🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 98 (from laksa101)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa098.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/melatonin-side-effects\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/melatonin-side-effects\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/melatonin-side-effects","crawl_time":1775061678,"first_indexed_time":1518088970,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,healthline!www,\/nutrition\/melatonin-side-effects s443","src_root_hash":"11478817528691466898","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Side Effects of Melatonin: What Are the Risks?","meta_descriptions":["Melatonin’s popularity as a sleep aid has raised some concerns. This article reviews its potential side effects."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Melatonin is a hormone and dietary supplement commonly used as a sleep aid. Although it has an outstanding safety profile, melatonin’s growing popularity has raised some concerns.\nThe concerns regarding using melatonin as a sleep aid are mainly due to a lack of research on its long-term effects and its wide-ranging effects as a hormone.\nThis article reviews the potential side effects of melatonin supplements.\nMelatonin is a neurohormone produced by the pineal glands in your brain, mainly at night.\nIt prepares your body for sleep and is sometimes called the “hormone of sleep” or “hormone of darkness.”\nMelatonin supplements\nare frequently\nused as a sleep aid\n. They help you fall asleep, improve sleep quality, and increase sleep duration. However, they don’t appear to be as effective as many other sleep medications (\n1\n).\nSleep isn’t the only body function melatonin affects. This hormone also plays a role in your body’s antioxidant defenses and helps regulate blood pressure, body temperature, and cortisol levels, as well as sexual and immune function (\n2\n).\nIn the United States, melatonin is available over the counter. Since June 2021, it has also been available over the counter in Australia for people over 55 (\n3\n).\nIn contrast, it’s a prescription drug in most European countries and approved for use only in older adults with sleep disorders (\n4\n,\n5\n).\nIts use is growing, raising concerns about its possible side effects.\nSummary\nMelatonin is a hormone your brain produces in response to fading light. It prepares your body for sleep and is often used as a sleep aid.\nA few studies have investigated the safety of melatonin, but none have found any serious side effects. It also doesn’t seem to cause any dependence or withdrawal symptoms (\n6\n,\n7\n).\nSome medical professionals are concerned that it may reduce the natural production of melatonin in the body. However, short-term studies suggest no such effects (\n8\n,\n9\n,\n10\n).\nSeveral studies have reported general symptoms, including dizziness, headache, nausea, and agitation. However, these were equally common in the treatment and placebo groups and couldn’t be attributed to melatonin (\n6\n).\nMelatonin supplements are generally considered safe in the short term, even when taken in very high doses. However, more research on its long-term safety is needed, especially in children (\n11\n).\nA few mild side effects and drug interactions are discussed in the chapters below.\nSummary\nMelatonin supplements are considered safe, and no studies have noted any serious side effects to date. However, more research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects.\nUse in children\nParents sometimes give melatonin supplements to children who have trouble falling asleep (\n12\n).\nHowever, the Food and Drug Administration has neither approved its use nor evaluated its safety in children.\nIn Europe, melatonin supplements are a prescription-only medicine intended for adults. However, one Norwegian study found that their unapproved use in children was on the rise (\n5\n).\nWhile there is no specific cause for concern, many experts are reluctant to recommend this supplement for children.\nThis reluctance stems in part from its wide-ranging effects, which are not completely understood. Children are also considered a sensitive group, as they are still growing and developing.\nLong-term studies are needed before melatonin can be used with absolute safety in children (\n13\n).\nSummary\nWhile parents occasionally give melatonin supplements to their children, most health professionals don’t recommend its use in this age group.\nAs a sleep aid, melatonin supplements should be taken in the evening.\nWhen taken at other times of the day, they may cause undesirable sleepiness. Keep in mind that sleepiness is technically not a side effect but rather their intended function (\n14\n,\n15\n).\nNevertheless, sleepiness is a possible problem in people who have a reduced melatonin clearance rate, which is the rate at which a drug is removed from the body. An impaired clearance rate extends the time melatonin levels stay high after taking supplements.\nWhile this may not be an issue in most healthy adults, reduced melatonin clearance has been reported in older adults and infants. It is unknown whether this has any effects on melatonin levels the morning after taking supplements (\n16\n,\n17\n).\nYet, even when melatonin supplements or injections are given during the daytime, they do not seem to affect the ability to maintain focus.\nStudies in healthy people injected with 10 or 100 mg of melatonin or given 5 mg by mouth found no effects on reaction times, attention, concentration, or driving performance compared with a placebo (\n15\n,\n18\n).\nMore studies are needed before scientists can fully understand the effects of melatonin supplements on daytime sleepiness.\nSummary\nMelatonin supplements may cause daytime sleepiness when taken during the day. You should use melatonin only in the evening.\nSeveral other concerns have been raised, but most have not been thoroughly researched:\nInteraction with sleeping pills.\nOne study found that taking the sleep medication zolpidem along with melatonin worsened zolpidem’s adverse effects on memory and muscle performance (\n19\n).\nDecreased body temperature.\nMelatonin causes a slight drop in body temperature. While this is generally not a problem, it could make a difference in people who have difficulty keeping warm (\n20\n).\nBlood thinning.\nMelatonin may also reduce blood coagulation. As a result, you\nshould speak with your doctor before taking high doses of it if you also take warfarin or other blood thinners (\n21\n).\nSummary\nMelatonin may interact with medications, such as sleeping pills, and can act as a blood thinner when taken in high doses.\nTo aid sleep, the standard dosage ranges from 1–10 mg per day. However, the optimal dose has not been formally established (\n22\n).\nSince not all melatonin supplements are the same, make sure to follow the instructions on the label.\nAlso, keep in mind that the quality of over-the-counter supplements is not monitored by health authorities. Try to choose brands that are reputable and certified by a third party, such as Informed Choice or NSF International.\nMany experts do not recommend use of melatonin supplements in children and adolescents until more evidence confirms their safety in these groups (\n6\n).\nSince melatonin is transferred into breast milk, people who are breastfeeding should keep in mind that it might cause excessive daytime sleepiness in nursing infants (\n23\n).\nSummary\nThe common dosage of melatonin ranges from 1–10 mg per day, but make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Parents should not give it to their children without first consulting a healthcare professional.\nYou can increase your melatonin levels without supplementing.\nA few hours before bedtime, dim all lights at home and avoid watching TV and using your computer or smartphone.\nToo much\nartificial light\ncan reduce the production of melatonin in your brain, making it harder for you to fall asleep (\n24\n).\nYou can also strengthen your sleep-wake cycle by exposing yourself to plenty of natural light during the day, especially in the morning (\n25\n).\nOther factors that have been associated with lower natural melatonin levels are stress and shift work.\nSummary\nYou can increase your melatonin production naturally by sticking to a regular sleep schedule and avoiding artificial light late in the evening.\nMelatonin supplements haven’t been linked to any serious side effects, even at very high doses.\nHowever, most experts agree that more research on melatonin’s long-term safety is needed.\nTherefore, sensitive individuals, such as children and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, should consult a healthcare professional before taking it.\nEven so, melatonin has an excellent safety profile and appears to be an effective sleep aid. If you often experience poor sleep, it may be worth trying.","attrs_markdown":"- Health Conditions\n  Health Conditions\n  \n  [All](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/directory\/topics)\n  \n  - [Breast Cancer](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/breast-cancer)\n  - [Cancer Care](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/cancer-care)\n  - [Caregiving for Alzheimer's Disease](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/alzheimers-disease)\n  - [Chronic Kidney Disease](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/ckd)\n  - [Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/copd)\n  - [Digestive Health](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/digestive-health)\n  - [Eye Health](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/eye-health)\n  - [Heart Health](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/heart-health)\n  - [Menopause](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/menopause)\n  - [Mental Health](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/mental-health)\n  - [Migraine](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/migraine)\n  - [Multiple Sclerosis (MS)](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/multiple-sclerosis)\n  - 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Sellers, BS Pharmacy, PharmD]() — Written by Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD —  [Updated on April 4, 2022]()\n\nMelatonin is a hormone and dietary supplement commonly used as a sleep aid. Although it has an outstanding safety profile, melatonin’s growing popularity has raised some concerns.\n\nThe concerns regarding using melatonin as a sleep aid are mainly due to a lack of research on its long-term effects and its wide-ranging effects as a hormone.\n\nThis article reviews the potential side effects of melatonin supplements.\n\n## [What is melatonin?]()\n![woman asleep in bed](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/images-prod.healthline.com\/hlcmsresource\/images\/AN_images\/woman-asleep-in-bed-1296x728.jpg?w=1155&h=1528)\n\n[Share on Pinterest](https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fnutrition%2Fmelatonin-side-effects&media=https%3A%2F%2Fimages-prod.healthline.com%2Fhlcmsresource%2Fimages%2FAN_images%2Fwoman-asleep-in-bed-1296x728.jpg&description=Side%20Effects%20of%20Melatonin%3A%20What%20Are%20the%20Risks%3F \"Share on Pinterest\")\n\nAdam Kuylenstierna\/EyeEm\/Getty Images\n\nMelatonin is a neurohormone produced by the pineal glands in your brain, mainly at night.\n\nIt prepares your body for sleep and is sometimes called the “hormone of sleep” or “hormone of darkness.”\n\n[Melatonin supplements](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/best-melatonin) are frequently [used as a sleep aid](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/melatonin-and-sleep). They help you fall asleep, improve sleep quality, and increase sleep duration. However, they don’t appear to be as effective as many other sleep medications ([1](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23691095)).\n\nSleep isn’t the only body function melatonin affects. This hormone also plays a role in your body’s antioxidant defenses and helps regulate blood pressure, body temperature, and cortisol levels, as well as sexual and immune function ([2](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/labs\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6092660\/)).\n\nIn the United States, melatonin is available over the counter. Since June 2021, it has also been available over the counter in Australia for people over 55 ([3](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/melatonin)).\n\nIn contrast, it’s a prescription drug in most European countries and approved for use only in older adults with sleep disorders ([4](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25643981), [5](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25892306)).\n\nIts use is growing, raising concerns about its possible side effects.\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> Melatonin is a hormone your brain produces in response to fading light. It prepares your body for sleep and is often used as a sleep aid.\n\n## [Does melatonin have any side effects?]()\nA few studies have investigated the safety of melatonin, but none have found any serious side effects. It also doesn’t seem to cause any dependence or withdrawal symptoms ([6](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26692007), [7](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23044640)).\n\nSome medical professionals are concerned that it may reduce the natural production of melatonin in the body. However, short-term studies suggest no such effects ([8](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9062869), [9](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3742833), [10](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14582858)).\n\nSeveral studies have reported general symptoms, including dizziness, headache, nausea, and agitation. However, these were equally common in the treatment and placebo groups and couldn’t be attributed to melatonin ([6](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26692007)).\n\nMelatonin supplements are generally considered safe in the short term, even when taken in very high doses. However, more research on its long-term safety is needed, especially in children ([11](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16423108)).\n\nA few mild side effects and drug interactions are discussed in the chapters below.\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> Melatonin supplements are considered safe, and no studies have noted any serious side effects to date. However, more research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects.\n\n## Use in children\nParents sometimes give melatonin supplements to children who have trouble falling asleep ([12](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23108475)).\n\nHowever, the Food and Drug Administration has neither approved its use nor evaluated its safety in children.\n\nIn Europe, melatonin supplements are a prescription-only medicine intended for adults. However, one Norwegian study found that their unapproved use in children was on the rise ([5](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25892306)).\n\nWhile there is no specific cause for concern, many experts are reluctant to recommend this supplement for children.\n\nThis reluctance stems in part from its wide-ranging effects, which are not completely understood. Children are also considered a sensitive group, as they are still growing and developing.\n\nLong-term studies are needed before melatonin can be used with absolute safety in children ([13](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23730172)).\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> While parents occasionally give melatonin supplements to their children, most health professionals don’t recommend its use in this age group.\n\n## [Daytime sleepiness]()\nAs a sleep aid, melatonin supplements should be taken in the evening.\n\nWhen taken at other times of the day, they may cause undesirable sleepiness. Keep in mind that sleepiness is technically not a side effect but rather their intended function ([14](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14692469), [15](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9772309)).\n\nNevertheless, sleepiness is a possible problem in people who have a reduced melatonin clearance rate, which is the rate at which a drug is removed from the body. An impaired clearance rate extends the time melatonin levels stay high after taking supplements.\n\nWhile this may not be an issue in most healthy adults, reduced melatonin clearance has been reported in older adults and infants. It is unknown whether this has any effects on melatonin levels the morning after taking supplements ([16](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22348451), [17](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23432339)).\n\nYet, even when melatonin supplements or injections are given during the daytime, they do not seem to affect the ability to maintain focus.\n\nStudies in healthy people injected with 10 or 100 mg of melatonin or given 5 mg by mouth found no effects on reaction times, attention, concentration, or driving performance compared with a placebo ([15](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9772309), [18](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26184078)).\n\nMore studies are needed before scientists can fully understand the effects of melatonin supplements on daytime sleepiness.\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> Melatonin supplements may cause daytime sleepiness when taken during the day. You should use melatonin only in the evening.\n\n## [Other concerns]()\nSeveral other concerns have been raised, but most have not been thoroughly researched:\n\n- **Interaction with sleeping pills.** One study found that taking the sleep medication zolpidem along with melatonin worsened zolpidem’s adverse effects on memory and muscle performance (\n  [19](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18763235)\n  ).\n- **Decreased body temperature.** Melatonin causes a slight drop in body temperature. While this is generally not a problem, it could make a difference in people who have difficulty keeping warm (\n  [20](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11801808)\n  ).\n- **Blood thinning.** Melatonin may also reduce blood coagulation. As a result, you  \n  should speak with your doctor before taking high doses of it if you also take warfarin or other blood thinners (\n  [21](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18289163)\n  ).\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> Melatonin may interact with medications, such as sleeping pills, and can act as a blood thinner when taken in high doses.\n\n## [How to supplement with melatonin]()\nTo aid sleep, the standard dosage ranges from 1–10 mg per day. However, the optimal dose has not been formally established ([22](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24318695)).\n\nSince not all melatonin supplements are the same, make sure to follow the instructions on the label.\n\nAlso, keep in mind that the quality of over-the-counter supplements is not monitored by health authorities. Try to choose brands that are reputable and certified by a third party, such as Informed Choice or NSF International.\n\nMany experts do not recommend use of melatonin supplements in children and adolescents until more evidence confirms their safety in these groups ([6](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26692007)).\n\nSince melatonin is transferred into breast milk, people who are breastfeeding should keep in mind that it might cause excessive daytime sleepiness in nursing infants ([23](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22205210)).\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> The common dosage of melatonin ranges from 1–10 mg per day, but make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Parents should not give it to their children without first consulting a healthcare professional.\n\n## [How to increase melatonin levels naturally]()\nYou can increase your melatonin levels without supplementing.\n\nA few hours before bedtime, dim all lights at home and avoid watching TV and using your computer or smartphone.\n\nToo much [artificial light](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better) can reduce the production of melatonin in your brain, making it harder for you to fall asleep ([24](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24918238)).\n\nYou can also strengthen your sleep-wake cycle by exposing yourself to plenty of natural light during the day, especially in the morning ([25](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25526564)).\n\nOther factors that have been associated with lower natural melatonin levels are stress and shift work.\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> You can increase your melatonin production naturally by sticking to a regular sleep schedule and avoiding artificial light late in the evening.\n\n## [The bottom line]()\nMelatonin supplements haven’t been linked to any serious side effects, even at very high doses.\n\nHowever, most experts agree that more research on melatonin’s long-term safety is needed.\n\nTherefore, sensitive individuals, such as children and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, should consult a healthcare professional before taking it.\n\nEven so, melatonin has an excellent safety profile and appears to be an effective sleep aid. If you often experience poor sleep, it may be worth trying.\n\n### How we reviewed this article:\nHistory\n\nShare this article\n\n### Evidence Based\nThis article is based on scientific evidence, written by [experts](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition-team) and fact checked by experts.\n\nOur team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians strive to be objective, unbiased, honest and to present both sides of the argument.\n\nThis article contains scientific references. The numbers in the parentheses (1, 2, 3) are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific papers.\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.healthline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alisha-Sellers-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\n[Medically reviewed]() by [Alisha D. Sellers, BS Pharmacy, PharmD]() — Written by Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD —  [Updated on April 4, 2022]()\n\n## related stories\n- [Melatonin for babies and children](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/melatonin-for-babies?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Is Melatonin Addictive?](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/is-melatonin-addictive?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Everything You Need to Know About How Melatonin Works](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/how-long-does-melatonin-last?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Blue Light and Sleep: What's the Connection?](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [10 Natural Ways to Sleep Better](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/natural-sleeping-remedies?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n### Read this next\n- [Melatonin for babies and children](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/melatonin-for-babies?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Carissa Stephens, R.N., CCRN, CPN](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [There is not enough research on the safety of melatonin supplements for babies, but it may be a good choice for older children and adolescents in some…](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/melatonin-for-babies?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/melatonin-for-babies?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Is Melatonin Addictive?](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/is-melatonin-addictive?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Alan Carter, Pharm.D.](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone in the body that helps promote sleep. Because of its calming and sedating effects, it’s also called the…](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/is-melatonin-addictive?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/is-melatonin-addictive?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Everything You Need to Know About How Melatonin Works](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/how-long-does-melatonin-last?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Here's what you should know about how long melatonin lasts in your body after usage and how that can affect your daytime and nighttime routines.](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/how-long-does-melatonin-last?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/how-long-does-melatonin-last?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Blue Light and Sleep: What's the Connection?](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Written by [Kris Gunnars, BSc](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/authors\/kris-gunnars)\n  \n  [By blocking blue light in the evening, you can prevent the disruption in the natural sleep-wake cycle caused by artificial lighting and electronics.](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [10 Natural Ways to Sleep Better](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/natural-sleeping-remedies?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [Getting adequate sleep can help a number of health conditions, including bipolar disorder. Here are tips to get the shut-eye you need to manage your…](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/natural-sleeping-remedies?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/natural-sleeping-remedies?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What to Know About Healthy Sleep](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/healthy-sleep?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Sleep is as important to your physical and mental health as food and water. Find out what makes for healthy sleep, and get tips and tricks for…](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/healthy-sleep?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/healthy-sleep?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [We Tried Sleep Mocktails and Have Mixed Feelings](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/we-tried-sleep-mocktail?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [The claim? Magnesium sleep mocktails drank 30 minutes to an hour before bedtime may help you fall asleep faster and get better-quality sleep. We set…](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/we-tried-sleep-mocktail?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/we-tried-sleep-mocktail?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Ritual's New Magnesium Grew On Me — Here's Why](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/ritual-magnesium-i-tried-it?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [We've medically vetted Ritual Magnesium+ and tried it ourselves. Read our review.](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/ritual-magnesium-i-tried-it?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/ritual-magnesium-i-tried-it?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [While You’re Asleep, Your Immune System Is Hard at Work](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/while-youre-asleep-your-immune-system-is-hard-at-work?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Meredith Goodwin, MD, FAAFP](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [An interactive experience showing how your immune system works while you’re sleeping at night to help repair and maintain your body.](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/while-youre-asleep-your-immune-system-is-hard-at-work?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/while-youre-asleep-your-immune-system-is-hard-at-work?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Can Nyquil Make You Sleepy?](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/does-nyquil-make-you-sleepy?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [Nyquil contains several active ingredients. Doxylamine is the main ingredient that causes sleepiness. But Nyquil has other ingredients like…](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/does-nyquil-make-you-sleepy?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/does-nyquil-make-you-sleepy?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/additional-information).\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/about)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/about\/contact-us)\n- [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/privacy-policy)\n- Privacy Settings\n- [Advertising Policy](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/advertising-policy)\n- [Health Topics](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/directory\/topics)\n\n- [Sitemap](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/sitemap)\n- [Medical Affairs](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/medical-team)\n- [Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/newsletter-signup)\n- © 2026 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=healthline.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=healthline.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=nutrition)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Melatonin is a hormone and dietary supplement commonly used as a sleep aid. Although it has an outstanding safety profile, melatonin’s growing popularity has raised some concerns.\n\nThe concerns regarding using melatonin as a sleep aid are mainly due to a lack of research on its long-term effects and its wide-ranging effects as a hormone.\n\nThis article reviews the potential side effects of melatonin supplements.\n\n##\nMelatonin is a neurohormone produced by the pineal glands in your brain, mainly at night.\n\nIt prepares your body for sleep and is sometimes called the “hormone of sleep” or “hormone of darkness.”\n\n[Melatonin supplements](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/best-melatonin) are frequently [used as a sleep aid](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/melatonin-and-sleep). They help you fall asleep, improve sleep quality, and increase sleep duration. However, they don’t appear to be as effective as many other sleep medications ([1](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23691095)).\n\nSleep isn’t the only body function melatonin affects. This hormone also plays a role in your body’s antioxidant defenses and helps regulate blood pressure, body temperature, and cortisol levels, as well as sexual and immune function ([2](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/labs\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6092660\/)).\n\nIn the United States, melatonin is available over the counter. Since June 2021, it has also been available over the counter in Australia for people over 55 ([3](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/melatonin)).\n\nIn contrast, it’s a prescription drug in most European countries and approved for use only in older adults with sleep disorders ([4](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25643981), [5](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25892306)).\n\nIts use is growing, raising concerns about its possible side effects.\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> Melatonin is a hormone your brain produces in response to fading light. It prepares your body for sleep and is often used as a sleep aid.\n\n##\nA few studies have investigated the safety of melatonin, but none have found any serious side effects. It also doesn’t seem to cause any dependence or withdrawal symptoms ([6](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26692007), [7](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23044640)).\n\nSome medical professionals are concerned that it may reduce the natural production of melatonin in the body. However, short-term studies suggest no such effects ([8](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9062869), [9](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3742833), [10](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14582858)).\n\nSeveral studies have reported general symptoms, including dizziness, headache, nausea, and agitation. However, these were equally common in the treatment and placebo groups and couldn’t be attributed to melatonin ([6](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26692007)).\n\nMelatonin supplements are generally considered safe in the short term, even when taken in very high doses. However, more research on its long-term safety is needed, especially in children ([11](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16423108)).\n\nA few mild side effects and drug interactions are discussed in the chapters below.\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> Melatonin supplements are considered safe, and no studies have noted any serious side effects to date. However, more research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects.\n\n## Use in children\nParents sometimes give melatonin supplements to children who have trouble falling asleep ([12](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23108475)).\n\nHowever, the Food and Drug Administration has neither approved its use nor evaluated its safety in children.\n\nIn Europe, melatonin supplements are a prescription-only medicine intended for adults. However, one Norwegian study found that their unapproved use in children was on the rise ([5](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25892306)).\n\nWhile there is no specific cause for concern, many experts are reluctant to recommend this supplement for children.\n\nThis reluctance stems in part from its wide-ranging effects, which are not completely understood. Children are also considered a sensitive group, as they are still growing and developing.\n\nLong-term studies are needed before melatonin can be used with absolute safety in children ([13](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23730172)).\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> While parents occasionally give melatonin supplements to their children, most health professionals don’t recommend its use in this age group.\n\n##\nAs a sleep aid, melatonin supplements should be taken in the evening.\n\nWhen taken at other times of the day, they may cause undesirable sleepiness. Keep in mind that sleepiness is technically not a side effect but rather their intended function ([14](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14692469), [15](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9772309)).\n\nNevertheless, sleepiness is a possible problem in people who have a reduced melatonin clearance rate, which is the rate at which a drug is removed from the body. An impaired clearance rate extends the time melatonin levels stay high after taking supplements.\n\nWhile this may not be an issue in most healthy adults, reduced melatonin clearance has been reported in older adults and infants. It is unknown whether this has any effects on melatonin levels the morning after taking supplements ([16](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22348451), [17](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23432339)).\n\nYet, even when melatonin supplements or injections are given during the daytime, they do not seem to affect the ability to maintain focus.\n\nStudies in healthy people injected with 10 or 100 mg of melatonin or given 5 mg by mouth found no effects on reaction times, attention, concentration, or driving performance compared with a placebo ([15](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9772309), [18](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26184078)).\n\nMore studies are needed before scientists can fully understand the effects of melatonin supplements on daytime sleepiness.\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> Melatonin supplements may cause daytime sleepiness when taken during the day. You should use melatonin only in the evening.\n\n##\nSeveral other concerns have been raised, but most have not been thoroughly researched:\n\n- **Interaction with sleeping pills.** One study found that taking the sleep medication zolpidem along with melatonin worsened zolpidem’s adverse effects on memory and muscle performance (\n  [19](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18763235)\n  ).\n- **Decreased body temperature.** Melatonin causes a slight drop in body temperature. While this is generally not a problem, it could make a difference in people who have difficulty keeping warm (\n  [20](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11801808)\n  ).\n- **Blood thinning.** Melatonin may also reduce blood coagulation. As a result, you  \n  should speak with your doctor before taking high doses of it if you also take warfarin or other blood thinners (\n  [21](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18289163)\n  ).\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> Melatonin may interact with medications, such as sleeping pills, and can act as a blood thinner when taken in high doses.\n\n##\nTo aid sleep, the standard dosage ranges from 1–10 mg per day. However, the optimal dose has not been formally established ([22](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24318695)).\n\nSince not all melatonin supplements are the same, make sure to follow the instructions on the label.\n\nAlso, keep in mind that the quality of over-the-counter supplements is not monitored by health authorities. Try to choose brands that are reputable and certified by a third party, such as Informed Choice or NSF International.\n\nMany experts do not recommend use of melatonin supplements in children and adolescents until more evidence confirms their safety in these groups ([6](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26692007)).\n\nSince melatonin is transferred into breast milk, people who are breastfeeding should keep in mind that it might cause excessive daytime sleepiness in nursing infants ([23](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22205210)).\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> The common dosage of melatonin ranges from 1–10 mg per day, but make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Parents should not give it to their children without first consulting a healthcare professional.\n\n##\nYou can increase your melatonin levels without supplementing.\n\nA few hours before bedtime, dim all lights at home and avoid watching TV and using your computer or smartphone.\n\nToo much [artificial light](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better) can reduce the production of melatonin in your brain, making it harder for you to fall asleep ([24](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24918238)).\n\nYou can also strengthen your sleep-wake cycle by exposing yourself to plenty of natural light during the day, especially in the morning ([25](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25526564)).\n\nOther factors that have been associated with lower natural melatonin levels are stress and shift work.\n\n> **Summary**\n> \n> You can increase your melatonin production naturally by sticking to a regular sleep schedule and avoiding artificial light late in the evening.\n\n##\nMelatonin supplements haven’t been linked to any serious side effects, even at very high doses.\n\nHowever, most experts agree that more research on melatonin’s long-term safety is needed.\n\nTherefore, sensitive individuals, such as children and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, should consult a healthcare professional before taking it.\n\nEven so, melatonin has an excellent safety profile and appears to be an effective sleep aid. If you often experience poor sleep, it may be worth trying.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Description	Melatonin’s popularity as a sleep aid has raised some concerns. This article reviews its potential side effects.
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Boilerpipe Text	Melatonin is a hormone and dietary supplement commonly used as a sleep aid. Although it has an outstanding safety profile, melatonin’s growing popularity has raised some concerns. The concerns regarding using melatonin as a sleep aid are mainly due to a lack of research on its long-term effects and its wide-ranging effects as a hormone. This article reviews the potential side effects of melatonin supplements. Melatonin is a neurohormone produced by the pineal glands in your brain, mainly at night. It prepares your body for sleep and is sometimes called the “hormone of sleep” or “hormone of darkness.” Melatonin supplements are frequently used as a sleep aid . They help you fall asleep, improve sleep quality, and increase sleep duration. However, they don’t appear to be as effective as many other sleep medications ( 1 ). Sleep isn’t the only body function melatonin affects. This hormone also plays a role in your body’s antioxidant defenses and helps regulate blood pressure, body temperature, and cortisol levels, as well as sexual and immune function ( 2 ). In the United States, melatonin is available over the counter. Since June 2021, it has also been available over the counter in Australia for people over 55 ( 3 ). In contrast, it’s a prescription drug in most European countries and approved for use only in older adults with sleep disorders ( 4 , 5 ). Its use is growing, raising concerns about its possible side effects. Summary Melatonin is a hormone your brain produces in response to fading light. It prepares your body for sleep and is often used as a sleep aid. A few studies have investigated the safety of melatonin, but none have found any serious side effects. It also doesn’t seem to cause any dependence or withdrawal symptoms ( 6 , 7 ). Some medical professionals are concerned that it may reduce the natural production of melatonin in the body. However, short-term studies suggest no such effects ( 8 , 9 , 10 ). Several studies have reported general symptoms, including dizziness, headache, nausea, and agitation. However, these were equally common in the treatment and placebo groups and couldn’t be attributed to melatonin ( 6 ). Melatonin supplements are generally considered safe in the short term, even when taken in very high doses. However, more research on its long-term safety is needed, especially in children ( 11 ). A few mild side effects and drug interactions are discussed in the chapters below. Summary Melatonin supplements are considered safe, and no studies have noted any serious side effects to date. However, more research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects. Use in children Parents sometimes give melatonin supplements to children who have trouble falling asleep ( 12 ). However, the Food and Drug Administration has neither approved its use nor evaluated its safety in children. In Europe, melatonin supplements are a prescription-only medicine intended for adults. However, one Norwegian study found that their unapproved use in children was on the rise ( 5 ). While there is no specific cause for concern, many experts are reluctant to recommend this supplement for children. This reluctance stems in part from its wide-ranging effects, which are not completely understood. Children are also considered a sensitive group, as they are still growing and developing. Long-term studies are needed before melatonin can be used with absolute safety in children ( 13 ). Summary While parents occasionally give melatonin supplements to their children, most health professionals don’t recommend its use in this age group. As a sleep aid, melatonin supplements should be taken in the evening. When taken at other times of the day, they may cause undesirable sleepiness. Keep in mind that sleepiness is technically not a side effect but rather their intended function ( 14 , 15 ). Nevertheless, sleepiness is a possible problem in people who have a reduced melatonin clearance rate, which is the rate at which a drug is removed from the body. An impaired clearance rate extends the time melatonin levels stay high after taking supplements. While this may not be an issue in most healthy adults, reduced melatonin clearance has been reported in older adults and infants. It is unknown whether this has any effects on melatonin levels the morning after taking supplements ( 16 , 17 ). Yet, even when melatonin supplements or injections are given during the daytime, they do not seem to affect the ability to maintain focus. Studies in healthy people injected with 10 or 100 mg of melatonin or given 5 mg by mouth found no effects on reaction times, attention, concentration, or driving performance compared with a placebo ( 15 , 18 ). More studies are needed before scientists can fully understand the effects of melatonin supplements on daytime sleepiness. Summary Melatonin supplements may cause daytime sleepiness when taken during the day. You should use melatonin only in the evening. Several other concerns have been raised, but most have not been thoroughly researched: Interaction with sleeping pills. One study found that taking the sleep medication zolpidem along with melatonin worsened zolpidem’s adverse effects on memory and muscle performance ( 19 ). Decreased body temperature. Melatonin causes a slight drop in body temperature. While this is generally not a problem, it could make a difference in people who have difficulty keeping warm ( 20 ). Blood thinning. Melatonin may also reduce blood coagulation. As a result, you should speak with your doctor before taking high doses of it if you also take warfarin or other blood thinners ( 21 ). Summary Melatonin may interact with medications, such as sleeping pills, and can act as a blood thinner when taken in high doses. To aid sleep, the standard dosage ranges from 1–10 mg per day. However, the optimal dose has not been formally established ( 22 ). Since not all melatonin supplements are the same, make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Also, keep in mind that the quality of over-the-counter supplements is not monitored by health authorities. Try to choose brands that are reputable and certified by a third party, such as Informed Choice or NSF International. Many experts do not recommend use of melatonin supplements in children and adolescents until more evidence confirms their safety in these groups ( 6 ). Since melatonin is transferred into breast milk, people who are breastfeeding should keep in mind that it might cause excessive daytime sleepiness in nursing infants ( 23 ). Summary The common dosage of melatonin ranges from 1–10 mg per day, but make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Parents should not give it to their children without first consulting a healthcare professional. You can increase your melatonin levels without supplementing. A few hours before bedtime, dim all lights at home and avoid watching TV and using your computer or smartphone. Too much artificial light can reduce the production of melatonin in your brain, making it harder for you to fall asleep ( 24 ). You can also strengthen your sleep-wake cycle by exposing yourself to plenty of natural light during the day, especially in the morning ( 25 ). Other factors that have been associated with lower natural melatonin levels are stress and shift work. Summary You can increase your melatonin production naturally by sticking to a regular sleep schedule and avoiding artificial light late in the evening. Melatonin supplements haven’t been linked to any serious side effects, even at very high doses. However, most experts agree that more research on melatonin’s long-term safety is needed. Therefore, sensitive individuals, such as children and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, should consult a healthcare professional before taking it. Even so, melatonin has an excellent safety profile and appears to be an effective sleep aid. If you often experience poor sleep, it may be worth trying.
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Sellers, BS Pharmacy, PharmD]() — Written by Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD — [Updated on April 4, 2022]() Melatonin is a hormone and dietary supplement commonly used as a sleep aid. Although it has an outstanding safety profile, melatonin’s growing popularity has raised some concerns. The concerns regarding using melatonin as a sleep aid are mainly due to a lack of research on its long-term effects and its wide-ranging effects as a hormone. This article reviews the potential side effects of melatonin supplements. ## [What is melatonin?]() ![woman asleep in bed](https://i0.wp.com/images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/AN_images/woman-asleep-in-bed-1296x728.jpg?w=1155&h=1528) [Share on Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fnutrition%2Fmelatonin-side-effects&media=https%3A%2F%2Fimages-prod.healthline.com%2Fhlcmsresource%2Fimages%2FAN_images%2Fwoman-asleep-in-bed-1296x728.jpg&description=Side%20Effects%20of%20Melatonin%3A%20What%20Are%20the%20Risks%3F "Share on Pinterest") Adam Kuylenstierna/EyeEm/Getty Images Melatonin is a neurohormone produced by the pineal glands in your brain, mainly at night. It prepares your body for sleep and is sometimes called the “hormone of sleep” or “hormone of darkness.” [Melatonin supplements](https://www.healthline.com/health/best-melatonin) are frequently [used as a sleep aid](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/melatonin-and-sleep). They help you fall asleep, improve sleep quality, and increase sleep duration. However, they don’t appear to be as effective as many other sleep medications ([1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23691095)). Sleep isn’t the only body function melatonin affects. This hormone also plays a role in your body’s antioxidant defenses and helps regulate blood pressure, body temperature, and cortisol levels, as well as sexual and immune function ([2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6092660/)). In the United States, melatonin is available over the counter. Since June 2021, it has also been available over the counter in Australia for people over 55 ([3](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/melatonin)). In contrast, it’s a prescription drug in most European countries and approved for use only in older adults with sleep disorders ([4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643981), [5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25892306)). Its use is growing, raising concerns about its possible side effects. > Summary > > Melatonin is a hormone your brain produces in response to fading light. It prepares your body for sleep and is often used as a sleep aid. ## [Does melatonin have any side effects?]() A few studies have investigated the safety of melatonin, but none have found any serious side effects. It also doesn’t seem to cause any dependence or withdrawal symptoms ([6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26692007), [7](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23044640)). Some medical professionals are concerned that it may reduce the natural production of melatonin in the body. However, short-term studies suggest no such effects ([8](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9062869), [9](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3742833), [10](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14582858)). Several studies have reported general symptoms, including dizziness, headache, nausea, and agitation. However, these were equally common in the treatment and placebo groups and couldn’t be attributed to melatonin ([6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26692007)). Melatonin supplements are generally considered safe in the short term, even when taken in very high doses. However, more research on its long-term safety is needed, especially in children ([11](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16423108)). A few mild side effects and drug interactions are discussed in the chapters below. > Summary > > Melatonin supplements are considered safe, and no studies have noted any serious side effects to date. However, more research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects. ## Use in children Parents sometimes give melatonin supplements to children who have trouble falling asleep ([12](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23108475)). However, the Food and Drug Administration has neither approved its use nor evaluated its safety in children. In Europe, melatonin supplements are a prescription-only medicine intended for adults. However, one Norwegian study found that their unapproved use in children was on the rise ([5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25892306)). While there is no specific cause for concern, many experts are reluctant to recommend this supplement for children. This reluctance stems in part from its wide-ranging effects, which are not completely understood. Children are also considered a sensitive group, as they are still growing and developing. Long-term studies are needed before melatonin can be used with absolute safety in children ([13](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730172)). > Summary > > While parents occasionally give melatonin supplements to their children, most health professionals don’t recommend its use in this age group. ## [Daytime sleepiness]() As a sleep aid, melatonin supplements should be taken in the evening. When taken at other times of the day, they may cause undesirable sleepiness. Keep in mind that sleepiness is technically not a side effect but rather their intended function ([14](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14692469), [15](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9772309)). Nevertheless, sleepiness is a possible problem in people who have a reduced melatonin clearance rate, which is the rate at which a drug is removed from the body. An impaired clearance rate extends the time melatonin levels stay high after taking supplements. While this may not be an issue in most healthy adults, reduced melatonin clearance has been reported in older adults and infants. It is unknown whether this has any effects on melatonin levels the morning after taking supplements ([16](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22348451), [17](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432339)). Yet, even when melatonin supplements or injections are given during the daytime, they do not seem to affect the ability to maintain focus. Studies in healthy people injected with 10 or 100 mg of melatonin or given 5 mg by mouth found no effects on reaction times, attention, concentration, or driving performance compared with a placebo ([15](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9772309), [18](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184078)). More studies are needed before scientists can fully understand the effects of melatonin supplements on daytime sleepiness. > Summary > > Melatonin supplements may cause daytime sleepiness when taken during the day. You should use melatonin only in the evening. ## [Other concerns]() Several other concerns have been raised, but most have not been thoroughly researched: - Interaction with sleeping pills. One study found that taking the sleep medication zolpidem along with melatonin worsened zolpidem’s adverse effects on memory and muscle performance ( [19](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18763235) ). - Decreased body temperature. Melatonin causes a slight drop in body temperature. While this is generally not a problem, it could make a difference in people who have difficulty keeping warm ( [20](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801808) ). - Blood thinning. Melatonin may also reduce blood coagulation. As a result, you should speak with your doctor before taking high doses of it if you also take warfarin or other blood thinners ( [21](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18289163) ). > Summary > > Melatonin may interact with medications, such as sleeping pills, and can act as a blood thinner when taken in high doses. ## [How to supplement with melatonin]() To aid sleep, the standard dosage ranges from 1–10 mg per day. However, the optimal dose has not been formally established ([22](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24318695)). Since not all melatonin supplements are the same, make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Also, keep in mind that the quality of over-the-counter supplements is not monitored by health authorities. Try to choose brands that are reputable and certified by a third party, such as Informed Choice or NSF International. Many experts do not recommend use of melatonin supplements in children and adolescents until more evidence confirms their safety in these groups ([6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26692007)). Since melatonin is transferred into breast milk, people who are breastfeeding should keep in mind that it might cause excessive daytime sleepiness in nursing infants ([23](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205210)). > Summary > > The common dosage of melatonin ranges from 1–10 mg per day, but make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Parents should not give it to their children without first consulting a healthcare professional. ## [How to increase melatonin levels naturally]() You can increase your melatonin levels without supplementing. A few hours before bedtime, dim all lights at home and avoid watching TV and using your computer or smartphone. Too much [artificial light](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better) can reduce the production of melatonin in your brain, making it harder for you to fall asleep ([24](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918238)). You can also strengthen your sleep-wake cycle by exposing yourself to plenty of natural light during the day, especially in the morning ([25](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25526564)). Other factors that have been associated with lower natural melatonin levels are stress and shift work. > Summary > > You can increase your melatonin production naturally by sticking to a regular sleep schedule and avoiding artificial light late in the evening. ## [The bottom line]() Melatonin supplements haven’t been linked to any serious side effects, even at very high doses. However, most experts agree that more research on melatonin’s long-term safety is needed. Therefore, sensitive individuals, such as children and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, should consult a healthcare professional before taking it. Even so, melatonin has an excellent safety profile and appears to be an effective sleep aid. If you often experience poor sleep, it may be worth trying. ### How we reviewed this article: History Share this article ### Evidence Based This article is based on scientific evidence, written by [experts](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition-team) and fact checked by experts. Our team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians strive to be objective, unbiased, honest and to present both sides of the argument. This article contains scientific references. The numbers in the parentheses (1, 2, 3) are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific papers. ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alisha-Sellers-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) [Medically reviewed]() by [Alisha D. Sellers, BS Pharmacy, PharmD]() — Written by Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD — [Updated on April 4, 2022]() ## related stories - [Melatonin for babies and children](https://www.healthline.com/health/melatonin-for-babies?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Is Melatonin Addictive?](https://www.healthline.com/health/is-melatonin-addictive?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Everything You Need to Know About How Melatonin Works](https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-melatonin-last?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Blue Light and Sleep: What's the Connection?](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better?utm_source=ReadNext) - [10 Natural Ways to Sleep Better](https://www.healthline.com/health/natural-sleeping-remedies?utm_source=ReadNext) ### Read this next - [Melatonin for babies and children](https://www.healthline.com/health/melatonin-for-babies?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Carissa Stephens, R.N., CCRN, CPN](https://www.healthline.com/medical-team) [There is not enough research on the safety of melatonin supplements for babies, but it may be a good choice for older children and adolescents in some…](https://www.healthline.com/health/melatonin-for-babies?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.healthline.com/health/melatonin-for-babies?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Is Melatonin Addictive?](https://www.healthline.com/health/is-melatonin-addictive?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Alan Carter, Pharm.D.](https://www.healthline.com/medical-team) [Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone in the body that helps promote sleep. Because of its calming and sedating effects, it’s also called the…](https://www.healthline.com/health/is-melatonin-addictive?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.healthline.com/health/is-melatonin-addictive?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Everything You Need to Know About How Melatonin Works](https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-melatonin-last?utm_source=ReadNext) [Here's what you should know about how long melatonin lasts in your body after usage and how that can affect your daytime and nighttime routines.](https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-melatonin-last?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-melatonin-last?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Blue Light and Sleep: What's the Connection?](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better?utm_source=ReadNext) Written by [Kris Gunnars, BSc](https://www.healthline.com/authors/kris-gunnars) [By blocking blue light in the evening, you can prevent the disruption in the natural sleep-wake cycle caused by artificial lighting and electronics.](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better?utm_source=ReadNext) - [10 Natural Ways to Sleep Better](https://www.healthline.com/health/natural-sleeping-remedies?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI](https://www.healthline.com/medical-team) [Getting adequate sleep can help a number of health conditions, including bipolar disorder. Here are tips to get the shut-eye you need to manage your…](https://www.healthline.com/health/natural-sleeping-remedies?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.healthline.com/health/natural-sleeping-remedies?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What to Know About Healthy Sleep](https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sleep?utm_source=ReadNext) [Sleep is as important to your physical and mental health as food and water. Find out what makes for healthy sleep, and get tips and tricks for…](https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sleep?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sleep?utm_source=ReadNext) - [We Tried Sleep Mocktails and Have Mixed Feelings](https://www.healthline.com/health/we-tried-sleep-mocktail?utm_source=ReadNext) [The claim? Magnesium sleep mocktails drank 30 minutes to an hour before bedtime may help you fall asleep faster and get better-quality sleep. 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Readable Markdown	Melatonin is a hormone and dietary supplement commonly used as a sleep aid. Although it has an outstanding safety profile, melatonin’s growing popularity has raised some concerns. The concerns regarding using melatonin as a sleep aid are mainly due to a lack of research on its long-term effects and its wide-ranging effects as a hormone. This article reviews the potential side effects of melatonin supplements. ## Melatonin is a neurohormone produced by the pineal glands in your brain, mainly at night. It prepares your body for sleep and is sometimes called the “hormone of sleep” or “hormone of darkness.” [Melatonin supplements](https://www.healthline.com/health/best-melatonin) are frequently [used as a sleep aid](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/melatonin-and-sleep). They help you fall asleep, improve sleep quality, and increase sleep duration. However, they don’t appear to be as effective as many other sleep medications ([1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23691095)). Sleep isn’t the only body function melatonin affects. This hormone also plays a role in your body’s antioxidant defenses and helps regulate blood pressure, body temperature, and cortisol levels, as well as sexual and immune function ([2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6092660/)). In the United States, melatonin is available over the counter. Since June 2021, it has also been available over the counter in Australia for people over 55 ([3](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/melatonin)). In contrast, it’s a prescription drug in most European countries and approved for use only in older adults with sleep disorders ([4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643981), [5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25892306)). Its use is growing, raising concerns about its possible side effects. > Summary > > Melatonin is a hormone your brain produces in response to fading light. It prepares your body for sleep and is often used as a sleep aid. ## A few studies have investigated the safety of melatonin, but none have found any serious side effects. It also doesn’t seem to cause any dependence or withdrawal symptoms ([6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26692007), [7](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23044640)). Some medical professionals are concerned that it may reduce the natural production of melatonin in the body. However, short-term studies suggest no such effects ([8](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9062869), [9](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3742833), [10](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14582858)). Several studies have reported general symptoms, including dizziness, headache, nausea, and agitation. However, these were equally common in the treatment and placebo groups and couldn’t be attributed to melatonin ([6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26692007)). Melatonin supplements are generally considered safe in the short term, even when taken in very high doses. However, more research on its long-term safety is needed, especially in children ([11](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16423108)). A few mild side effects and drug interactions are discussed in the chapters below. > Summary > > Melatonin supplements are considered safe, and no studies have noted any serious side effects to date. However, more research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects. ## Use in children Parents sometimes give melatonin supplements to children who have trouble falling asleep ([12](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23108475)). However, the Food and Drug Administration has neither approved its use nor evaluated its safety in children. In Europe, melatonin supplements are a prescription-only medicine intended for adults. However, one Norwegian study found that their unapproved use in children was on the rise ([5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25892306)). While there is no specific cause for concern, many experts are reluctant to recommend this supplement for children. This reluctance stems in part from its wide-ranging effects, which are not completely understood. Children are also considered a sensitive group, as they are still growing and developing. Long-term studies are needed before melatonin can be used with absolute safety in children ([13](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730172)). > Summary > > While parents occasionally give melatonin supplements to their children, most health professionals don’t recommend its use in this age group. ## As a sleep aid, melatonin supplements should be taken in the evening. When taken at other times of the day, they may cause undesirable sleepiness. Keep in mind that sleepiness is technically not a side effect but rather their intended function ([14](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14692469), [15](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9772309)). Nevertheless, sleepiness is a possible problem in people who have a reduced melatonin clearance rate, which is the rate at which a drug is removed from the body. An impaired clearance rate extends the time melatonin levels stay high after taking supplements. While this may not be an issue in most healthy adults, reduced melatonin clearance has been reported in older adults and infants. It is unknown whether this has any effects on melatonin levels the morning after taking supplements ([16](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22348451), [17](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432339)). Yet, even when melatonin supplements or injections are given during the daytime, they do not seem to affect the ability to maintain focus. Studies in healthy people injected with 10 or 100 mg of melatonin or given 5 mg by mouth found no effects on reaction times, attention, concentration, or driving performance compared with a placebo ([15](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9772309), [18](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184078)). More studies are needed before scientists can fully understand the effects of melatonin supplements on daytime sleepiness. > Summary > > Melatonin supplements may cause daytime sleepiness when taken during the day. You should use melatonin only in the evening. ## Several other concerns have been raised, but most have not been thoroughly researched: - Interaction with sleeping pills. One study found that taking the sleep medication zolpidem along with melatonin worsened zolpidem’s adverse effects on memory and muscle performance ( [19](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18763235) ). - Decreased body temperature. Melatonin causes a slight drop in body temperature. While this is generally not a problem, it could make a difference in people who have difficulty keeping warm ( [20](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801808) ). - Blood thinning. Melatonin may also reduce blood coagulation. As a result, you should speak with your doctor before taking high doses of it if you also take warfarin or other blood thinners ( [21](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18289163) ). > Summary > > Melatonin may interact with medications, such as sleeping pills, and can act as a blood thinner when taken in high doses. ## To aid sleep, the standard dosage ranges from 1–10 mg per day. However, the optimal dose has not been formally established ([22](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24318695)). Since not all melatonin supplements are the same, make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Also, keep in mind that the quality of over-the-counter supplements is not monitored by health authorities. Try to choose brands that are reputable and certified by a third party, such as Informed Choice or NSF International. Many experts do not recommend use of melatonin supplements in children and adolescents until more evidence confirms their safety in these groups ([6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26692007)). Since melatonin is transferred into breast milk, people who are breastfeeding should keep in mind that it might cause excessive daytime sleepiness in nursing infants ([23](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205210)). > Summary > > The common dosage of melatonin ranges from 1–10 mg per day, but make sure to follow the instructions on the label. Parents should not give it to their children without first consulting a healthcare professional. ## You can increase your melatonin levels without supplementing. A few hours before bedtime, dim all lights at home and avoid watching TV and using your computer or smartphone. Too much [artificial light](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/block-blue-light-to-sleep-better) can reduce the production of melatonin in your brain, making it harder for you to fall asleep ([24](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918238)). You can also strengthen your sleep-wake cycle by exposing yourself to plenty of natural light during the day, especially in the morning ([25](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25526564)). Other factors that have been associated with lower natural melatonin levels are stress and shift work. > Summary > > You can increase your melatonin production naturally by sticking to a regular sleep schedule and avoiding artificial light late in the evening. ## Melatonin supplements haven’t been linked to any serious side effects, even at very high doses. However, most experts agree that more research on melatonin’s long-term safety is needed. Therefore, sensitive individuals, such as children and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, should consult a healthcare professional before taking it. Even so, melatonin has an excellent safety profile and appears to be an effective sleep aid. If you often experience poor sleep, it may be worth trying.
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