself or a loved one can be frightening. But with the right treatment and self-help, you can manage the disorder and lead a fulfilling life.\n\n![Warped view of a glazed corridor in an office center, representing schizophrenia signs and symptoms](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Schizophrenia-Symptoms-1200x803.jpg)\n\nBy  [Melinda Smith, M.A.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/bio\/melinda-smith-ma), [Lawrence Robinson](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/bio\/lawrence-robinson) and [Jeanne Segal, Ph.D.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/bio\/jeanne-segal-phd)\n\n- What is schizophrenia?\n- What is paranoid schizophrenia?\n- Common misconceptions about schizophrenia\n- Early warning signs of schizophrenia\n- Schizophrenia symptoms\n- Symptom 1: Delusions\n- Symptom 2: Hallucinations\n- Symptom 3: Disorganized speech\n- Symptom 4: Disorganized behavior\n- Symptom 5: Negative symptoms\n- Treatment for schizophrenia\n- Schizophrenia coping tips\n- What causes schizophrenia?\n- Diagnosing schizophrenia\n\n## What is schizophrenia?\nSchizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that often makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and unreal, to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function normally. It affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world.\n\nThe most common form is paranoid schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with paranoia as it’s often called. People with paranoid schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched. This can cause relationship problems, disrupt normal daily activities like bathing, eating, or running errands, and lead to alcohol and drug abuse in an attempt to [self-medicate](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction\/self-medicating).\n\nMany people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion and fear, and are at an increased risk of attempting suicide, especially during psychotic episodes, periods of depression, and in the first six months after starting treatment.\n\nWhile schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, many fears about the disorder are not based in reality. Most people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. Treatment options are improving all the time and there are plenty of things you can do to manage the disorder.\n\nSchizophrenia is often episodic, so periods of remission are ideal times to employ [self-help strategies](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help) to limit the length and frequency of any future episodes. Along with the right support, medication, and therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms, function independently, and enjoy full, rewarding lives.\n\n#### Take any suicidal thoughts or talk very seriously…\nIf you or someone you care about is suicidal, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline in the U.S. at 1-800-273-TALK, visit [IASP](http:\/\/www.iasp.info\/resources\/Crisis_Centres\/) or [Suicide.org](http:\/\/www.suicide.org\/international-suicide-hotlines.html) to find a helpline in your country, or read [Suicide Prevention](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm).\n## What is paranoid schizophrenia?\nThe terms paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia with paranoia refer to the most common subtype of schizophrenia, one with pronounced paranoia and delusions.\n\nHowever, paranoid schizophrenia is no longer a recognized diagnosis in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and the term is rarely used by medical professionals.\n\n## Common misconceptions about schizophrenia\n###### Myth:\n**Schizophrenia refers to a “split personality” or multiple personalities.**\n\n###### Fact:\n[Multiple personality disorder](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/ptsd-trauma\/dissociative-identity-disorder-did) is a different and much less common disorder than schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia do not have split personalities. Rather, they are “split off” from reality.\n\n###### Myth:\n**Schizophrenia is a rare condition.**\n\n###### Fact:\nSchizophrenia is not rare; the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be around 1 in 100.\n\n###### Myth:\n**People with schizophrenia are dangerous.**\n\n###### Fact:\nAlthough the delusional thoughts and hallucinations of schizophrenia sometimes lead to violent behavior, most people with schizophrenia are neither violent nor a danger to others.\n\n###### Myth:\n**People with schizophrenia can’t be helped.**\n\n###### Fact:\nWhile long-term treatment may be required, the outlook for schizophrenia is far from hopeless. When treated properly, many people with schizophrenia are able to enjoy fulfilling, productive lives.\n## Early warning signs of schizophrenia\nIn some people, schizophrenia appears suddenly and without warning. But for most, it comes on slowly, with subtle warning signs and a gradual decline in functioning, long before the first severe episode. Often, friends or family members will know early on that something is wrong, without knowing exactly what.\n\nIn this early phase of schizophrenia, you may seem eccentric, unmotivated, emotionless, and reclusive to others. You may start to isolate yourself, begin neglecting your appearance, say peculiar things, and show a general indifference to life. You may abandon hobbies and activities, and your performance at work or school can deteriorate.\n\n### The most common early warning signs include:\n1. [Depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs), social withdrawal.\n2. Hostility or suspiciousness, extreme reaction to criticism.\n3. Deterioration of personal hygiene.\n4. Flat, expressionless gaze.\n5. Inability to cry or express joy or inappropriate laughter or crying.\n6. Oversleeping or [insomnia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/sleep\/insomnia-causes-and-cures).\n7. Forgetful, unable to concentrate.\n8. Odd or irrational statements; strange use of words or way of speaking.\n\nWhile these warning signs can result from a number of problems—not just schizophrenia—they are cause for concern. When out-of-the-ordinary behavior is causing problems in your life or the life of a loved one, seek medical advice. If schizophrenia or another mental problem is the cause, getting treatment early will help.\n\n## Schizophrenia symptoms\nThere are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia:\n\n1. Delusions\n2. Hallucinations\n3. Disorganized speech\n4. Disorganized behavior\n5. “Negative” symptoms (absence of normal behaviors)\n\nHowever, the symptoms of schizophrenia vary dramatically from person to person, both in pattern and severity. Not every person with schizophrenia will have all the symptoms, and the symptoms of schizophrenia may also change over time.\n\n#### Speak to a Licensed Therapist\nBetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Take the assessment and get matched with a therapist in as little as 48 hours.\n\n[Take Assessment](https:\/\/hasofferstracking.betterhelp.com\/aff_c?offer_id=2&aff_id=2729&source=helpguide)\n\nHelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for BetterHelp’s services after clicking through from this site.  [Learn more](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/affiliate-disclosure)\n## Symptom 1: Delusions\nA delusion is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it isn’t true. Delusions are extremely common in schizophrenia, occurring in more than 90% of those who have the disorder. Often, these delusions involve illogical or bizarre ideas or fantasies, such as:\n\n**Delusions of persecution** – Belief that others, often a vague “they,” are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. “Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water”).\n\n**Delusions of reference** – A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you.\n\n**Delusions of grandeur** – Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly.\n\n**Delusions of control** – Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting (“My private thoughts are being transmitted to others”), thought insertion (“Someone is planting thoughts in my head”), and thought withdrawal (“The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts”).\n\n## Symptom 2: Hallucinations\nHallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in your mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. These often occur when you misinterpret your own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source.\n\nSchizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to you as the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone you know, and usually they’re critical, vulgar, or abusive. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common, while all hallucinations tend to be worse when you’re alone.\n\n## Symptom 3: Disorganized speech\nSchizophrenia can cause you to have trouble concentrating and maintaining your train of thought, which may manifest itself in the way that you speak. You may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.\n\nCommon signs of disorganized speech include:\n\n**Loose associations** – Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next.\n\n**Neologisms** – Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to you.\n\n**Perseveration** – Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over.\n\n**Clang** – Meaningless use of rhyming words (“I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head”).\n\n## Symptom 4: Disorganized behavior\nSchizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, impairing your ability to take care of yourself, your work, and interact with others.\n\nDisorganized behavior can appear as:\n\n- A decline in overall daily functioning\n- Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses\n- Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose\n- Lack of inhibition and impulse control\n## Symptom 5: Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors)\nThe so-called “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals, such as:\n\n**Lack of emotional expression** – Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions.\n\n**Lack of interest or enthusiasm** – Problems with motivation; lack of self-care.\n\n**Seeming lack of interest in the world** – Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal.\n\n**Speech difficulties and abnormalities** – Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in a monotone.\n\n#### Daniel's story\nDaniel is 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and holding down a part-time job in the stockroom of a local electronics store. But then he began to change, becoming increasingly paranoid and acting out in bizarre ways.\n\nFirst, he became convinced that his professors were “out to get him” since they didn’t appreciate his confusing, off-topic classroom rants. Then he told his roommate that the other students were “in on the conspiracy.” Soon after, he dropped out of school.\n\nFrom there, his condition got worse. Daniel stopped bathing, shaving, and washing his clothes. At work, he became convinced that his boss was watching him through surveillance bugs planted in the store’s TV screens. Then he started hearing voices telling him to find the bugs and deactivate them.\n\nThings came to a head when he acted on the voices, smashing several TVs and screaming that he wasn’t going to put up with the “illegal spying” any more. His frightened boss called the police, and Daniel was hospitalized.\n## Treatment for schizophrenia\nAs upsetting as a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be, ignoring the problem won’t make it go away. Beginning treatment as soon as possible with an experienced mental health professional is crucial to your recovery.\n\nAt the same time, it’s important not to buy into the stigma associated with schizophrenia or the myth that you can’t get better. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not a life-sentence of ever-worsening symptoms and recurring hospitalizations. With the right  [treatment and self-help](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help), many people with schizophrenia are able to regain normal functioning and even become symptom-free.\n\n![Dr Xavier Amador: Understanding Anosognosia (Part 2 of 12)](https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/9KEcgjBED58\/sddefault.jpg)\n\n*Dr. Xavier Amador delves into the challenges faced when a loved one refuses help, introducing the concept of anosognosia, a symptom that prevents someone from recognizing their illness.*\n### Treatment basics\n**The most effective treatment strategy**  for schizophrenia involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support.\n\n**Schizophrenia requires long-term treatment.** Most people with schizophrenia need to continue treatment even when they’re feeling better, in order to prevent new episodes and stay symptom-free. Treatment can change over time, though. As your symptoms improve, your doctor may be able to lower the dosage or change your medication.\n\n**Medication** for schizophrenia works by reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disordered thinking. But schizophrenia medication is not a cure. It is also much less helpful for treating symptoms such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and lack of emotional expressiveness.\n\nFinding the right drug and dosage is also a trial and error process. While medication should not be used at the expense of your quality of life, be patient with the process and discuss any concerns with your doctor.\n\n**Therapy**, either in-person or via an online platform, can help you improve coping and life skills, [manage stress](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress\/stress-management), address relationship issues, and improve communication. Group therapy can also connect you to others who are in a similar situation and are able to offer valuable insight into how they’ve overcome challenges.\n\n## Schizophrenia coping tips\nMedication and therapy can take time to take full effect but there are still ways you can manage symptoms, improve the way you feel, and increase your self-esteem. The more you do to help yourself, the less hopeless and helpless you’ll feel, and the more likely your doctor will be able to reduce your medication.\n\n### Schizophrenia: The 7 keys to self-help\n**Seek social support.** Friends and family vital to helping you get the right treatment and keeping your symptoms under control. Regularly connecting with others face-to-face is also the most effective way to calm your nervous system and relieve stress. Stay involved with others by continuing your work or education. If that’s not possible, consider [volunteering](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/wellbeing\/volunteering-and-its-surprising-benefits), joining a schizophrenia [support group](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/support-groups), or taking a class or joining a club to spend time with people who have common interests. As well as keeping you socially connected, it can help you feel good about yourself.\n\n**Manage stress.** High levels of stress are believed to trigger schizophrenic episodes by increasing the body’s production of the hormone cortisol. As well as staying socially connected, there are plenty of steps you can take to reduce your stress levels. Try adopting a regular [relaxation practice](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress\/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief) such as yoga, deep breathing, or [meditation](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/meditation).\n\n**Get regular exercise.** As well as all the [emotional and physical benefits](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/fitness\/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise), exercise may help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, improve your focus and energy, and help you feel calmer. Aim for 30 minutes of activity on most days, or if it’s easier, three 10-minute sessions. Try rhythmic exercise that engages both your arms and legs, such as walking, running, swimming, or dancing.\n\n**Get plenty of sleep.** When you’re on medication, you most likely need even [more sleep](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/sleep\/getting-better-sleep) than the standard 8 hours. Many people with schizophrenia have trouble with sleep, but getting regular exercise and avoiding caffeine can help.\n\n**Avoid alcohol, drugs, and nicotine.** Substance abuse complicates schizophrenia treatment and worsens symptoms. Even smoking cigarettes can interfere with the effectiveness of some schizophrenia medications. If you have a [substance abuse problem](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction\/substance-abuse-and-mental-health), seek help.\n\n**Eat regular, nutritious meals** to avoid symptoms exacerbated by changes in blood sugar levels. [Omega-3 fatty acids](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/nutrition\/choosing-healthy-fats) from fatty fish, fish oil, walnuts, and flaxseeds can help improve focus, banish fatigue, and balance your moods.\n\n## What causes schizophrenia?\nWhile the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors.\n\n### Genetic causes\nWhile schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia don’t always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny.\n\n### Environmental causes\nStudies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder.\n\nMore and more research points to stress—either during pregnancy or at a later stage of development—as being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include:\n\n- Prenatal exposure to a viral infection.\n- Low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth).\n- Exposure to a virus during infancy.\n- Early parental loss or separation.\n- Physical or sexual [abuse in childhood](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/relationships\/domestic-abuse\/child-abuse-and-neglect).\n### Abnormal brain structure\nIn addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain.\n\n## Diagnosing schizophrenia\nA diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a full psychiatric evaluation, medical history assessment, and physical exam. Lab tests can also help to rule out other medical causes of your symptoms.\n\n### Criteria to diagnose schizophrenia\nThe presence of **two or more** of the following symptoms for **at least 30 days:**\n\n1. Hallucinations\n2. Delusions\n3. Disorganized speech\n4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior\n5. Negative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech)\n\nOther diagnosis criteria:\n\n- **Have had significant problems** functioning at work or school, relating to other people, and taking care of yourself.\n- Shown continuous signs of schizophrenia for **at least six months**, with active symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) for at least one month.\n- **Have no other** mental health disorder, medical issue, or substance abuse problem that is causing the symptoms.\n\n#### Helplines and support\n- In the U.S.\n  Call 1-800-950-6264 or visit [NAMI.org](http:\/\/www.nami.org\/Find-Support)\n- UK\n  Call 0300 5000 927 or visit [Rethink: Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.rethink.org\/diagnosis-treatment\/conditions\/schizophrenia)\n- Australia\n  Call 1800 18 7263 or visit [Sane Australia](https:\/\/www.sane.org\/get-support)\n- Canada\n  Visit [Canadian Mental Health Association](https:\/\/cmha.ca\/find-help\/if-you-are-in-crisis\/) for links to helplines and services\n- India\n  Call the Vandrevala Foundation [Helpline](https:\/\/www.vandrevalafoundation.com\/) at 1860 2662 345 or 1800 2333 330\n\n## More Information\nReferences\n\n1. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. (2013). In *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*. American Psychiatric Association.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.x02_Schizophrenia_Spectrum)\n2. Patel, Krishna R., Jessica Cherian, Kunj Gohil, and Dylan Atkinson. “Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options.” *Pharmacy and Therapeutics* 39, no. 9 (September 2014): 638–45.\n   [Link](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4159061\/)\n3. Ganguly, Pronab, Abdrabo Soliman, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. “Holistic Management of Schizophrenia Symptoms Using Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment.” *Frontiers in Public Health* 6 (2018): 166.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00166)\n4. Aquino, Patrick. “Diagnosing and Treating Schizophrenia.” *AMA Journal of Ethics* 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 43–48.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/virtualmentor.2009.11.1.cprl1-0901)\n5. Gage, S. H., H. J. Jones, S. Burgess, J. Bowden, G. Davey Smith, S. Zammit, and M. R. Munafò. “Assessing Causality in Associations between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.” *Psychological Medicine* 47, no. 5 (April 2017): 971–80.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716003172)\n6. Chien, Wai Tong, Sau Fong Leung, Frederick KK Yeung, and Wai Kit Wong. “Current Approaches to Treatments for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Part II: Psychosocial Interventions and Patient-Focused Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.” *Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment* 9 (2013): 1463–81.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S49263)\n7. Stępnicki, Piotr, Magda Kondej, and Agnieszka A. Kaczor. “Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia.” *Molecules: A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry* 23, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2087.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23082087)\n8. Catts, Stanley Victor, and Brian Ignatius O’Toole. “The Treatment of Schizophrenia: Can We Raise the Standard of Care?” *Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry* 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1128–38.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867416672725)\n9. Knight, Edward L. “Self-Help and Serious Mental Illness.” *Medscape General Medicine* 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 68.\n   [Link](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1681955\/)\n10. “Self-Management: The Experiences and Views of Self-Management of People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia – Social Care Online.” Accessed November 2, 2021.\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk\/self-management-the-experiences-and-views-of-self-management-of-people-with-a-diagnosis-of-schizophrenia\/r\/a11G00000017tP5IAI)\n11. Sensky, T., D. Turkington, D. Kingdon, J. L. Scott, J. Scott, R. Siddle, M. O’Carroll, and T. R. Barnes. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia Resistant to Medication.” *Archives of General Psychiatry* 57, no. 2 (February 2000): 165–72.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.57.2.165)\n12. Pilling, S., P. Bebbington, E. Kuipers, P. Garety, J. Geddes, G. Orbach, and C. Morgan. “Psychological Treatments in Schizophrenia: I. Meta-Analysis of Family Intervention and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.” Psychological Medicine 32, no. 5 (July 2002): 763–82.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291702005895)\n13. Turkington, Douglas, David Kingdon, and Peter J. Weiden. “Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia.” *The American Journal of Psychiatry* 163, no. 3 (March 2006): 365–73.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.3.365)\n\n[Copy Link](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms)\n\nLink copied\\!\n\nShare\n\nPrint\n\nDownload PDF\n\n## More in Schizophrenia\n[Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia)\n\n### [Schizophrenia Treatment and Self-Help](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help)\nWhat you can do to manage symptoms and support recovery\n\n[![An overhead view of a person in a blue shirt standing with their bicycle on a city street, representing schizophrenia treatment.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Schizophrenia-Treatment-384x256.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help)\n\n[Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia)\n\n### [Helping Someone with Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/helping-someone-with-schizophrenia)\nOvercoming challenges with a loved one, while also taking care of yourself\n\n[![Reflection of urban buildings in rippling water, illustrating the challenges of helping someone with schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Helping-Someone-with-Schizophrenia-384x256.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/helping-someone-with-schizophrenia)\n\n[Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia)\n\n### [Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizoaffective-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment)\nSymptoms, causes, and treatment\n\n[![Person walking reflected in rain-soaked sidewalk](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Schizoaffective-Disorder-Symptoms-Causes-and-Treatment-384x256.png)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizoaffective-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment)\n\n[Family Caregiving](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/family\/caregiving)\n\n### [Interview with Dr. Xavier Amador: I’m Not Sick, I Don’t Need Help\\!](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/family\/caregiving\/dr-amador-im-not-sick-i-dont-need-help)\nTips for family members with mentally ill loved ones who refuse to get help\n\n[![Dr. Xavier Amador smiles in a headshot next to text for an interview on his book, I’m Not Sick, I Don’t Need Help.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Swirl-One-Speaker-Part-1-384x216.png)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/family\/caregiving\/dr-amador-im-not-sick-i-dont-need-help)\n\n[Family Caregiving](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/family\/caregiving)\n\n### [How to Help Someone with Mental Illness Accept Treatment](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/how-to-help-someone-with-mental-illness-accept-treatment)\nProven ways to help your loved one accept the treatment they need\n\n[![A person in dark clothing stands in the sharp, diagonal shadow of a massive concrete pillar on a vast, empty concrete ground.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/How-to-Help-Someone-with-Mental-Illness-384x256.jpg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/how-to-help-someone-with-mental-illness-accept-treatment)\n\n[Depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression)\n\n### [Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect)\nHow it works and how to decide if it’s the right treatment for you\n\n[![Six orange cables curve in overlapping arches against a dark, shadowy background.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ECT-384x256.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect)\n\n[Addiction](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction)\n\n### [Dual Diagnosis: Substance Abuse and Mental Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction\/substance-abuse-and-mental-health)\nCoping with addiction and a mental health problem\n\n[![Two dirt paths through a grass field meet at a crossroad, representing the intersection of addiction and mental health.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Dual-Diagnosis-384x256.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction\/substance-abuse-and-mental-health)\n\n[Suicide & Self-Harm](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm)\n\n### [How to Cope with Thoughts of Suicide](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm\/are-you-feeling-suicidal)\nHow to deal with suicidal thoughts and feelings\n\n[![A solitary figure stands alone on a dark beach at night, waves lapping at the shore, feeling suicidal](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/If-Youre-Feeling-Suicidal-384x256.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm\/are-you-feeling-suicidal)\n\nShare\n\nDownload PDF\n\n### More in Schizophrenia\n[Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia)\n\n### [Schizophrenia Treatment and Self-Help](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help)\nWhat you can do to manage symptoms and support recovery\n\n[Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia)\n\n### [Helping Someone with Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/helping-someone-with-schizophrenia)\nOvercoming challenges with a loved one, while also taking care of yourself\n\n[Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia)\n\n### [Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizoaffective-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment)\nSymptoms, causes, and treatment\n\n![](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/therapy-sidebar-384x229.jpg)\n\n#### Professional therapy, done online\nBetterHelp makes starting therapy easy. Take the assessment and get matched with a professional, licensed therapist.\n\n[Take Assessment](https:\/\/hasofferstracking.betterhelp.com\/aff_c?offer_id=2&aff_id=2729&source=helpguide)\n\n[HelpGuide is user supported. We may earn a commission from links you follow.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/affiliate-disclosure)\n\n## Help us *help others*\nMillions of readers rely on HelpGuide.org for free, evidence-based resources to understand and navigate mental health challenges. Please donate today to help us save, support, and change lives.\n\n[Donate to HelpGuide.org today](https:\/\/give.helpguide.org\/give\/581002\/#!\/donation\/checkout)\n\n[![HelpGuide.org](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Group-13075.svg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us)\n  - [Meet Our Team](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/meet-our-team)\n  - [Our Story](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/our-story)\n  - [Advisory Council](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/professional-advisory-council)\n\n- [Resources](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms)\n  - [Harvard Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/harvard)\n  - [Meditation](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/meditation)\n  - [Newsletter](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/newsletter)\n\n- [Get In Touch](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/contact-us)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/contact-us)\n\n515 S Flower St Ste 1800  \n Los Angeles CA 90071\n\n[![Guidestar Platinum Transparency 2021](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/candid-seal-platinum-2022-1.png)](https:\/\/www.guidestar.org\/profile\/45-4510670)   [![Great Nonprofits 2021 Top Rated](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Group-13103-1.png)](https:\/\/greatnonprofits.org\/org\/helpguide)   [![HONcode standard for trustworthy health information](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/badge-2.png)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms)\n\n##### Join Our Newsletter\nMental health and wellness tips, our latest guides, resources, and more.\n\n##### Mental Health Helplines\nAre you or someone you know in crisis? Find helplines and other resources around the world.\n\n[Get Help](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\n©1999-2026 HelpGuide.org   \n All rights reserved. HELPGUIDE.ORG INTERNATIONAL is a tax-exempt 501(c)3 organization (ID \\#45-4510670). Our content does not constitute a medical or psychological consultation. See a certified medical or mental health professional for diagnosis. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/terms-of-use).\n\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/terms-of-use)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/privacy-policy)\n- [Cookies Policy](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/cookie-policy)\n- [Affiliate Policy](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/affiliate-disclosure)\n\nNotifications","attrs_readable_markdown":"## What is schizophrenia?\nSchizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that often makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and unreal, to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function normally. It affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world.\n\nThe most common form is paranoid schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with paranoia as it’s often called. People with paranoid schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched. This can cause relationship problems, disrupt normal daily activities like bathing, eating, or running errands, and lead to alcohol and drug abuse in an attempt to [self-medicate](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction\/self-medicating).\n\nMany people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion and fear, and are at an increased risk of attempting suicide, especially during psychotic episodes, periods of depression, and in the first six months after starting treatment.\n\nWhile schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, many fears about the disorder are not based in reality. Most people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. Treatment options are improving all the time and there are plenty of things you can do to manage the disorder.\n\nSchizophrenia is often episodic, so periods of remission are ideal times to employ [self-help strategies](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help) to limit the length and frequency of any future episodes. Along with the right support, medication, and therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms, function independently, and enjoy full, rewarding lives.\n\n#### Take any suicidal thoughts or talk very seriously…\nIf you or someone you care about is suicidal, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline in the U.S. at 1-800-273-TALK, visit [IASP](http:\/\/www.iasp.info\/resources\/Crisis_Centres\/) or [Suicide.org](http:\/\/www.suicide.org\/international-suicide-hotlines.html) to find a helpline in your country, or read [Suicide Prevention](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm).\n## What is paranoid schizophrenia?\nThe terms paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia with paranoia refer to the most common subtype of schizophrenia, one with pronounced paranoia and delusions.\n\nHowever, paranoid schizophrenia is no longer a recognized diagnosis in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and the term is rarely used by medical professionals.\n\n## Common misconceptions about schizophrenia\n###### Myth:\n**Schizophrenia refers to a “split personality” or multiple personalities.**\n\n###### Fact:\n[Multiple personality disorder](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/ptsd-trauma\/dissociative-identity-disorder-did) is a different and much less common disorder than schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia do not have split personalities. Rather, they are “split off” from reality.\n\n###### Myth:\n**Schizophrenia is a rare condition.**\n\n###### Fact:\nSchizophrenia is not rare; the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be around 1 in 100.\n\n###### Myth:\n**People with schizophrenia are dangerous.**\n\n###### Fact:\nAlthough the delusional thoughts and hallucinations of schizophrenia sometimes lead to violent behavior, most people with schizophrenia are neither violent nor a danger to others.\n\n###### Myth:\n**People with schizophrenia can’t be helped.**\n\n###### Fact:\nWhile long-term treatment may be required, the outlook for schizophrenia is far from hopeless. When treated properly, many people with schizophrenia are able to enjoy fulfilling, productive lives.\n## Early warning signs of schizophrenia\nIn some people, schizophrenia appears suddenly and without warning. But for most, it comes on slowly, with subtle warning signs and a gradual decline in functioning, long before the first severe episode. Often, friends or family members will know early on that something is wrong, without knowing exactly what.\n\nIn this early phase of schizophrenia, you may seem eccentric, unmotivated, emotionless, and reclusive to others. You may start to isolate yourself, begin neglecting your appearance, say peculiar things, and show a general indifference to life. You may abandon hobbies and activities, and your performance at work or school can deteriorate.\n\n### The most common early warning signs include:\n1. [Depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs), social withdrawal.\n2. Hostility or suspiciousness, extreme reaction to criticism.\n3. Deterioration of personal hygiene.\n4. Flat, expressionless gaze.\n5. Inability to cry or express joy or inappropriate laughter or crying.\n6. Oversleeping or [insomnia](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/sleep\/insomnia-causes-and-cures).\n7. Forgetful, unable to concentrate.\n8. Odd or irrational statements; strange use of words or way of speaking.\n\nWhile these warning signs can result from a number of problems—not just schizophrenia—they are cause for concern. When out-of-the-ordinary behavior is causing problems in your life or the life of a loved one, seek medical advice. If schizophrenia or another mental problem is the cause, getting treatment early will help.\n\n## Schizophrenia symptoms\nThere are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia:\n\n1. Delusions\n2. Hallucinations\n3. Disorganized speech\n4. Disorganized behavior\n5. “Negative” symptoms (absence of normal behaviors)\n\nHowever, the symptoms of schizophrenia vary dramatically from person to person, both in pattern and severity. Not every person with schizophrenia will have all the symptoms, and the symptoms of schizophrenia may also change over time.\n\n#### Speak to a Licensed Therapist\nBetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Take the assessment and get matched with a therapist in as little as 48 hours.\n\n[Take Assessment](https:\/\/hasofferstracking.betterhelp.com\/aff_c?offer_id=2&aff_id=2729&source=helpguide) HelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for BetterHelp’s services after clicking through from this site.  [Learn more](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/affiliate-disclosure)\n## Symptom 1: Delusions\nA delusion is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it isn’t true. Delusions are extremely common in schizophrenia, occurring in more than 90% of those who have the disorder. Often, these delusions involve illogical or bizarre ideas or fantasies, such as:\n\n**Delusions of persecution** – Belief that others, often a vague “they,” are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. “Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water”).\n\n**Delusions of reference** – A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you.\n\n**Delusions of grandeur** – Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly.\n\n**Delusions of control** – Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting (“My private thoughts are being transmitted to others”), thought insertion (“Someone is planting thoughts in my head”), and thought withdrawal (“The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts”).\n\n## Symptom 2: Hallucinations\nHallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in your mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. These often occur when you misinterpret your own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source.\n\nSchizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to you as the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone you know, and usually they’re critical, vulgar, or abusive. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common, while all hallucinations tend to be worse when you’re alone.\n\n## Symptom 3: Disorganized speech\nSchizophrenia can cause you to have trouble concentrating and maintaining your train of thought, which may manifest itself in the way that you speak. You may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.\n\nCommon signs of disorganized speech include:\n\n**Loose associations** – Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next.\n\n**Neologisms** – Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to you.\n\n**Perseveration** – Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over.\n\n**Clang** – Meaningless use of rhyming words (“I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head”).\n\n## Symptom 4: Disorganized behavior\nSchizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, impairing your ability to take care of yourself, your work, and interact with others.\n\nDisorganized behavior can appear as:\n\n- A decline in overall daily functioning\n- Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses\n- Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose\n- Lack of inhibition and impulse control\n## Symptom 5: Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors)\nThe so-called “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals, such as:\n\n**Lack of emotional expression** – Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions.\n\n**Lack of interest or enthusiasm** – Problems with motivation; lack of self-care.\n\n**Seeming lack of interest in the world** – Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal.\n\n**Speech difficulties and abnormalities** – Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in a monotone.\n\n#### Daniel's story\nDaniel is 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and holding down a part-time job in the stockroom of a local electronics store. But then he began to change, becoming increasingly paranoid and acting out in bizarre ways.\n\nFirst, he became convinced that his professors were “out to get him” since they didn’t appreciate his confusing, off-topic classroom rants. Then he told his roommate that the other students were “in on the conspiracy.” Soon after, he dropped out of school.\n\nFrom there, his condition got worse. Daniel stopped bathing, shaving, and washing his clothes. At work, he became convinced that his boss was watching him through surveillance bugs planted in the store’s TV screens. Then he started hearing voices telling him to find the bugs and deactivate them.\n\nThings came to a head when he acted on the voices, smashing several TVs and screaming that he wasn’t going to put up with the “illegal spying” any more. His frightened boss called the police, and Daniel was hospitalized.\n## Treatment for schizophrenia\nAs upsetting as a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be, ignoring the problem won’t make it go away. Beginning treatment as soon as possible with an experienced mental health professional is crucial to your recovery.\n\nAt the same time, it’s important not to buy into the stigma associated with schizophrenia or the myth that you can’t get better. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not a life-sentence of ever-worsening symptoms and recurring hospitalizations. With the right  [treatment and self-help](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/schizophrenia\/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help), many people with schizophrenia are able to regain normal functioning and even become symptom-free.\n\n![Dr Xavier Amador: Understanding Anosognosia (Part 2 of 12)](https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/9KEcgjBED58\/sddefault.jpg)\n\n*Dr. Xavier Amador delves into the challenges faced when a loved one refuses help, introducing the concept of anosognosia, a symptom that prevents someone from recognizing their illness.*\n### Treatment basics\n**The most effective treatment strategy**  for schizophrenia involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support.\n\n**Schizophrenia requires long-term treatment.** Most people with schizophrenia need to continue treatment even when they’re feeling better, in order to prevent new episodes and stay symptom-free. Treatment can change over time, though. As your symptoms improve, your doctor may be able to lower the dosage or change your medication.\n\n**Medication** for schizophrenia works by reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disordered thinking. But schizophrenia medication is not a cure. It is also much less helpful for treating symptoms such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and lack of emotional expressiveness.\n\nFinding the right drug and dosage is also a trial and error process. While medication should not be used at the expense of your quality of life, be patient with the process and discuss any concerns with your doctor.\n\n**Therapy**, either in-person or via an online platform, can help you improve coping and life skills, [manage stress](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress\/stress-management), address relationship issues, and improve communication. Group therapy can also connect you to others who are in a similar situation and are able to offer valuable insight into how they’ve overcome challenges.\n\n## Schizophrenia coping tips\nMedication and therapy can take time to take full effect but there are still ways you can manage symptoms, improve the way you feel, and increase your self-esteem. The more you do to help yourself, the less hopeless and helpless you’ll feel, and the more likely your doctor will be able to reduce your medication.\n\n### Schizophrenia: The 7 keys to self-help\n**Seek social support.** Friends and family vital to helping you get the right treatment and keeping your symptoms under control. Regularly connecting with others face-to-face is also the most effective way to calm your nervous system and relieve stress. Stay involved with others by continuing your work or education. If that’s not possible, consider [volunteering](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/wellbeing\/volunteering-and-its-surprising-benefits), joining a schizophrenia [support group](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/support-groups), or taking a class or joining a club to spend time with people who have common interests. As well as keeping you socially connected, it can help you feel good about yourself.\n\n**Manage stress.** High levels of stress are believed to trigger schizophrenic episodes by increasing the body’s production of the hormone cortisol. As well as staying socially connected, there are plenty of steps you can take to reduce your stress levels. Try adopting a regular [relaxation practice](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress\/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief) such as yoga, deep breathing, or [meditation](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/meditation).\n\n**Get regular exercise.** As well as all the [emotional and physical benefits](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/fitness\/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise), exercise may help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, improve your focus and energy, and help you feel calmer. Aim for 30 minutes of activity on most days, or if it’s easier, three 10-minute sessions. Try rhythmic exercise that engages both your arms and legs, such as walking, running, swimming, or dancing.\n\n**Get plenty of sleep.** When you’re on medication, you most likely need even [more sleep](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/sleep\/getting-better-sleep) than the standard 8 hours. Many people with schizophrenia have trouble with sleep, but getting regular exercise and avoiding caffeine can help.\n\n**Avoid alcohol, drugs, and nicotine.** Substance abuse complicates schizophrenia treatment and worsens symptoms. Even smoking cigarettes can interfere with the effectiveness of some schizophrenia medications. If you have a [substance abuse problem](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction\/substance-abuse-and-mental-health), seek help.\n\n**Eat regular, nutritious meals** to avoid symptoms exacerbated by changes in blood sugar levels. [Omega-3 fatty acids](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/nutrition\/choosing-healthy-fats) from fatty fish, fish oil, walnuts, and flaxseeds can help improve focus, banish fatigue, and balance your moods.\n\n## What causes schizophrenia?\nWhile the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors.\n\n### Genetic causes\nWhile schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia don’t always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny.\n\n### Environmental causes\nStudies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder.\n\nMore and more research points to stress—either during pregnancy or at a later stage of development—as being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include:\n\n- Prenatal exposure to a viral infection.\n- Low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth).\n- Exposure to a virus during infancy.\n- Early parental loss or separation.\n- Physical or sexual [abuse in childhood](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/relationships\/domestic-abuse\/child-abuse-and-neglect).\n### Abnormal brain structure\nIn addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain.\n\n## Diagnosing schizophrenia\nA diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a full psychiatric evaluation, medical history assessment, and physical exam. Lab tests can also help to rule out other medical causes of your symptoms.\n\n### Criteria to diagnose schizophrenia\nThe presence of **two or more** of the following symptoms for **at least 30 days:**\n\n1. Hallucinations\n2. Delusions\n3. Disorganized speech\n4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior\n5. Negative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech)\n\nOther diagnosis criteria:\n\n- **Have had significant problems** functioning at work or school, relating to other people, and taking care of yourself.\n- Shown continuous signs of schizophrenia for **at least six months**, with active symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) for at least one month.\n- **Have no other** mental health disorder, medical issue, or substance abuse problem that is causing the symptoms.\n\n#### Helplines and support\n- In the U.S.\n  Call 1-800-950-6264 or visit [NAMI.org](http:\/\/www.nami.org\/Find-Support)\n- UK\n  Call 0300 5000 927 or visit [Rethink: Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.rethink.org\/diagnosis-treatment\/conditions\/schizophrenia)\n- Australia\n  Call 1800 18 7263 or visit [Sane Australia](https:\/\/www.sane.org\/get-support)\n- Canada\n  Visit [Canadian Mental Health Association](https:\/\/cmha.ca\/find-help\/if-you-are-in-crisis\/) for links to helplines and services\n- India\n  Call the Vandrevala Foundation [Helpline](https:\/\/www.vandrevalafoundation.com\/) at 1860 2662 345 or 1800 2333 330\n\n## More Information\n1. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. (2013). In *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*. American Psychiatric Association.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.x02_Schizophrenia_Spectrum)\n2. Patel, Krishna R., Jessica Cherian, Kunj Gohil, and Dylan Atkinson. “Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options.” *Pharmacy and Therapeutics* 39, no. 9 (September 2014): 638–45.\n   [Link](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4159061\/)\n3. Ganguly, Pronab, Abdrabo Soliman, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. “Holistic Management of Schizophrenia Symptoms Using Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment.” *Frontiers in Public Health* 6 (2018): 166.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00166)\n4. Aquino, Patrick. “Diagnosing and Treating Schizophrenia.” *AMA Journal of Ethics* 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 43–48.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/virtualmentor.2009.11.1.cprl1-0901)\n5. Gage, S. H., H. J. Jones, S. Burgess, J. Bowden, G. Davey Smith, S. Zammit, and M. R. Munafò. “Assessing Causality in Associations between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.” *Psychological Medicine* 47, no. 5 (April 2017): 971–80.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716003172)\n6. Chien, Wai Tong, Sau Fong Leung, Frederick KK Yeung, and Wai Kit Wong. “Current Approaches to Treatments for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Part II: Psychosocial Interventions and Patient-Focused Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.” *Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment* 9 (2013): 1463–81.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S49263)\n7. Stępnicki, Piotr, Magda Kondej, and Agnieszka A. Kaczor. “Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia.” *Molecules: A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry* 23, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2087.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23082087)\n8. Catts, Stanley Victor, and Brian Ignatius O’Toole. “The Treatment of Schizophrenia: Can We Raise the Standard of Care?” *Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry* 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1128–38.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867416672725)\n9. Knight, Edward L. “Self-Help and Serious Mental Illness.” *Medscape General Medicine* 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 68.\n   [Link](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1681955\/)\n10. “Self-Management: The Experiences and Views of Self-Management of People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia – Social Care Online.” Accessed November 2, 2021.\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk\/self-management-the-experiences-and-views-of-self-management-of-people-with-a-diagnosis-of-schizophrenia\/r\/a11G00000017tP5IAI)\n11. Sensky, T., D. Turkington, D. Kingdon, J. L. Scott, J. Scott, R. Siddle, M. O’Carroll, and T. R. Barnes. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia Resistant to Medication.” *Archives of General Psychiatry* 57, no. 2 (February 2000): 165–72.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.57.2.165)\n12. Pilling, S., P. Bebbington, E. Kuipers, P. Garety, J. Geddes, G. Orbach, and C. Morgan. “Psychological Treatments in Schizophrenia: I. Meta-Analysis of Family Intervention and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.” Psychological Medicine 32, no. 5 (July 2002): 763–82.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291702005895)\n13. Turkington, Douglas, David Kingdon, and Peter J. Weiden. “Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia.” *The American Journal of Psychiatry* 163, no. 3 (March 2006): 365–73.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.3.365)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that often makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and unreal, to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function normally. It affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world. The most common form is paranoid schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with paranoia as it’s often called. People with paranoid schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched. This can cause relationship problems, disrupt normal daily activities like bathing, eating, or running errands, and lead to alcohol and drug abuse in an attempt to self-medicate . Many people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion and fear, and are at an increased risk of attempting suicide, especially during psychotic episodes, periods of depression, and in the first six months after starting treatment. While schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, many fears about the disorder are not based in reality. Most people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. Treatment options are improving all the time and there are plenty of things you can do to manage the disorder. Schizophrenia is often episodic, so periods of remission are ideal times to employ self-help strategies to limit the length and frequency of any future episodes. Along with the right support, medication, and therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms, function independently, and enjoy full, rewarding lives. Take any suicidal thoughts or talk very seriously… If you or someone you care about is suicidal, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline in the U.S. at 1-800-273-TALK, visit IASP or Suicide.org to find a helpline in your country, or read Suicide Prevention . What is paranoid schizophrenia? The terms paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia with paranoia refer to the most common subtype of schizophrenia, one with pronounced paranoia and delusions. However, paranoid schizophrenia is no longer a recognized diagnosis in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and the term is rarely used by medical professionals. Common misconceptions about schizophrenia Myth: Schizophrenia refers to a “split personality” or multiple personalities. Fact: Multiple personality disorder is a different and much less common disorder than schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia do not have split personalities. Rather, they are “split off” from reality. Myth: Schizophrenia is a rare condition. Fact: Schizophrenia is not rare; the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be around 1 in 100. Myth: People with schizophrenia are dangerous. Fact: Although the delusional thoughts and hallucinations of schizophrenia sometimes lead to violent behavior, most people with schizophrenia are neither violent nor a danger to others. Myth: People with schizophrenia can’t be helped. Fact: While long-term treatment may be required, the outlook for schizophrenia is far from hopeless. When treated properly, many people with schizophrenia are able to enjoy fulfilling, productive lives. Early warning signs of schizophrenia In some people, schizophrenia appears suddenly and without warning. But for most, it comes on slowly, with subtle warning signs and a gradual decline in functioning, long before the first severe episode. Often, friends or family members will know early on that something is wrong, without knowing exactly what. In this early phase of schizophrenia, you may seem eccentric, unmotivated, emotionless, and reclusive to others. You may start to isolate yourself, begin neglecting your appearance, say peculiar things, and show a general indifference to life. You may abandon hobbies and activities, and your performance at work or school can deteriorate. The most common early warning signs include: Depression , social withdrawal. Hostility or suspiciousness, extreme reaction to criticism. Deterioration of personal hygiene. Flat, expressionless gaze. Inability to cry or express joy or inappropriate laughter or crying. Oversleeping or insomnia . Forgetful, unable to concentrate. Odd or irrational statements; strange use of words or way of speaking. While these warning signs can result from a number of problems—not just schizophrenia—they are cause for concern. When out-of-the-ordinary behavior is causing problems in your life or the life of a loved one, seek medical advice. If schizophrenia or another mental problem is the cause, getting treatment early will help. Schizophrenia symptoms There are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia: Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Disorganized behavior “Negative” symptoms (absence of normal behaviors) However, the symptoms of schizophrenia vary dramatically from person to person, both in pattern and severity. Not every person with schizophrenia will have all the symptoms, and the symptoms of schizophrenia may also change over time. Speak to a Licensed Therapist BetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Take the assessment and get matched with a therapist in as little as 48 hours. Take Assessment HelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for BetterHelp’s services after clicking through from this site. Learn more Symptom 1: Delusions A delusion is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it isn’t true. Delusions are extremely common in schizophrenia, occurring in more than 90% of those who have the disorder. Often, these delusions involve illogical or bizarre ideas or fantasies, such as: Delusions of persecution – Belief that others, often a vague “they,” are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. “Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water”). Delusions of reference – A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you. Delusions of grandeur – Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly. Delusions of control – Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting (“My private thoughts are being transmitted to others”), thought insertion (“Someone is planting thoughts in my head”), and thought withdrawal (“The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts”). Symptom 2: Hallucinations Hallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in your mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. These often occur when you misinterpret your own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source. Schizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to you as the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone you know, and usually they’re critical, vulgar, or abusive. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common, while all hallucinations tend to be worse when you’re alone. Symptom 3: Disorganized speech Schizophrenia can cause you to have trouble concentrating and maintaining your train of thought, which may manifest itself in the way that you speak. You may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things. Common signs of disorganized speech include: Loose associations – Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next. Neologisms – Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to you. Perseveration – Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over. Clang – Meaningless use of rhyming words (“I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head”). Symptom 4: Disorganized behavior Schizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, impairing your ability to take care of yourself, your work, and interact with others. Disorganized behavior can appear as: A decline in overall daily functioning Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose Lack of inhibition and impulse control Symptom 5: Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors) The so-called “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals, such as: Lack of emotional expression – Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions. Lack of interest or enthusiasm – Problems with motivation; lack of self-care. Seeming lack of interest in the world – Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal. Speech difficulties and abnormalities – Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in a monotone. Daniel's story Daniel is 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and holding down a part-time job in the stockroom of a local electronics store. But then he began to change, becoming increasingly paranoid and acting out in bizarre ways. First, he became convinced that his professors were “out to get him” since they didn’t appreciate his confusing, off-topic classroom rants. Then he told his roommate that the other students were “in on the conspiracy.” Soon after, he dropped out of school. From there, his condition got worse. Daniel stopped bathing, shaving, and washing his clothes. At work, he became convinced that his boss was watching him through surveillance bugs planted in the store’s TV screens. Then he started hearing voices telling him to find the bugs and deactivate them. Things came to a head when he acted on the voices, smashing several TVs and screaming that he wasn’t going to put up with the “illegal spying” any more. His frightened boss called the police, and Daniel was hospitalized. Treatment for schizophrenia As upsetting as a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be, ignoring the problem won’t make it go away. Beginning treatment as soon as possible with an experienced mental health professional is crucial to your recovery. At the same time, it’s important not to buy into the stigma associated with schizophrenia or the myth that you can’t get better. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not a life-sentence of ever-worsening symptoms and recurring hospitalizations. With the right treatment and self-help , many people with schizophrenia are able to regain normal functioning and even become symptom-free. Dr. Xavier Amador delves into the challenges faced when a loved one refuses help, introducing the concept of anosognosia, a symptom that prevents someone from recognizing their illness. Treatment basics The most effective treatment strategy for schizophrenia involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support. Schizophrenia requires long-term treatment. Most people with schizophrenia need to continue treatment even when they’re feeling better, in order to prevent new episodes and stay symptom-free. Treatment can change over time, though. As your symptoms improve, your doctor may be able to lower the dosage or change your medication. Medication for schizophrenia works by reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disordered thinking. But schizophrenia medication is not a cure. It is also much less helpful for treating symptoms such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and lack of emotional expressiveness. Finding the right drug and dosage is also a trial and error process. While medication should not be used at the expense of your quality of life, be patient with the process and discuss any concerns with your doctor. Therapy , either in-person or via an online platform, can help you improve coping and life skills, manage stress , address relationship issues, and improve communication. Group therapy can also connect you to others who are in a similar situation and are able to offer valuable insight into how they’ve overcome challenges. Schizophrenia coping tips Medication and therapy can take time to take full effect but there are still ways you can manage symptoms, improve the way you feel, and increase your self-esteem. The more you do to help yourself, the less hopeless and helpless you’ll feel, and the more likely your doctor will be able to reduce your medication. Schizophrenia: The 7 keys to self-help Seek social support. Friends and family vital to helping you get the right treatment and keeping your symptoms under control. Regularly connecting with others face-to-face is also the most effective way to calm your nervous system and relieve stress. Stay involved with others by continuing your work or education. If that’s not possible, consider volunteering , joining a schizophrenia support group , or taking a class or joining a club to spend time with people who have common interests. As well as keeping you socially connected, it can help you feel good about yourself. Manage stress. High levels of stress are believed to trigger schizophrenic episodes by increasing the body’s production of the hormone cortisol. As well as staying socially connected, there are plenty of steps you can take to reduce your stress levels. Try adopting a regular relaxation practice such as yoga, deep breathing, or meditation . Get regular exercise. As well as all the emotional and physical benefits , exercise may help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, improve your focus and energy, and help you feel calmer. Aim for 30 minutes of activity on most days, or if it’s easier, three 10-minute sessions. Try rhythmic exercise that engages both your arms and legs, such as walking, running, swimming, or dancing. Get plenty of sleep. When you’re on medication, you most likely need even more sleep than the standard 8 hours. Many people with schizophrenia have trouble with sleep, but getting regular exercise and avoiding caffeine can help. Avoid alcohol, drugs, and nicotine. Substance abuse complicates schizophrenia treatment and worsens symptoms. Even smoking cigarettes can interfere with the effectiveness of some schizophrenia medications. If you have a substance abuse problem , seek help. Eat regular, nutritious meals to avoid symptoms exacerbated by changes in blood sugar levels. Omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish, fish oil, walnuts, and flaxseeds can help improve focus, banish fatigue, and balance your moods. What causes schizophrenia? While the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic causes While schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia don’t always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny. Environmental causes Studies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder. More and more research points to stress—either during pregnancy or at a later stage of development—as being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include: Prenatal exposure to a viral infection. Low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth). Exposure to a virus during infancy. Early parental loss or separation. Physical or sexual abuse in childhood . Abnormal brain structure In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain. Diagnosing schizophrenia A diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a full psychiatric evaluation, medical history assessment, and physical exam. Lab tests can also help to rule out other medical causes of your symptoms. Criteria to diagnose schizophrenia The presence of two or more of the following symptoms for at least 30 days: Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech) Other diagnosis criteria: Have had significant problems functioning at work or school, relating to other people, and taking care of yourself. Shown continuous signs of schizophrenia for at least six months , with active symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) for at least one month. Have no other mental health disorder, medical issue, or substance abuse problem that is causing the symptoms. Helplines and support In the U.S. Call 1-800-950-6264 or visit NAMI.org UK Call 0300 5000 927 or visit Rethink: Schizophrenia Australia Call 1800 18 7263 or visit Sane Australia Canada Visit Canadian Mental Health Association for links to helplines and services India Call the Vandrevala Foundation Helpline at 1860 2662 345 or 1800 2333 330 More Information Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. (2013). In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association. Link Patel, Krishna R., Jessica Cherian, Kunj Gohil, and Dylan Atkinson. “Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options.” Pharmacy and Therapeutics 39, no. 9 (September 2014): 638–45. Link Ganguly, Pronab, Abdrabo Soliman, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. “Holistic Management of Schizophrenia Symptoms Using Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment.” Frontiers in Public Health 6 (2018): 166. Link Aquino, Patrick. “Diagnosing and Treating Schizophrenia.” AMA Journal of Ethics 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 43–48. Link Gage, S. H., H. J. Jones, S. Burgess, J. Bowden, G. Davey Smith, S. Zammit, and M. R. Munafò. “Assessing Causality in Associations between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.” Psychological Medicine 47, no. 5 (April 2017): 971–80. Link Chien, Wai Tong, Sau Fong Leung, Frederick KK Yeung, and Wai Kit Wong. “Current Approaches to Treatments for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Part II: Psychosocial Interventions and Patient-Focused Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 9 (2013): 1463–81. Link Stępnicki, Piotr, Magda Kondej, and Agnieszka A. Kaczor. “Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia.” Molecules: A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry 23, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2087. Link Catts, Stanley Victor, and Brian Ignatius O’Toole. “The Treatment of Schizophrenia: Can We Raise the Standard of Care?” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1128–38. Link Knight, Edward L. “Self-Help and Serious Mental Illness.” Medscape General Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 68. Link “Self-Management: The Experiences and Views of Self-Management of People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia – Social Care Online.” Accessed November 2, 2021. Link Sensky, T., D. Turkington, D. Kingdon, J. L. Scott, J. Scott, R. Siddle, M. O’Carroll, and T. R. Barnes. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia Resistant to Medication.” Archives of General Psychiatry 57, no. 2 (February 2000): 165–72. Link Pilling, S., P. Bebbington, E. Kuipers, P. Garety, J. Geddes, G. Orbach, and C. Morgan. “Psychological Treatments in Schizophrenia: I. Meta-Analysis of Family Intervention and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.” Psychological Medicine 32, no. 5 (July 2002): 763–82. Link Turkington, Douglas, David Kingdon, and Peter J. Weiden. “Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia.” The American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 3 (March 2006): 365–73. Link
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But with the right treatment and self-help, you can manage the disorder and lead a fulfilling life. ![Warped view of a glazed corridor in an office center, representing schizophrenia signs and symptoms](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Schizophrenia-Symptoms-1200x803.jpg) By [Melinda Smith, M.A.](https://www.helpguide.org/bio/melinda-smith-ma), [Lawrence Robinson](https://www.helpguide.org/bio/lawrence-robinson) and [Jeanne Segal, Ph.D.](https://www.helpguide.org/bio/jeanne-segal-phd) - What is schizophrenia? - What is paranoid schizophrenia? - Common misconceptions about schizophrenia - Early warning signs of schizophrenia - Schizophrenia symptoms - Symptom 1: Delusions - Symptom 2: Hallucinations - Symptom 3: Disorganized speech - Symptom 4: Disorganized behavior - Symptom 5: Negative symptoms - Treatment for schizophrenia - Schizophrenia coping tips - What causes schizophrenia? - Diagnosing schizophrenia ## What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that often makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and unreal, to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function normally. It affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world. The most common form is paranoid schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with paranoia as it’s often called. People with paranoid schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched. This can cause relationship problems, disrupt normal daily activities like bathing, eating, or running errands, and lead to alcohol and drug abuse in an attempt to [self-medicate](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/addiction/self-medicating). Many people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion and fear, and are at an increased risk of attempting suicide, especially during psychotic episodes, periods of depression, and in the first six months after starting treatment. While schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, many fears about the disorder are not based in reality. Most people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. Treatment options are improving all the time and there are plenty of things you can do to manage the disorder. Schizophrenia is often episodic, so periods of remission are ideal times to employ [self-help strategies](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help) to limit the length and frequency of any future episodes. Along with the right support, medication, and therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms, function independently, and enjoy full, rewarding lives. #### Take any suicidal thoughts or talk very seriously… If you or someone you care about is suicidal, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline in the U.S. at 1-800-273-TALK, visit [IASP](http://www.iasp.info/resources/Crisis_Centres/) or [Suicide.org](http://www.suicide.org/international-suicide-hotlines.html) to find a helpline in your country, or read [Suicide Prevention](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/suicide-self-harm). ## What is paranoid schizophrenia? The terms paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia with paranoia refer to the most common subtype of schizophrenia, one with pronounced paranoia and delusions. However, paranoid schizophrenia is no longer a recognized diagnosis in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and the term is rarely used by medical professionals. ## Common misconceptions about schizophrenia ###### Myth: Schizophrenia refers to a “split personality” or multiple personalities. ###### Fact: [Multiple personality disorder](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/ptsd-trauma/dissociative-identity-disorder-did) is a different and much less common disorder than schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia do not have split personalities. Rather, they are “split off” from reality. ###### Myth: Schizophrenia is a rare condition. ###### Fact: Schizophrenia is not rare; the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be around 1 in 100. ###### Myth: People with schizophrenia are dangerous. ###### Fact: Although the delusional thoughts and hallucinations of schizophrenia sometimes lead to violent behavior, most people with schizophrenia are neither violent nor a danger to others. ###### Myth: People with schizophrenia can’t be helped. ###### Fact: While long-term treatment may be required, the outlook for schizophrenia is far from hopeless. When treated properly, many people with schizophrenia are able to enjoy fulfilling, productive lives. ## Early warning signs of schizophrenia In some people, schizophrenia appears suddenly and without warning. But for most, it comes on slowly, with subtle warning signs and a gradual decline in functioning, long before the first severe episode. Often, friends or family members will know early on that something is wrong, without knowing exactly what. In this early phase of schizophrenia, you may seem eccentric, unmotivated, emotionless, and reclusive to others. You may start to isolate yourself, begin neglecting your appearance, say peculiar things, and show a general indifference to life. You may abandon hobbies and activities, and your performance at work or school can deteriorate. ### The most common early warning signs include: 1. [Depression](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs), social withdrawal. 2. Hostility or suspiciousness, extreme reaction to criticism. 3. Deterioration of personal hygiene. 4. Flat, expressionless gaze. 5. Inability to cry or express joy or inappropriate laughter or crying. 6. Oversleeping or [insomnia](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/insomnia-causes-and-cures). 7. Forgetful, unable to concentrate. 8. Odd or irrational statements; strange use of words or way of speaking. While these warning signs can result from a number of problems—not just schizophrenia—they are cause for concern. When out-of-the-ordinary behavior is causing problems in your life or the life of a loved one, seek medical advice. If schizophrenia or another mental problem is the cause, getting treatment early will help. ## Schizophrenia symptoms There are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia: 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech 4. Disorganized behavior 5. “Negative” symptoms (absence of normal behaviors) However, the symptoms of schizophrenia vary dramatically from person to person, both in pattern and severity. Not every person with schizophrenia will have all the symptoms, and the symptoms of schizophrenia may also change over time. #### Speak to a Licensed Therapist BetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Take the assessment and get matched with a therapist in as little as 48 hours. [Take Assessment](https://hasofferstracking.betterhelp.com/aff_c?offer_id=2&aff_id=2729&source=helpguide) HelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for BetterHelp’s services after clicking through from this site. [Learn more](https://www.helpguide.org/affiliate-disclosure) ## Symptom 1: Delusions A delusion is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it isn’t true. Delusions are extremely common in schizophrenia, occurring in more than 90% of those who have the disorder. Often, these delusions involve illogical or bizarre ideas or fantasies, such as: Delusions of persecution – Belief that others, often a vague “they,” are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. “Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water”). Delusions of reference – A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you. Delusions of grandeur – Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly. Delusions of control – Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting (“My private thoughts are being transmitted to others”), thought insertion (“Someone is planting thoughts in my head”), and thought withdrawal (“The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts”). ## Symptom 2: Hallucinations Hallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in your mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. These often occur when you misinterpret your own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source. Schizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to you as the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone you know, and usually they’re critical, vulgar, or abusive. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common, while all hallucinations tend to be worse when you’re alone. ## Symptom 3: Disorganized speech Schizophrenia can cause you to have trouble concentrating and maintaining your train of thought, which may manifest itself in the way that you speak. You may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things. Common signs of disorganized speech include: Loose associations – Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next. Neologisms – Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to you. Perseveration – Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over. Clang – Meaningless use of rhyming words (“I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head”). ## Symptom 4: Disorganized behavior Schizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, impairing your ability to take care of yourself, your work, and interact with others. Disorganized behavior can appear as: - A decline in overall daily functioning - Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses - Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose - Lack of inhibition and impulse control ## Symptom 5: Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors) The so-called “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals, such as: Lack of emotional expression – Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions. Lack of interest or enthusiasm – Problems with motivation; lack of self-care. Seeming lack of interest in the world – Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal. Speech difficulties and abnormalities – Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in a monotone. #### Daniel's story Daniel is 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and holding down a part-time job in the stockroom of a local electronics store. But then he began to change, becoming increasingly paranoid and acting out in bizarre ways. First, he became convinced that his professors were “out to get him” since they didn’t appreciate his confusing, off-topic classroom rants. Then he told his roommate that the other students were “in on the conspiracy.” Soon after, he dropped out of school. From there, his condition got worse. Daniel stopped bathing, shaving, and washing his clothes. At work, he became convinced that his boss was watching him through surveillance bugs planted in the store’s TV screens. Then he started hearing voices telling him to find the bugs and deactivate them. Things came to a head when he acted on the voices, smashing several TVs and screaming that he wasn’t going to put up with the “illegal spying” any more. His frightened boss called the police, and Daniel was hospitalized. ## Treatment for schizophrenia As upsetting as a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be, ignoring the problem won’t make it go away. Beginning treatment as soon as possible with an experienced mental health professional is crucial to your recovery. At the same time, it’s important not to buy into the stigma associated with schizophrenia or the myth that you can’t get better. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not a life-sentence of ever-worsening symptoms and recurring hospitalizations. With the right [treatment and self-help](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help), many people with schizophrenia are able to regain normal functioning and even become symptom-free. ![Dr Xavier Amador: Understanding Anosognosia (Part 2 of 12)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9KEcgjBED58/sddefault.jpg) Dr. Xavier Amador delves into the challenges faced when a loved one refuses help, introducing the concept of anosognosia, a symptom that prevents someone from recognizing their illness. ### Treatment basics The most effective treatment strategy for schizophrenia involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support. Schizophrenia requires long-term treatment. Most people with schizophrenia need to continue treatment even when they’re feeling better, in order to prevent new episodes and stay symptom-free. Treatment can change over time, though. As your symptoms improve, your doctor may be able to lower the dosage or change your medication. Medication for schizophrenia works by reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disordered thinking. But schizophrenia medication is not a cure. It is also much less helpful for treating symptoms such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and lack of emotional expressiveness. Finding the right drug and dosage is also a trial and error process. While medication should not be used at the expense of your quality of life, be patient with the process and discuss any concerns with your doctor. Therapy, either in-person or via an online platform, can help you improve coping and life skills, [manage stress](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/stress/stress-management), address relationship issues, and improve communication. Group therapy can also connect you to others who are in a similar situation and are able to offer valuable insight into how they’ve overcome challenges. ## Schizophrenia coping tips Medication and therapy can take time to take full effect but there are still ways you can manage symptoms, improve the way you feel, and increase your self-esteem. The more you do to help yourself, the less hopeless and helpless you’ll feel, and the more likely your doctor will be able to reduce your medication. ### Schizophrenia: The 7 keys to self-help Seek social support. Friends and family vital to helping you get the right treatment and keeping your symptoms under control. Regularly connecting with others face-to-face is also the most effective way to calm your nervous system and relieve stress. Stay involved with others by continuing your work or education. If that’s not possible, consider [volunteering](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/wellbeing/volunteering-and-its-surprising-benefits), joining a schizophrenia [support group](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/support-groups), or taking a class or joining a club to spend time with people who have common interests. As well as keeping you socially connected, it can help you feel good about yourself. Manage stress. High levels of stress are believed to trigger schizophrenic episodes by increasing the body’s production of the hormone cortisol. As well as staying socially connected, there are plenty of steps you can take to reduce your stress levels. Try adopting a regular [relaxation practice](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/stress/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief) such as yoga, deep breathing, or [meditation](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/meditation). Get regular exercise. As well as all the [emotional and physical benefits](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/fitness/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise), exercise may help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, improve your focus and energy, and help you feel calmer. Aim for 30 minutes of activity on most days, or if it’s easier, three 10-minute sessions. Try rhythmic exercise that engages both your arms and legs, such as walking, running, swimming, or dancing. Get plenty of sleep. When you’re on medication, you most likely need even [more sleep](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/getting-better-sleep) than the standard 8 hours. Many people with schizophrenia have trouble with sleep, but getting regular exercise and avoiding caffeine can help. Avoid alcohol, drugs, and nicotine. Substance abuse complicates schizophrenia treatment and worsens symptoms. Even smoking cigarettes can interfere with the effectiveness of some schizophrenia medications. If you have a [substance abuse problem](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/addiction/substance-abuse-and-mental-health), seek help. Eat regular, nutritious meals to avoid symptoms exacerbated by changes in blood sugar levels. [Omega-3 fatty acids](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/nutrition/choosing-healthy-fats) from fatty fish, fish oil, walnuts, and flaxseeds can help improve focus, banish fatigue, and balance your moods. ## What causes schizophrenia? While the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors. ### Genetic causes While schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia don’t always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny. ### Environmental causes Studies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder. More and more research points to stress—either during pregnancy or at a later stage of development—as being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include: - Prenatal exposure to a viral infection. - Low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth). - Exposure to a virus during infancy. - Early parental loss or separation. - Physical or sexual [abuse in childhood](https://www.helpguide.org/relationships/domestic-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect). ### Abnormal brain structure In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain. ## Diagnosing schizophrenia A diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a full psychiatric evaluation, medical history assessment, and physical exam. Lab tests can also help to rule out other medical causes of your symptoms. ### Criteria to diagnose schizophrenia The presence of two or more of the following symptoms for at least 30 days: 1. Hallucinations 2. Delusions 3. Disorganized speech 4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech) Other diagnosis criteria: - Have had significant problems functioning at work or school, relating to other people, and taking care of yourself. - Shown continuous signs of schizophrenia for at least six months, with active symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) for at least one month. - Have no other mental health disorder, medical issue, or substance abuse problem that is causing the symptoms. #### Helplines and support - In the U.S. Call 1-800-950-6264 or visit [NAMI.org](http://www.nami.org/Find-Support) - UK Call 0300 5000 927 or visit [Rethink: Schizophrenia](https://www.rethink.org/diagnosis-treatment/conditions/schizophrenia) - Australia Call 1800 18 7263 or visit [Sane Australia](https://www.sane.org/get-support) - Canada Visit [Canadian Mental Health Association](https://cmha.ca/find-help/if-you-are-in-crisis/) for links to helplines and services - India Call the Vandrevala Foundation [Helpline](https://www.vandrevalafoundation.com/) at 1860 2662 345 or 1800 2333 330 ## More Information References 1. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. (2013). In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x02_Schizophrenia_Spectrum) 2. Patel, Krishna R., Jessica Cherian, Kunj Gohil, and Dylan Atkinson. “Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options.” Pharmacy and Therapeutics 39, no. 9 (September 2014): 638–45. [Link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159061/) 3. Ganguly, Pronab, Abdrabo Soliman, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. “Holistic Management of Schizophrenia Symptoms Using Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment.” Frontiers in Public Health 6 (2018): 166. [Link](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00166) 4. Aquino, Patrick. “Diagnosing and Treating Schizophrenia.” AMA Journal of Ethics 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 43–48. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.1.cprl1-0901) 5. Gage, S. H., H. J. Jones, S. Burgess, J. Bowden, G. Davey Smith, S. Zammit, and M. R. Munafò. “Assessing Causality in Associations between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.” Psychological Medicine 47, no. 5 (April 2017): 971–80. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716003172) 6. Chien, Wai Tong, Sau Fong Leung, Frederick KK Yeung, and Wai Kit Wong. “Current Approaches to Treatments for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Part II: Psychosocial Interventions and Patient-Focused Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 9 (2013): 1463–81. [Link](https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S49263) 7. Stępnicki, Piotr, Magda Kondej, and Agnieszka A. Kaczor. “Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia.” Molecules: A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry 23, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2087. [Link](https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082087) 8. Catts, Stanley Victor, and Brian Ignatius O’Toole. “The Treatment of Schizophrenia: Can We Raise the Standard of Care?” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1128–38. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867416672725) 9. Knight, Edward L. “Self-Help and Serious Mental Illness.” Medscape General Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 68. [Link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1681955/) 10. “Self-Management: The Experiences and Views of Self-Management of People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia – Social Care Online.” Accessed November 2, 2021. [Link](https://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/self-management-the-experiences-and-views-of-self-management-of-people-with-a-diagnosis-of-schizophrenia/r/a11G00000017tP5IAI) 11. Sensky, T., D. Turkington, D. Kingdon, J. L. Scott, J. Scott, R. Siddle, M. O’Carroll, and T. R. Barnes. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia Resistant to Medication.” Archives of General Psychiatry 57, no. 2 (February 2000): 165–72. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.2.165) 12. Pilling, S., P. Bebbington, E. Kuipers, P. Garety, J. Geddes, G. Orbach, and C. Morgan. “Psychological Treatments in Schizophrenia: I. Meta-Analysis of Family Intervention and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.” Psychological Medicine 32, no. 5 (July 2002): 763–82. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005895) 13. Turkington, Douglas, David Kingdon, and Peter J. Weiden. “Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia.” The American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 3 (March 2006): 365–73. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.365) [Copy Link](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms) Link copied\! Share Print Download PDF ## More in Schizophrenia [Schizophrenia](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia) ### [Schizophrenia Treatment and Self-Help](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help) What you can do to manage symptoms and support recovery [![An overhead view of a person in a blue shirt standing with their bicycle on a city street, representing schizophrenia treatment.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Schizophrenia-Treatment-384x256.jpeg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help) [Schizophrenia](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia) ### [Helping Someone with Schizophrenia](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/helping-someone-with-schizophrenia) Overcoming challenges with a loved one, while also taking care of yourself [![Reflection of urban buildings in rippling water, illustrating the challenges of helping 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with mentally ill loved ones who refuse to get help [![Dr. Xavier Amador smiles in a headshot next to text for an interview on his book, I’m Not Sick, I Don’t Need Help.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Swirl-One-Speaker-Part-1-384x216.png)](https://www.helpguide.org/family/caregiving/dr-amador-im-not-sick-i-dont-need-help) [Family Caregiving](https://www.helpguide.org/family/caregiving) ### [How to Help Someone with Mental Illness Accept Treatment](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/how-to-help-someone-with-mental-illness-accept-treatment) Proven ways to help your loved one accept the treatment they need [![A person in dark clothing stands in the sharp, diagonal shadow of a massive concrete pillar on a vast, empty concrete ground.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/How-to-Help-Someone-with-Mental-Illness-384x256.jpg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/how-to-help-someone-with-mental-illness-accept-treatment) [Depression](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression) ### [Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect) How it works and how to decide if it’s the right treatment for you [![Six orange cables curve in overlapping arches against a dark, shadowy background.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/ECT-384x256.jpeg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect) [Addiction](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/addiction) ### [Dual Diagnosis: Substance Abuse and Mental Health](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/addiction/substance-abuse-and-mental-health) Coping with addiction and a mental health problem [![Two dirt paths through a grass field meet at a crossroad, representing the intersection of addiction and mental health.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Dual-Diagnosis-384x256.jpeg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/addiction/substance-abuse-and-mental-health) [Suicide & Self-Harm](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/suicide-self-harm) ### [How to Cope with Thoughts of Suicide](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/suicide-self-harm/are-you-feeling-suicidal) How to deal with suicidal thoughts and feelings [![A solitary figure stands alone on a dark beach at night, waves lapping at the shore, feeling suicidal](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/If-Youre-Feeling-Suicidal-384x256.jpeg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/suicide-self-harm/are-you-feeling-suicidal) Share Download PDF ### More in Schizophrenia [Schizophrenia](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia) ### [Schizophrenia Treatment and Self-Help](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help) What you can do to manage symptoms and support recovery [Schizophrenia](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia) ### [Helping Someone with Schizophrenia](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/helping-someone-with-schizophrenia) Overcoming challenges with a loved one, while also taking care of yourself [Schizophrenia](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia) ### [Schizoaffective Disorder](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizoaffective-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment) Symptoms, causes, and treatment ![](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/therapy-sidebar-384x229.jpg) #### Professional therapy, done online BetterHelp makes starting therapy easy. 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Readable Markdown	## What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that often makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and unreal, to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function normally. It affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world. The most common form is paranoid schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with paranoia as it’s often called. People with paranoid schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched. This can cause relationship problems, disrupt normal daily activities like bathing, eating, or running errands, and lead to alcohol and drug abuse in an attempt to [self-medicate](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/addiction/self-medicating). Many people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion and fear, and are at an increased risk of attempting suicide, especially during psychotic episodes, periods of depression, and in the first six months after starting treatment. While schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, many fears about the disorder are not based in reality. Most people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. Treatment options are improving all the time and there are plenty of things you can do to manage the disorder. Schizophrenia is often episodic, so periods of remission are ideal times to employ [self-help strategies](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help) to limit the length and frequency of any future episodes. Along with the right support, medication, and therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms, function independently, and enjoy full, rewarding lives. #### Take any suicidal thoughts or talk very seriously… If you or someone you care about is suicidal, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline in the U.S. at 1-800-273-TALK, visit [IASP](http://www.iasp.info/resources/Crisis_Centres/) or [Suicide.org](http://www.suicide.org/international-suicide-hotlines.html) to find a helpline in your country, or read [Suicide Prevention](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/suicide-self-harm). ## What is paranoid schizophrenia? The terms paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia with paranoia refer to the most common subtype of schizophrenia, one with pronounced paranoia and delusions. However, paranoid schizophrenia is no longer a recognized diagnosis in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and the term is rarely used by medical professionals. ## Common misconceptions about schizophrenia ###### Myth: Schizophrenia refers to a “split personality” or multiple personalities. ###### Fact: [Multiple personality disorder](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/ptsd-trauma/dissociative-identity-disorder-did) is a different and much less common disorder than schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia do not have split personalities. Rather, they are “split off” from reality. ###### Myth: Schizophrenia is a rare condition. ###### Fact: Schizophrenia is not rare; the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be around 1 in 100. ###### Myth: People with schizophrenia are dangerous. ###### Fact: Although the delusional thoughts and hallucinations of schizophrenia sometimes lead to violent behavior, most people with schizophrenia are neither violent nor a danger to others. ###### Myth: People with schizophrenia can’t be helped. ###### Fact: While long-term treatment may be required, the outlook for schizophrenia is far from hopeless. When treated properly, many people with schizophrenia are able to enjoy fulfilling, productive lives. ## Early warning signs of schizophrenia In some people, schizophrenia appears suddenly and without warning. But for most, it comes on slowly, with subtle warning signs and a gradual decline in functioning, long before the first severe episode. Often, friends or family members will know early on that something is wrong, without knowing exactly what. In this early phase of schizophrenia, you may seem eccentric, unmotivated, emotionless, and reclusive to others. You may start to isolate yourself, begin neglecting your appearance, say peculiar things, and show a general indifference to life. You may abandon hobbies and activities, and your performance at work or school can deteriorate. ### The most common early warning signs include: 1. [Depression](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs), social withdrawal. 2. Hostility or suspiciousness, extreme reaction to criticism. 3. Deterioration of personal hygiene. 4. Flat, expressionless gaze. 5. Inability to cry or express joy or inappropriate laughter or crying. 6. Oversleeping or [insomnia](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/insomnia-causes-and-cures). 7. Forgetful, unable to concentrate. 8. Odd or irrational statements; strange use of words or way of speaking. While these warning signs can result from a number of problems—not just schizophrenia—they are cause for concern. When out-of-the-ordinary behavior is causing problems in your life or the life of a loved one, seek medical advice. If schizophrenia or another mental problem is the cause, getting treatment early will help. ## Schizophrenia symptoms There are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia: 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech 4. Disorganized behavior 5. “Negative” symptoms (absence of normal behaviors) However, the symptoms of schizophrenia vary dramatically from person to person, both in pattern and severity. Not every person with schizophrenia will have all the symptoms, and the symptoms of schizophrenia may also change over time. #### Speak to a Licensed Therapist BetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Take the assessment and get matched with a therapist in as little as 48 hours. [Take Assessment](https://hasofferstracking.betterhelp.com/aff_c?offer_id=2&aff_id=2729&source=helpguide) HelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for BetterHelp’s services after clicking through from this site. [Learn more](https://www.helpguide.org/affiliate-disclosure) ## Symptom 1: Delusions A delusion is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it isn’t true. Delusions are extremely common in schizophrenia, occurring in more than 90% of those who have the disorder. Often, these delusions involve illogical or bizarre ideas or fantasies, such as: Delusions of persecution – Belief that others, often a vague “they,” are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. “Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water”). Delusions of reference – A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you. Delusions of grandeur – Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly. Delusions of control – Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting (“My private thoughts are being transmitted to others”), thought insertion (“Someone is planting thoughts in my head”), and thought withdrawal (“The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts”). ## Symptom 2: Hallucinations Hallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in your mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. These often occur when you misinterpret your own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source. Schizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to you as the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone you know, and usually they’re critical, vulgar, or abusive. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common, while all hallucinations tend to be worse when you’re alone. ## Symptom 3: Disorganized speech Schizophrenia can cause you to have trouble concentrating and maintaining your train of thought, which may manifest itself in the way that you speak. You may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things. Common signs of disorganized speech include: Loose associations – Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next. Neologisms – Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to you. Perseveration – Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over. Clang – Meaningless use of rhyming words (“I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head”). ## Symptom 4: Disorganized behavior Schizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, impairing your ability to take care of yourself, your work, and interact with others. Disorganized behavior can appear as: - A decline in overall daily functioning - Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses - Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose - Lack of inhibition and impulse control ## Symptom 5: Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors) The so-called “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals, such as: Lack of emotional expression – Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions. Lack of interest or enthusiasm – Problems with motivation; lack of self-care. Seeming lack of interest in the world – Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal. Speech difficulties and abnormalities – Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in a monotone. #### Daniel's story Daniel is 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and holding down a part-time job in the stockroom of a local electronics store. But then he began to change, becoming increasingly paranoid and acting out in bizarre ways. First, he became convinced that his professors were “out to get him” since they didn’t appreciate his confusing, off-topic classroom rants. Then he told his roommate that the other students were “in on the conspiracy.” Soon after, he dropped out of school. From there, his condition got worse. Daniel stopped bathing, shaving, and washing his clothes. At work, he became convinced that his boss was watching him through surveillance bugs planted in the store’s TV screens. Then he started hearing voices telling him to find the bugs and deactivate them. Things came to a head when he acted on the voices, smashing several TVs and screaming that he wasn’t going to put up with the “illegal spying” any more. His frightened boss called the police, and Daniel was hospitalized. ## Treatment for schizophrenia As upsetting as a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be, ignoring the problem won’t make it go away. Beginning treatment as soon as possible with an experienced mental health professional is crucial to your recovery. At the same time, it’s important not to buy into the stigma associated with schizophrenia or the myth that you can’t get better. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not a life-sentence of ever-worsening symptoms and recurring hospitalizations. With the right [treatment and self-help](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-treatment-and-self-help), many people with schizophrenia are able to regain normal functioning and even become symptom-free. ![Dr Xavier Amador: Understanding Anosognosia (Part 2 of 12)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9KEcgjBED58/sddefault.jpg) Dr. Xavier Amador delves into the challenges faced when a loved one refuses help, introducing the concept of anosognosia, a symptom that prevents someone from recognizing their illness. ### Treatment basics The most effective treatment strategy for schizophrenia involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support. Schizophrenia requires long-term treatment. Most people with schizophrenia need to continue treatment even when they’re feeling better, in order to prevent new episodes and stay symptom-free. Treatment can change over time, though. As your symptoms improve, your doctor may be able to lower the dosage or change your medication. Medication for schizophrenia works by reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disordered thinking. But schizophrenia medication is not a cure. It is also much less helpful for treating symptoms such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and lack of emotional expressiveness. Finding the right drug and dosage is also a trial and error process. While medication should not be used at the expense of your quality of life, be patient with the process and discuss any concerns with your doctor. Therapy, either in-person or via an online platform, can help you improve coping and life skills, [manage stress](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/stress/stress-management), address relationship issues, and improve communication. Group therapy can also connect you to others who are in a similar situation and are able to offer valuable insight into how they’ve overcome challenges. ## Schizophrenia coping tips Medication and therapy can take time to take full effect but there are still ways you can manage symptoms, improve the way you feel, and increase your self-esteem. The more you do to help yourself, the less hopeless and helpless you’ll feel, and the more likely your doctor will be able to reduce your medication. ### Schizophrenia: The 7 keys to self-help Seek social support. Friends and family vital to helping you get the right treatment and keeping your symptoms under control. Regularly connecting with others face-to-face is also the most effective way to calm your nervous system and relieve stress. Stay involved with others by continuing your work or education. If that’s not possible, consider [volunteering](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/wellbeing/volunteering-and-its-surprising-benefits), joining a schizophrenia [support group](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/support-groups), or taking a class or joining a club to spend time with people who have common interests. As well as keeping you socially connected, it can help you feel good about yourself. Manage stress. High levels of stress are believed to trigger schizophrenic episodes by increasing the body’s production of the hormone cortisol. As well as staying socially connected, there are plenty of steps you can take to reduce your stress levels. Try adopting a regular [relaxation practice](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/stress/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief) such as yoga, deep breathing, or [meditation](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/meditation). Get regular exercise. As well as all the [emotional and physical benefits](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/fitness/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise), exercise may help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, improve your focus and energy, and help you feel calmer. Aim for 30 minutes of activity on most days, or if it’s easier, three 10-minute sessions. Try rhythmic exercise that engages both your arms and legs, such as walking, running, swimming, or dancing. Get plenty of sleep. When you’re on medication, you most likely need even [more sleep](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/getting-better-sleep) than the standard 8 hours. Many people with schizophrenia have trouble with sleep, but getting regular exercise and avoiding caffeine can help. Avoid alcohol, drugs, and nicotine. Substance abuse complicates schizophrenia treatment and worsens symptoms. Even smoking cigarettes can interfere with the effectiveness of some schizophrenia medications. If you have a [substance abuse problem](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/addiction/substance-abuse-and-mental-health), seek help. Eat regular, nutritious meals to avoid symptoms exacerbated by changes in blood sugar levels. [Omega-3 fatty acids](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/nutrition/choosing-healthy-fats) from fatty fish, fish oil, walnuts, and flaxseeds can help improve focus, banish fatigue, and balance your moods. ## What causes schizophrenia? While the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors. ### Genetic causes While schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia don’t always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny. ### Environmental causes Studies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder. More and more research points to stress—either during pregnancy or at a later stage of development—as being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include: - Prenatal exposure to a viral infection. - Low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth). - Exposure to a virus during infancy. - Early parental loss or separation. - Physical or sexual [abuse in childhood](https://www.helpguide.org/relationships/domestic-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect). ### Abnormal brain structure In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain. ## Diagnosing schizophrenia A diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a full psychiatric evaluation, medical history assessment, and physical exam. Lab tests can also help to rule out other medical causes of your symptoms. ### Criteria to diagnose schizophrenia The presence of two or more of the following symptoms for at least 30 days: 1. Hallucinations 2. Delusions 3. Disorganized speech 4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech) Other diagnosis criteria: - Have had significant problems functioning at work or school, relating to other people, and taking care of yourself. - Shown continuous signs of schizophrenia for at least six months, with active symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) for at least one month. - Have no other mental health disorder, medical issue, or substance abuse problem that is causing the symptoms. #### Helplines and support - In the U.S. Call 1-800-950-6264 or visit [NAMI.org](http://www.nami.org/Find-Support) - UK Call 0300 5000 927 or visit [Rethink: Schizophrenia](https://www.rethink.org/diagnosis-treatment/conditions/schizophrenia) - Australia Call 1800 18 7263 or visit [Sane Australia](https://www.sane.org/get-support) - Canada Visit [Canadian Mental Health Association](https://cmha.ca/find-help/if-you-are-in-crisis/) for links to helplines and services - India Call the Vandrevala Foundation [Helpline](https://www.vandrevalafoundation.com/) at 1860 2662 345 or 1800 2333 330 ## More Information 1. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. (2013). In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x02_Schizophrenia_Spectrum) 2. Patel, Krishna R., Jessica Cherian, Kunj Gohil, and Dylan Atkinson. “Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options.” Pharmacy and Therapeutics 39, no. 9 (September 2014): 638–45. [Link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159061/) 3. Ganguly, Pronab, Abdrabo Soliman, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. “Holistic Management of Schizophrenia Symptoms Using Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment.” Frontiers in Public Health 6 (2018): 166. [Link](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00166) 4. Aquino, Patrick. “Diagnosing and Treating Schizophrenia.” AMA Journal of Ethics 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 43–48. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.1.cprl1-0901) 5. Gage, S. H., H. J. Jones, S. Burgess, J. Bowden, G. Davey Smith, S. Zammit, and M. R. Munafò. “Assessing Causality in Associations between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.” Psychological Medicine 47, no. 5 (April 2017): 971–80. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716003172) 6. Chien, Wai Tong, Sau Fong Leung, Frederick KK Yeung, and Wai Kit Wong. “Current Approaches to Treatments for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Part II: Psychosocial Interventions and Patient-Focused Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 9 (2013): 1463–81. [Link](https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S49263) 7. Stępnicki, Piotr, Magda Kondej, and Agnieszka A. Kaczor. “Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia.” Molecules: A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry 23, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2087. [Link](https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082087) 8. Catts, Stanley Victor, and Brian Ignatius O’Toole. “The Treatment of Schizophrenia: Can We Raise the Standard of Care?” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1128–38. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867416672725) 9. Knight, Edward L. “Self-Help and Serious Mental Illness.” Medscape General Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 68. [Link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1681955/) 10. “Self-Management: The Experiences and Views of Self-Management of People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia – Social Care Online.” Accessed November 2, 2021. [Link](https://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/self-management-the-experiences-and-views-of-self-management-of-people-with-a-diagnosis-of-schizophrenia/r/a11G00000017tP5IAI) 11. Sensky, T., D. Turkington, D. Kingdon, J. L. Scott, J. Scott, R. Siddle, M. O’Carroll, and T. R. Barnes. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia Resistant to Medication.” Archives of General Psychiatry 57, no. 2 (February 2000): 165–72. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.2.165) 12. Pilling, S., P. Bebbington, E. Kuipers, P. Garety, J. Geddes, G. Orbach, and C. Morgan. “Psychological Treatments in Schizophrenia: I. Meta-Analysis of Family Intervention and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.” Psychological Medicine 32, no. 5 (July 2002): 763–82. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005895) 13. Turkington, Douglas, David Kingdon, and Peter J. Weiden. “Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia.” The American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 3 (March 2006): 365–73. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.365)
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