🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 121 (from laksa179)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa121.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-medication\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-medication\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-medication","crawl_time":1776000619,"first_indexed_time":1720463279,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,helpguide!www,\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-medication s443","src_root_hash":"10679577116146527521","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Anxiety Medication - HelpGuide.org","meta_descriptions":["Are anti-anxiety medications right for you? Learn about common side effects, risks, guidelines for taking them, and effective non-drug alternatives."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"The role of medication in anxiety treatment\nWhen you’re overwhelmed by heart-pounding panic, paralyzed by fear, or exhausted from yet another sleepless night spent worrying, you’ll do just about anything to get relief. And there’s no question that when anxiety is disabling, medication may help. But are drugs always the best answer?\nMany different types of medications are used in the treatment of\nanxiety disorders\n, including traditional anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines (typically prescribed for short-term use), and newer options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are\nantidepressants\noften recommended as a long-term anxiety solution. These drugs can provide temporary relief, but they also come with side effects and safety concerns—some significant.\nThey are also not a cure. In fact, there are many questions about their long-term effectiveness. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, benzodiazepines lose their therapeutic anti-anxiety effect after 4 to 6 months of regular use. And a recent analysis reported in\nJAMA Psychiatry\nfound that the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating anxiety has been overestimated, and in some cases is no better than a placebo.\nWhat’s more, it can be very difficult to get off anxiety medications without difficult withdrawals, including rebound anxiety that can be worse than your original problem.\nI need relief, and I need it now!\nSo, where does that leave you if you’re suffering? Even when anxiety relief comes with side effects and dangers, that can still sound like a fair trade when panic and fear are ruling your life.\nThe bottom line is that there’s a time and place for anxiety medication. If you have severe anxiety that’s interfering with your ability to function, medication may be helpful—especially as a short-term treatment. However, many people use anti-anxiety medication when therapy, exercise, or other self-help strategies would work just as well or better, minus the drawbacks.\nAnxiety medications can ease symptoms, but they’re not right for everyone and they’re not the only answer. It’s up to you to evaluate your options and decide what’s best for you.\nGet Your Anxiety Medication for Just $1\nDon’t let high deductibles or a lack of insurance stand in the way of your mental health. With Sesame’s Everyday Rx, you can access 350+ common medications for just $1, plus free home delivery and same-day refills. Skip the pharmacy lines and save up to 60% by going doctor-direct.\nGet Your $1 Refills\nHelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for Sesame’s services after clicking through from this site.\nLearn more\nWhat are the types of anti-anxiety medications?\nThe three main types of anti-anxiety medication prescribed are benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, other medications, including buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion, might also be used.\nBenzodiazepines for anxiety\nBenzodiazepines (also known as tranquilizers) are the most widely prescribed type of medication for anxiety. Drugs such as Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam) work quickly, typically bringing relief within 30 minutes to an hour. That makes them very effective when taken during a\npanic attack\nor another overwhelming anxiety episode. However, they are physically addictive. Due to a potential for abuse, they are not recommended for long-term treatment.\nBenzodiazepines work by slowing down the nervous system, helping you relax both physically and mentally. But it can also lead to unwanted side effects. The higher the dose, the more intense these side effects typically are—although some people feel sleepy, foggy, and uncoordinated even on low doses. This can cause problems with work, school, or everyday activities such as driving. The medication hangover can last into the next day.\nCommon side effects of benzodiazepines include:\nDrowsiness\nDizziness\nPoor balance or coordination\nSlurred speech\nTrouble concentrating\nMemory problems\nConfusion\nStomach upset\nHeadache\nBlurred vision\nBenzodiazepines can make depression worse\nAccording to the FDA, benzodiazepines can worsen cases of pre-existing\ndepression\n, and more recent studies suggest that they may potentially lead to treatment-resistant depression. Furthermore, benzodiazepines can cause emotional blunting or numbness and increase suicidal thoughts and feelings.\nBenzodiazepine safety concerns\nBenzodiazepines are generally not recommended for long-term use since the safety concerns and risk of abuse increase as you build up a tolerance to the medication.\nDrug dependence and withdrawal\nWhen taken regularly, benzodiazepines lead to physical dependence and tolerance, with increasingly larger doses needed to get the same anxiety relief as before. This happens quickly—usually within a couple of months, but sometimes in as little as a few weeks.\nIf you abruptly stop taking your medication, you may experience severe withdrawal symptoms such as:\nIncreased anxiety\n, restlessness, shaking.\nInsomnia\n, confusion, stomach pain.\nDepression\n, confusion, panic attacks.\nPounding heart\n, sweating, and in severe cases, seizure.\nMany people mistake withdrawal symptoms for a return of their original anxiety condition, making them think they need to restart the medication. Gradually tapering off the drug will help minimize the withdrawal reaction.\nDrug interactions and overdose\nWhile benzodiazepines are relatively safe when taken only occasionally and in small doses, they can be dangerous and even deadly when combined with other central nervous system depressants. Always talk to your doctor or pharmacist before combining medications.\nDon’t drink on benzodiazepines.\nWhen mixed with alcohol, benzodiazepines can lead to fatal overdose.\nDon’t mix with painkillers or sleeping pills.\nTaking benzodiazepines with prescription pain or sleeping pills can also lead to fatal overdose.\nAntihistamines amplify their effects.\nAntihistamines—found in many over-the-counter sleep, cold, and allergy medicines—are sedating on their own. Be cautious when mixing with benzodiazepines to avoid over-sedation.\nBe cautious when combining with antidepressants.\nSSRIs such as Prozac and Zoloft can heighten benzodiazepine toxicity. You may need to adjust your dose accordingly.\nParadoxical effects of benzodiazepines\nThe benzodiazepines work because they slow down the nervous system. But sometimes, for reasons that aren’t well understood, they have the opposite effect. Paradoxical reactions are most common in children, the elderly, and people with developmental disabilities. They include:\nIncreased anxiety\n, irritability, agitation, aggression, and rage\nMania\n, impulsive behavior, and hallucinations\nSpecial benzodiazepine risk factors\nAnyone who takes benzodiazepines can experience unpleasant or dangerous side effects. But certain individuals are at a higher risk:\nPeople over 65.\nOlder adults are more sensitive to the sedating effects of benzodiazepines. Even small doses can cause confusion, amnesia, loss of balance, and cognitive impairment that looks like dementia. Benzodiazepine use in the elderly is associated with an increased risk of falls, broken hips and legs, and car accidents. Long-term benzodiazepine use also increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.\nPeople with a history of substance abuse.\nBecause they’re physically addicting and on their own and dangerous when combined with alcohol and other drugs, anyone with a current or former substance abuse problem should use benzodiazepines only with extreme caution.\nPregnant and breastfeeding women.\nBenzodiazepine use during pregnancy can lead to dependence in the developing baby, with withdrawal following birth. Benzodiazepines are also excreted in breast milk. Therefore, pregnant women need to have a thorough discussion about the risks and benefits of these medications with their prescribing doctor. If medication is necessary, the goal is the smallest effective dose.\nThe connection between benzodiazepines and accidents\nBenzodiazepines cause drowsiness and poor coordination, which increases your risk for accidents at home, at work, and on the road. When on benzodiazepines, be very careful when driving, operating machinery, or doing anything else that requires physical coordination.\nSSRI antidepressants for anxiety\nMany medications originally approved for the treatment of depression are also prescribed for anxiety. In comparison to benzodiazepines, the risk for dependency and abuse is smaller. However, antidepressants take up to 4 to 6 weeks to begin relieving anxiety symptoms, so they can’t be taken “as needed.” Their use is limited to chronic anxiety problems that require ongoing treatment.\nThe\nantidepressants\nmost widely prescribed for anxiety are SSRIs such as Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro, and Celexa. SSRIs have been used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.\nCommon side effects of SSRIs include:\nFatigue\nNausea\nAgitation\nDrowsiness\nWeight gain\nDiarrhea\nInsomnia\nSexual dysfunction\nNervousness\nHeadaches\nDry mouth\nIncreased sweating\nSNRI antidepressants for anxiety\nSNRIs are another type of antidepressant that might be prescribed for treating anxiety. SSRIs increase the availability of a brain chemical called serotonin. SNRIs, on the other hand, increase serotonin as well as another chemical: norepinephrine.\nBoth types of drugs seem to be equally effective, and both take several weeks to work. However, some people respond better to one type than the other. SNRIs may come with a higher risk of side effects.\nCommon side effects of SNRIs include:\nTemporary increase in anxiety\nSexual side effects, such as sexual dysfunction\nRestlessness\nHeadaches\nInsomnia\nNausea\nElevated blood pressure \nCommon SNRIs include Cymbalta, Yentreve, and Effexor.\nSNRI and SSRI withdrawal\nAlthough physical dependence is not as quick to develop with antidepressants, withdrawal can still be an issue. If discontinued too quickly, antidepressant withdrawal can trigger symptoms such as extreme depression and fatigue, irritability, anxiety, flu-like symptoms, and insomnia.\nAntidepressant medication and suicide risk\nAntidepressants can make depression worse rather than better for some people, leading to an increased risk of suicide, hostility, and even homicidal behavior. While this is particularly true of children and young adults, anyone taking antidepressants should be closely watched. Monitoring is especially important if this is the person’s first time on depression medication or if the dose has recently been changed.\nSigns that medication is making things worse include anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, hostility, restlessness, and extreme agitation—particularly if the symptoms appear suddenly or rapidly deteriorate. If you spot the warning signs in yourself or a loved one, contact a doctor or therapist immediately.\nIf you are concerned that a friend or family member is contemplating suicide, see\nSuicide Prevention\n. The suicide risk is greatest during the first two months of antidepressant treatment.\nOther types of medication for anxiety\nDrugs such as buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion may also be used in the treatment of anxiety.\nBuspirone (BuSpar)\nBuspirone, also known by the brand name BuSpar, is a newer anti-anxiety drug that acts as a mild tranquilizer. Buspirone relieves anxiety by increasing serotonin in the brain—as the SSRIs do—and decreasing dopamine. Compared to benzodiazepines, buspirone is slow acting—taking about two weeks to start working. However, it’s not as sedating, it doesn’t impair memory and coordination, and the withdrawal effects are minimal.\nSince the risk of dependence is low and it has no serious drug interactions, buspirone is a better option for older individuals and people with a history of substance abuse. However, its effectiveness is limited. It works for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but doesn’t seem to help other types of anxiety disorders.\nCommon side effects of buspirone include:\nNausea\nHeadaches\nDizziness\nDrowsiness\nWeight gain\nUpset stomach\nConstipation\nNervousness\nDiarrhea\nDry mouth\nBeta blockers\nBeta blockers—including drugs such as propranolol (Inderal) and atenolol (Tenormin)—are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart problems. However, they are also prescribed off-label for anxiety. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, a stress hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response. This helps control the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, a trembling voice, sweating, dizziness, and shaky hands.\nBecause beta blockers don’t affect the emotional symptoms of anxiety, such as worry, they’re most helpful for phobias, particularly\nsocial phobia and performance anxiety\n. If you’re anticipating a specific anxiety-producing situation (such as giving a speech), taking a beta blocker in advance can help reduce your “nerves.”\nCommon side effects of beta blockers include:\nDizziness\nSleepiness\nWeakness\nFatigue\nNausea\nHeadache\nConstipation\nDiarrhea\nBupropion\nBupropion (known by the brand names Wellbutrin, Forfivo, and Zyban) is an antidepressant. However, there is some evidence that it may also be an effective treatment option for anxiety and panic disorders.\nDepending on the dosage, in some people bupropion can actually worsen anxiety (as can other antidepressants). However, in others, it can help with generalized anxiety and anxiety symptoms that co-occur with depression. Some trials show that it may be as effective as SSRIs in treating depression with anxiety.\nSome common side effects of bupropion include:\nDizziness\nNausea\nDry mouth\nDrowsiness\nAnxiety\nInsomnia\nLoss of appetite\nHeadache\nHydroxyzine\nHydroxyzine is an antihistamine often used to relieve allergic reactions. However, it can also be used to treat anxiety symptoms such as tension and nervousness. It works by altering the body’s levels of histamine and serotonin, leading to changes in mood. It’s typically prescribed as a short-term solution for acute anxiety, meaning you only use the medication when anxiety symptoms appear.\nOne 2020 study found that when it comes to treating generalized anxiety disorder, hydroxyzine might be similar in efficacy as benzodiazepines and buspirone.\nCommon side effects of hydroxyzine include:\nDry mouth\nDizziness and confusion\nHeadache\nConstipation\nDrowsiness\nAdditional treatment options for anxiety\nAnxiety medication won’t solve your problems if you’re anxious because of mounting bills, a tendency to jump to “worst-case scenarios”, or an unhealthy relationship. That’s where self-help, therapy, and other lifestyle changes come in. These non-drug treatments can produce lasting changes and long-term relief.\nExercise\n–\nExercise\nis a powerful anxiety treatment. Studies show that regular workouts can ease symptoms just as effectively as medication.\nWorry-busting strategies\n– You can train your brain to\nstop worrying\nand look at life from a more calm and balanced perspective.\nTherapy\n– Cognitive behavioral therapy can teach you how to control your anxiety levels, stop worrisome thoughts, and conquer your fears. Explore our list of the\nbest online therapy platforms\nto determine if one of these options suits your needs.\nYoga and tai chi\n– Yoga and tai chi are\nmind-body interventions\nthat engage you emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually. Data has shown their efficacy for many different medical conditions, including anxiety.\nMindfulness and meditation\n–\nMindfulness\nis a state of mind where you learn to observe your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a present, compassionate, and non-judgmental way. It often brings a sense of calm and relaxation.\nDeciding if anxiety medication is right for you\nIf you’re trying to decide whether or not to treat your anxiety with medication, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons in conjunction with your doctor. It’s also important to learn about the common side effects of the anxiety medication you are considering. Side effects of anxiety medication range from mild nuisances such as dry mouth to more severe problems such as acute nausea or pronounced weight gain. For any anxiety medication, you will have to balance the side effects against the benefits. Many\nonline psychiatrists\ncan prescribe medication, but it’s important to do your research and prepare questions before your appointment.\nQuestions to ask yourself and a mental health professional\nIs medication the best option for my anxiety problem?\nAm I willing to put up with unpleasant side effects in return for anxiety relief?\nWhat non-drug treatments for anxiety might help?\nDo I have the time and am I willing to pursue non-drug treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy?\nWhat self-help strategies might help me get my anxiety under control?\nIf I decide to take anxiety medication, should I pursue other therapy as well?\nIs anxiety really my problem? Or is something else going on, such as an underlying health condition or pain, for example?\nQuestions to ask your doctor\nHow will the medication help my anxiety?\nWhat are the drug’s common side effects?\nAre there any food and drinks I will need to avoid?\nHow will this drug interact with my other prescriptions?\nHow long will I have to take the anxiety medication?\nWill withdrawing from the medication be difficult?\nWill my anxiety return when I stop taking the medication?\nMore Information\nLongo, L. P., & Johnson, B. (2000). Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines-Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives. American Family Physician, 61(7), 2121.\nLink\nRickels, K., Downing, R., Schweizer, E., & Hassman, H. (1993). Antidepressants for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Imipramine, Trazodone, and Diazepam. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(11), 884–895.\nLink\nRoest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Williams, C. D., de Vries, Y. A., Schoevers, R. A., & Turner, E. H. (2015). Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 500.\nLink\nDavies, J., & Read, J. (2019). A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based? Addictive Behaviors, 97, 111–121.\nLink\nAylett, E., Small, N., & Bower, P. (2018). Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 559.\nLink\nLocke, A. B., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617–624.\nLink\n“Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-Analyses | Anxiety Disorders | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network,” November 12, 2020.\nLink\nBaldwin, D. S., Waldman, S., & Allgulander, C. (2011). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(5), 697–710.\nLink\nAnxiety Disorders. (2013) In\nDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\n. American Psychiatric Association.\nLink\nBupropion: MedlinePlus Drug Information\n. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\nLink\nBupropion (Wellbutrin) | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness\n. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\nLink\nHydroxyzine: MedlinePlus Drug Information\n. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\nLink\nMental Health Medications | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness\n. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\nLink\nRudolph, M., & Liegl, S. (2020). In adults with generalized anxiety disorder, is hydroxyzine superior to placebo in reducing anxiety symptoms?\nEvidence-Based Practice\n, 23(8), 42–43.\nLink\nSerafini, G., Pompili, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Porfiri, G., Giordano, G., Ferracuti, S., Girardi, P., & Tatarelli, R. (2011). Bupropion and Panic Disorder: Case Report and Review of the Literature.\nThe Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences\n, 23(2), E47–E50.\nLink\nFanelli, D., Weller, G., & Liu, H. (2021). New Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Their Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations.\nNeurology International\n,\n13\n(4), 497–509.\nLink\nGosmann, N. P., Costa, M. de A., Jaeger, M. de B., Motta, L. S., Frozi, J., Spanemberg, L., Manfro, G. G., Cuijpers, P., Pine, D. S., & Salum, G. A. (2021). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis.\nPLoS Medicine\n,\n18\n(6), e1003664.\nLink\nOverview—Antidepressants—NHS\n. (n.d.). \nLink\nSantarsieri, D., & Schwartz, T. L. (2015). Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians.\nDrugs in Context\n,\n4\n, 212290.\nLink","attrs_markdown":"[![HelpGuide.org](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Group-13075.svg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/)\n\n- [Español](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/es\/ansiedad\/medicamentos-para-la-ansiedad)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us)\n  - [About Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us)\n  - [Meet Our Team](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/meet-our-team)\n  - [Our Story](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/our-story)\n  - [Jeanne Segal, Ph.D.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/jeanne-segal)\n  - [Advisory Council](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/professional-advisory-council)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/contact-us)\n- [Resources](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-medication)\n  - [Harvard Health Partnership](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/harvard)\n  - [Audio 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What’s the Difference?](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-attack-vs-panic-attack)\n- [High-Functioning Anxiety Signs and What You Can Do About It](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/high-functioning-anxiety)\n- [Cognitive Dissonance: What it is, Examples, How to Reduce It](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/cognitive-dissonance)\n- [Cognitive Distortions: Put an End to Negative Thinking](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/cognitive-distortions-put-an-end-to-distorted-thinking)\n- [Online Therapy: Is it Right for You?](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/?p=130493)\n\n- [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health)\n  [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health)\n  \n  - [ADHD](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/adhd)\n  - [Addiction](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/addiction)\n  - [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n  - [Bipolar 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[Newsletter](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/newsletter)\n- [Helplines](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\nThe role of medication in anxiety treatment\n\n- The role of medication in anxiety treatment\n- What are the types of anti-anxiety medications?\n- Benzodiazepines for anxiety\n- Benzodiazepine safety concerns\n- SSRI antidepressants for anxiety\n- SNRI antidepressants for anxiety\n- Other types of medication for anxiety\n- Additional treatment options for anxiety\n- Deciding if anxiety medication is right for you\n\n[Home](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/) [Choose a Therapist](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/)\n\n### Choose a Therapist\nThis therapist directory is offered in partnership with BetterHelp. If you sign up for therapy after clicking through from this site, HelpGuide will earn a commission. This helps us continue our nonprofit mission and continue to be there as a free mental health resource for everyone.\n\nNeed to talk to someone now? [Find a crisis helpline](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\nIf you're a BetterHelp therapist with questions about your directory listing, please contact [therapists@betterhelp.com](mailto:therapists@betterhelp.com)\n\nNeed to talk to someone now? [Find a crisis helpline](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\n[Are You Feeling Suicidal? How to Cope with Thoughts of Suicide](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm\/are-you-feeling-suicidal)\n\n[![depression-helpline](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/helpguide-core-functionality\/assets\/images\/svg\/depression-helpline.svg) Coping with depression Tips for overcoming depression one step at a time](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/coping-with-depression)\n\n[![generalized-helpline](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/helpguide-core-functionality\/assets\/images\/svg\/generalized-helpline.svg) Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms, treatment, and self-help for chronic anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad)\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n# Anxiety Medication\nLast updated on March 19, 2026\n\nAre anti-anxiety drugs right for you? Learn about common side effects, risks, and how to take anxiety medications responsibly—including benzodiazepines such as Xanax, beta-blockers, hydroxyzine, and antidepressants.\n\n![A white box of Benzodiazepine 10mg sits on a light blue background with several yellow capsules visible, representing anti-anxiety medication.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Anti-Anxiety-Medication-1200x800.jpeg)\n\nBy  [Melinda Smith, M.A.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/bio\/melinda-smith-ma), [Lawrence Robinson](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/bio\/lawrence-robinson) and [Jeanne Segal, Ph.D.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/bio\/jeanne-segal-phd), Reviewed by [Anna Glezer, M.D.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/bio\/anna-glezer-md)\n\n- The role of medication in anxiety treatment\n- What are the types of anti-anxiety medications?\n- Benzodiazepines for anxiety\n- Benzodiazepine safety concerns\n- SSRI antidepressants for anxiety\n- SNRI antidepressants for anxiety\n- Other types of medication for anxiety\n- Additional treatment options for anxiety\n- Deciding if anxiety medication is right for you\n\n## The role of medication in anxiety treatment\nWhen you’re overwhelmed by heart-pounding panic, paralyzed by fear, or exhausted from yet another sleepless night spent worrying, you’ll do just about anything to get relief. And there’s no question that when anxiety is disabling, medication may help. But are drugs always the best answer?\n\nMany different types of medications are used in the treatment of [anxiety disorders](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-disorders-and-anxiety-attacks), including traditional anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines (typically prescribed for short-term use), and newer options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are [antidepressants](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/antidepressant-medication) often recommended as a long-term anxiety solution. These drugs can provide temporary relief, but they also come with side effects and safety concerns—some significant.\n\nThey are also not a cure. In fact, there are many questions about their long-term effectiveness. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, benzodiazepines lose their therapeutic anti-anxiety effect after 4 to 6 months of regular use. And a recent analysis reported in *JAMA Psychiatry* found that the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating anxiety has been overestimated, and in some cases is no better than a placebo.\n\nWhat’s more, it can be very difficult to get off anxiety medications without difficult withdrawals, including rebound anxiety that can be worse than your original problem.\n\n### I need relief, and I need it now\\!\nSo, where does that leave you if you’re suffering? Even when anxiety relief comes with side effects and dangers, that can still sound like a fair trade when panic and fear are ruling your life.\n\nThe bottom line is that there’s a time and place for anxiety medication. If you have severe anxiety that’s interfering with your ability to function, medication may be helpful—especially as a short-term treatment. However, many people use anti-anxiety medication when therapy, exercise, or other self-help strategies would work just as well or better, minus the drawbacks.\n\nAnxiety medications can ease symptoms, but they’re not right for everyone and they’re not the only answer. It’s up to you to evaluate your options and decide what’s best for you.\n\n#### Get Your Anxiety Medication for Just \\$1\nDon’t let high deductibles or a lack of insurance stand in the way of your mental health. With Sesame’s Everyday Rx, you can access 350+ common medications for just \\$1, plus free home delivery and same-day refills. Skip the pharmacy lines and save up to 60% by going doctor-direct.\n\n[Get Your \\$1 Refills](https:\/\/sesame-care.pxf.io\/KB027v)\n\nHelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for Sesame’s services after clicking through from this site.  [Learn more](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/affiliate-disclosure)\n## What are the types of anti-anxiety medications?\nThe three main types of anti-anxiety medication prescribed are benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, other medications, including buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion, might also be used.\n\n## Benzodiazepines for anxiety\nBenzodiazepines (also known as tranquilizers) are the most widely prescribed type of medication for anxiety. Drugs such as Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam) work quickly, typically bringing relief within 30 minutes to an hour. That makes them very effective when taken during a [panic attack](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorders) or another overwhelming anxiety episode. However, they are physically addictive. Due to a potential for abuse, they are not recommended for long-term treatment.\n\nBenzodiazepines work by slowing down the nervous system, helping you relax both physically and mentally. But it can also lead to unwanted side effects. The higher the dose, the more intense these side effects typically are—although some people feel sleepy, foggy, and uncoordinated even on low doses. This can cause problems with work, school, or everyday activities such as driving. The medication hangover can last into the next day.\n\nCommon side effects of benzodiazepines include:\n\n- Drowsiness\n- Dizziness\n- Poor balance or coordination\n- Slurred speech\n- Trouble concentrating\n\n- Memory problems\n- Confusion\n- Stomach upset\n- Headache\n- Blurred vision\n### Benzodiazepines can make depression worse\nAccording to the FDA, benzodiazepines can worsen cases of pre-existing [depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs), and more recent studies suggest that they may potentially lead to treatment-resistant depression. Furthermore, benzodiazepines can cause emotional blunting or numbness and increase suicidal thoughts and feelings.\n\n## Benzodiazepine safety concerns\nBenzodiazepines are generally not recommended for long-term use since the safety concerns and risk of abuse increase as you build up a tolerance to the medication.\n\n### Drug dependence and withdrawal\nWhen taken regularly, benzodiazepines lead to physical dependence and tolerance, with increasingly larger doses needed to get the same anxiety relief as before. This happens quickly—usually within a couple of months, but sometimes in as little as a few weeks.\n\nIf you abruptly stop taking your medication, you may experience severe withdrawal symptoms such as:\n\n- **Increased anxiety**, restlessness, shaking.\n- **Insomnia**, confusion, stomach pain.\n- **Depression**, confusion, panic attacks.\n- **Pounding heart**, sweating, and in severe cases, seizure.\n\nMany people mistake withdrawal symptoms for a return of their original anxiety condition, making them think they need to restart the medication. Gradually tapering off the drug will help minimize the withdrawal reaction.\n\n### Drug interactions and overdose\nWhile benzodiazepines are relatively safe when taken only occasionally and in small doses, they can be dangerous and even deadly when combined with other central nervous system depressants. Always talk to your doctor or pharmacist before combining medications.\n\n**Don’t drink on benzodiazepines.** When mixed with alcohol, benzodiazepines can lead to fatal overdose.\n\n**Don’t mix with painkillers or sleeping pills.** Taking benzodiazepines with prescription pain or sleeping pills can also lead to fatal overdose.\n\n**Antihistamines amplify their effects.** Antihistamines—found in many over-the-counter sleep, cold, and allergy medicines—are sedating on their own. Be cautious when mixing with benzodiazepines to avoid over-sedation.\n\n**Be cautious when combining with antidepressants.** SSRIs such as Prozac and Zoloft can heighten benzodiazepine toxicity. You may need to adjust your dose accordingly.\n\n### Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines\nThe benzodiazepines work because they slow down the nervous system. But sometimes, for reasons that aren’t well understood, they have the opposite effect. Paradoxical reactions are most common in children, the elderly, and people with developmental disabilities. They include:\n\n- **Increased anxiety**, irritability, agitation, aggression, and rage\n- **Mania**, impulsive behavior, and hallucinations\n### Special benzodiazepine risk factors\nAnyone who takes benzodiazepines can experience unpleasant or dangerous side effects. But certain individuals are at a higher risk:\n\n**People over 65.** Older adults are more sensitive to the sedating effects of benzodiazepines. Even small doses can cause confusion, amnesia, loss of balance, and cognitive impairment that looks like dementia. Benzodiazepine use in the elderly is associated with an increased risk of falls, broken hips and legs, and car accidents. Long-term benzodiazepine use also increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.\n\n**People with a history of substance abuse.** Because they’re physically addicting and on their own and dangerous when combined with alcohol and other drugs, anyone with a current or former substance abuse problem should use benzodiazepines only with extreme caution.\n\n**Pregnant and breastfeeding women.** Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy can lead to dependence in the developing baby, with withdrawal following birth. Benzodiazepines are also excreted in breast milk. Therefore, pregnant women need to have a thorough discussion about the risks and benefits of these medications with their prescribing doctor. If medication is necessary, the goal is the smallest effective dose.\n\n### The connection between benzodiazepines and accidents\nBenzodiazepines cause drowsiness and poor coordination, which increases your risk for accidents at home, at work, and on the road. When on benzodiazepines, be very careful when driving, operating machinery, or doing anything else that requires physical coordination.\n\n## SSRI antidepressants for anxiety\nMany medications originally approved for the treatment of depression are also prescribed for anxiety. In comparison to benzodiazepines, the risk for dependency and abuse is smaller. However, antidepressants take up to 4 to 6 weeks to begin relieving anxiety symptoms, so they can’t be taken “as needed.” Their use is limited to chronic anxiety problems that require ongoing treatment.\n\nThe [antidepressants](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/antidepressant-medication) most widely prescribed for anxiety are SSRIs such as Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro, and Celexa. SSRIs have been used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.\n\nCommon side effects of SSRIs include:\n\n- Fatigue\n- Nausea\n- Agitation\n- Drowsiness\n- Weight gain\n- Diarrhea\n\n- Insomnia\n- Sexual dysfunction\n- Nervousness\n- Headaches\n- Dry mouth\n- Increased sweating\n## SNRI antidepressants for anxiety\nSNRIs are another type of antidepressant that might be prescribed for treating anxiety. SSRIs increase the availability of a brain chemical called serotonin. SNRIs, on the other hand, increase serotonin as well as another chemical: norepinephrine.   \n  \nBoth types of drugs seem to be equally effective, and both take several weeks to work. However, some people respond better to one type than the other. SNRIs may come with a higher risk of side effects.\n\nCommon side effects of SNRIs include:\n\n- Temporary increase in anxiety\n- Sexual side effects, such as sexual dysfunction\n- Restlessness\n- Headaches\n- Insomnia\n- Nausea\n- Elevated blood pressure\n\nCommon SNRIs include Cymbalta, Yentreve, and Effexor.\n\n### SNRI and SSRI withdrawal\nAlthough physical dependence is not as quick to develop with antidepressants, withdrawal can still be an issue. If discontinued too quickly, antidepressant withdrawal can trigger symptoms such as extreme depression and fatigue, irritability, anxiety, flu-like symptoms, and insomnia.\n\n#### Antidepressant medication and suicide risk\nAntidepressants can make depression worse rather than better for some people, leading to an increased risk of suicide, hostility, and even homicidal behavior. While this is particularly true of children and young adults, anyone taking antidepressants should be closely watched. Monitoring is especially important if this is the person’s first time on depression medication or if the dose has recently been changed.\n\nSigns that medication is making things worse include anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, hostility, restlessness, and extreme agitation—particularly if the symptoms appear suddenly or rapidly deteriorate. If you spot the warning signs in yourself or a loved one, contact a doctor or therapist immediately.\n\nIf you are concerned that a friend or family member is contemplating suicide, see [Suicide Prevention](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm\/suicide-prevention-tips). The suicide risk is greatest during the first two months of antidepressant treatment.\n## Other types of medication for anxiety\nDrugs such as buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion may also be used in the treatment of anxiety.\n\n### Buspirone (BuSpar)\nBuspirone, also known by the brand name BuSpar, is a newer anti-anxiety drug that acts as a mild tranquilizer. Buspirone relieves anxiety by increasing serotonin in the brain—as the SSRIs do—and decreasing dopamine. Compared to benzodiazepines, buspirone is slow acting—taking about two weeks to start working. However, it’s not as sedating, it doesn’t impair memory and coordination, and the withdrawal effects are minimal.\n\nSince the risk of dependence is low and it has no serious drug interactions, buspirone is a better option for older individuals and people with a history of substance abuse. However, its effectiveness is limited. It works for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but doesn’t seem to help other types of anxiety disorders.\n\nCommon side effects of buspirone include:\n\n- Nausea\n- Headaches\n- Dizziness\n- Drowsiness\n- Weight gain\n\n- Upset stomach\n- Constipation\n- Nervousness\n- Diarrhea\n- Dry mouth\n### Beta blockers\nBeta blockers—including drugs such as propranolol (Inderal) and atenolol (Tenormin)—are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart problems. However, they are also prescribed off-label for anxiety. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, a stress hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response. This helps control the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, a trembling voice, sweating, dizziness, and shaky hands.\n\nBecause beta blockers don’t affect the emotional symptoms of anxiety, such as worry, they’re most helpful for phobias, particularly [social phobia and performance anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/social-anxiety-disorder). If you’re anticipating a specific anxiety-producing situation (such as giving a speech), taking a beta blocker in advance can help reduce your “nerves.”\n\nCommon side effects of beta blockers include:\n\n- Dizziness\n- Sleepiness\n- Weakness\n- Fatigue\n\n- Nausea\n- Headache\n- Constipation\n- Diarrhea\n### Bupropion\nBupropion (known by the brand names Wellbutrin, Forfivo, and Zyban) is an antidepressant. However, there is some evidence that it may also be an effective treatment option for anxiety and panic disorders.\n\nDepending on the dosage, in some people bupropion can actually worsen anxiety (as can other antidepressants). However, in others, it can help with generalized anxiety and anxiety symptoms that co-occur with depression. Some trials show that it may be as effective as SSRIs in treating depression with anxiety.\n\nSome common side effects of bupropion include:\n\n- Dizziness\n- Nausea\n- Dry mouth\n- Drowsiness\n\n- Anxiety\n- Insomnia\n- Loss of appetite\n- Headache\n### Hydroxyzine\nHydroxyzine is an antihistamine often used to relieve allergic reactions. However, it can also be used to treat anxiety symptoms such as tension and nervousness. It works by altering the body’s levels of histamine and serotonin, leading to changes in mood. It’s typically prescribed as a short-term solution for acute anxiety, meaning you only use the medication when anxiety symptoms appear.\n\nOne 2020 study found that when it comes to treating generalized anxiety disorder, hydroxyzine might be similar in efficacy as benzodiazepines and buspirone.\n\nCommon side effects of hydroxyzine include:\n\n- Dry mouth\n- Dizziness and confusion\n- Headache\n\n- Constipation\n- Drowsiness\n## Additional treatment options for anxiety\nAnxiety medication won’t solve your problems if you’re anxious because of mounting bills, a tendency to jump to “worst-case scenarios”, or an unhealthy relationship. That’s where self-help, therapy, and other lifestyle changes come in. These non-drug treatments can produce lasting changes and long-term relief.\n\n**Exercise** – [Exercise](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/fitness\/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise) is a powerful anxiety treatment. Studies show that regular workouts can ease symptoms just as effectively as medication.\n\n**Worry-busting strategies** – You can train your brain to [stop worrying](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/how-to-stop-worrying) and look at life from a more calm and balanced perspective.\n\n**Therapy** – Cognitive behavioral therapy can teach you how to control your anxiety levels, stop worrisome thoughts, and conquer your fears. Explore our list of the [best online therapy platforms](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/best-online-therapy) to determine if one of these options suits your needs.\n\n**Yoga and tai chi** – Yoga and tai chi are [mind-body interventions](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress\/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief#yoga-tai-chi) that engage you emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually. Data has shown their efficacy for many different medical conditions, including anxiety.\n\n**Mindfulness and meditation** – [Mindfulness](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress\/benefits-of-mindfulness) is a state of mind where you learn to observe your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a present, compassionate, and non-judgmental way. It often brings a sense of calm and relaxation.\n\n## Deciding if anxiety medication is right for you\nIf you’re trying to decide whether or not to treat your anxiety with medication, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons in conjunction with your doctor. It’s also important to learn about the common side effects of the anxiety medication you are considering. Side effects of anxiety medication range from mild nuisances such as dry mouth to more severe problems such as acute nausea or pronounced weight gain. For any anxiety medication, you will have to balance the side effects against the benefits. Many [online psychiatrists](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/best-online-psychiatry) can prescribe medication, but it’s important to do your research and prepare questions before your appointment.\n\n### Questions to ask yourself and a mental health professional\n- Is medication the best option for my anxiety problem?\n- Am I willing to put up with unpleasant side effects in return for anxiety relief?\n- What non-drug treatments for anxiety might help?\n- Do I have the time and am I willing to pursue non-drug treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy?\n- What self-help strategies might help me get my anxiety under control?\n- If I decide to take anxiety medication, should I pursue other therapy as well?\n- Is anxiety really my problem? Or is something else going on, such as an underlying health condition or pain, for example?\n### Questions to ask your doctor\n- How will the medication help my anxiety?\n- What are the drug’s common side effects?\n- Are there any food and drinks I will need to avoid?\n- How will this drug interact with my other prescriptions?\n- How long will I have to take the anxiety medication?\n- Will withdrawing from the medication be difficult?\n- Will my anxiety return when I stop taking the medication?\n\n## More Information\nReferences\n\n1. Longo, L. P., & Johnson, B. (2000). Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines-Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives. American Family Physician, 61(7), 2121.\n   [Link](https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/afp\/2000\/0401\/p2121.html)\n2. Rickels, K., Downing, R., Schweizer, E., & Hassman, H. (1993). Antidepressants for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Imipramine, Trazodone, and Diazepam. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(11), 884–895.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820230054005)\n3. Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Williams, C. D., de Vries, Y. A., Schoevers, R. A., & Turner, E. H. (2015). Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 500.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.15)\n4. Davies, J., & Read, J. (2019). A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based? Addictive Behaviors, 97, 111–121.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.08.027)\n5. Aylett, E., Small, N., & Bower, P. (2018). Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 559.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3313-5)\n6. Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617–624.\n   [Link](https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/afp\/2015\/0501\/p617.html)\n7. “Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-Analyses \\| Anxiety Disorders \\| JAMA Psychiatry \\| JAMA Network,” November 12, 2020.\n   [Link](https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2205839)\n8. Baldwin, D. S., Waldman, S., & Allgulander, C. (2011). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(5), 697–710.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1461145710001434)\n9. Anxiety Disorders. (2013) In *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*. American Psychiatric Association.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.x05_Anxiety_Disorders)\n10. *Bupropion: MedlinePlus Drug Information*. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\n    [Link](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/druginfo\/meds\/a695033.html)\n11. *Bupropion (Wellbutrin) \\| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness*. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Treatments\/Mental-Health-Medications\/Types-of-Medication\/Bupropion-\$Wellbutrin\$)\n12. *Hydroxyzine: MedlinePlus Drug Information*. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\n    [Link](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/druginfo\/meds\/a682866.html)\n13. *Mental Health Medications \\| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness*. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Treatments\/Mental-Health-Medications\/Types-of-Medication\/Hydroxyzine-\$Vistaril-Atarax\$)\n14. Rudolph, M., & Liegl, S. (2020). In adults with generalized anxiety disorder, is hydroxyzine superior to placebo in reducing anxiety symptoms? *Evidence-Based Practice*, 23(8), 42–43.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EBP.0000000000000713)\n15. Serafini, G., Pompili, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Porfiri, G., Giordano, G., Ferracuti, S., Girardi, P., & Tatarelli, R. (2011). Bupropion and Panic Disorder: Case Report and Review of the Literature. *The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences*, 23(2), E47–E50.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.23.2.jnpe47)\n16. Fanelli, D., Weller, G., & Liu, H. (2021). New Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Their Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations. *Neurology International*, *13*(4), 497–509.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint13040049)\n17. Gosmann, N. P., Costa, M. de A., Jaeger, M. de B., Motta, L. S., Frozi, J., Spanemberg, L., Manfro, G. G., Cuijpers, P., Pine, D. S., & Salum, G. A. (2021). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis. *PLoS Medicine*, *18*(6), e1003664.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003664)\n18. *Overview—Antidepressants—NHS*. (n.d.).\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/overview\/)\n19. Santarsieri, D., & Schwartz, T. L. (2015). Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians. *Drugs in Context*, *4*, 212290.\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/%20https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7573\/dic.212290)\n\n[Copy Link](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-medication)\n\nLink copied\\!\n\nShare\n\nPrint\n\nDownload PDF\n\n## More in Anxiety\n[Depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression)\n\n### [Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/antidepressant-medication)\nWhat you need to know about depression medication\n\n[![Various blister packs and loose pills arranged on a bright yellow surface to form a sad face, a neutral face, and a smiling face, representing antidepressants.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Antidepressants-384x254.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/antidepressant-medication)\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [Therapy for Anxiety Disorders](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/therapy-for-anxiety-disorders)\nCognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and other options\n\n[![A person in a charcoal knit sweater sits on a dark sofa, writing in a spiral notebook, representing therapy for anxiety disorders.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Therapy-for-Anxiety-Disorders-384x256.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/therapy-for-anxiety-disorders)\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [How to Stop Worrying](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/how-to-stop-worrying)\nSelf-help strategies for anxiety relief\n\n[![A spiral staircase winds upward and upward, symbolizing the steps for learning how to stop worrying.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/How-to-Stop-Worrying-384x256.jpeg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/how-to-stop-worrying)\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [Can anxiety cause chest pain](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-cause-chest-pain)\nWondering if your chest pain is due to anxiety? Learn how to identify anxiety-related chest discomfort and when to seek emergency help.\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [Anxiety Attack vs Panic Attack](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-attack-vs-panic-attack)\nWhile anxiety attacks and panic attacks can share some symptoms, there are key differences. Learn how to tell them apart and what to do if you’re experiencing anxiety or panic attacks.\n\n[![A young woman in a pink coat sits on a subway platform, covering her face with her hands in distress.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/anxiety-attacks-vs-panic-attacks-384x256.jpg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-attack-vs-panic-attack)\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [High-Functioning Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/high-functioning-anxiety)\nSigns and how to cope\n\n[![A woman with short hair and large earrings leans against an office wall with eyes closed and hands clasped to her forehead in a moment of stress or deep focus.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/High-Functioning-Anxiety-384x256.jpg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/high-functioning-anxiety)\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [Cognitive Dissonance](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/cognitive-dissonance)\nWhen your beliefs and actions conflict\n\n[![A woman gazes thoughtfully through window blinds, with a softly blurred background enhancing the sense of cognitive dissonance](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cognitive-Dissonance-Definition-Examples-How-to-Reduce-It-384x256.jpg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/cognitive-dissonance)\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [Cognitive Distortions](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/cognitive-distortions-put-an-end-to-distorted-thinking)\nPut an end to negative thinking\n\n[![A woman's face is half obscured by out-of-focus glass](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CatastrophisingAndOtherCognitiveDistortions-384x257.jpg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/cognitive-distortions-put-an-end-to-distorted-thinking)\n\nShare\n\nDownload PDF\n\n### More in Anxiety\n[Depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression)\n\n### [Antidepressants](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/antidepressant-medication)\nWhat you need to know about depression medication\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [Therapy for Anxiety Disorders](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/therapy-for-anxiety-disorders)\nCognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and other options\n\n[Anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety)\n\n### [How to Stop Worrying](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/how-to-stop-worrying)\nSelf-help strategies for anxiety relief\n\n![](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/therapy-sidebar-384x229-1.jpg)\n\n#### Get Your Anxiety Medication for Just \\$1\nDon’t let high deductibles or a lack of insurance stand in the way of your mental health. With Sesame’s Everyday Rx, you can access 350+ common medications for just \\$1, plus free home delivery and same-day refills. Skip the pharmacy lines and save up to 60% by going doctor-direct.\n\n[Get Your \\$1 Refills](https:\/\/sesame-care.pxf.io\/7XaLzV)\n\n[HelpGuide is user supported. We may earn a commission from links you follow.](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/affiliate-disclosure)\n\n## Help us *help others*\nMillions of readers rely on HelpGuide.org for free, evidence-based resources to understand and navigate mental health challenges. Please donate today to help us save, support, and change lives.\n\n[Donate to HelpGuide.org today](https:\/\/give.helpguide.org\/give\/581002\/#!\/donation\/checkout)\n\n[![HelpGuide.org](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Group-13075.svg)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/)\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us)\n  - [Meet Our Team](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/meet-our-team)\n  - [Our Story](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/about-us\/our-story)\n  - [Advisory Council](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/professional-advisory-council)\n\n- [Resources](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-medication)\n  - [Harvard Health](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/harvard)\n  - [Meditation](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/meditation)\n  - [Newsletter](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/newsletter)\n\n- [Get In Touch](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/contact-us)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/contact-us)\n\n515 S Flower St Ste 1800  \n Los Angeles CA 90071\n\n[![Guidestar Platinum Transparency 2021](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/candid-seal-platinum-2022-1.png)](https:\/\/www.guidestar.org\/profile\/45-4510670)   [![Great Nonprofits 2021 Top Rated](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Group-13103-1.png)](https:\/\/greatnonprofits.org\/org\/helpguide)   [![HONcode standard for trustworthy health information](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/badge-2.png)](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-medication)\n\n##### Join Our Newsletter\nMental health and wellness tips, our latest guides, resources, and more.\n\n##### Mental Health Helplines\nAre you or someone you know in crisis? Find helplines and other resources around the world.\n\n[Get Help](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/find-help)\n\n©1999-2026 HelpGuide.org   \n All rights reserved. HELPGUIDE.ORG INTERNATIONAL is a tax-exempt 501(c)3 organization (ID \\#45-4510670). Our content does not constitute a medical or psychological consultation. See a certified medical or mental health professional for diagnosis. [Learn more](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/terms-of-use).\n\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/terms-of-use)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/privacy-policy)\n- [Cookies Policy](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/cookie-policy)\n- [Affiliate Policy](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/affiliate-disclosure)","attrs_readable_markdown":"## The role of medication in anxiety treatment\nWhen you’re overwhelmed by heart-pounding panic, paralyzed by fear, or exhausted from yet another sleepless night spent worrying, you’ll do just about anything to get relief. And there’s no question that when anxiety is disabling, medication may help. But are drugs always the best answer?\n\nMany different types of medications are used in the treatment of [anxiety disorders](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/anxiety-disorders-and-anxiety-attacks), including traditional anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines (typically prescribed for short-term use), and newer options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are [antidepressants](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/antidepressant-medication) often recommended as a long-term anxiety solution. These drugs can provide temporary relief, but they also come with side effects and safety concerns—some significant.\n\nThey are also not a cure. In fact, there are many questions about their long-term effectiveness. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, benzodiazepines lose their therapeutic anti-anxiety effect after 4 to 6 months of regular use. And a recent analysis reported in *JAMA Psychiatry* found that the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating anxiety has been overestimated, and in some cases is no better than a placebo.\n\nWhat’s more, it can be very difficult to get off anxiety medications without difficult withdrawals, including rebound anxiety that can be worse than your original problem.\n\n### I need relief, and I need it now\\!\nSo, where does that leave you if you’re suffering? Even when anxiety relief comes with side effects and dangers, that can still sound like a fair trade when panic and fear are ruling your life.\n\nThe bottom line is that there’s a time and place for anxiety medication. If you have severe anxiety that’s interfering with your ability to function, medication may be helpful—especially as a short-term treatment. However, many people use anti-anxiety medication when therapy, exercise, or other self-help strategies would work just as well or better, minus the drawbacks.\n\nAnxiety medications can ease symptoms, but they’re not right for everyone and they’re not the only answer. It’s up to you to evaluate your options and decide what’s best for you.\n\n#### Get Your Anxiety Medication for Just \\$1\nDon’t let high deductibles or a lack of insurance stand in the way of your mental health. With Sesame’s Everyday Rx, you can access 350+ common medications for just \\$1, plus free home delivery and same-day refills. Skip the pharmacy lines and save up to 60% by going doctor-direct.\n\n[Get Your \\$1 Refills](https:\/\/sesame-care.pxf.io\/KB027v) HelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for Sesame’s services after clicking through from this site.  [Learn more](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/affiliate-disclosure)\n## What are the types of anti-anxiety medications?\nThe three main types of anti-anxiety medication prescribed are benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, other medications, including buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion, might also be used.\n\n## Benzodiazepines for anxiety\nBenzodiazepines (also known as tranquilizers) are the most widely prescribed type of medication for anxiety. Drugs such as Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam) work quickly, typically bringing relief within 30 minutes to an hour. That makes them very effective when taken during a [panic attack](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorders) or another overwhelming anxiety episode. However, they are physically addictive. Due to a potential for abuse, they are not recommended for long-term treatment.\n\nBenzodiazepines work by slowing down the nervous system, helping you relax both physically and mentally. But it can also lead to unwanted side effects. The higher the dose, the more intense these side effects typically are—although some people feel sleepy, foggy, and uncoordinated even on low doses. This can cause problems with work, school, or everyday activities such as driving. The medication hangover can last into the next day.\n\nCommon side effects of benzodiazepines include:\n\n- Drowsiness\n- Dizziness\n- Poor balance or coordination\n- Slurred speech\n- Trouble concentrating\n\n- Memory problems\n- Confusion\n- Stomach upset\n- Headache\n- Blurred vision\n### Benzodiazepines can make depression worse\nAccording to the FDA, benzodiazepines can worsen cases of pre-existing [depression](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs), and more recent studies suggest that they may potentially lead to treatment-resistant depression. Furthermore, benzodiazepines can cause emotional blunting or numbness and increase suicidal thoughts and feelings.\n\n## Benzodiazepine safety concerns\nBenzodiazepines are generally not recommended for long-term use since the safety concerns and risk of abuse increase as you build up a tolerance to the medication.\n\n### Drug dependence and withdrawal\nWhen taken regularly, benzodiazepines lead to physical dependence and tolerance, with increasingly larger doses needed to get the same anxiety relief as before. This happens quickly—usually within a couple of months, but sometimes in as little as a few weeks.\n\nIf you abruptly stop taking your medication, you may experience severe withdrawal symptoms such as:\n\n- **Increased anxiety**, restlessness, shaking.\n- **Insomnia**, confusion, stomach pain.\n- **Depression**, confusion, panic attacks.\n- **Pounding heart**, sweating, and in severe cases, seizure.\n\nMany people mistake withdrawal symptoms for a return of their original anxiety condition, making them think they need to restart the medication. Gradually tapering off the drug will help minimize the withdrawal reaction.\n\n### Drug interactions and overdose\nWhile benzodiazepines are relatively safe when taken only occasionally and in small doses, they can be dangerous and even deadly when combined with other central nervous system depressants. Always talk to your doctor or pharmacist before combining medications.\n\n**Don’t drink on benzodiazepines.** When mixed with alcohol, benzodiazepines can lead to fatal overdose.\n\n**Don’t mix with painkillers or sleeping pills.** Taking benzodiazepines with prescription pain or sleeping pills can also lead to fatal overdose.\n\n**Antihistamines amplify their effects.** Antihistamines—found in many over-the-counter sleep, cold, and allergy medicines—are sedating on their own. Be cautious when mixing with benzodiazepines to avoid over-sedation.\n\n**Be cautious when combining with antidepressants.** SSRIs such as Prozac and Zoloft can heighten benzodiazepine toxicity. You may need to adjust your dose accordingly.\n\n### Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines\nThe benzodiazepines work because they slow down the nervous system. But sometimes, for reasons that aren’t well understood, they have the opposite effect. Paradoxical reactions are most common in children, the elderly, and people with developmental disabilities. They include:\n\n- **Increased anxiety**, irritability, agitation, aggression, and rage\n- **Mania**, impulsive behavior, and hallucinations\n### Special benzodiazepine risk factors\nAnyone who takes benzodiazepines can experience unpleasant or dangerous side effects. But certain individuals are at a higher risk:\n\n**People over 65.** Older adults are more sensitive to the sedating effects of benzodiazepines. Even small doses can cause confusion, amnesia, loss of balance, and cognitive impairment that looks like dementia. Benzodiazepine use in the elderly is associated with an increased risk of falls, broken hips and legs, and car accidents. Long-term benzodiazepine use also increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.\n\n**People with a history of substance abuse.** Because they’re physically addicting and on their own and dangerous when combined with alcohol and other drugs, anyone with a current or former substance abuse problem should use benzodiazepines only with extreme caution.\n\n**Pregnant and breastfeeding women.** Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy can lead to dependence in the developing baby, with withdrawal following birth. Benzodiazepines are also excreted in breast milk. Therefore, pregnant women need to have a thorough discussion about the risks and benefits of these medications with their prescribing doctor. If medication is necessary, the goal is the smallest effective dose.\n\n### The connection between benzodiazepines and accidents\nBenzodiazepines cause drowsiness and poor coordination, which increases your risk for accidents at home, at work, and on the road. When on benzodiazepines, be very careful when driving, operating machinery, or doing anything else that requires physical coordination.\n\n## SSRI antidepressants for anxiety\nMany medications originally approved for the treatment of depression are also prescribed for anxiety. In comparison to benzodiazepines, the risk for dependency and abuse is smaller. However, antidepressants take up to 4 to 6 weeks to begin relieving anxiety symptoms, so they can’t be taken “as needed.” Their use is limited to chronic anxiety problems that require ongoing treatment.\n\nThe [antidepressants](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/depression\/antidepressant-medication) most widely prescribed for anxiety are SSRIs such as Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro, and Celexa. SSRIs have been used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.\n\nCommon side effects of SSRIs include:\n\n- Fatigue\n- Nausea\n- Agitation\n- Drowsiness\n- Weight gain\n- Diarrhea\n\n- Insomnia\n- Sexual dysfunction\n- Nervousness\n- Headaches\n- Dry mouth\n- Increased sweating\n## SNRI antidepressants for anxiety\nSNRIs are another type of antidepressant that might be prescribed for treating anxiety. SSRIs increase the availability of a brain chemical called serotonin. SNRIs, on the other hand, increase serotonin as well as another chemical: norepinephrine.\n\nBoth types of drugs seem to be equally effective, and both take several weeks to work. However, some people respond better to one type than the other. SNRIs may come with a higher risk of side effects.\n\nCommon side effects of SNRIs include:\n\n- Temporary increase in anxiety\n- Sexual side effects, such as sexual dysfunction\n- Restlessness\n- Headaches\n- Insomnia\n- Nausea\n- Elevated blood pressure\n\nCommon SNRIs include Cymbalta, Yentreve, and Effexor.\n\n### SNRI and SSRI withdrawal\nAlthough physical dependence is not as quick to develop with antidepressants, withdrawal can still be an issue. If discontinued too quickly, antidepressant withdrawal can trigger symptoms such as extreme depression and fatigue, irritability, anxiety, flu-like symptoms, and insomnia.\n\n#### Antidepressant medication and suicide risk\nAntidepressants can make depression worse rather than better for some people, leading to an increased risk of suicide, hostility, and even homicidal behavior. While this is particularly true of children and young adults, anyone taking antidepressants should be closely watched. Monitoring is especially important if this is the person’s first time on depression medication or if the dose has recently been changed.\n\nSigns that medication is making things worse include anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, hostility, restlessness, and extreme agitation—particularly if the symptoms appear suddenly or rapidly deteriorate. If you spot the warning signs in yourself or a loved one, contact a doctor or therapist immediately.\n\nIf you are concerned that a friend or family member is contemplating suicide, see [Suicide Prevention](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/suicide-self-harm\/suicide-prevention-tips). The suicide risk is greatest during the first two months of antidepressant treatment.\n## Other types of medication for anxiety\nDrugs such as buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion may also be used in the treatment of anxiety.\n\n### Buspirone (BuSpar)\nBuspirone, also known by the brand name BuSpar, is a newer anti-anxiety drug that acts as a mild tranquilizer. Buspirone relieves anxiety by increasing serotonin in the brain—as the SSRIs do—and decreasing dopamine. Compared to benzodiazepines, buspirone is slow acting—taking about two weeks to start working. However, it’s not as sedating, it doesn’t impair memory and coordination, and the withdrawal effects are minimal.\n\nSince the risk of dependence is low and it has no serious drug interactions, buspirone is a better option for older individuals and people with a history of substance abuse. However, its effectiveness is limited. It works for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but doesn’t seem to help other types of anxiety disorders.\n\nCommon side effects of buspirone include:\n\n- Nausea\n- Headaches\n- Dizziness\n- Drowsiness\n- Weight gain\n\n- Upset stomach\n- Constipation\n- Nervousness\n- Diarrhea\n- Dry mouth\n### Beta blockers\nBeta blockers—including drugs such as propranolol (Inderal) and atenolol (Tenormin)—are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart problems. However, they are also prescribed off-label for anxiety. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, a stress hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response. This helps control the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, a trembling voice, sweating, dizziness, and shaky hands.\n\nBecause beta blockers don’t affect the emotional symptoms of anxiety, such as worry, they’re most helpful for phobias, particularly [social phobia and performance anxiety](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/social-anxiety-disorder). If you’re anticipating a specific anxiety-producing situation (such as giving a speech), taking a beta blocker in advance can help reduce your “nerves.”\n\nCommon side effects of beta blockers include:\n\n- Dizziness\n- Sleepiness\n- Weakness\n- Fatigue\n\n- Nausea\n- Headache\n- Constipation\n- Diarrhea\n### Bupropion\nBupropion (known by the brand names Wellbutrin, Forfivo, and Zyban) is an antidepressant. However, there is some evidence that it may also be an effective treatment option for anxiety and panic disorders.\n\nDepending on the dosage, in some people bupropion can actually worsen anxiety (as can other antidepressants). However, in others, it can help with generalized anxiety and anxiety symptoms that co-occur with depression. Some trials show that it may be as effective as SSRIs in treating depression with anxiety.\n\nSome common side effects of bupropion include:\n\n- Dizziness\n- Nausea\n- Dry mouth\n- Drowsiness\n\n- Anxiety\n- Insomnia\n- Loss of appetite\n- Headache\n### Hydroxyzine\nHydroxyzine is an antihistamine often used to relieve allergic reactions. However, it can also be used to treat anxiety symptoms such as tension and nervousness. It works by altering the body’s levels of histamine and serotonin, leading to changes in mood. It’s typically prescribed as a short-term solution for acute anxiety, meaning you only use the medication when anxiety symptoms appear.\n\nOne 2020 study found that when it comes to treating generalized anxiety disorder, hydroxyzine might be similar in efficacy as benzodiazepines and buspirone.\n\nCommon side effects of hydroxyzine include:\n\n- Dry mouth\n- Dizziness and confusion\n- Headache\n\n- Constipation\n- Drowsiness\n## Additional treatment options for anxiety\nAnxiety medication won’t solve your problems if you’re anxious because of mounting bills, a tendency to jump to “worst-case scenarios”, or an unhealthy relationship. That’s where self-help, therapy, and other lifestyle changes come in. These non-drug treatments can produce lasting changes and long-term relief.\n\n**Exercise** – [Exercise](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/wellness\/fitness\/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise) is a powerful anxiety treatment. Studies show that regular workouts can ease symptoms just as effectively as medication.\n\n**Worry-busting strategies** – You can train your brain to [stop worrying](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/anxiety\/how-to-stop-worrying) and look at life from a more calm and balanced perspective.\n\n**Therapy** – Cognitive behavioral therapy can teach you how to control your anxiety levels, stop worrisome thoughts, and conquer your fears. Explore our list of the [best online therapy platforms](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/best-online-therapy) to determine if one of these options suits your needs.\n\n**Yoga and tai chi** – Yoga and tai chi are [mind-body interventions](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress\/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief#yoga-tai-chi) that engage you emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually. Data has shown their efficacy for many different medical conditions, including anxiety.\n\n**Mindfulness and meditation** – [Mindfulness](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/stress\/benefits-of-mindfulness) is a state of mind where you learn to observe your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a present, compassionate, and non-judgmental way. It often brings a sense of calm and relaxation.\n\n## Deciding if anxiety medication is right for you\nIf you’re trying to decide whether or not to treat your anxiety with medication, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons in conjunction with your doctor. It’s also important to learn about the common side effects of the anxiety medication you are considering. Side effects of anxiety medication range from mild nuisances such as dry mouth to more severe problems such as acute nausea or pronounced weight gain. For any anxiety medication, you will have to balance the side effects against the benefits. Many [online psychiatrists](https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/mental-health\/treatment\/best-online-psychiatry) can prescribe medication, but it’s important to do your research and prepare questions before your appointment.\n\n### Questions to ask yourself and a mental health professional\n- Is medication the best option for my anxiety problem?\n- Am I willing to put up with unpleasant side effects in return for anxiety relief?\n- What non-drug treatments for anxiety might help?\n- Do I have the time and am I willing to pursue non-drug treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy?\n- What self-help strategies might help me get my anxiety under control?\n- If I decide to take anxiety medication, should I pursue other therapy as well?\n- Is anxiety really my problem? Or is something else going on, such as an underlying health condition or pain, for example?\n### Questions to ask your doctor\n- How will the medication help my anxiety?\n- What are the drug’s common side effects?\n- Are there any food and drinks I will need to avoid?\n- How will this drug interact with my other prescriptions?\n- How long will I have to take the anxiety medication?\n- Will withdrawing from the medication be difficult?\n- Will my anxiety return when I stop taking the medication?\n\n## More Information\n1. Longo, L. P., & Johnson, B. (2000). Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines-Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives. American Family Physician, 61(7), 2121.\n   [Link](https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/afp\/2000\/0401\/p2121.html)\n2. Rickels, K., Downing, R., Schweizer, E., & Hassman, H. (1993). Antidepressants for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Imipramine, Trazodone, and Diazepam. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(11), 884–895.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820230054005)\n3. Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Williams, C. D., de Vries, Y. A., Schoevers, R. A., & Turner, E. H. (2015). Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 500.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.15)\n4. Davies, J., & Read, J. (2019). A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based? Addictive Behaviors, 97, 111–121.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.08.027)\n5. Aylett, E., Small, N., & Bower, P. (2018). Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 559.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3313-5)\n6. Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617–624.\n   [Link](https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/afp\/2015\/0501\/p617.html)\n7. “Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-Analyses \\| Anxiety Disorders \\| JAMA Psychiatry \\| JAMA Network,” November 12, 2020.\n   [Link](https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2205839)\n8. Baldwin, D. S., Waldman, S., & Allgulander, C. (2011). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(5), 697–710.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1461145710001434)\n9. Anxiety Disorders. (2013) In *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*. American Psychiatric Association.\n   [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.x05_Anxiety_Disorders)\n10. *Bupropion: MedlinePlus Drug Information*. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\n    [Link](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/druginfo\/meds\/a695033.html)\n11. *Bupropion (Wellbutrin) \\| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness*. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Treatments\/Mental-Health-Medications\/Types-of-Medication\/Bupropion-\$Wellbutrin\$)\n12. *Hydroxyzine: MedlinePlus Drug Information*. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\n    [Link](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/druginfo\/meds\/a682866.html)\n13. *Mental Health Medications \\| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness*. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Treatments\/Mental-Health-Medications\/Types-of-Medication\/Hydroxyzine-\$Vistaril-Atarax\$)\n14. Rudolph, M., & Liegl, S. (2020). In adults with generalized anxiety disorder, is hydroxyzine superior to placebo in reducing anxiety symptoms? *Evidence-Based Practice*, 23(8), 42–43.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EBP.0000000000000713)\n15. Serafini, G., Pompili, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Porfiri, G., Giordano, G., Ferracuti, S., Girardi, P., & Tatarelli, R. (2011). Bupropion and Panic Disorder: Case Report and Review of the Literature. *The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences*, 23(2), E47–E50.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.23.2.jnpe47)\n16. Fanelli, D., Weller, G., & Liu, H. (2021). New Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Their Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations. *Neurology International*, *13*(4), 497–509.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint13040049)\n17. Gosmann, N. P., Costa, M. de A., Jaeger, M. de B., Motta, L. S., Frozi, J., Spanemberg, L., Manfro, G. G., Cuijpers, P., Pine, D. S., & Salum, G. A. (2021). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis. *PLoS Medicine*, *18*(6), e1003664.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003664)\n18. *Overview—Antidepressants—NHS*. (n.d.).\n    [Link](https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/antidepressants\/overview\/)\n19. Santarsieri, D., & Schwartz, T. L. (2015). Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians. *Drugs in Context*, *4*, 212290.\n    [Link](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7573\/dic.212290)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	The role of medication in anxiety treatment When you’re overwhelmed by heart-pounding panic, paralyzed by fear, or exhausted from yet another sleepless night spent worrying, you’ll do just about anything to get relief. And there’s no question that when anxiety is disabling, medication may help. But are drugs always the best answer? Many different types of medications are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders , including traditional anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines (typically prescribed for short-term use), and newer options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are antidepressants often recommended as a long-term anxiety solution. These drugs can provide temporary relief, but they also come with side effects and safety concerns—some significant. They are also not a cure. In fact, there are many questions about their long-term effectiveness. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, benzodiazepines lose their therapeutic anti-anxiety effect after 4 to 6 months of regular use. And a recent analysis reported in JAMA Psychiatry found that the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating anxiety has been overestimated, and in some cases is no better than a placebo. What’s more, it can be very difficult to get off anxiety medications without difficult withdrawals, including rebound anxiety that can be worse than your original problem. I need relief, and I need it now! So, where does that leave you if you’re suffering? Even when anxiety relief comes with side effects and dangers, that can still sound like a fair trade when panic and fear are ruling your life. The bottom line is that there’s a time and place for anxiety medication. If you have severe anxiety that’s interfering with your ability to function, medication may be helpful—especially as a short-term treatment. However, many people use anti-anxiety medication when therapy, exercise, or other self-help strategies would work just as well or better, minus the drawbacks. Anxiety medications can ease symptoms, but they’re not right for everyone and they’re not the only answer. It’s up to you to evaluate your options and decide what’s best for you. Get Your Anxiety Medication for Just $1 Don’t let high deductibles or a lack of insurance stand in the way of your mental health. With Sesame’s Everyday Rx, you can access 350+ common medications for just $1, plus free home delivery and same-day refills. Skip the pharmacy lines and save up to 60% by going doctor-direct. Get Your $1 Refills HelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for Sesame’s services after clicking through from this site. Learn more What are the types of anti-anxiety medications? The three main types of anti-anxiety medication prescribed are benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, other medications, including buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion, might also be used. Benzodiazepines for anxiety Benzodiazepines (also known as tranquilizers) are the most widely prescribed type of medication for anxiety. Drugs such as Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam) work quickly, typically bringing relief within 30 minutes to an hour. That makes them very effective when taken during a panic attack or another overwhelming anxiety episode. However, they are physically addictive. Due to a potential for abuse, they are not recommended for long-term treatment. Benzodiazepines work by slowing down the nervous system, helping you relax both physically and mentally. But it can also lead to unwanted side effects. The higher the dose, the more intense these side effects typically are—although some people feel sleepy, foggy, and uncoordinated even on low doses. This can cause problems with work, school, or everyday activities such as driving. The medication hangover can last into the next day. Common side effects of benzodiazepines include: Drowsiness Dizziness Poor balance or coordination Slurred speech Trouble concentrating Memory problems Confusion Stomach upset Headache Blurred vision Benzodiazepines can make depression worse According to the FDA, benzodiazepines can worsen cases of pre-existing depression , and more recent studies suggest that they may potentially lead to treatment-resistant depression. Furthermore, benzodiazepines can cause emotional blunting or numbness and increase suicidal thoughts and feelings. Benzodiazepine safety concerns Benzodiazepines are generally not recommended for long-term use since the safety concerns and risk of abuse increase as you build up a tolerance to the medication. Drug dependence and withdrawal When taken regularly, benzodiazepines lead to physical dependence and tolerance, with increasingly larger doses needed to get the same anxiety relief as before. This happens quickly—usually within a couple of months, but sometimes in as little as a few weeks. If you abruptly stop taking your medication, you may experience severe withdrawal symptoms such as: Increased anxiety , restlessness, shaking. Insomnia , confusion, stomach pain. Depression , confusion, panic attacks. Pounding heart , sweating, and in severe cases, seizure. Many people mistake withdrawal symptoms for a return of their original anxiety condition, making them think they need to restart the medication. Gradually tapering off the drug will help minimize the withdrawal reaction. Drug interactions and overdose While benzodiazepines are relatively safe when taken only occasionally and in small doses, they can be dangerous and even deadly when combined with other central nervous system depressants. Always talk to your doctor or pharmacist before combining medications. Don’t drink on benzodiazepines. When mixed with alcohol, benzodiazepines can lead to fatal overdose. Don’t mix with painkillers or sleeping pills. Taking benzodiazepines with prescription pain or sleeping pills can also lead to fatal overdose. Antihistamines amplify their effects. Antihistamines—found in many over-the-counter sleep, cold, and allergy medicines—are sedating on their own. Be cautious when mixing with benzodiazepines to avoid over-sedation. Be cautious when combining with antidepressants. SSRIs such as Prozac and Zoloft can heighten benzodiazepine toxicity. You may need to adjust your dose accordingly. Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines The benzodiazepines work because they slow down the nervous system. But sometimes, for reasons that aren’t well understood, they have the opposite effect. Paradoxical reactions are most common in children, the elderly, and people with developmental disabilities. They include: Increased anxiety , irritability, agitation, aggression, and rage Mania , impulsive behavior, and hallucinations Special benzodiazepine risk factors Anyone who takes benzodiazepines can experience unpleasant or dangerous side effects. But certain individuals are at a higher risk: People over 65. Older adults are more sensitive to the sedating effects of benzodiazepines. Even small doses can cause confusion, amnesia, loss of balance, and cognitive impairment that looks like dementia. Benzodiazepine use in the elderly is associated with an increased risk of falls, broken hips and legs, and car accidents. Long-term benzodiazepine use also increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. People with a history of substance abuse. Because they’re physically addicting and on their own and dangerous when combined with alcohol and other drugs, anyone with a current or former substance abuse problem should use benzodiazepines only with extreme caution. Pregnant and breastfeeding women. Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy can lead to dependence in the developing baby, with withdrawal following birth. Benzodiazepines are also excreted in breast milk. Therefore, pregnant women need to have a thorough discussion about the risks and benefits of these medications with their prescribing doctor. If medication is necessary, the goal is the smallest effective dose. The connection between benzodiazepines and accidents Benzodiazepines cause drowsiness and poor coordination, which increases your risk for accidents at home, at work, and on the road. When on benzodiazepines, be very careful when driving, operating machinery, or doing anything else that requires physical coordination. SSRI antidepressants for anxiety Many medications originally approved for the treatment of depression are also prescribed for anxiety. In comparison to benzodiazepines, the risk for dependency and abuse is smaller. However, antidepressants take up to 4 to 6 weeks to begin relieving anxiety symptoms, so they can’t be taken “as needed.” Their use is limited to chronic anxiety problems that require ongoing treatment. The antidepressants most widely prescribed for anxiety are SSRIs such as Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro, and Celexa. SSRIs have been used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Common side effects of SSRIs include: Fatigue Nausea Agitation Drowsiness Weight gain Diarrhea Insomnia Sexual dysfunction Nervousness Headaches Dry mouth Increased sweating SNRI antidepressants for anxiety SNRIs are another type of antidepressant that might be prescribed for treating anxiety. SSRIs increase the availability of a brain chemical called serotonin. SNRIs, on the other hand, increase serotonin as well as another chemical: norepinephrine. Both types of drugs seem to be equally effective, and both take several weeks to work. However, some people respond better to one type than the other. SNRIs may come with a higher risk of side effects. Common side effects of SNRIs include: Temporary increase in anxiety Sexual side effects, such as sexual dysfunction Restlessness Headaches Insomnia Nausea Elevated blood pressure Common SNRIs include Cymbalta, Yentreve, and Effexor. SNRI and SSRI withdrawal Although physical dependence is not as quick to develop with antidepressants, withdrawal can still be an issue. If discontinued too quickly, antidepressant withdrawal can trigger symptoms such as extreme depression and fatigue, irritability, anxiety, flu-like symptoms, and insomnia. Antidepressant medication and suicide risk Antidepressants can make depression worse rather than better for some people, leading to an increased risk of suicide, hostility, and even homicidal behavior. While this is particularly true of children and young adults, anyone taking antidepressants should be closely watched. Monitoring is especially important if this is the person’s first time on depression medication or if the dose has recently been changed. Signs that medication is making things worse include anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, hostility, restlessness, and extreme agitation—particularly if the symptoms appear suddenly or rapidly deteriorate. If you spot the warning signs in yourself or a loved one, contact a doctor or therapist immediately. If you are concerned that a friend or family member is contemplating suicide, see Suicide Prevention . The suicide risk is greatest during the first two months of antidepressant treatment. Other types of medication for anxiety Drugs such as buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion may also be used in the treatment of anxiety. Buspirone (BuSpar) Buspirone, also known by the brand name BuSpar, is a newer anti-anxiety drug that acts as a mild tranquilizer. Buspirone relieves anxiety by increasing serotonin in the brain—as the SSRIs do—and decreasing dopamine. Compared to benzodiazepines, buspirone is slow acting—taking about two weeks to start working. However, it’s not as sedating, it doesn’t impair memory and coordination, and the withdrawal effects are minimal. Since the risk of dependence is low and it has no serious drug interactions, buspirone is a better option for older individuals and people with a history of substance abuse. However, its effectiveness is limited. It works for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but doesn’t seem to help other types of anxiety disorders. Common side effects of buspirone include: Nausea Headaches Dizziness Drowsiness Weight gain Upset stomach Constipation Nervousness Diarrhea Dry mouth Beta blockers Beta blockers—including drugs such as propranolol (Inderal) and atenolol (Tenormin)—are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart problems. However, they are also prescribed off-label for anxiety. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, a stress hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response. This helps control the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, a trembling voice, sweating, dizziness, and shaky hands. Because beta blockers don’t affect the emotional symptoms of anxiety, such as worry, they’re most helpful for phobias, particularly social phobia and performance anxiety . If you’re anticipating a specific anxiety-producing situation (such as giving a speech), taking a beta blocker in advance can help reduce your “nerves.” Common side effects of beta blockers include: Dizziness Sleepiness Weakness Fatigue Nausea Headache Constipation Diarrhea Bupropion Bupropion (known by the brand names Wellbutrin, Forfivo, and Zyban) is an antidepressant. However, there is some evidence that it may also be an effective treatment option for anxiety and panic disorders. Depending on the dosage, in some people bupropion can actually worsen anxiety (as can other antidepressants). However, in others, it can help with generalized anxiety and anxiety symptoms that co-occur with depression. Some trials show that it may be as effective as SSRIs in treating depression with anxiety. Some common side effects of bupropion include: Dizziness Nausea Dry mouth Drowsiness Anxiety Insomnia Loss of appetite Headache Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine is an antihistamine often used to relieve allergic reactions. However, it can also be used to treat anxiety symptoms such as tension and nervousness. It works by altering the body’s levels of histamine and serotonin, leading to changes in mood. It’s typically prescribed as a short-term solution for acute anxiety, meaning you only use the medication when anxiety symptoms appear. One 2020 study found that when it comes to treating generalized anxiety disorder, hydroxyzine might be similar in efficacy as benzodiazepines and buspirone. Common side effects of hydroxyzine include: Dry mouth Dizziness and confusion Headache Constipation Drowsiness Additional treatment options for anxiety Anxiety medication won’t solve your problems if you’re anxious because of mounting bills, a tendency to jump to “worst-case scenarios”, or an unhealthy relationship. That’s where self-help, therapy, and other lifestyle changes come in. These non-drug treatments can produce lasting changes and long-term relief. Exercise – Exercise is a powerful anxiety treatment. Studies show that regular workouts can ease symptoms just as effectively as medication. Worry-busting strategies – You can train your brain to stop worrying and look at life from a more calm and balanced perspective. Therapy – Cognitive behavioral therapy can teach you how to control your anxiety levels, stop worrisome thoughts, and conquer your fears. Explore our list of the best online therapy platforms to determine if one of these options suits your needs. Yoga and tai chi – Yoga and tai chi are mind-body interventions that engage you emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually. Data has shown their efficacy for many different medical conditions, including anxiety. Mindfulness and meditation – Mindfulness is a state of mind where you learn to observe your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a present, compassionate, and non-judgmental way. It often brings a sense of calm and relaxation. Deciding if anxiety medication is right for you If you’re trying to decide whether or not to treat your anxiety with medication, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons in conjunction with your doctor. It’s also important to learn about the common side effects of the anxiety medication you are considering. Side effects of anxiety medication range from mild nuisances such as dry mouth to more severe problems such as acute nausea or pronounced weight gain. For any anxiety medication, you will have to balance the side effects against the benefits. Many online psychiatrists can prescribe medication, but it’s important to do your research and prepare questions before your appointment. Questions to ask yourself and a mental health professional Is medication the best option for my anxiety problem? Am I willing to put up with unpleasant side effects in return for anxiety relief? What non-drug treatments for anxiety might help? Do I have the time and am I willing to pursue non-drug treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy? What self-help strategies might help me get my anxiety under control? If I decide to take anxiety medication, should I pursue other therapy as well? Is anxiety really my problem? Or is something else going on, such as an underlying health condition or pain, for example? Questions to ask your doctor How will the medication help my anxiety? What are the drug’s common side effects? Are there any food and drinks I will need to avoid? How will this drug interact with my other prescriptions? How long will I have to take the anxiety medication? Will withdrawing from the medication be difficult? Will my anxiety return when I stop taking the medication? More Information Longo, L. P., & Johnson, B. (2000). Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines-Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives. American Family Physician, 61(7), 2121. Link Rickels, K., Downing, R., Schweizer, E., & Hassman, H. (1993). Antidepressants for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Imipramine, Trazodone, and Diazepam. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(11), 884–895. Link Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Williams, C. D., de Vries, Y. A., Schoevers, R. A., & Turner, E. H. (2015). Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 500. Link Davies, J., & Read, J. (2019). A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based? Addictive Behaviors, 97, 111–121. Link Aylett, E., Small, N., & Bower, P. (2018). Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 559. Link Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617–624. Link “Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-Analyses \| Anxiety Disorders \| JAMA Psychiatry \| JAMA Network,” November 12, 2020. Link Baldwin, D. S., Waldman, S., & Allgulander, C. (2011). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(5), 697–710. Link Anxiety Disorders. (2013) In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association. Link Bupropion: MedlinePlus Drug Information . (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from Link Bupropion (Wellbutrin) \| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness . (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from Link Hydroxyzine: MedlinePlus Drug Information . (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from Link Mental Health Medications \| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness . (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from Link Rudolph, M., & Liegl, S. (2020). In adults with generalized anxiety disorder, is hydroxyzine superior to placebo in reducing anxiety symptoms? Evidence-Based Practice , 23(8), 42–43. Link Serafini, G., Pompili, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Porfiri, G., Giordano, G., Ferracuti, S., Girardi, P., & Tatarelli, R. (2011). Bupropion and Panic Disorder: Case Report and Review of the Literature. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 23(2), E47–E50. Link Fanelli, D., Weller, G., & Liu, H. (2021). New Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Their Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations. Neurology International , 13 (4), 497–509. Link Gosmann, N. P., Costa, M. de A., Jaeger, M. de B., Motta, L. S., Frozi, J., Spanemberg, L., Manfro, G. G., Cuijpers, P., Pine, D. S., & Salum, G. A. (2021). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine , 18 (6), e1003664. Link Overview—Antidepressants—NHS . (n.d.). Link Santarsieri, D., & Schwartz, T. L. (2015). Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians. Drugs in Context , 4 , 212290. Link
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Learn about common side effects, risks, and how to take anxiety medications responsibly—including benzodiazepines such as Xanax, beta-blockers, hydroxyzine, and antidepressants. ![A white box of Benzodiazepine 10mg sits on a light blue background with several yellow capsules visible, representing anti-anxiety medication.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Anti-Anxiety-Medication-1200x800.jpeg) By [Melinda Smith, M.A.](https://www.helpguide.org/bio/melinda-smith-ma), [Lawrence Robinson](https://www.helpguide.org/bio/lawrence-robinson) and [Jeanne Segal, Ph.D.](https://www.helpguide.org/bio/jeanne-segal-phd), Reviewed by [Anna Glezer, M.D.](https://www.helpguide.org/bio/anna-glezer-md) - The role of medication in anxiety treatment - What are the types of anti-anxiety medications? - Benzodiazepines for anxiety - Benzodiazepine safety concerns - SSRI antidepressants for anxiety - SNRI antidepressants for anxiety - Other types of medication for anxiety - Additional treatment options for anxiety - Deciding if anxiety medication is right for you ## The role of medication in anxiety treatment When you’re overwhelmed by heart-pounding panic, paralyzed by fear, or exhausted from yet another sleepless night spent worrying, you’ll do just about anything to get relief. And there’s no question that when anxiety is disabling, medication may help. But are drugs always the best answer? Many different types of medications are used in the treatment of [anxiety disorders](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-disorders-and-anxiety-attacks), including traditional anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines (typically prescribed for short-term use), and newer options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are [antidepressants](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/antidepressant-medication) often recommended as a long-term anxiety solution. These drugs can provide temporary relief, but they also come with side effects and safety concerns—some significant. They are also not a cure. In fact, there are many questions about their long-term effectiveness. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, benzodiazepines lose their therapeutic anti-anxiety effect after 4 to 6 months of regular use. And a recent analysis reported in JAMA Psychiatry found that the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating anxiety has been overestimated, and in some cases is no better than a placebo. What’s more, it can be very difficult to get off anxiety medications without difficult withdrawals, including rebound anxiety that can be worse than your original problem. ### I need relief, and I need it now\! So, where does that leave you if you’re suffering? Even when anxiety relief comes with side effects and dangers, that can still sound like a fair trade when panic and fear are ruling your life. The bottom line is that there’s a time and place for anxiety medication. If you have severe anxiety that’s interfering with your ability to function, medication may be helpful—especially as a short-term treatment. However, many people use anti-anxiety medication when therapy, exercise, or other self-help strategies would work just as well or better, minus the drawbacks. Anxiety medications can ease symptoms, but they’re not right for everyone and they’re not the only answer. It’s up to you to evaluate your options and decide what’s best for you. #### Get Your Anxiety Medication for Just \$1 Don’t let high deductibles or a lack of insurance stand in the way of your mental health. With Sesame’s Everyday Rx, you can access 350+ common medications for just \$1, plus free home delivery and same-day refills. Skip the pharmacy lines and save up to 60% by going doctor-direct. [Get Your \$1 Refills](https://sesame-care.pxf.io/KB027v) HelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for Sesame’s services after clicking through from this site. [Learn more](https://www.helpguide.org/affiliate-disclosure) ## What are the types of anti-anxiety medications? The three main types of anti-anxiety medication prescribed are benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, other medications, including buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion, might also be used. ## Benzodiazepines for anxiety Benzodiazepines (also known as tranquilizers) are the most widely prescribed type of medication for anxiety. Drugs such as Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam) work quickly, typically bringing relief within 30 minutes to an hour. That makes them very effective when taken during a [panic attack](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorders) or another overwhelming anxiety episode. However, they are physically addictive. Due to a potential for abuse, they are not recommended for long-term treatment. Benzodiazepines work by slowing down the nervous system, helping you relax both physically and mentally. But it can also lead to unwanted side effects. The higher the dose, the more intense these side effects typically are—although some people feel sleepy, foggy, and uncoordinated even on low doses. This can cause problems with work, school, or everyday activities such as driving. The medication hangover can last into the next day. Common side effects of benzodiazepines include: - Drowsiness - Dizziness - Poor balance or coordination - Slurred speech - Trouble concentrating - Memory problems - Confusion - Stomach upset - Headache - Blurred vision ### Benzodiazepines can make depression worse According to the FDA, benzodiazepines can worsen cases of pre-existing [depression](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs), and more recent studies suggest that they may potentially lead to treatment-resistant depression. Furthermore, benzodiazepines can cause emotional blunting or numbness and increase suicidal thoughts and feelings. ## Benzodiazepine safety concerns Benzodiazepines are generally not recommended for long-term use since the safety concerns and risk of abuse increase as you build up a tolerance to the medication. ### Drug dependence and withdrawal When taken regularly, benzodiazepines lead to physical dependence and tolerance, with increasingly larger doses needed to get the same anxiety relief as before. This happens quickly—usually within a couple of months, but sometimes in as little as a few weeks. If you abruptly stop taking your medication, you may experience severe withdrawal symptoms such as: - Increased anxiety, restlessness, shaking. - Insomnia, confusion, stomach pain. - Depression, confusion, panic attacks. - Pounding heart, sweating, and in severe cases, seizure. Many people mistake withdrawal symptoms for a return of their original anxiety condition, making them think they need to restart the medication. Gradually tapering off the drug will help minimize the withdrawal reaction. ### Drug interactions and overdose While benzodiazepines are relatively safe when taken only occasionally and in small doses, they can be dangerous and even deadly when combined with other central nervous system depressants. Always talk to your doctor or pharmacist before combining medications. Don’t drink on benzodiazepines. When mixed with alcohol, benzodiazepines can lead to fatal overdose. Don’t mix with painkillers or sleeping pills. Taking benzodiazepines with prescription pain or sleeping pills can also lead to fatal overdose. Antihistamines amplify their effects. Antihistamines—found in many over-the-counter sleep, cold, and allergy medicines—are sedating on their own. Be cautious when mixing with benzodiazepines to avoid over-sedation. Be cautious when combining with antidepressants. SSRIs such as Prozac and Zoloft can heighten benzodiazepine toxicity. You may need to adjust your dose accordingly. ### Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines The benzodiazepines work because they slow down the nervous system. But sometimes, for reasons that aren’t well understood, they have the opposite effect. Paradoxical reactions are most common in children, the elderly, and people with developmental disabilities. They include: - Increased anxiety, irritability, agitation, aggression, and rage - Mania, impulsive behavior, and hallucinations ### Special benzodiazepine risk factors Anyone who takes benzodiazepines can experience unpleasant or dangerous side effects. But certain individuals are at a higher risk: People over 65. Older adults are more sensitive to the sedating effects of benzodiazepines. Even small doses can cause confusion, amnesia, loss of balance, and cognitive impairment that looks like dementia. Benzodiazepine use in the elderly is associated with an increased risk of falls, broken hips and legs, and car accidents. Long-term benzodiazepine use also increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. People with a history of substance abuse. Because they’re physically addicting and on their own and dangerous when combined with alcohol and other drugs, anyone with a current or former substance abuse problem should use benzodiazepines only with extreme caution. Pregnant and breastfeeding women. Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy can lead to dependence in the developing baby, with withdrawal following birth. Benzodiazepines are also excreted in breast milk. Therefore, pregnant women need to have a thorough discussion about the risks and benefits of these medications with their prescribing doctor. If medication is necessary, the goal is the smallest effective dose. ### The connection between benzodiazepines and accidents Benzodiazepines cause drowsiness and poor coordination, which increases your risk for accidents at home, at work, and on the road. When on benzodiazepines, be very careful when driving, operating machinery, or doing anything else that requires physical coordination. ## SSRI antidepressants for anxiety Many medications originally approved for the treatment of depression are also prescribed for anxiety. In comparison to benzodiazepines, the risk for dependency and abuse is smaller. However, antidepressants take up to 4 to 6 weeks to begin relieving anxiety symptoms, so they can’t be taken “as needed.” Their use is limited to chronic anxiety problems that require ongoing treatment. The [antidepressants](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/antidepressant-medication) most widely prescribed for anxiety are SSRIs such as Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro, and Celexa. SSRIs have been used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Common side effects of SSRIs include: - Fatigue - Nausea - Agitation - Drowsiness - Weight gain - Diarrhea - Insomnia - Sexual dysfunction - Nervousness - Headaches - Dry mouth - Increased sweating ## SNRI antidepressants for anxiety SNRIs are another type of antidepressant that might be prescribed for treating anxiety. SSRIs increase the availability of a brain chemical called serotonin. SNRIs, on the other hand, increase serotonin as well as another chemical: norepinephrine. Both types of drugs seem to be equally effective, and both take several weeks to work. However, some people respond better to one type than the other. SNRIs may come with a higher risk of side effects. Common side effects of SNRIs include: - Temporary increase in anxiety - Sexual side effects, such as sexual dysfunction - Restlessness - Headaches - Insomnia - Nausea - Elevated blood pressure Common SNRIs include Cymbalta, Yentreve, and Effexor. ### SNRI and SSRI withdrawal Although physical dependence is not as quick to develop with antidepressants, withdrawal can still be an issue. If discontinued too quickly, antidepressant withdrawal can trigger symptoms such as extreme depression and fatigue, irritability, anxiety, flu-like symptoms, and insomnia. #### Antidepressant medication and suicide risk Antidepressants can make depression worse rather than better for some people, leading to an increased risk of suicide, hostility, and even homicidal behavior. While this is particularly true of children and young adults, anyone taking antidepressants should be closely watched. Monitoring is especially important if this is the person’s first time on depression medication or if the dose has recently been changed. Signs that medication is making things worse include anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, hostility, restlessness, and extreme agitation—particularly if the symptoms appear suddenly or rapidly deteriorate. If you spot the warning signs in yourself or a loved one, contact a doctor or therapist immediately. If you are concerned that a friend or family member is contemplating suicide, see [Suicide Prevention](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/suicide-self-harm/suicide-prevention-tips). The suicide risk is greatest during the first two months of antidepressant treatment. ## Other types of medication for anxiety Drugs such as buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion may also be used in the treatment of anxiety. ### Buspirone (BuSpar) Buspirone, also known by the brand name BuSpar, is a newer anti-anxiety drug that acts as a mild tranquilizer. Buspirone relieves anxiety by increasing serotonin in the brain—as the SSRIs do—and decreasing dopamine. Compared to benzodiazepines, buspirone is slow acting—taking about two weeks to start working. However, it’s not as sedating, it doesn’t impair memory and coordination, and the withdrawal effects are minimal. Since the risk of dependence is low and it has no serious drug interactions, buspirone is a better option for older individuals and people with a history of substance abuse. However, its effectiveness is limited. It works for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but doesn’t seem to help other types of anxiety disorders. Common side effects of buspirone include: - Nausea - Headaches - Dizziness - Drowsiness - Weight gain - Upset stomach - Constipation - Nervousness - Diarrhea - Dry mouth ### Beta blockers Beta blockers—including drugs such as propranolol (Inderal) and atenolol (Tenormin)—are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart problems. However, they are also prescribed off-label for anxiety. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, a stress hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response. This helps control the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, a trembling voice, sweating, dizziness, and shaky hands. Because beta blockers don’t affect the emotional symptoms of anxiety, such as worry, they’re most helpful for phobias, particularly [social phobia and performance anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder). If you’re anticipating a specific anxiety-producing situation (such as giving a speech), taking a beta blocker in advance can help reduce your “nerves.” Common side effects of beta blockers include: - Dizziness - Sleepiness - Weakness - Fatigue - Nausea - Headache - Constipation - Diarrhea ### Bupropion Bupropion (known by the brand names Wellbutrin, Forfivo, and Zyban) is an antidepressant. However, there is some evidence that it may also be an effective treatment option for anxiety and panic disorders. Depending on the dosage, in some people bupropion can actually worsen anxiety (as can other antidepressants). However, in others, it can help with generalized anxiety and anxiety symptoms that co-occur with depression. Some trials show that it may be as effective as SSRIs in treating depression with anxiety. Some common side effects of bupropion include: - Dizziness - Nausea - Dry mouth - Drowsiness - Anxiety - Insomnia - Loss of appetite - Headache ### Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine is an antihistamine often used to relieve allergic reactions. However, it can also be used to treat anxiety symptoms such as tension and nervousness. It works by altering the body’s levels of histamine and serotonin, leading to changes in mood. It’s typically prescribed as a short-term solution for acute anxiety, meaning you only use the medication when anxiety symptoms appear. One 2020 study found that when it comes to treating generalized anxiety disorder, hydroxyzine might be similar in efficacy as benzodiazepines and buspirone. Common side effects of hydroxyzine include: - Dry mouth - Dizziness and confusion - Headache - Constipation - Drowsiness ## Additional treatment options for anxiety Anxiety medication won’t solve your problems if you’re anxious because of mounting bills, a tendency to jump to “worst-case scenarios”, or an unhealthy relationship. That’s where self-help, therapy, and other lifestyle changes come in. These non-drug treatments can produce lasting changes and long-term relief. Exercise – [Exercise](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/fitness/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise) is a powerful anxiety treatment. Studies show that regular workouts can ease symptoms just as effectively as medication. Worry-busting strategies – You can train your brain to [stop worrying](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/how-to-stop-worrying) and look at life from a more calm and balanced perspective. Therapy – Cognitive behavioral therapy can teach you how to control your anxiety levels, stop worrisome thoughts, and conquer your fears. Explore our list of the [best online therapy platforms](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/best-online-therapy) to determine if one of these options suits your needs. Yoga and tai chi – Yoga and tai chi are [mind-body interventions](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/stress/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief#yoga-tai-chi) that engage you emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually. Data has shown their efficacy for many different medical conditions, including anxiety. Mindfulness and meditation – [Mindfulness](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/stress/benefits-of-mindfulness) is a state of mind where you learn to observe your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a present, compassionate, and non-judgmental way. It often brings a sense of calm and relaxation. ## Deciding if anxiety medication is right for you If you’re trying to decide whether or not to treat your anxiety with medication, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons in conjunction with your doctor. It’s also important to learn about the common side effects of the anxiety medication you are considering. Side effects of anxiety medication range from mild nuisances such as dry mouth to more severe problems such as acute nausea or pronounced weight gain. For any anxiety medication, you will have to balance the side effects against the benefits. Many [online psychiatrists](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/best-online-psychiatry) can prescribe medication, but it’s important to do your research and prepare questions before your appointment. ### Questions to ask yourself and a mental health professional - Is medication the best option for my anxiety problem? - Am I willing to put up with unpleasant side effects in return for anxiety relief? - What non-drug treatments for anxiety might help? - Do I have the time and am I willing to pursue non-drug treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy? - What self-help strategies might help me get my anxiety under control? - If I decide to take anxiety medication, should I pursue other therapy as well? - Is anxiety really my problem? Or is something else going on, such as an underlying health condition or pain, for example? ### Questions to ask your doctor - How will the medication help my anxiety? - What are the drug’s common side effects? - Are there any food and drinks I will need to avoid? - How will this drug interact with my other prescriptions? - How long will I have to take the anxiety medication? - Will withdrawing from the medication be difficult? - Will my anxiety return when I stop taking the medication? ## More Information References 1. Longo, L. P., & Johnson, B. (2000). Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines-Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives. American Family Physician, 61(7), 2121. [Link](https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0401/p2121.html) 2. Rickels, K., Downing, R., Schweizer, E., & Hassman, H. (1993). Antidepressants for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Imipramine, Trazodone, and Diazepam. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(11), 884–895. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820230054005) 3. Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Williams, C. D., de Vries, Y. A., Schoevers, R. A., & Turner, E. H. (2015). Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 500. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.15) 4. Davies, J., & Read, J. (2019). A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based? Addictive Behaviors, 97, 111–121. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.027) 5. Aylett, E., Small, N., & Bower, P. (2018). Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 559. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5) 6. Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617–624. [Link](https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0501/p617.html) 7. “Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-Analyses \\| Anxiety Disorders \\| JAMA Psychiatry \\| JAMA Network,” November 12, 2020. [Link](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2205839) 8. Baldwin, D. S., Waldman, S., & Allgulander, C. (2011). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(5), 697–710. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145710001434) 9. Anxiety Disorders. (2013) In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x05_Anxiety_Disorders) 10. Bupropion: MedlinePlus Drug Information. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from [Link](https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a695033.html) 11. Bupropion (Wellbutrin) \\| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from [Link](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Bupropion-$Wellbutrin$) 12. Hydroxyzine: MedlinePlus Drug Information. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from [Link](https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682866.html) 13. Mental Health Medications \\| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from [Link](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Hydroxyzine-$Vistaril-Atarax$) 14. Rudolph, M., & Liegl, S. (2020). In adults with generalized anxiety disorder, is hydroxyzine superior to placebo in reducing anxiety symptoms? Evidence-Based Practice, 23(8), 42–43. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1097/EBP.0000000000000713) 15. Serafini, G., Pompili, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Porfiri, G., Giordano, G., Ferracuti, S., Girardi, P., & Tatarelli, R. (2011). Bupropion and Panic Disorder: Case Report and Review of the Literature. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 23(2), E47–E50. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnpe47) 16. Fanelli, D., Weller, G., & Liu, H. (2021). New Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Their Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations. Neurology International, 13(4), 497–509. [Link](https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint13040049) 17. Gosmann, N. P., Costa, M. de A., Jaeger, M. de B., Motta, L. S., Frozi, J., Spanemberg, L., Manfro, G. G., Cuijpers, P., Pine, D. S., & Salum, G. A. (2021). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 18(6), e1003664. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003664) 18. Overview—Antidepressants—NHS. (n.d.). [Link](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/overview/) 19. Santarsieri, D., & Schwartz, T. L. (2015). Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians. Drugs in Context, 4, 212290. [Link](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/%20https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.212290) [Copy Link](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-medication) Link copied\! Share Print Download PDF ## More in Anxiety [Depression](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression) ### [Antidepressants](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/antidepressant-medication) What you need to know about depression medication [![Various blister packs and loose pills arranged on a bright yellow surface to form a sad face, a neutral face, and a smiling face, representing antidepressants.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Antidepressants-384x254.jpeg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/antidepressant-medication) [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [Therapy for Anxiety Disorders](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/therapy-for-anxiety-disorders) Cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and other options [![A person in a charcoal knit sweater sits on a dark sofa, writing in a spiral notebook, representing therapy for anxiety disorders.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Therapy-for-Anxiety-Disorders-384x256.jpeg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/therapy-for-anxiety-disorders) [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [How to Stop Worrying](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/how-to-stop-worrying) Self-help strategies for anxiety relief [![A spiral staircase winds upward and upward, symbolizing the steps for learning how to stop worrying.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/How-to-Stop-Worrying-384x256.jpeg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/how-to-stop-worrying) [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [Can anxiety cause chest pain](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-cause-chest-pain) Wondering if your chest pain is due to anxiety? Learn how to identify anxiety-related chest discomfort and when to seek emergency help. [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [Anxiety Attack vs Panic Attack](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-attack-vs-panic-attack) While anxiety attacks and panic attacks can share some symptoms, there are key differences. Learn how to tell them apart and what to do if you’re experiencing anxiety or panic attacks. [![A young woman in a pink coat sits on a subway platform, covering her face with her hands in distress.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/anxiety-attacks-vs-panic-attacks-384x256.jpg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-attack-vs-panic-attack) [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [High-Functioning Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/high-functioning-anxiety) Signs and how to cope [![A woman with short hair and large earrings leans against an office wall with eyes closed and hands clasped to her forehead in a moment of stress or deep focus.](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/High-Functioning-Anxiety-384x256.jpg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/high-functioning-anxiety) [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [Cognitive Dissonance](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/cognitive-dissonance) When your beliefs and actions conflict [![A woman gazes thoughtfully through window blinds, with a softly blurred background enhancing the sense of cognitive dissonance](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cognitive-Dissonance-Definition-Examples-How-to-Reduce-It-384x256.jpg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/cognitive-dissonance) [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [Cognitive Distortions](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/cognitive-distortions-put-an-end-to-distorted-thinking) Put an end to negative thinking [![A woman's face is half obscured by out-of-focus glass](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/CatastrophisingAndOtherCognitiveDistortions-384x257.jpg)](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/cognitive-distortions-put-an-end-to-distorted-thinking) Share Download PDF ### More in Anxiety [Depression](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression) ### [Antidepressants](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/antidepressant-medication) What you need to know about depression medication [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [Therapy for Anxiety Disorders](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/therapy-for-anxiety-disorders) Cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and other options [Anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety) ### [How to Stop Worrying](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/how-to-stop-worrying) Self-help strategies for anxiety relief ![](https://www.helpguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/therapy-sidebar-384x229-1.jpg) #### Get Your Anxiety Medication for Just \$1 Don’t let high deductibles or a lack of insurance stand in the way of your mental health. 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Readable Markdown	## The role of medication in anxiety treatment When you’re overwhelmed by heart-pounding panic, paralyzed by fear, or exhausted from yet another sleepless night spent worrying, you’ll do just about anything to get relief. And there’s no question that when anxiety is disabling, medication may help. But are drugs always the best answer? Many different types of medications are used in the treatment of [anxiety disorders](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-disorders-and-anxiety-attacks), including traditional anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines (typically prescribed for short-term use), and newer options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are [antidepressants](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/antidepressant-medication) often recommended as a long-term anxiety solution. These drugs can provide temporary relief, but they also come with side effects and safety concerns—some significant. They are also not a cure. In fact, there are many questions about their long-term effectiveness. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, benzodiazepines lose their therapeutic anti-anxiety effect after 4 to 6 months of regular use. And a recent analysis reported in JAMA Psychiatry found that the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating anxiety has been overestimated, and in some cases is no better than a placebo. What’s more, it can be very difficult to get off anxiety medications without difficult withdrawals, including rebound anxiety that can be worse than your original problem. ### I need relief, and I need it now\! So, where does that leave you if you’re suffering? Even when anxiety relief comes with side effects and dangers, that can still sound like a fair trade when panic and fear are ruling your life. The bottom line is that there’s a time and place for anxiety medication. If you have severe anxiety that’s interfering with your ability to function, medication may be helpful—especially as a short-term treatment. However, many people use anti-anxiety medication when therapy, exercise, or other self-help strategies would work just as well or better, minus the drawbacks. Anxiety medications can ease symptoms, but they’re not right for everyone and they’re not the only answer. It’s up to you to evaluate your options and decide what’s best for you. #### Get Your Anxiety Medication for Just \$1 Don’t let high deductibles or a lack of insurance stand in the way of your mental health. With Sesame’s Everyday Rx, you can access 350+ common medications for just \$1, plus free home delivery and same-day refills. Skip the pharmacy lines and save up to 60% by going doctor-direct. [Get Your \$1 Refills](https://sesame-care.pxf.io/KB027v) HelpGuide is user supported. We earn a commission if you sign up for Sesame’s services after clicking through from this site. [Learn more](https://www.helpguide.org/affiliate-disclosure) ## What are the types of anti-anxiety medications? The three main types of anti-anxiety medication prescribed are benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, other medications, including buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion, might also be used. ## Benzodiazepines for anxiety Benzodiazepines (also known as tranquilizers) are the most widely prescribed type of medication for anxiety. Drugs such as Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam) work quickly, typically bringing relief within 30 minutes to an hour. That makes them very effective when taken during a [panic attack](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorders) or another overwhelming anxiety episode. However, they are physically addictive. Due to a potential for abuse, they are not recommended for long-term treatment. Benzodiazepines work by slowing down the nervous system, helping you relax both physically and mentally. But it can also lead to unwanted side effects. The higher the dose, the more intense these side effects typically are—although some people feel sleepy, foggy, and uncoordinated even on low doses. This can cause problems with work, school, or everyday activities such as driving. The medication hangover can last into the next day. Common side effects of benzodiazepines include: - Drowsiness - Dizziness - Poor balance or coordination - Slurred speech - Trouble concentrating - Memory problems - Confusion - Stomach upset - Headache - Blurred vision ### Benzodiazepines can make depression worse According to the FDA, benzodiazepines can worsen cases of pre-existing [depression](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs), and more recent studies suggest that they may potentially lead to treatment-resistant depression. Furthermore, benzodiazepines can cause emotional blunting or numbness and increase suicidal thoughts and feelings. ## Benzodiazepine safety concerns Benzodiazepines are generally not recommended for long-term use since the safety concerns and risk of abuse increase as you build up a tolerance to the medication. ### Drug dependence and withdrawal When taken regularly, benzodiazepines lead to physical dependence and tolerance, with increasingly larger doses needed to get the same anxiety relief as before. This happens quickly—usually within a couple of months, but sometimes in as little as a few weeks. If you abruptly stop taking your medication, you may experience severe withdrawal symptoms such as: - Increased anxiety, restlessness, shaking. - Insomnia, confusion, stomach pain. - Depression, confusion, panic attacks. - Pounding heart, sweating, and in severe cases, seizure. Many people mistake withdrawal symptoms for a return of their original anxiety condition, making them think they need to restart the medication. Gradually tapering off the drug will help minimize the withdrawal reaction. ### Drug interactions and overdose While benzodiazepines are relatively safe when taken only occasionally and in small doses, they can be dangerous and even deadly when combined with other central nervous system depressants. Always talk to your doctor or pharmacist before combining medications. Don’t drink on benzodiazepines. When mixed with alcohol, benzodiazepines can lead to fatal overdose. Don’t mix with painkillers or sleeping pills. Taking benzodiazepines with prescription pain or sleeping pills can also lead to fatal overdose. Antihistamines amplify their effects. Antihistamines—found in many over-the-counter sleep, cold, and allergy medicines—are sedating on their own. Be cautious when mixing with benzodiazepines to avoid over-sedation. Be cautious when combining with antidepressants. SSRIs such as Prozac and Zoloft can heighten benzodiazepine toxicity. You may need to adjust your dose accordingly. ### Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines The benzodiazepines work because they slow down the nervous system. But sometimes, for reasons that aren’t well understood, they have the opposite effect. Paradoxical reactions are most common in children, the elderly, and people with developmental disabilities. They include: - Increased anxiety, irritability, agitation, aggression, and rage - Mania, impulsive behavior, and hallucinations ### Special benzodiazepine risk factors Anyone who takes benzodiazepines can experience unpleasant or dangerous side effects. But certain individuals are at a higher risk: People over 65. Older adults are more sensitive to the sedating effects of benzodiazepines. Even small doses can cause confusion, amnesia, loss of balance, and cognitive impairment that looks like dementia. Benzodiazepine use in the elderly is associated with an increased risk of falls, broken hips and legs, and car accidents. Long-term benzodiazepine use also increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. People with a history of substance abuse. Because they’re physically addicting and on their own and dangerous when combined with alcohol and other drugs, anyone with a current or former substance abuse problem should use benzodiazepines only with extreme caution. Pregnant and breastfeeding women. Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy can lead to dependence in the developing baby, with withdrawal following birth. Benzodiazepines are also excreted in breast milk. Therefore, pregnant women need to have a thorough discussion about the risks and benefits of these medications with their prescribing doctor. If medication is necessary, the goal is the smallest effective dose. ### The connection between benzodiazepines and accidents Benzodiazepines cause drowsiness and poor coordination, which increases your risk for accidents at home, at work, and on the road. When on benzodiazepines, be very careful when driving, operating machinery, or doing anything else that requires physical coordination. ## SSRI antidepressants for anxiety Many medications originally approved for the treatment of depression are also prescribed for anxiety. In comparison to benzodiazepines, the risk for dependency and abuse is smaller. However, antidepressants take up to 4 to 6 weeks to begin relieving anxiety symptoms, so they can’t be taken “as needed.” Their use is limited to chronic anxiety problems that require ongoing treatment. The [antidepressants](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/antidepressant-medication) most widely prescribed for anxiety are SSRIs such as Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro, and Celexa. SSRIs have been used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Common side effects of SSRIs include: - Fatigue - Nausea - Agitation - Drowsiness - Weight gain - Diarrhea - Insomnia - Sexual dysfunction - Nervousness - Headaches - Dry mouth - Increased sweating ## SNRI antidepressants for anxiety SNRIs are another type of antidepressant that might be prescribed for treating anxiety. SSRIs increase the availability of a brain chemical called serotonin. SNRIs, on the other hand, increase serotonin as well as another chemical: norepinephrine. Both types of drugs seem to be equally effective, and both take several weeks to work. However, some people respond better to one type than the other. SNRIs may come with a higher risk of side effects. Common side effects of SNRIs include: - Temporary increase in anxiety - Sexual side effects, such as sexual dysfunction - Restlessness - Headaches - Insomnia - Nausea - Elevated blood pressure Common SNRIs include Cymbalta, Yentreve, and Effexor. ### SNRI and SSRI withdrawal Although physical dependence is not as quick to develop with antidepressants, withdrawal can still be an issue. If discontinued too quickly, antidepressant withdrawal can trigger symptoms such as extreme depression and fatigue, irritability, anxiety, flu-like symptoms, and insomnia. #### Antidepressant medication and suicide risk Antidepressants can make depression worse rather than better for some people, leading to an increased risk of suicide, hostility, and even homicidal behavior. While this is particularly true of children and young adults, anyone taking antidepressants should be closely watched. Monitoring is especially important if this is the person’s first time on depression medication or if the dose has recently been changed. Signs that medication is making things worse include anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, hostility, restlessness, and extreme agitation—particularly if the symptoms appear suddenly or rapidly deteriorate. If you spot the warning signs in yourself or a loved one, contact a doctor or therapist immediately. If you are concerned that a friend or family member is contemplating suicide, see [Suicide Prevention](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/suicide-self-harm/suicide-prevention-tips). The suicide risk is greatest during the first two months of antidepressant treatment. ## Other types of medication for anxiety Drugs such as buspirone, beta blockers, and bupropion may also be used in the treatment of anxiety. ### Buspirone (BuSpar) Buspirone, also known by the brand name BuSpar, is a newer anti-anxiety drug that acts as a mild tranquilizer. Buspirone relieves anxiety by increasing serotonin in the brain—as the SSRIs do—and decreasing dopamine. Compared to benzodiazepines, buspirone is slow acting—taking about two weeks to start working. However, it’s not as sedating, it doesn’t impair memory and coordination, and the withdrawal effects are minimal. Since the risk of dependence is low and it has no serious drug interactions, buspirone is a better option for older individuals and people with a history of substance abuse. However, its effectiveness is limited. It works for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but doesn’t seem to help other types of anxiety disorders. Common side effects of buspirone include: - Nausea - Headaches - Dizziness - Drowsiness - Weight gain - Upset stomach - Constipation - Nervousness - Diarrhea - Dry mouth ### Beta blockers Beta blockers—including drugs such as propranolol (Inderal) and atenolol (Tenormin)—are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart problems. However, they are also prescribed off-label for anxiety. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, a stress hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response. This helps control the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, a trembling voice, sweating, dizziness, and shaky hands. Because beta blockers don’t affect the emotional symptoms of anxiety, such as worry, they’re most helpful for phobias, particularly [social phobia and performance anxiety](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder). If you’re anticipating a specific anxiety-producing situation (such as giving a speech), taking a beta blocker in advance can help reduce your “nerves.” Common side effects of beta blockers include: - Dizziness - Sleepiness - Weakness - Fatigue - Nausea - Headache - Constipation - Diarrhea ### Bupropion Bupropion (known by the brand names Wellbutrin, Forfivo, and Zyban) is an antidepressant. However, there is some evidence that it may also be an effective treatment option for anxiety and panic disorders. Depending on the dosage, in some people bupropion can actually worsen anxiety (as can other antidepressants). However, in others, it can help with generalized anxiety and anxiety symptoms that co-occur with depression. Some trials show that it may be as effective as SSRIs in treating depression with anxiety. Some common side effects of bupropion include: - Dizziness - Nausea - Dry mouth - Drowsiness - Anxiety - Insomnia - Loss of appetite - Headache ### Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine is an antihistamine often used to relieve allergic reactions. However, it can also be used to treat anxiety symptoms such as tension and nervousness. It works by altering the body’s levels of histamine and serotonin, leading to changes in mood. It’s typically prescribed as a short-term solution for acute anxiety, meaning you only use the medication when anxiety symptoms appear. One 2020 study found that when it comes to treating generalized anxiety disorder, hydroxyzine might be similar in efficacy as benzodiazepines and buspirone. Common side effects of hydroxyzine include: - Dry mouth - Dizziness and confusion - Headache - Constipation - Drowsiness ## Additional treatment options for anxiety Anxiety medication won’t solve your problems if you’re anxious because of mounting bills, a tendency to jump to “worst-case scenarios”, or an unhealthy relationship. That’s where self-help, therapy, and other lifestyle changes come in. These non-drug treatments can produce lasting changes and long-term relief. Exercise – [Exercise](https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/fitness/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise) is a powerful anxiety treatment. Studies show that regular workouts can ease symptoms just as effectively as medication. Worry-busting strategies – You can train your brain to [stop worrying](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/how-to-stop-worrying) and look at life from a more calm and balanced perspective. Therapy – Cognitive behavioral therapy can teach you how to control your anxiety levels, stop worrisome thoughts, and conquer your fears. Explore our list of the [best online therapy platforms](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/best-online-therapy) to determine if one of these options suits your needs. Yoga and tai chi – Yoga and tai chi are [mind-body interventions](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/stress/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief#yoga-tai-chi) that engage you emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually. Data has shown their efficacy for many different medical conditions, including anxiety. Mindfulness and meditation – [Mindfulness](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/stress/benefits-of-mindfulness) is a state of mind where you learn to observe your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a present, compassionate, and non-judgmental way. It often brings a sense of calm and relaxation. ## Deciding if anxiety medication is right for you If you’re trying to decide whether or not to treat your anxiety with medication, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons in conjunction with your doctor. It’s also important to learn about the common side effects of the anxiety medication you are considering. Side effects of anxiety medication range from mild nuisances such as dry mouth to more severe problems such as acute nausea or pronounced weight gain. For any anxiety medication, you will have to balance the side effects against the benefits. Many [online psychiatrists](https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/treatment/best-online-psychiatry) can prescribe medication, but it’s important to do your research and prepare questions before your appointment. ### Questions to ask yourself and a mental health professional - Is medication the best option for my anxiety problem? - Am I willing to put up with unpleasant side effects in return for anxiety relief? - What non-drug treatments for anxiety might help? - Do I have the time and am I willing to pursue non-drug treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy? - What self-help strategies might help me get my anxiety under control? - If I decide to take anxiety medication, should I pursue other therapy as well? - Is anxiety really my problem? Or is something else going on, such as an underlying health condition or pain, for example? ### Questions to ask your doctor - How will the medication help my anxiety? - What are the drug’s common side effects? - Are there any food and drinks I will need to avoid? - How will this drug interact with my other prescriptions? - How long will I have to take the anxiety medication? - Will withdrawing from the medication be difficult? - Will my anxiety return when I stop taking the medication? ## More Information 1. Longo, L. P., & Johnson, B. (2000). Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines-Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives. American Family Physician, 61(7), 2121. [Link](https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0401/p2121.html) 2. Rickels, K., Downing, R., Schweizer, E., & Hassman, H. (1993). Antidepressants for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Imipramine, Trazodone, and Diazepam. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(11), 884–895. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820230054005) 3. Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Williams, C. D., de Vries, Y. A., Schoevers, R. A., & Turner, E. H. (2015). Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 500. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.15) 4. Davies, J., & Read, J. (2019). A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based? Addictive Behaviors, 97, 111–121. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.027) 5. Aylett, E., Small, N., & Bower, P. (2018). Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 559. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5) 6. Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617–624. [Link](https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0501/p617.html) 7. “Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-Analyses \\| Anxiety Disorders \\| JAMA Psychiatry \\| JAMA Network,” November 12, 2020. [Link](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2205839) 8. Baldwin, D. S., Waldman, S., & Allgulander, C. (2011). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(5), 697–710. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145710001434) 9. Anxiety Disorders. (2013) In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x05_Anxiety_Disorders) 10. Bupropion: MedlinePlus Drug Information. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from [Link](https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a695033.html) 11. Bupropion (Wellbutrin) \\| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from [Link](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Bupropion-$Wellbutrin$) 12. Hydroxyzine: MedlinePlus Drug Information. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from [Link](https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682866.html) 13. Mental Health Medications \\| NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2022, from [Link](https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Hydroxyzine-$Vistaril-Atarax$) 14. Rudolph, M., & Liegl, S. (2020). In adults with generalized anxiety disorder, is hydroxyzine superior to placebo in reducing anxiety symptoms? Evidence-Based Practice, 23(8), 42–43. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1097/EBP.0000000000000713) 15. Serafini, G., Pompili, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Porfiri, G., Giordano, G., Ferracuti, S., Girardi, P., & Tatarelli, R. (2011). Bupropion and Panic Disorder: Case Report and Review of the Literature. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 23(2), E47–E50. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnpe47) 16. Fanelli, D., Weller, G., & Liu, H. (2021). New Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Their Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations. Neurology International, 13(4), 497–509. [Link](https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint13040049) 17. Gosmann, N. P., Costa, M. de A., Jaeger, M. de B., Motta, L. S., Frozi, J., Spanemberg, L., Manfro, G. G., Cuijpers, P., Pine, D. S., & Salum, G. A. (2021). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 18(6), e1003664. [Link](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003664) 18. Overview—Antidepressants—NHS. (n.d.). [Link](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/overview/) 19. Santarsieri, D., & Schwartz, T. L. (2015). Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians. Drugs in Context, 4, 212290. [Link](https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.212290)
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