🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 187 (from laksa002)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa187.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack","crawl_time":1775026843,"first_indexed_time":1476019104,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"au,gov,healthdirect!www,\/heart-attack s443","src_root_hash":"11476440364350543187","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Heart attack - symptoms, signs, complications and treatments | healthdirect","meta_descriptions":["Here's how to recognise the symptoms of a heart attack. Act fast when you notice the warning signs of a heart attack - it could save a life."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Key facts\nA heart attack happens when your heart muscle can't get enough oxygen, usually due to a blocked blood vessel.\nCommon symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing and sweating.\nCoronary heart disease is the leading cause of heart attacks.\nSmoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol increase your chances of having a heart attack.\nIf you're having a heart attack go to a hospital emergency department immediately — treating a heart attack early can prevent permanent heart damage.\nOn this page\nWhat is a heart attack?\nWhat are the symptoms of a heart attack?\nWhen should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department?\nWhat causes a heart attack?\nHow is a heart attack diagnosed?\nHow is a heart attack treated?\nWhat are the complications of a heart attack?\nCan a heart attack be prevented?\nResources and support\nRelated information on Australian websites\nWhat is a heart attack?\nA heart attack happens when there is a sudden loss of blood flow to part of the\nheart muscle.\nThis is usually caused by a blockage in one or more of the heart's\nblood vessels\n, which are called coronary arteries. These arteries deliver blood and oxygen to your heart.\nWhen an artery is blocked, your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. This means it can't pump blood to the rest of your body.\nA heart attack is also known as a myocardial infarction.\nA heart attack is a medical emergency. Without enough oxygen, your heart muscle can be permanently damaged.\nIn Australia, almost 1 in 50 people will experience a heart attack during their life.\nIs a cardiac arrest the same as a heart attack?\nA\ncardiac arrest\nand a heart attack are both medical emergencies. However, they are not the same thing.\nA\nheart attack\nis where a blocked artery reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. It causes\nchest pain\nand breathing difficulties but the heart can usually continue to beat. Sometimes a heart attack can lead to a cardiac arrest.\nA\ncardiac arrest\nis where there is a problem with the electrical signals that tell your heart to beat. Your heart stops beating or doesn't beat properly. This leads to unconsciousness ('passing out') and loss of breathing. Immediate treatment is needed to get your heart working again.\nWhat are the symptoms of a heart attack?\nIf you have chest pain, difficulty breathing or palpitations, or feel faint, sweaty or unwell, you could be having a heart attack. Call triple-zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance if symptoms are severe, getting worse or last longer than 10 minutes.\nHeart attack symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people do not have any symptoms. You may have mild chest pain or no chest pain at all, or for the pain to come and go.\nSymptoms of a heart attack may include:\nchest pain\n— pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing or a crushing feeling in the middle of your chest\npain in other areas such as your arms, shoulders, back, neck, jaw or stomach\ncoughing, a choking sensation or\ndifficulty breathing\nsuddenly feeling\ndizzy\n,\nfaint\n,\nlight-headed\nor\nanxious\nnausea\nor\nvomiting\na feeling of\nindigestion\nsweating or a cold sweat\nirregular or fast heartbeat (\npalpitations\n)\nHeart attack symptoms in females\nFemales\nare less likely than males to have chest pain. They may experience:\npain in the back, neck, jaw or both arms\nshortness of breath or nausea\nfeeling very tired\npressure or a tight feeling in the chest\nCHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS\n— Use the\nSymptom Checker\nand find out if you need to seek medical help.\nWhat are the warning signs?\nWatch this video about heart attack warning signs, from\nHeart Foundation\n.\nWhen should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department?\nIf you think you or someone else may be having a heart attack, call triple-zero (000) right away and ask for an ambulance. Early treatment could save a life.\nWhat should I do while waiting for the ambulance?\nIf you are having symptoms of a heart attack, you should:\nchew\naspirin\n— take 300 milligrams of aspirin (unless you are allergic to it). Chewing aspirin during a heart attack can help reduce heart damage.\ntake\nglyceryl trinitrate\n— if your doctor has prescribed this medicine for an existing heart condition, take it as directed.\nIf someone is unconscious or not breathing, call for help and start\nCPR\nimmediately. If available, use a\ndefibrillator\n.\nDo not drive if you're having a heart attack. If no ambulance is available, ask a bystander or neighbour to take you to the hospital.\nFIND A HEALTH SERVICE\n— The\nService Finder\ncan help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.\nWhat causes a heart attack?\nThe most common cause of a heart attack is\ncoronary artery disease\n.\nThis happens when the arteries of the heart narrow or get blocked by plaque. Plaque is made up of fat,\ncholesterol\nand other substances. If the plaque bursts, a blood clot can form. This blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to your heart muscle, causing damage.\nOther causes of a heart attack include:\ncoronary artery embolism — a\nblood clot\nfrom another part of the body blocks the coronary artery\ncoronary vasospasm — a sudden narrowing or tightening of the coronary artery, which reduces blood flow to your heart\naortic dissection\n— a sudden tear in the wall of your aorta\nRisk factors\nCertain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of a heart attack.\nRisk factors you can't change include:\nage — as you get older, your risk of a heart attack increases\nsex — males are more likely to have heart attacks than females\nfamily history\n— if heart disease runs in your family, your chances of having a heart attack are higher\nRisk factors you can change or manage include:\nsmoking\nhigh\ncholesterol\ndiabetes\nhigh blood pressure\nnot getting enough\nphysical activity\nliving with\nobesity or overweight\neating an unhealthy diet high in\nsaturated fats\n,\nsalt\nand\nsugar\nOther health conditions can increase your chance of having a heart attack, such as\nhyperthyroidism\nand severe\nanaemia\n. Getting\nthe flu\nor\nCOVID-19\ncan also lead to a heart attack.\nHow is a heart attack diagnosed?\nYour doctor will diagnose a heart attack by asking about your symptoms and doing tests. They will also check your vital signs, such as your\nblood pressure\n, pulse and temperature.\nTests to confirm a heart attack and check for any damage to your heart include one of more of the following:\nElectrocardiogram\n(ECG) — small pads with wires are placed on your chest, arms and legs. This measures electrical signals travelling through your heart muscle.\nCardiac troponin test — this blood test checks for a protein called troponin, which is released when your heart muscle is damaged.\nChest\nx-ray\n— to rule out other causes of your symptoms.\nAngiography\n(\ncardiac catheterisation\n) — a small tube is inserted into an artery in your groin or wrist and guided to your heart. A special dye is injected to show if there is a narrowing or blockage.\nEchocardiogram — an\nultrasound\nscan of your heart.\nCT scan\nor\nMRI scan\nof the heart — these tests take detailed pictures of your heart to check for damage or problems.\nHow is a heart attack treated?\nWhen treating a heart attack, it is important to get blood flowing again to your heart quickly. The longer your heart is without oxygen, the more damage there will be.\nMedicines\nMedicines are given as soon as possible to help restore blood flow and prevent further damage. They can also help prevent another heart attack.\nMedicines include:\naspirin — this thins the blood, preventing blood clots forming or getting bigger\nthrombolytics — a medicine to dissolve the blood clot in your blocked coronary artery\nnitrate medicines (such as glyceryl trinitrate) — to improve blood flow through the coronary arteries\nblood pressure medicines (\nACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers\nand\nbeta blockers\n) — these lower the strain on your heart and help it work better\ncholesterol-lowering medicines\n— to lower the cholesterol in your blood and prevent another heart attack\npain relievers\nLOOKING FOR A MEDICINE?\n— To search by brand name or active ingredient, use the\nMedicines information\nsearch feature.\nSurgical procedures\nTreatments that can restore blood flow to your heart include the following:\nAngioplasty\n— a small balloon is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to open it. A stent (a tiny mesh tube) may be left in the artery to keep it open.\nCoronary artery bypass graft surgery\n(CABG) — this involves taking a healthy blood vessel from somewhere else in your body and attaching it to the blocked artery on each side of the blockage. This lets blood flow around the blockage.\nLife after a heart attack\nAfter the heart attack is treated, ongoing treatment focuses on recovery and prevention of further heart attacks.\nCardiac rehabilitation\nis a program of education and exercise. It provides support during your recovery and helps lower your risk of having another heart attack. It will help you make lifestyle changes (such as starting a\nhealthy diet\n,\nquitting smoking\nand\nmanaging stress\n) to help prevent another heart attack.\nASK YOUR DOCTOR\n— Preparing for an appointment? Use the\nQuestion Builder\nfor general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.\nWhat are the complications of a heart attack?\nComplications can be serious and may include:\nlack of blood flow — this can lead to another heart attack or ongoing chest pain (\nangina\n)\narrhythmias\n— your heart may develop an abnormal heartbeat due to damage\nheart failure\ncardiogenic shock — a life-threatening condition where your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to your body\nheart rupture — where part of your heart tears open\nblood clots\npericarditis\n— inflammation of the lining around the heart\nCan a heart attack be prevented?\nMaking healthy lifestyle changes is the best way to lower your risk of a heart attack.\nHere are some tips to improve your heart health:\nQuit smoking\n.\nEat a\nhealthy diet\n.\nStay physically active and\nexercise\nregularly.\nMaintain a healthy weight.\nDon't drink too much alcohol\n.\nReduce\nstress\n.\nSee your doctor to check your\nblood pressure\n,\nblood sugar\nand\ncholesterol\n. Your doctor can help you manage these to prevent a heart attack.\nGet\nvaccinated against COVID-19\nand the\nflu\nto help protect yourself and others.\nNEED TO LOSE WEIGHT?\n— Use the\nBMI Calculator\nto find out if your weight and waist size are in a healthy range.\nResources and support\nThe\nHeart Foundation\noffers resources about:\nhow your heart works\nrecognising a heart attack\nsupport after a heart attack\nrelationships and sex after a heart attack\ncaring for someone who has had a heart attack\nYou can also call the healthdirect helpline on\n1800 022 222\n(known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.\nDo you prefer to read in languages other than English?\nThe Heart Foundation has\nfact sheets on heart health translated into more than 25 community languages\n.\nThe Heart Foundation has\na video about the warning signs of a heart attack in several community languages\n.\nLooking for information for Aboriginal and\/or Torres Strait Islander people?\nHealthInfoNet\nprovides advice on cardiovascular health for Aboriginal and\/or Torres Strait Islander people.","attrs_markdown":"[![healthdirect australia logo](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/assets\/images\/logo-hda.svg)](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/)\n\nSign in\n\n- [Join](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/account\/join)\n- [Sign in](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/account\/signin)\n\nMenu\n# Healthdirect Free Australian health advice you can count on.\nJoin\n\nSign in\n\nMedical problem? Call 1800 022 222. If you need urgent medical help, call triple zero immediately\n\nhealthdirect Australia is a free service where you can talk to a nurse or doctor who can help you know what to do.\n\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/)\n- Health topics A-Z\n  - [Conditions](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/health-topics\/conditions) [Gastroenteritis](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/gastroenteritis) [Skin Conditions](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/skin-conditions) [Whooping Cough](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/whooping-cough)\n  - [Symptoms](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/health-topics\/symptoms) [Abdominal Pain](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/abdominal-pain) [Bites and Stings](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/bites-and-stings) [Diarrhoea](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/diarrhoea)\n  - [Procedures](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/health-topics\/procedures) [Colonoscopy](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/colonoscopy) [Grommets](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/grommets) [Liposuction](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/liposuction) [Tubal ligation](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/tubal-ligation)\n  - 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[Conditions](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/health-topics\/conditions)\n  - [Symptoms](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/health-topics\/symptoms)\n  - [Procedures](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/health-topics\/procedures)\n  - [Life stages](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/life-stages)\n  - [All topics](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/health-topics)\n- [Medicines](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/medicines)\n- [Symptom checker](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/symptom-checker)\n- [Service finder](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/australian-health-services)\n\n[beginning of content]()\n\n# Heart attack\n*12-minute read*\n\nPrint\n\nShare\n\n[share via Facebook](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack \"Share this page on Facebook\")\n\nshare via Email\n\nSave\n\n[Listen](https:\/\/app-oc.readspeaker.com\/cgi-bin\/rsent?customerid=8207&lang=en_au&readid=mainContentArticleText&url=https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack \"Listen to this page using ReadSpeaker\")\n\n**Call triple-zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance if someone is unconscious or may be having a heart attack.**\n\n## Key facts\n- A heart attack happens when your heart muscle can't get enough oxygen, usually due to a blocked blood vessel.\n- Common symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing and sweating.\n- Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of heart attacks.\n- Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol increase your chances of having a heart attack.\n- If you're having a heart attack go to a hospital emergency department immediately — treating a heart attack early can prevent permanent heart damage.\n\n## On this page\n- [What is a heart attack?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#what-is)\n- [What are the symptoms of a heart attack?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#symptoms)\n- [When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#emergency)\n- [What causes a heart attack?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#causes)\n- [How is a heart attack diagnosed?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#diagnosed)\n- [How is a heart attack treated?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#treated)\n- [What are the complications of a heart attack?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#complications)\n- [Can a heart attack be prevented?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#prevented)\n- [Resources and support](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#resources)\n- [Related information on Australian websites](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#searchGeneralResults)\n## What is a heart attack?\nA heart attack happens when there is a sudden loss of blood flow to part of the [heart muscle.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart) This is usually caused by a blockage in one or more of the heart's [blood vessels](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/blood-and-blood-vessels), which are called coronary arteries. These arteries deliver blood and oxygen to your heart.\n\nWhen an artery is blocked, your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. This means it can't pump blood to the rest of your body.\n\nA heart attack is also known as a myocardial infarction.\n\nA heart attack is a medical emergency. Without enough oxygen, your heart muscle can be permanently damaged.\n\nIn Australia, almost 1 in 50 people will experience a heart attack during their life.\n\n### Is a cardiac arrest the same as a heart attack?\nA [cardiac arrest](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cardiac-arrest) and a heart attack are both medical emergencies. However, they are not the same thing.\n\nA **heart attack** is where a blocked artery reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. It causes [chest pain](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/chest-pain) and breathing difficulties but the heart can usually continue to beat. Sometimes a heart attack can lead to a cardiac arrest.\n\nA **cardiac arrest** is where there is a problem with the electrical signals that tell your heart to beat. Your heart stops beating or doesn't beat properly. This leads to unconsciousness ('passing out') and loss of breathing. Immediate treatment is needed to get your heart working again.\n\n## What are the symptoms of a heart attack?\n**If you have chest pain, difficulty breathing or palpitations, or feel faint, sweaty or unwell, you could be having a heart attack. Call triple-zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance if symptoms are severe, getting worse or last longer than 10 minutes.**\n\nHeart attack symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people do not have any symptoms. You may have mild chest pain or no chest pain at all, or for the pain to come and go.\n\nSymptoms of a heart attack may include:\n\n- [chest pain](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/chest-pain) — pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing or a crushing feeling in the middle of your chest\n- pain in other areas such as your arms, shoulders, back, neck, jaw or stomach\n- coughing, a choking sensation or [difficulty breathing](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/shortness-of-breath)\n- suddenly feeling [dizzy](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/dizziness), [faint](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/fainting), [light-headed](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/lightheadedness) or [anxious](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/anxiety)\n- [nausea](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/nausea) or [vomiting](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/vomiting)\n- a feeling of [indigestion](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/chest-pain)\n- sweating or a cold sweat\n- irregular or fast heartbeat ([palpitations](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-palpitations))\n### Heart attack symptoms in females\n[Females](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack-symptoms-males-vs-females) are less likely than males to have chest pain. They may experience:\n\n- pain in the back, neck, jaw or both arms\n- shortness of breath or nausea\n- feeling very tired\n- pressure or a tight feeling in the chest\n\n[**CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS** — Use the **Symptom Checker** and find out if you need to seek medical help.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/symptom-checker)\n\n### What are the warning signs?\nWatch this video about heart attack warning signs, from [Heart Foundation](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/).\n\n## When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department?\nIf you think you or someone else may be having a heart attack, call triple-zero (000) right away and ask for an ambulance. Early treatment could save a life.\n\n### What should I do while waiting for the ambulance?\nIf you are having symptoms of a heart attack, you should:\n\n- **chew [aspirin](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/medicines\/medicinal-product\/aht,10203\/aspirin)** — take 300 milligrams of aspirin (unless you are allergic to it). Chewing aspirin during a heart attack can help reduce heart damage.\n- **take [glyceryl trinitrate](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/medicines\/medicinal-product\/aht,21304\/glyceryl-trinitrate)** — if your doctor has prescribed this medicine for an existing heart condition, take it as directed.\n\nIf someone is unconscious or not breathing, call for help and start [CPR](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/how-to-perform-cpr) immediately. If available, use a [defibrillator](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/defibrillators).\n\nDo not drive if you're having a heart attack. If no ambulance is available, ask a bystander or neighbour to take you to the hospital.\n\n[**FIND A HEALTH SERVICE** — The **Service Finder** can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/australian-health-services)\n\n## What causes a heart attack?\nThe most common cause of a heart attack is [coronary artery disease](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/coronary-heart-disease-and-atherosclerosis).\n\nThis happens when the arteries of the heart narrow or get blocked by plaque. Plaque is made up of fat, [cholesterol](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cholesterol) and other substances. If the plaque bursts, a blood clot can form. This blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to your heart muscle, causing damage.\n\nOther causes of a heart attack include:\n\n- coronary artery embolism — a [blood clot](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/blood-clots) from another part of the body blocks the coronary artery\n- coronary vasospasm — a sudden narrowing or tightening of the coronary artery, which reduces blood flow to your heart\n- [aortic dissection](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/aortic-dissection) — a sudden tear in the wall of your aorta\n### Risk factors\nCertain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of a heart attack.\n\nRisk factors you can't change include:\n\n- age — as you get older, your risk of a heart attack increases\n- sex — males are more likely to have heart attacks than females\n- [family history](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/family-medical-history) — if heart disease runs in your family, your chances of having a heart attack are higher\n\nRisk factors you can change or manage include:\n\n- [smoking](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/quit-smoking-vaping)\n- high [cholesterol](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cholesterol)\n- [diabetes](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/type-2-diabetes)\n- [high blood pressure](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/high-blood-pressure-hypertension)\n- not getting enough [physical activity](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/fitness-and-exercise)\n- living with [obesity or overweight](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/obesity)\n- eating an unhealthy diet high in [saturated fats](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/dietary-fats), [salt](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/salt) and [sugar](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/sugar)\n\nOther health conditions can increase your chance of having a heart attack, such as [hyperthyroidism](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/hyperthyroidism) and severe [anaemia](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/anaemia). Getting [the flu](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/flu) or [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/covid-19) can also lead to a heart attack.\n\n## How is a heart attack diagnosed?\nYour doctor will diagnose a heart attack by asking about your symptoms and doing tests. They will also check your vital signs, such as your [blood pressure](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure), pulse and temperature.\n\nTests to confirm a heart attack and check for any damage to your heart include one of more of the following:\n\n- [Electrocardiogram](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/electrocardiogram-ecg) (ECG) — small pads with wires are placed on your chest, arms and legs. This measures electrical signals travelling through your heart muscle.\n- Cardiac troponin test — this blood test checks for a protein called troponin, which is released when your heart muscle is damaged.\n- Chest [x-ray](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/x-rays) — to rule out other causes of your symptoms.\n- [Angiography](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/angiogram) ([cardiac catheterisation](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cardiac-catheterisation)) — a small tube is inserted into an artery in your groin or wrist and guided to your heart. A special dye is injected to show if there is a narrowing or blockage.\n- Echocardiogram — an [ultrasound](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/ultrasound) scan of your heart.\n- [CT scan](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/ct-scan) or [MRI scan](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri) of the heart — these tests take detailed pictures of your heart to check for damage or problems.\n## How is a heart attack treated?\nWhen treating a heart attack, it is important to get blood flowing again to your heart quickly. The longer your heart is without oxygen, the more damage there will be.\n\n### Medicines\nMedicines are given as soon as possible to help restore blood flow and prevent further damage. They can also help prevent another heart attack.\n\nMedicines include:\n\n- aspirin — this thins the blood, preventing blood clots forming or getting bigger\n- thrombolytics — a medicine to dissolve the blood clot in your blocked coronary artery\n- nitrate medicines (such as glyceryl trinitrate) — to improve blood flow through the coronary arteries\n- blood pressure medicines ( [ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-ace-and-angiotensin-receptor-blockers-arbs) and [beta blockers](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/beta-blockers)) — these lower the strain on your heart and help it work better\n- [cholesterol-lowering medicines](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/statins) — to lower the cholesterol in your blood and prevent another heart attack\n- [pain relievers](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/pain-relief-medicines)\n\n[**LOOKING FOR A MEDICINE?** — To search by brand name or active ingredient, use the **Medicines information** search feature.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/medicines)\n\n### Surgical procedures\nTreatments that can restore blood flow to your heart include the following:\n\n- [Angioplasty](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/angioplasty) — a small balloon is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to open it. A stent (a tiny mesh tube) may be left in the artery to keep it open.\n- [Coronary artery bypass graft surgery](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/surgery\/coronary-artery-bypass-graft) (CABG) — this involves taking a healthy blood vessel from somewhere else in your body and attaching it to the blocked artery on each side of the blockage. This lets blood flow around the blockage.\n### Life after a heart attack\nAfter the heart attack is treated, ongoing treatment focuses on recovery and prevention of further heart attacks.\n\n[Cardiac rehabilitation](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/rehabilitation-after-illness-or-injury) is a program of education and exercise. It provides support during your recovery and helps lower your risk of having another heart attack. It will help you make lifestyle changes (such as starting a [healthy diet](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/balanced-diet), [quitting smoking](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/quit-smoking-vaping) and [managing stress](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/stress)) to help prevent another heart attack.\n\n[**ASK YOUR DOCTOR** — Preparing for an appointment? Use the **Question Builder** for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/question-builder)\n\n## What are the complications of a heart attack?\nComplications can be serious and may include:\n\n- lack of blood flow — this can lead to another heart attack or ongoing chest pain ([angina](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/angina))\n- [arrhythmias](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-arrhythmias) — your heart may develop an abnormal heartbeat due to damage\n- [heart failure](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-failure)\n- cardiogenic shock — a life-threatening condition where your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to your body\n- heart rupture — where part of your heart tears open\n- [blood clots](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/blood-clots)\n- [pericarditis](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/pericarditis) — inflammation of the lining around the heart\n## Can a heart attack be prevented?\nMaking healthy lifestyle changes is the best way to lower your risk of a heart attack.\n\nHere are some tips to improve your heart health:\n\n- [Quit smoking](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/quit-smoking-vaping).\n- Eat a [healthy diet](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/healthy-heart-diet).\n- Stay physically active and [exercise](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/tips-for-getting-active) regularly.\n- Maintain a healthy weight.\n- [Don't drink too much alcohol](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/tips-for-safe-drinking).\n- Reduce [stress](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/stress).\n\nSee your doctor to check your [blood pressure](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure), [blood sugar](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/blood-glucose-test) and [cholesterol](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cholesterol). Your doctor can help you manage these to prevent a heart attack.\n\nGet [vaccinated against COVID-19](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/covid-19-vaccine-faqs) and the [flu](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/flu-vaccine-faqs) to help protect yourself and others.\n\n[**NEED TO LOSE WEIGHT?** — Use the **BMI Calculator** to find out if your weight and waist size are in a healthy range.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/bmi-calculator)\n\n## Resources and support\nThe [Heart Foundation](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/) offers resources about:\n\n- [how your heart works](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/how-your-heart-works)\n- [recognising a heart attack](https:\/\/assets.contentstack.io\/v3\/assets\/blt8a393bb3b76c0ede\/blt39e91ecd9206f31c\/65af097fc3bf067b74fe069c\/Heart_Attack_Action_Plan.pdf)\n- [support after a heart attack](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/support\/support-after-a-heart-attack)\n- [relationships and sex after a heart attack](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/support\/relationships-sex-after-a-heart-attack)\n- [caring for someone who has had a heart attack](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/support\/being-a-carer-for-a-heart-attack-patient)\n\nYou can also call the healthdirect helpline on [1800 022 222](tel:1800022222) (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.\n\n### Do you prefer to read in languages other than English?\nThe Heart Foundation has [fact sheets on heart health translated into more than 25 community languages](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/info-lote).\n\nThe Heart Foundation has [a video about the warning signs of a heart attack in several community languages](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/heart-attack-warning-signs).\n\n### Looking for information for Aboriginal and\/or Torres Strait Islander people?\n[HealthInfoNet](https:\/\/healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au\/learn\/health-topics\/cardiovascular-health\/) provides advice on cardiovascular health for Aboriginal and\/or Torres Strait Islander people.\n\n#### Sources:\nHeart Foundation *[(Heart attack warning signs)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/heart-attack-warning-signs \"Heart attack warning signs\")*, Heart Foundation *[(Key statistics: Heart attack)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/evidence-and-statistics\/key-statistics-heart-attack \"Key statistics: Heart attack\")*, Heart Foundation *[(COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/covid-19-and-heart-disease-risks \"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease\")*, Heart Foundation *[(Heart attack vs cardiac arrest – know the difference)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/blog\/heart-attack-vs-cardiac-arrest \"Heart attack vs cardiac arrest – know the difference\")*, Heart Foundation *[(What is a heart attack?)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/heart-attack \"What is a heart attack?\")*, StatPearls *[(Myocardial Infarction)](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK537076\/ \"Myocardial Infarction\")*, StatPearls *[(Acute Myocardial Infarction)](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459269\/ \"Acute Myocardial Infarction\")*, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute *[(Heart Attack)](https:\/\/www.victorchang.edu.au\/heart-disease\/heart-attack \"Heart Attack\")*, St John Ambulance Australia *[(First aid fact sheet — Heart attack)](https:\/\/stjohn.org.au\/assets\/uploads\/fact%20sheets\/english\/Fact%20sheets_heart%20attack.pdf \"First aid fact sheet — Heart attack\")*, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute *[(Heart disease in women)](https:\/\/www.victorchang.edu.au\/heart-disease\/women \"Heart disease in women\")*, Heart Foundation *[(What is cardiac rehab?)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/support\/cardiac-rehabilitation \"What is cardiac rehab?\")*, Emergency Care Institute *[(Chest pain)](https:\/\/aci.health.nsw.gov.au\/networks\/eci\/clinical\/ed-factsheets\/chest-pain \"Chest pain\")*\n\nLearn more here about the [development and quality assurance of healthdirect content](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/about-our-content).\n\nLast reviewed: October 2024\n\n[Back To Top](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#backToTop)\n\n## Related pages\n- [Heart attack symptoms: males vs females](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack-symptoms-males-vs-females \"Heart attack symptoms: males vs females\")\n\n## Search our site for\n- [Heart](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/search-results\/Heart \"Search results for: Heart\")\n- [Chest Pain](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/search-results\/Chest%20Pain \"Search results for: Chest Pain\")\n- [Angiography](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/search-results\/Angiography \"Search results for: Angiography\")\n- [Troponin Test](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/search-results\/Troponin%20Test \"Search results for: Troponin Test\")\n\n## Need more information?\nThese trusted information partners have more on this topic.\n\nGeneral search results\n\nResults for medical professionals\n\nTop results\n\n[Influenza and Heart Attack - Immunisation Coalition Flu vaccination protects more than your lungs — it can also save your heart. Learn how influenza increases the risk of heart attacks and sudden cardiac arrest, and how annual vaccination dramatically lowers these risks — especially for people with heart disease. *Read more on Immunisation Coalition website* ![Immunisation Coalition](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/immunisation-coalition-logo-84853b.png)](https:\/\/immunisationcoalition.org.au\/diseases\/influenza\/influenza-and-heart-attack\/)\n\n[Cardiovascular disease risk factors and heart attack warning signs in women \\| Heart Foundation Information for healthcare professionals and the public on cardiovascular disease risk factors and warning signs affecting women. *Read more on Heart Foundation website* ![Heart Foundation](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/heartfoundation-logo-master---rgb-\\(1\\)-cb4909.png)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/risk-factors-for-women)\n\n[Heart attack - myDr.com.au A heart attack (myocardial infarction) means the blood supply to part of the heart muscle has become blocked. Early treatment can reduce muscle damage. *Read more on myDoctor website* ![myDoctor](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/mydoctor-new_logo-1f39cc.png)](https:\/\/mydr.com.au\/heart-stroke\/heart-attack\/)\n\n[Support after a heart attack \\| Heart Foundation Many different thoughts may go through your head after a heart attack and you may be presented with complicated medical info. Know where to get support. *Read more on Heart Foundation website* ![Heart Foundation](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/heartfoundation-logo-master---rgb-\\(1\\)-cb4909.png)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/support\/support-after-a-heart-attack)\n\n[What is a heart attack? \\| Heart Foundation A heart attack is a medical emergency. Learn the key signs, causes, and treatment options to protect your heart and act quickly when every second counts. *Read more on Heart Foundation website* ![Heart Foundation](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/heartfoundation-logo-master---rgb-\\(1\\)-cb4909.png)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/heart-attack)\n\n[Five warning signs of a heart attack that you may not know - Blog \\| Heart Foundation Just as no two hearts beat the same, no two heart attacks are the same, even for the same person. It is different for everyone and the warning signs someone experiences before a heart attack can vary drastically from person to person. *Read more on Heart Foundation website* ![Heart Foundation](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/heartfoundation-logo-master---rgb-\\(1\\)-cb4909.png)](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/blog\/5-warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack-you-may-not-know)\n\n[Heart attack or cardiac arrest: Aren't they the same thing? - St Vincent's Heart Health St Vincent's Heart Health *Read more on St Vincent's Hospital Heart Health website* ![St Vincent's Hospital Heart Health](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/svhhh-logo-1e7e03.png)](https:\/\/www.svhhearthealth.com.au\/about-us\/whats-new\/a-heart-attack-or-cardiac-arrest)\n\n[Heart attack \\| Better Health Channel Heart attack is an emergency. If you have warning signs of heart attack, get help fast. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. *Read more on Better Health Channel website* ![Better Health Channel](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/bhc-rectangle-image-e99950.png)](https:\/\/www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au\/health\/conditionsandtreatments\/heart-attack)\n\n[Heart attack – St John Australia *Read more on St John Ambulance Australia website* ![St John Ambulance Australia](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/stjohn_logo_standard_vertical_primary_rgb-ae7dc8.png)](https:\/\/stjohn.org.au\/fact-sheet\/heart-attack\/)\n\n[Acute Coronary Syndromes (heart attack and suspected heart attack) - Clinical Care Standard - Consumer fact sheet \\| Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care *Read more on ACSQHC website* ![ACSQHC](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/acsqhc_logo_rgb_master_colour-c0a184.png)](https:\/\/www.safetyandquality.gov.au\/publications-and-resources\/resource-library\/acute-coronary-syndromes-heart-attack-and-suspected-heart-attack-clinical-care-standard-consumer-fact-sheet)\n\nShow more\n\nTop results\n\n[12-Lead ECG in the Field Rapid diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is vital, especially if a patient is experiencing an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) - the most serious and time-dependent type of heart attack. *Read more on Ausmed Education website* ![Ausmed Education](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/ausmed-new-logo-872e67.png)](https:\/\/www.ausmed.com\/learn\/articles\/12-lead-ecg-in-the-field)\n\n[Troponins in myocardial infarction and injury - Australian Prescriber The detection of cardiac troponins in the blood is no longer synonymous with acute coronary syndrome. *Read more on Australian Prescriber website* ![Australian Prescriber](https:\/\/media.healthdirect.org.au\/images\/logos\/h40\/australian-prescriber_2023_logo-5f8e5b.png)](https:\/\/australianprescriber.tg.org.au\/articles\/troponins-in-myocardial-infarction-and-injury.html)\n\nShow more\n\n## Disclaimer\nHealthdirect Australia is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering.\n\n[OK]()\n\n## Related pages\n- [Heart attack symptoms: males vs females](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack-symptoms-males-vs-females \"Heart attack symptoms: males vs females\")\n\n## Search our site for\n- [Heart](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/search-results\/Heart \"Search results for: Heart\")\n- [Chest Pain](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/search-results\/Chest%20Pain \"Search results for: Chest Pain\")\n- [Angiography](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/search-results\/Angiography \"Search results for: Angiography\")\n- [Troponin Test](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/search-results\/Troponin%20Test \"Search results for: Troponin Test\")\n\n## Symptom checker\n**Worried about your health?**\n\nSelect a symptom, answer some questions, get advice\n\n[Start Your Symptom Check](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/symptom-checker \"Check symptoms\")\n\n[Check your symptoms](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/symptom-checker\/tool?symptom=GNRC) [Find a health service](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/australian-health-services)\n\n# Healthdirect 24hr 7 days a week hotline\n24 hour health advice you can count on\n\n[1800 022 222](tel:1800022222)\n\n# Government Accredited with over 140 information partners\n![Healthdirect logo](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/assets\/images\/logo-hda.svg)\n\nWe are a government-funded service, providing quality, approved health information and advice\n\n[![Australian Government, health department 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apply.\n\nHealthdirect Australia acknowledges the Traditional Owners of Country throughout Australia and their continuing connection to land, sea and community. We pay our respects to the Traditional Owners and to Elders both past and present.\n\n© 2026 Healthdirect Australia Limited\n\n## Support for this browser is being discontinued\nSupport for this browser is being discontinued for this site\n\n- Internet Explorer 11 and lower\n\nWe currently support Microsoft Edge, Chrome, Firefox and Safari. For more information, please visit the links below:\n\n- [Chrome by Google](https:\/\/www.google.com.au\/chrome\/)\n- [Firefox by Mozilla](https:\/\/www.mozilla.org\/en-US\/firefox\/new)\n- [Microsoft Edge](https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/edge)\n- [Safari by Apple](https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en_AU\/downloads\/safari)\n\nYou are welcome to continue browsing this site with this browser. Some features, tools or interaction may not work correctly.\n\nContinue\n\n![](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/tr?id=286390378916509&ev=PageView%0A%0A&noscript=1)","attrs_readable_markdown":"## Key facts\n- A heart attack happens when your heart muscle can't get enough oxygen, usually due to a blocked blood vessel.\n- Common symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing and sweating.\n- Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of heart attacks.\n- Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol increase your chances of having a heart attack.\n- If you're having a heart attack go to a hospital emergency department immediately — treating a heart attack early can prevent permanent heart damage.\n\n## On this page\n- [What is a heart attack?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#what-is)\n- [What are the symptoms of a heart attack?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#symptoms)\n- [When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#emergency)\n- [What causes a heart attack?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#causes)\n- [How is a heart attack diagnosed?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#diagnosed)\n- [How is a heart attack treated?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#treated)\n- [What are the complications of a heart attack?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#complications)\n- [Can a heart attack be prevented?](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#prevented)\n- [Resources and support](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#resources)\n- [Related information on Australian websites](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack#searchGeneralResults)\n## What is a heart attack?\nA heart attack happens when there is a sudden loss of blood flow to part of the [heart muscle.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart) This is usually caused by a blockage in one or more of the heart's [blood vessels](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/blood-and-blood-vessels), which are called coronary arteries. These arteries deliver blood and oxygen to your heart.\n\nWhen an artery is blocked, your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. This means it can't pump blood to the rest of your body.\n\nA heart attack is also known as a myocardial infarction.\n\nA heart attack is a medical emergency. Without enough oxygen, your heart muscle can be permanently damaged.\n\nIn Australia, almost 1 in 50 people will experience a heart attack during their life.\n\n### Is a cardiac arrest the same as a heart attack?\nA [cardiac arrest](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cardiac-arrest) and a heart attack are both medical emergencies. However, they are not the same thing.\n\nA **heart attack** is where a blocked artery reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. It causes [chest pain](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/chest-pain) and breathing difficulties but the heart can usually continue to beat. Sometimes a heart attack can lead to a cardiac arrest.\n\nA **cardiac arrest** is where there is a problem with the electrical signals that tell your heart to beat. Your heart stops beating or doesn't beat properly. This leads to unconsciousness ('passing out') and loss of breathing. Immediate treatment is needed to get your heart working again.\n\n## What are the symptoms of a heart attack?\n**If you have chest pain, difficulty breathing or palpitations, or feel faint, sweaty or unwell, you could be having a heart attack. Call triple-zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance if symptoms are severe, getting worse or last longer than 10 minutes.**\n\nHeart attack symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people do not have any symptoms. You may have mild chest pain or no chest pain at all, or for the pain to come and go.\n\nSymptoms of a heart attack may include:\n\n- [chest pain](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/chest-pain) — pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing or a crushing feeling in the middle of your chest\n- pain in other areas such as your arms, shoulders, back, neck, jaw or stomach\n- coughing, a choking sensation or [difficulty breathing](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/shortness-of-breath)\n- suddenly feeling [dizzy](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/dizziness), [faint](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/fainting), [light-headed](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/lightheadedness) or [anxious](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/anxiety)\n- [nausea](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/nausea) or [vomiting](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/vomiting)\n- a feeling of [indigestion](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/chest-pain)\n- sweating or a cold sweat\n- irregular or fast heartbeat ([palpitations](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-palpitations))\n### Heart attack symptoms in females\n[Females](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-attack-symptoms-males-vs-females) are less likely than males to have chest pain. They may experience:\n\n- pain in the back, neck, jaw or both arms\n- shortness of breath or nausea\n- feeling very tired\n- pressure or a tight feeling in the chest\n\n[**CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS** — Use the **Symptom Checker** and find out if you need to seek medical help.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/symptom-checker)\n\n### What are the warning signs?\nWatch this video about heart attack warning signs, from [Heart Foundation](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/).\n\n## When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department?\nIf you think you or someone else may be having a heart attack, call triple-zero (000) right away and ask for an ambulance. Early treatment could save a life.\n\n### What should I do while waiting for the ambulance?\nIf you are having symptoms of a heart attack, you should:\n\n- **chew [aspirin](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/medicines\/medicinal-product\/aht,10203\/aspirin)** — take 300 milligrams of aspirin (unless you are allergic to it). Chewing aspirin during a heart attack can help reduce heart damage.\n- **take [glyceryl trinitrate](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/medicines\/medicinal-product\/aht,21304\/glyceryl-trinitrate)** — if your doctor has prescribed this medicine for an existing heart condition, take it as directed.\n\nIf someone is unconscious or not breathing, call for help and start [CPR](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/how-to-perform-cpr) immediately. If available, use a [defibrillator](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/defibrillators).\n\nDo not drive if you're having a heart attack. If no ambulance is available, ask a bystander or neighbour to take you to the hospital.\n\n[**FIND A HEALTH SERVICE** — The **Service Finder** can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/australian-health-services)\n\n## What causes a heart attack?\nThe most common cause of a heart attack is [coronary artery disease](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/coronary-heart-disease-and-atherosclerosis).\n\nThis happens when the arteries of the heart narrow or get blocked by plaque. Plaque is made up of fat, [cholesterol](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cholesterol) and other substances. If the plaque bursts, a blood clot can form. This blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to your heart muscle, causing damage.\n\nOther causes of a heart attack include:\n\n- coronary artery embolism — a [blood clot](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/blood-clots) from another part of the body blocks the coronary artery\n- coronary vasospasm — a sudden narrowing or tightening of the coronary artery, which reduces blood flow to your heart\n- [aortic dissection](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/aortic-dissection) — a sudden tear in the wall of your aorta\n### Risk factors\nCertain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of a heart attack.\n\nRisk factors you can't change include:\n\n- age — as you get older, your risk of a heart attack increases\n- sex — males are more likely to have heart attacks than females\n- [family history](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/family-medical-history) — if heart disease runs in your family, your chances of having a heart attack are higher\n\nRisk factors you can change or manage include:\n\n- [smoking](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/quit-smoking-vaping)\n- high [cholesterol](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cholesterol)\n- [diabetes](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/type-2-diabetes)\n- [high blood pressure](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/high-blood-pressure-hypertension)\n- not getting enough [physical activity](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/fitness-and-exercise)\n- living with [obesity or overweight](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/obesity)\n- eating an unhealthy diet high in [saturated fats](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/dietary-fats), [salt](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/salt) and [sugar](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/sugar)\n\nOther health conditions can increase your chance of having a heart attack, such as [hyperthyroidism](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/hyperthyroidism) and severe [anaemia](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/anaemia). Getting [the flu](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/flu) or [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/covid-19) can also lead to a heart attack.\n\n## How is a heart attack diagnosed?\nYour doctor will diagnose a heart attack by asking about your symptoms and doing tests. They will also check your vital signs, such as your [blood pressure](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure), pulse and temperature.\n\nTests to confirm a heart attack and check for any damage to your heart include one of more of the following:\n\n- [Electrocardiogram](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/electrocardiogram-ecg) (ECG) — small pads with wires are placed on your chest, arms and legs. This measures electrical signals travelling through your heart muscle.\n- Cardiac troponin test — this blood test checks for a protein called troponin, which is released when your heart muscle is damaged.\n- Chest [x-ray](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/x-rays) — to rule out other causes of your symptoms.\n- [Angiography](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/angiogram) ([cardiac catheterisation](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cardiac-catheterisation)) — a small tube is inserted into an artery in your groin or wrist and guided to your heart. A special dye is injected to show if there is a narrowing or blockage.\n- Echocardiogram — an [ultrasound](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/ultrasound) scan of your heart.\n- [CT scan](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/ct-scan) or [MRI scan](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri) of the heart — these tests take detailed pictures of your heart to check for damage or problems.\n## How is a heart attack treated?\nWhen treating a heart attack, it is important to get blood flowing again to your heart quickly. The longer your heart is without oxygen, the more damage there will be.\n\n### Medicines\nMedicines are given as soon as possible to help restore blood flow and prevent further damage. They can also help prevent another heart attack.\n\nMedicines include:\n\n- aspirin — this thins the blood, preventing blood clots forming or getting bigger\n- thrombolytics — a medicine to dissolve the blood clot in your blocked coronary artery\n- nitrate medicines (such as glyceryl trinitrate) — to improve blood flow through the coronary arteries\n- blood pressure medicines ( [ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-ace-and-angiotensin-receptor-blockers-arbs) and [beta blockers](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/beta-blockers)) — these lower the strain on your heart and help it work better\n- [cholesterol-lowering medicines](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/statins) — to lower the cholesterol in your blood and prevent another heart attack\n- [pain relievers](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/pain-relief-medicines)\n\n[**LOOKING FOR A MEDICINE?** — To search by brand name or active ingredient, use the **Medicines information** search feature.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/medicines)\n\n### Surgical procedures\nTreatments that can restore blood flow to your heart include the following:\n\n- [Angioplasty](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/angioplasty) — a small balloon is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to open it. A stent (a tiny mesh tube) may be left in the artery to keep it open.\n- [Coronary artery bypass graft surgery](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/surgery\/coronary-artery-bypass-graft) (CABG) — this involves taking a healthy blood vessel from somewhere else in your body and attaching it to the blocked artery on each side of the blockage. This lets blood flow around the blockage.\n### Life after a heart attack\nAfter the heart attack is treated, ongoing treatment focuses on recovery and prevention of further heart attacks.\n\n[Cardiac rehabilitation](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/rehabilitation-after-illness-or-injury) is a program of education and exercise. It provides support during your recovery and helps lower your risk of having another heart attack. It will help you make lifestyle changes (such as starting a [healthy diet](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/balanced-diet), [quitting smoking](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/quit-smoking-vaping) and [managing stress](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/stress)) to help prevent another heart attack.\n\n[**ASK YOUR DOCTOR** — Preparing for an appointment? Use the **Question Builder** for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/question-builder)\n\n## What are the complications of a heart attack?\nComplications can be serious and may include:\n\n- lack of blood flow — this can lead to another heart attack or ongoing chest pain ([angina](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/angina))\n- [arrhythmias](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-arrhythmias) — your heart may develop an abnormal heartbeat due to damage\n- [heart failure](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/heart-failure)\n- cardiogenic shock — a life-threatening condition where your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to your body\n- heart rupture — where part of your heart tears open\n- [blood clots](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/blood-clots)\n- [pericarditis](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/pericarditis) — inflammation of the lining around the heart\n## Can a heart attack be prevented?\nMaking healthy lifestyle changes is the best way to lower your risk of a heart attack.\n\nHere are some tips to improve your heart health:\n\n- [Quit smoking](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/quit-smoking-vaping).\n- Eat a [healthy diet](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/healthy-heart-diet).\n- Stay physically active and [exercise](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/tips-for-getting-active) regularly.\n- Maintain a healthy weight.\n- [Don't drink too much alcohol](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/tips-for-safe-drinking).\n- Reduce [stress](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/stress).\n\nSee your doctor to check your [blood pressure](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure), [blood sugar](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/blood-glucose-test) and [cholesterol](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/cholesterol). Your doctor can help you manage these to prevent a heart attack.\n\nGet [vaccinated against COVID-19](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/covid-19-vaccine-faqs) and the [flu](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/flu-vaccine-faqs) to help protect yourself and others.\n\n[**NEED TO LOSE WEIGHT?** — Use the **BMI Calculator** to find out if your weight and waist size are in a healthy range.](https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/bmi-calculator)\n\n## Resources and support\nThe [Heart Foundation](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/) offers resources about:\n\n- [how your heart works](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/how-your-heart-works)\n- [recognising a heart attack](https:\/\/assets.contentstack.io\/v3\/assets\/blt8a393bb3b76c0ede\/blt39e91ecd9206f31c\/65af097fc3bf067b74fe069c\/Heart_Attack_Action_Plan.pdf)\n- [support after a heart attack](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/support\/support-after-a-heart-attack)\n- [relationships and sex after a heart attack](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/support\/relationships-sex-after-a-heart-attack)\n- [caring for someone who has had a heart attack](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/support\/being-a-carer-for-a-heart-attack-patient)\n\nYou can also call the healthdirect helpline on [1800 022 222](tel:1800022222) (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.\n\n### Do you prefer to read in languages other than English?\nThe Heart Foundation has [fact sheets on heart health translated into more than 25 community languages](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/info-lote).\n\nThe Heart Foundation has [a video about the warning signs of a heart attack in several community languages](https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/your-heart\/heart-attack-warning-signs).\n\n### Looking for information for Aboriginal and\/or Torres Strait Islander people?\n[HealthInfoNet](https:\/\/healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au\/learn\/health-topics\/cardiovascular-health\/) provides advice on cardiovascular health for Aboriginal and\/or Torres Strait Islander people.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Title	Heart attack - symptoms, signs, complications and treatments \| healthdirect
Meta Description	Here's how to recognise the symptoms of a heart attack. Act fast when you notice the warning signs of a heart attack - it could save a life.
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Boilerpipe Text	Key facts A heart attack happens when your heart muscle can't get enough oxygen, usually due to a blocked blood vessel. Common symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing and sweating. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of heart attacks. Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol increase your chances of having a heart attack. If you're having a heart attack go to a hospital emergency department immediately — treating a heart attack early can prevent permanent heart damage. On this page What is a heart attack? What are the symptoms of a heart attack? When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department? What causes a heart attack? How is a heart attack diagnosed? How is a heart attack treated? What are the complications of a heart attack? Can a heart attack be prevented? Resources and support Related information on Australian websites What is a heart attack? A heart attack happens when there is a sudden loss of blood flow to part of the heart muscle. This is usually caused by a blockage in one or more of the heart's blood vessels , which are called coronary arteries. These arteries deliver blood and oxygen to your heart. When an artery is blocked, your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. This means it can't pump blood to the rest of your body. A heart attack is also known as a myocardial infarction. A heart attack is a medical emergency. Without enough oxygen, your heart muscle can be permanently damaged. In Australia, almost 1 in 50 people will experience a heart attack during their life. Is a cardiac arrest the same as a heart attack? A cardiac arrest and a heart attack are both medical emergencies. However, they are not the same thing. A heart attack is where a blocked artery reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. It causes chest pain and breathing difficulties but the heart can usually continue to beat. Sometimes a heart attack can lead to a cardiac arrest. A cardiac arrest is where there is a problem with the electrical signals that tell your heart to beat. Your heart stops beating or doesn't beat properly. This leads to unconsciousness ('passing out') and loss of breathing. Immediate treatment is needed to get your heart working again. What are the symptoms of a heart attack? If you have chest pain, difficulty breathing or palpitations, or feel faint, sweaty or unwell, you could be having a heart attack. Call triple-zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance if symptoms are severe, getting worse or last longer than 10 minutes. Heart attack symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people do not have any symptoms. You may have mild chest pain or no chest pain at all, or for the pain to come and go. Symptoms of a heart attack may include: chest pain — pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing or a crushing feeling in the middle of your chest pain in other areas such as your arms, shoulders, back, neck, jaw or stomach coughing, a choking sensation or difficulty breathing suddenly feeling dizzy , faint , light-headed or anxious nausea or vomiting a feeling of indigestion sweating or a cold sweat irregular or fast heartbeat ( palpitations ) Heart attack symptoms in females Females are less likely than males to have chest pain. They may experience: pain in the back, neck, jaw or both arms shortness of breath or nausea feeling very tired pressure or a tight feeling in the chest CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS — Use the Symptom Checker and find out if you need to seek medical help. What are the warning signs? Watch this video about heart attack warning signs, from Heart Foundation . When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department? If you think you or someone else may be having a heart attack, call triple-zero (000) right away and ask for an ambulance. Early treatment could save a life. What should I do while waiting for the ambulance? If you are having symptoms of a heart attack, you should: chew aspirin — take 300 milligrams of aspirin (unless you are allergic to it). Chewing aspirin during a heart attack can help reduce heart damage. take glyceryl trinitrate — if your doctor has prescribed this medicine for an existing heart condition, take it as directed. If someone is unconscious or not breathing, call for help and start CPR immediately. If available, use a defibrillator . Do not drive if you're having a heart attack. If no ambulance is available, ask a bystander or neighbour to take you to the hospital. FIND A HEALTH SERVICE — The Service Finder can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services. What causes a heart attack? The most common cause of a heart attack is coronary artery disease . This happens when the arteries of the heart narrow or get blocked by plaque. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol and other substances. If the plaque bursts, a blood clot can form. This blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to your heart muscle, causing damage. Other causes of a heart attack include: coronary artery embolism — a blood clot from another part of the body blocks the coronary artery coronary vasospasm — a sudden narrowing or tightening of the coronary artery, which reduces blood flow to your heart aortic dissection — a sudden tear in the wall of your aorta Risk factors Certain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of a heart attack. Risk factors you can't change include: age — as you get older, your risk of a heart attack increases sex — males are more likely to have heart attacks than females family history — if heart disease runs in your family, your chances of having a heart attack are higher Risk factors you can change or manage include: smoking high cholesterol diabetes high blood pressure not getting enough physical activity living with obesity or overweight eating an unhealthy diet high in saturated fats , salt and sugar Other health conditions can increase your chance of having a heart attack, such as hyperthyroidism and severe anaemia . Getting the flu or COVID-19 can also lead to a heart attack. How is a heart attack diagnosed? Your doctor will diagnose a heart attack by asking about your symptoms and doing tests. They will also check your vital signs, such as your blood pressure , pulse and temperature. Tests to confirm a heart attack and check for any damage to your heart include one of more of the following: Electrocardiogram (ECG) — small pads with wires are placed on your chest, arms and legs. This measures electrical signals travelling through your heart muscle. Cardiac troponin test — this blood test checks for a protein called troponin, which is released when your heart muscle is damaged. Chest x-ray — to rule out other causes of your symptoms. Angiography ( cardiac catheterisation ) — a small tube is inserted into an artery in your groin or wrist and guided to your heart. A special dye is injected to show if there is a narrowing or blockage. Echocardiogram — an ultrasound scan of your heart. CT scan or MRI scan of the heart — these tests take detailed pictures of your heart to check for damage or problems. How is a heart attack treated? When treating a heart attack, it is important to get blood flowing again to your heart quickly. The longer your heart is without oxygen, the more damage there will be. Medicines Medicines are given as soon as possible to help restore blood flow and prevent further damage. They can also help prevent another heart attack. Medicines include: aspirin — this thins the blood, preventing blood clots forming or getting bigger thrombolytics — a medicine to dissolve the blood clot in your blocked coronary artery nitrate medicines (such as glyceryl trinitrate) — to improve blood flow through the coronary arteries blood pressure medicines ( ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers and beta blockers ) — these lower the strain on your heart and help it work better cholesterol-lowering medicines — to lower the cholesterol in your blood and prevent another heart attack pain relievers LOOKING FOR A MEDICINE? — To search by brand name or active ingredient, use the Medicines information search feature. Surgical procedures Treatments that can restore blood flow to your heart include the following: Angioplasty — a small balloon is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to open it. A stent (a tiny mesh tube) may be left in the artery to keep it open. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) — this involves taking a healthy blood vessel from somewhere else in your body and attaching it to the blocked artery on each side of the blockage. This lets blood flow around the blockage. Life after a heart attack After the heart attack is treated, ongoing treatment focuses on recovery and prevention of further heart attacks. Cardiac rehabilitation is a program of education and exercise. It provides support during your recovery and helps lower your risk of having another heart attack. It will help you make lifestyle changes (such as starting a healthy diet , quitting smoking and managing stress ) to help prevent another heart attack. ASK YOUR DOCTOR — Preparing for an appointment? Use the Question Builder for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist. What are the complications of a heart attack? Complications can be serious and may include: lack of blood flow — this can lead to another heart attack or ongoing chest pain ( angina ) arrhythmias — your heart may develop an abnormal heartbeat due to damage heart failure cardiogenic shock — a life-threatening condition where your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to your body heart rupture — where part of your heart tears open blood clots pericarditis — inflammation of the lining around the heart Can a heart attack be prevented? Making healthy lifestyle changes is the best way to lower your risk of a heart attack. Here are some tips to improve your heart health: Quit smoking . Eat a healthy diet . Stay physically active and exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy weight. Don't drink too much alcohol . Reduce stress . See your doctor to check your blood pressure , blood sugar and cholesterol . Your doctor can help you manage these to prevent a heart attack. Get vaccinated against COVID-19 and the flu to help protect yourself and others. NEED TO LOSE WEIGHT? — Use the BMI Calculator to find out if your weight and waist size are in a healthy range. Resources and support The Heart Foundation offers resources about: how your heart works recognising a heart attack support after a heart attack relationships and sex after a heart attack caring for someone who has had a heart attack You can also call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Do you prefer to read in languages other than English? The Heart Foundation has fact sheets on heart health translated into more than 25 community languages . The Heart Foundation has a video about the warning signs of a heart attack in several community languages . Looking for information for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people? HealthInfoNet provides advice on cardiovascular health for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people.
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A heart attack happens when your heart muscle can't get enough oxygen, usually due to a blocked blood vessel. - Common symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing and sweating. - Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of heart attacks. - Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol increase your chances of having a heart attack. - If you're having a heart attack go to a hospital emergency department immediately — treating a heart attack early can prevent permanent heart damage. ## On this page - [What is a heart attack?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#what-is) - [What are the symptoms of a heart attack?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#symptoms) - [When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#emergency) - [What causes a heart attack?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#causes) - [How is a heart attack diagnosed?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#diagnosed) - [How is a heart attack treated?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#treated) - [What are the complications of a heart attack?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#complications) - [Can a heart attack be prevented?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#prevented) - [Resources and support](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#resources) - [Related information on Australian websites](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#searchGeneralResults) ## What is a heart attack? A heart attack happens when there is a sudden loss of blood flow to part of the [heart muscle.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart) This is usually caused by a blockage in one or more of the heart's [blood vessels](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-and-blood-vessels), which are called coronary arteries. These arteries deliver blood and oxygen to your heart. When an artery is blocked, your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. This means it can't pump blood to the rest of your body. A heart attack is also known as a myocardial infarction. A heart attack is a medical emergency. Without enough oxygen, your heart muscle can be permanently damaged. In Australia, almost 1 in 50 people will experience a heart attack during their life. ### Is a cardiac arrest the same as a heart attack? A [cardiac arrest](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cardiac-arrest) and a heart attack are both medical emergencies. However, they are not the same thing. A heart attack is where a blocked artery reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. It causes [chest pain](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chest-pain) and breathing difficulties but the heart can usually continue to beat. Sometimes a heart attack can lead to a cardiac arrest. A cardiac arrest is where there is a problem with the electrical signals that tell your heart to beat. Your heart stops beating or doesn't beat properly. This leads to unconsciousness ('passing out') and loss of breathing. Immediate treatment is needed to get your heart working again. ## What are the symptoms of a heart attack? If you have chest pain, difficulty breathing or palpitations, or feel faint, sweaty or unwell, you could be having a heart attack. Call triple-zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance if symptoms are severe, getting worse or last longer than 10 minutes. Heart attack symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people do not have any symptoms. You may have mild chest pain or no chest pain at all, or for the pain to come and go. Symptoms of a heart attack may include: - [chest pain](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chest-pain) — pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing or a crushing feeling in the middle of your chest - pain in other areas such as your arms, shoulders, back, neck, jaw or stomach - coughing, a choking sensation or [difficulty breathing](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/shortness-of-breath) - suddenly feeling [dizzy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dizziness), [faint](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fainting), [light-headed](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lightheadedness) or [anxious](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety) - [nausea](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nausea) or [vomiting](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/vomiting) - a feeling of [indigestion](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chest-pain) - sweating or a cold sweat - irregular or fast heartbeat ([palpitations](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-palpitations)) ### Heart attack symptoms in females [Females](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack-symptoms-males-vs-females) are less likely than males to have chest pain. They may experience: - pain in the back, neck, jaw or both arms - shortness of breath or nausea - feeling very tired - pressure or a tight feeling in the chest [CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS — Use the Symptom Checker and find out if you need to seek medical help.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/symptom-checker) ### What are the warning signs? Watch this video about heart attack warning signs, from [Heart Foundation](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/). ## When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department? If you think you or someone else may be having a heart attack, call triple-zero (000) right away and ask for an ambulance. Early treatment could save a life. ### What should I do while waiting for the ambulance? If you are having symptoms of a heart attack, you should: - chew [aspirin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines/medicinal-product/aht,10203/aspirin) — take 300 milligrams of aspirin (unless you are allergic to it). Chewing aspirin during a heart attack can help reduce heart damage. - take [glyceryl trinitrate](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines/medicinal-product/aht,21304/glyceryl-trinitrate) — if your doctor has prescribed this medicine for an existing heart condition, take it as directed. If someone is unconscious or not breathing, call for help and start [CPR](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-perform-cpr) immediately. If available, use a [defibrillator](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/defibrillators). Do not drive if you're having a heart attack. If no ambulance is available, ask a bystander or neighbour to take you to the hospital. [FIND A HEALTH SERVICE — The Service Finder can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services) ## What causes a heart attack? The most common cause of a heart attack is [coronary artery disease](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/coronary-heart-disease-and-atherosclerosis). This happens when the arteries of the heart narrow or get blocked by plaque. Plaque is made up of fat, [cholesterol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cholesterol) and other substances. If the plaque bursts, a blood clot can form. This blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to your heart muscle, causing damage. Other causes of a heart attack include: - coronary artery embolism — a [blood clot](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-clots) from another part of the body blocks the coronary artery - coronary vasospasm — a sudden narrowing or tightening of the coronary artery, which reduces blood flow to your heart - [aortic dissection](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/aortic-dissection) — a sudden tear in the wall of your aorta ### Risk factors Certain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of a heart attack. Risk factors you can't change include: - age — as you get older, your risk of a heart attack increases - sex — males are more likely to have heart attacks than females - [family history](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/family-medical-history) — if heart disease runs in your family, your chances of having a heart attack are higher Risk factors you can change or manage include: - [smoking](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quit-smoking-vaping) - high [cholesterol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cholesterol) - [diabetes](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-2-diabetes) - [high blood pressure](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/high-blood-pressure-hypertension) - not getting enough [physical activity](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fitness-and-exercise) - living with [obesity or overweight](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obesity) - eating an unhealthy diet high in [saturated fats](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dietary-fats), [salt](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/salt) and [sugar](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sugar) Other health conditions can increase your chance of having a heart attack, such as [hyperthyroidism](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hyperthyroidism) and severe [anaemia](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anaemia). Getting [the flu](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/flu) or [COVID-19](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/covid-19) can also lead to a heart attack. ## How is a heart attack diagnosed? Your doctor will diagnose a heart attack by asking about your symptoms and doing tests. They will also check your vital signs, such as your [blood pressure](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure), pulse and temperature. Tests to confirm a heart attack and check for any damage to your heart include one of more of the following: - [Electrocardiogram](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/electrocardiogram-ecg) (ECG) — small pads with wires are placed on your chest, arms and legs. This measures electrical signals travelling through your heart muscle. - Cardiac troponin test — this blood test checks for a protein called troponin, which is released when your heart muscle is damaged. - Chest [x-ray](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/x-rays) — to rule out other causes of your symptoms. - [Angiography](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/angiogram) ([cardiac catheterisation](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cardiac-catheterisation)) — a small tube is inserted into an artery in your groin or wrist and guided to your heart. A special dye is injected to show if there is a narrowing or blockage. - Echocardiogram — an [ultrasound](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ultrasound) scan of your heart. - [CT scan](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ct-scan) or [MRI scan](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri) of the heart — these tests take detailed pictures of your heart to check for damage or problems. ## How is a heart attack treated? When treating a heart attack, it is important to get blood flowing again to your heart quickly. The longer your heart is without oxygen, the more damage there will be. ### Medicines Medicines are given as soon as possible to help restore blood flow and prevent further damage. They can also help prevent another heart attack. Medicines include: - aspirin — this thins the blood, preventing blood clots forming or getting bigger - thrombolytics — a medicine to dissolve the blood clot in your blocked coronary artery - nitrate medicines (such as glyceryl trinitrate) — to improve blood flow through the coronary arteries - blood pressure medicines ( [ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-ace-and-angiotensin-receptor-blockers-arbs) and [beta blockers](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/beta-blockers)) — these lower the strain on your heart and help it work better - [cholesterol-lowering medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/statins) — to lower the cholesterol in your blood and prevent another heart attack - [pain relievers](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pain-relief-medicines) [LOOKING FOR A MEDICINE? — To search by brand name or active ingredient, use the Medicines information search feature.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines) ### Surgical procedures Treatments that can restore blood flow to your heart include the following: - [Angioplasty](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/angioplasty) — a small balloon is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to open it. A stent (a tiny mesh tube) may be left in the artery to keep it open. - [Coronary artery bypass graft surgery](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/surgery/coronary-artery-bypass-graft) (CABG) — this involves taking a healthy blood vessel from somewhere else in your body and attaching it to the blocked artery on each side of the blockage. This lets blood flow around the blockage. ### Life after a heart attack After the heart attack is treated, ongoing treatment focuses on recovery and prevention of further heart attacks. [Cardiac rehabilitation](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/rehabilitation-after-illness-or-injury) is a program of education and exercise. It provides support during your recovery and helps lower your risk of having another heart attack. It will help you make lifestyle changes (such as starting a [healthy diet](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/balanced-diet), [quitting smoking](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quit-smoking-vaping) and [managing stress](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/stress)) to help prevent another heart attack. [ASK YOUR DOCTOR — Preparing for an appointment? Use the Question Builder for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/question-builder) ## What are the complications of a heart attack? Complications can be serious and may include: - lack of blood flow — this can lead to another heart attack or ongoing chest pain ([angina](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/angina)) - [arrhythmias](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-arrhythmias) — your heart may develop an abnormal heartbeat due to damage - [heart failure](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-failure) - cardiogenic shock — a life-threatening condition where your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to your body - heart rupture — where part of your heart tears open - [blood clots](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-clots) - [pericarditis](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pericarditis) — inflammation of the lining around the heart ## Can a heart attack be prevented? Making healthy lifestyle changes is the best way to lower your risk of a heart attack. Here are some tips to improve your heart health: - [Quit smoking](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quit-smoking-vaping). - Eat a [healthy diet](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/healthy-heart-diet). - Stay physically active and [exercise](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tips-for-getting-active) regularly. - Maintain a healthy weight. - [Don't drink too much alcohol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tips-for-safe-drinking). - Reduce [stress](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/stress). See your doctor to check your [blood pressure](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure), [blood sugar](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-glucose-test) and [cholesterol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cholesterol). Your doctor can help you manage these to prevent a heart attack. Get [vaccinated against COVID-19](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/covid-19-vaccine-faqs) and the [flu](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/flu-vaccine-faqs) to help protect yourself and others. [NEED TO LOSE WEIGHT? — Use the BMI Calculator to find out if your weight and waist size are in a healthy range.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bmi-calculator) ## Resources and support The [Heart Foundation](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/) offers resources about: - [how your heart works](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/how-your-heart-works) - [recognising a heart attack](https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt8a393bb3b76c0ede/blt39e91ecd9206f31c/65af097fc3bf067b74fe069c/Heart_Attack_Action_Plan.pdf) - [support after a heart attack](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/support/support-after-a-heart-attack) - [relationships and sex after a heart attack](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/support/relationships-sex-after-a-heart-attack) - [caring for someone who has had a heart attack](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/support/being-a-carer-for-a-heart-attack-patient) You can also call the healthdirect helpline on [1800 022 222](tel:1800022222) (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. ### Do you prefer to read in languages other than English? The Heart Foundation has [fact sheets on heart health translated into more than 25 community languages](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/info-lote). The Heart Foundation has [a video about the warning signs of a heart attack in several community languages](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-attack-warning-signs). ### Looking for information for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people? [HealthInfoNet](https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/learn/health-topics/cardiovascular-health/) provides advice on cardiovascular health for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. #### Sources: Heart Foundation [(Heart attack warning signs)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-attack-warning-signs "Heart attack warning signs"), Heart Foundation [(Key statistics: Heart attack)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/evidence-and-statistics/key-statistics-heart-attack "Key statistics: Heart attack"), Heart Foundation [(COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/covid-19-and-heart-disease-risks "COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease"), Heart Foundation [(Heart attack vs cardiac arrest – know the difference)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/blog/heart-attack-vs-cardiac-arrest "Heart attack vs cardiac arrest – know the difference"), Heart Foundation [(What is a heart attack?)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-attack "What is a heart attack?"), StatPearls [(Myocardial Infarction)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537076/ "Myocardial Infarction"), StatPearls [(Acute Myocardial Infarction)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459269/ "Acute Myocardial Infarction"), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute [(Heart Attack)](https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/heart-attack "Heart Attack"), St John Ambulance Australia [(First aid fact sheet — Heart attack)](https://stjohn.org.au/assets/uploads/fact%20sheets/english/Fact%20sheets_heart%20attack.pdf "First aid fact sheet — Heart attack"), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute [(Heart disease in women)](https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/women "Heart disease in women"), Heart Foundation [(What is cardiac rehab?)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/support/cardiac-rehabilitation "What is cardiac rehab?"), Emergency Care Institute [(Chest pain)](https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/networks/eci/clinical/ed-factsheets/chest-pain "Chest pain") Learn more here about the [development and quality assurance of healthdirect content](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/about-our-content). Last reviewed: October 2024 [Back To Top](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#backToTop) ## Related pages - [Heart attack symptoms: males vs females](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack-symptoms-males-vs-females "Heart attack symptoms: males vs females") ## Search our site for - [Heart](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Heart "Search results for: Heart") - [Chest Pain](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Chest%20Pain "Search results for: Chest Pain") - [Angiography](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Angiography "Search results for: Angiography") - [Troponin Test](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Troponin%20Test "Search results for: Troponin Test") ## Need more information? These trusted information partners have more on this topic. General search results Results for medical professionals Top results [Influenza and Heart Attack - Immunisation Coalition Flu vaccination protects more than your lungs — it can also save your heart. Learn how influenza increases the risk of heart attacks and sudden cardiac arrest, and how annual vaccination dramatically lowers these risks — especially for people with heart disease. Read more on Immunisation Coalition website ![Immunisation Coalition](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/immunisation-coalition-logo-84853b.png)](https://immunisationcoalition.org.au/diseases/influenza/influenza-and-heart-attack/) [Cardiovascular disease risk factors and heart attack warning signs in women \\| Heart Foundation Information for healthcare professionals and the public on cardiovascular disease risk factors and warning signs affecting women. Read more on Heart Foundation website ![Heart Foundation](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/heartfoundation-logo-master---rgb-\(1\)-cb4909.png)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/risk-factors-for-women) [Heart attack - myDr.com.au A heart attack (myocardial infarction) means the blood supply to part of the heart muscle has become blocked. Early treatment can reduce muscle damage. Read more on myDoctor website ![myDoctor](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/mydoctor-new_logo-1f39cc.png)](https://mydr.com.au/heart-stroke/heart-attack/) [Support after a heart attack \\| Heart Foundation Many different thoughts may go through your head after a heart attack and you may be presented with complicated medical info. Know where to get support. Read more on Heart Foundation website ![Heart Foundation](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/heartfoundation-logo-master---rgb-\(1\)-cb4909.png)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/support/support-after-a-heart-attack) [What is a heart attack? \\| Heart Foundation A heart attack is a medical emergency. Learn the key signs, causes, and treatment options to protect your heart and act quickly when every second counts. Read more on Heart Foundation website ![Heart Foundation](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/heartfoundation-logo-master---rgb-\(1\)-cb4909.png)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-attack) [Five warning signs of a heart attack that you may not know - Blog \\| Heart Foundation Just as no two hearts beat the same, no two heart attacks are the same, even for the same person. It is different for everyone and the warning signs someone experiences before a heart attack can vary drastically from person to person. Read more on Heart Foundation website ![Heart Foundation](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/heartfoundation-logo-master---rgb-\(1\)-cb4909.png)](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/blog/5-warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack-you-may-not-know) [Heart attack or cardiac arrest: Aren't they the same thing? - St Vincent's Heart Health St Vincent's Heart Health Read more on St Vincent's Hospital Heart Health website ![St Vincent's Hospital Heart Health](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/svhhh-logo-1e7e03.png)](https://www.svhhearthealth.com.au/about-us/whats-new/a-heart-attack-or-cardiac-arrest) [Heart attack \\| Better Health Channel Heart attack is an emergency. If you have warning signs of heart attack, get help fast. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. Read more on Better Health Channel website ![Better Health Channel](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/bhc-rectangle-image-e99950.png)](https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/heart-attack) [Heart attack – St John Australia Read more on St John Ambulance Australia website ![St John Ambulance Australia](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/stjohn_logo_standard_vertical_primary_rgb-ae7dc8.png)](https://stjohn.org.au/fact-sheet/heart-attack/) [Acute Coronary Syndromes (heart attack and suspected heart attack) - Clinical Care Standard - Consumer fact sheet \\| Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care Read more on ACSQHC website ![ACSQHC](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/acsqhc_logo_rgb_master_colour-c0a184.png)](https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications-and-resources/resource-library/acute-coronary-syndromes-heart-attack-and-suspected-heart-attack-clinical-care-standard-consumer-fact-sheet) Show more Top results [12-Lead ECG in the Field Rapid diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is vital, especially if a patient is experiencing an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) - the most serious and time-dependent type of heart attack. Read more on Ausmed Education website ![Ausmed Education](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/ausmed-new-logo-872e67.png)](https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/12-lead-ecg-in-the-field) [Troponins in myocardial infarction and injury - Australian Prescriber The detection of cardiac troponins in the blood is no longer synonymous with acute coronary syndrome. Read more on Australian Prescriber website ![Australian Prescriber](https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/logos/h40/australian-prescriber_2023_logo-5f8e5b.png)](https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/troponins-in-myocardial-infarction-and-injury.html) Show more ## Disclaimer Healthdirect Australia is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering. 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Readable Markdown	## Key facts - A heart attack happens when your heart muscle can't get enough oxygen, usually due to a blocked blood vessel. - Common symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing and sweating. - Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of heart attacks. - Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol increase your chances of having a heart attack. - If you're having a heart attack go to a hospital emergency department immediately — treating a heart attack early can prevent permanent heart damage. ## On this page - [What is a heart attack?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#what-is) - [What are the symptoms of a heart attack?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#symptoms) - [When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#emergency) - [What causes a heart attack?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#causes) - [How is a heart attack diagnosed?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#diagnosed) - [How is a heart attack treated?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#treated) - [What are the complications of a heart attack?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#complications) - [Can a heart attack be prevented?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#prevented) - [Resources and support](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#resources) - [Related information on Australian websites](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack#searchGeneralResults) ## What is a heart attack? A heart attack happens when there is a sudden loss of blood flow to part of the [heart muscle.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart) This is usually caused by a blockage in one or more of the heart's [blood vessels](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-and-blood-vessels), which are called coronary arteries. These arteries deliver blood and oxygen to your heart. When an artery is blocked, your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. This means it can't pump blood to the rest of your body. A heart attack is also known as a myocardial infarction. A heart attack is a medical emergency. Without enough oxygen, your heart muscle can be permanently damaged. In Australia, almost 1 in 50 people will experience a heart attack during their life. ### Is a cardiac arrest the same as a heart attack? A [cardiac arrest](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cardiac-arrest) and a heart attack are both medical emergencies. However, they are not the same thing. A heart attack is where a blocked artery reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. It causes [chest pain](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chest-pain) and breathing difficulties but the heart can usually continue to beat. Sometimes a heart attack can lead to a cardiac arrest. A cardiac arrest is where there is a problem with the electrical signals that tell your heart to beat. Your heart stops beating or doesn't beat properly. This leads to unconsciousness ('passing out') and loss of breathing. Immediate treatment is needed to get your heart working again. ## What are the symptoms of a heart attack? If you have chest pain, difficulty breathing or palpitations, or feel faint, sweaty or unwell, you could be having a heart attack. Call triple-zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance if symptoms are severe, getting worse or last longer than 10 minutes. Heart attack symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people do not have any symptoms. You may have mild chest pain or no chest pain at all, or for the pain to come and go. Symptoms of a heart attack may include: - [chest pain](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chest-pain) — pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing or a crushing feeling in the middle of your chest - pain in other areas such as your arms, shoulders, back, neck, jaw or stomach - coughing, a choking sensation or [difficulty breathing](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/shortness-of-breath) - suddenly feeling [dizzy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dizziness), [faint](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fainting), [light-headed](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lightheadedness) or [anxious](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety) - [nausea](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nausea) or [vomiting](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/vomiting) - a feeling of [indigestion](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chest-pain) - sweating or a cold sweat - irregular or fast heartbeat ([palpitations](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-palpitations)) ### Heart attack symptoms in females [Females](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-attack-symptoms-males-vs-females) are less likely than males to have chest pain. They may experience: - pain in the back, neck, jaw or both arms - shortness of breath or nausea - feeling very tired - pressure or a tight feeling in the chest [CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS — Use the Symptom Checker and find out if you need to seek medical help.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/symptom-checker) ### What are the warning signs? Watch this video about heart attack warning signs, from [Heart Foundation](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/). ## When should I call an ambulance or go to the emergency department? If you think you or someone else may be having a heart attack, call triple-zero (000) right away and ask for an ambulance. Early treatment could save a life. ### What should I do while waiting for the ambulance? If you are having symptoms of a heart attack, you should: - chew [aspirin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines/medicinal-product/aht,10203/aspirin) — take 300 milligrams of aspirin (unless you are allergic to it). Chewing aspirin during a heart attack can help reduce heart damage. - take [glyceryl trinitrate](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines/medicinal-product/aht,21304/glyceryl-trinitrate) — if your doctor has prescribed this medicine for an existing heart condition, take it as directed. If someone is unconscious or not breathing, call for help and start [CPR](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-perform-cpr) immediately. If available, use a [defibrillator](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/defibrillators). Do not drive if you're having a heart attack. If no ambulance is available, ask a bystander or neighbour to take you to the hospital. [FIND A HEALTH SERVICE — The Service Finder can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services) ## What causes a heart attack? The most common cause of a heart attack is [coronary artery disease](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/coronary-heart-disease-and-atherosclerosis). This happens when the arteries of the heart narrow or get blocked by plaque. Plaque is made up of fat, [cholesterol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cholesterol) and other substances. If the plaque bursts, a blood clot can form. This blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to your heart muscle, causing damage. Other causes of a heart attack include: - coronary artery embolism — a [blood clot](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-clots) from another part of the body blocks the coronary artery - coronary vasospasm — a sudden narrowing or tightening of the coronary artery, which reduces blood flow to your heart - [aortic dissection](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/aortic-dissection) — a sudden tear in the wall of your aorta ### Risk factors Certain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of a heart attack. Risk factors you can't change include: - age — as you get older, your risk of a heart attack increases - sex — males are more likely to have heart attacks than females - [family history](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/family-medical-history) — if heart disease runs in your family, your chances of having a heart attack are higher Risk factors you can change or manage include: - [smoking](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quit-smoking-vaping) - high [cholesterol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cholesterol) - [diabetes](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-2-diabetes) - [high blood pressure](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/high-blood-pressure-hypertension) - not getting enough [physical activity](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fitness-and-exercise) - living with [obesity or overweight](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obesity) - eating an unhealthy diet high in [saturated fats](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dietary-fats), [salt](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/salt) and [sugar](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sugar) Other health conditions can increase your chance of having a heart attack, such as [hyperthyroidism](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hyperthyroidism) and severe [anaemia](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anaemia). Getting [the flu](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/flu) or [COVID-19](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/covid-19) can also lead to a heart attack. ## How is a heart attack diagnosed? Your doctor will diagnose a heart attack by asking about your symptoms and doing tests. They will also check your vital signs, such as your [blood pressure](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure), pulse and temperature. Tests to confirm a heart attack and check for any damage to your heart include one of more of the following: - [Electrocardiogram](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/electrocardiogram-ecg) (ECG) — small pads with wires are placed on your chest, arms and legs. This measures electrical signals travelling through your heart muscle. - Cardiac troponin test — this blood test checks for a protein called troponin, which is released when your heart muscle is damaged. - Chest [x-ray](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/x-rays) — to rule out other causes of your symptoms. - [Angiography](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/angiogram) ([cardiac catheterisation](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cardiac-catheterisation)) — a small tube is inserted into an artery in your groin or wrist and guided to your heart. A special dye is injected to show if there is a narrowing or blockage. - Echocardiogram — an [ultrasound](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ultrasound) scan of your heart. - [CT scan](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ct-scan) or [MRI scan](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri) of the heart — these tests take detailed pictures of your heart to check for damage or problems. ## How is a heart attack treated? When treating a heart attack, it is important to get blood flowing again to your heart quickly. The longer your heart is without oxygen, the more damage there will be. ### Medicines Medicines are given as soon as possible to help restore blood flow and prevent further damage. They can also help prevent another heart attack. Medicines include: - aspirin — this thins the blood, preventing blood clots forming or getting bigger - thrombolytics — a medicine to dissolve the blood clot in your blocked coronary artery - nitrate medicines (such as glyceryl trinitrate) — to improve blood flow through the coronary arteries - blood pressure medicines ( [ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-ace-and-angiotensin-receptor-blockers-arbs) and [beta blockers](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/beta-blockers)) — these lower the strain on your heart and help it work better - [cholesterol-lowering medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/statins) — to lower the cholesterol in your blood and prevent another heart attack - [pain relievers](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pain-relief-medicines) [LOOKING FOR A MEDICINE? — To search by brand name or active ingredient, use the Medicines information search feature.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines) ### Surgical procedures Treatments that can restore blood flow to your heart include the following: - [Angioplasty](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/angioplasty) — a small balloon is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to open it. A stent (a tiny mesh tube) may be left in the artery to keep it open. - [Coronary artery bypass graft surgery](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/surgery/coronary-artery-bypass-graft) (CABG) — this involves taking a healthy blood vessel from somewhere else in your body and attaching it to the blocked artery on each side of the blockage. This lets blood flow around the blockage. ### Life after a heart attack After the heart attack is treated, ongoing treatment focuses on recovery and prevention of further heart attacks. [Cardiac rehabilitation](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/rehabilitation-after-illness-or-injury) is a program of education and exercise. It provides support during your recovery and helps lower your risk of having another heart attack. It will help you make lifestyle changes (such as starting a [healthy diet](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/balanced-diet), [quitting smoking](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quit-smoking-vaping) and [managing stress](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/stress)) to help prevent another heart attack. [ASK YOUR DOCTOR — Preparing for an appointment? Use the Question Builder for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/question-builder) ## What are the complications of a heart attack? Complications can be serious and may include: - lack of blood flow — this can lead to another heart attack or ongoing chest pain ([angina](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/angina)) - [arrhythmias](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-arrhythmias) — your heart may develop an abnormal heartbeat due to damage - [heart failure](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-failure) - cardiogenic shock — a life-threatening condition where your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to your body - heart rupture — where part of your heart tears open - [blood clots](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-clots) - [pericarditis](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pericarditis) — inflammation of the lining around the heart ## Can a heart attack be prevented? Making healthy lifestyle changes is the best way to lower your risk of a heart attack. Here are some tips to improve your heart health: - [Quit smoking](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quit-smoking-vaping). - Eat a [healthy diet](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/healthy-heart-diet). - Stay physically active and [exercise](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tips-for-getting-active) regularly. - Maintain a healthy weight. - [Don't drink too much alcohol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tips-for-safe-drinking). - Reduce [stress](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/stress). See your doctor to check your [blood pressure](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure), [blood sugar](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-glucose-test) and [cholesterol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cholesterol). Your doctor can help you manage these to prevent a heart attack. Get [vaccinated against COVID-19](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/covid-19-vaccine-faqs) and the [flu](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/flu-vaccine-faqs) to help protect yourself and others. [NEED TO LOSE WEIGHT? — Use the BMI Calculator to find out if your weight and waist size are in a healthy range.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bmi-calculator) ## Resources and support The [Heart Foundation](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/) offers resources about: - [how your heart works](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/how-your-heart-works) - [recognising a heart attack](https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/blt8a393bb3b76c0ede/blt39e91ecd9206f31c/65af097fc3bf067b74fe069c/Heart_Attack_Action_Plan.pdf) - [support after a heart attack](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/support/support-after-a-heart-attack) - [relationships and sex after a heart attack](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/support/relationships-sex-after-a-heart-attack) - [caring for someone who has had a heart attack](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/support/being-a-carer-for-a-heart-attack-patient) You can also call the healthdirect helpline on [1800 022 222](tel:1800022222) (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. ### Do you prefer to read in languages other than English? The Heart Foundation has [fact sheets on heart health translated into more than 25 community languages](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/info-lote). The Heart Foundation has [a video about the warning signs of a heart attack in several community languages](https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-attack-warning-signs). ### Looking for information for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people? [HealthInfoNet](https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/learn/health-topics/cardiovascular-health/) provides advice on cardiovascular health for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people.
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