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| Boilerpipe Text | Key facts
Depression is a common mental health condition that affects many Australians every day.
Depression affects how you feel, think and behave, and there are physical symptoms as well.
Symptoms of depression may include feeling overwhelmed by sadness throughout the day for 2 weeks or more, and often involves sleep and appetite changes.
Depression can be treated with medicines and through other approaches, and you can ask your GP for support and advice.
If you or someone close to you is talking about self-harm or suicide, do not ignore this — seek urgent medical attention, or call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance, or go to your nearest hospital emergency department.
On this page
What is depression?
What are the symptoms of depression?
What are the different types of depressive disorder?
What are the possible causes of depression?
How is depression diagnosed?
When should I see my doctor?
How is depression treated?
Can depression be prevented?
Complications of depression
Resources and support
Related information on Australian websites
What is depression?
Depression is one of the most common of all mental health conditions and impacts many Australians every day.
While we all get sad, feel low or lacking in energy at times, people with depression experience these feelings more intensely and for longer. They can find it difficult to carry on with regular daily tasks during periods of depression.
Depression is common — it affects 1 in 7 Australians. If you or
someone you care about
is experiencing an episode of intensely low mood, remember that depression can be treated and support is available. It’s important to seek help.
What are the symptoms of depression?
Symptoms of depression involve the way a person feels, thinks and behaves. There are also physical signs of depression.
People with depression may feel:
sad or teary
overwhelmed
guilty
restless
or angry
lacking in confidence
hopeless or disappointed
People with depression may have recurring negative thoughts, such as:
'I’m no good.'
'It’s all my fault.'
'Life’s not worth living.'
'People would be better off without me.'
People with depression may also have altered behaviours, such as:
not taking part in activities and hobbies they used to enjoy
staying in, rather than going out socially
being less productive at school or work
drinking more alcohol
losing interest in sex
People with depression may also experience these physical symptoms:
sleep problems
: difficulty sleeping and/or feeling tired during the day
changed appetite with or without weight loss or gain
feeling run down or sick
headaches
muscle pain
churning stomach
While people with depression can experience any symptom, males and females will often experience and report symptoms differently.
Males
are more likely to talk about the physical symptoms of depression such as feeling tired, and feelings such as irritability or anger, rather than saying they feel low.
If you or someone you care about has been experiencing these signs and symptoms for 2 weeks or more, it’s time to get some help from a health professional, such as your GP.
CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS
— Use the
Symptom Checker
and find out if you need to seek medical help.
What are the different types of depressive disorder?
There are several types of depression. While they are all characterised by intense low mood, there are also important differences.
Major depression
Major depression is also known as major depressive disorder. The most recognised symptom is low mood and loss of interest in activities that you once considered pleasurable.
These symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe, but usually interfere with your daily life and relationships. The low mood persists for at least 2 weeks, and will be experienced on most days. Sub-types of major depression include:
melancholic depression
, a severe form of depression that includes physical as well as emotional symptoms
psychotic depression
, which includes
hallucinations
(hearing or seeing people or things that aren't there);
delusions
(false beliefs that other people don’t experience or agree with); or
paranoia
(feeling suspicious of other people or feeling that everyone is against them)
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder
is characterised by extreme mood changes that disrupt daily life. Symptoms of manic episodes include:
extremely high energy in speech and activity
agitation
reduced need for sleep
finding it hard to focus
Symptoms of depressive episodes are similar to those of major depression. People who have bipolar disorder can also experience episodes of
psychosis
(hallucinations, delusions and/or paranoia).
Cyclothymic disorder
Cyclothymic disorder is sometimes described as a milder form of bipolar disorder. The person experiences changing moods for at least 2 years. They have periods of hypomania (a mild-to-moderate level of mania) and episodes of depressive symptoms. They may also have very short periods of even moods, with fewer than 2 months in between. Symptoms tend to be less severe and are shorter lasting than in bipolar disorder or major depression.
Dysthymic disorder
Dysthymic disorder is similar to major depression, but with fewer severe symptoms that persist for at least 2 years.
Seasonal affective disorder
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
is a mood disorder (either depression or mania) that has a seasonal pattern. Depressive symptoms tend to start in winter and fade by spring. It can take several winters to diagnose this type of depression.
SAD is thought to be triggered by changes in exposure to light in the winter and is more common in countries with short days and long periods of darkness, such as in the cold climate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. SAD is very rare in Australia.
Perinatal depression
Perinatal and
postnatal depression
occurs during pregnancy or after the birth of a baby and affects up to 1 in every 5 females in Australia. It is associated with the challenges and demands of parenthood as well as changes in hormones.
For males, new routines and roles can also trigger depression.
While tiredness and irritability are normal during pregnancy and after the baby is born, if you or your partner experience low mood that persists for more than 2 weeks, it’s important to talk to your GP or community health nurse about whether it may be perinatal depression.
All types of depression can be treated and the earlier you seek support, the better. Speak with your doctor about which treatment might be most effective for you.
What are the possible causes of depression?
Every person with depression is different, and everyone with depression has a unique set of circumstances. Usually, a combination of factors will contribute to your mood. While you often can't pinpoint the cause of the depression, understanding the circumstances can sometimes help you understand how to best manage it.
External factors
Life events
associated with depression include:
long-term unemployment
living in an
abusive or uncaring relationship
long-term
isolation or loneliness
constant
work stress
Recent
life events
such as losing your job, illness, an accident, or the death of someone close to you can trigger depression — particularly if you are already at risk.
Many Australians have been affected by events such as the
COVID-19
pandemic and
natural disasters
such as
bushfires
. Events like this can sometimes trigger symptoms of
anxiety
and depression.
Internal factors
Personal factors that may leave you more vulnerable to depression include:
family history
certain personality traits, such as perfectionism, low
self-esteem
and a tendency to worry
drug and alcohol use
can leave you more vulnerable to depression
People with a family history of depression are at greater risk, possibly because of genetic factors. However not everyone who has a parent or sibling with depression will develop it themselves.
Drug and
alcohol
use can be both the cause and a consequence of depression. Reducing alcohol consumption can be very helpful for people with depression. You can get help from the
National Alcohol and Other Drug Hotline
on 1800 250 015.
Complex chemical changes occur in the body, particularly in the brain, when people have depression. Medical conditions can affect the way your brain regulates your moods. Many of the medicines used to treat depression work on these chemical aspects of depression.
How is depression diagnosed?
If you are concerned about your mental health, or the mental health of someone you care about, it’s important you speak with a
health professional
, such as a GP. A
mental health assessment
usually involves a discussion or answering a questionnaire, as well as a physical examination. This will help your doctor identify the cause of your symptoms.
Your doctor will want to understand how you feel and think, and check for any symptoms of depression, such as changes in your energy levels, appetite, sleep and whether you are feeling restless, hopeless or sad.
If you have a family history of mental illness — either depression or some other condition — tell your GP, as this can help with your diagnosis.
Your answers will also help your GP decide if a specialist such as a
counsellor, psychologist or psychiatrist
might be helpful.
When should I see my doctor?
If you are experiencing symptoms of depression, its best to seek help early. The sooner your symptoms are addressed, the better the outcome will likely be. Your GP is a good place to start. Seek help:
if you are feeling sad, teary or overwhelmed most of the time
if these feelings have been with you for 2 weeks or more
if your low mood affects how you cope at home, work or school
Some people with depression feel that life is too difficult, not worth living or even that they themselves are
worthless
. If you are experiencing suicidal thoughts, don’t wait — seek help now.
FIND A HEALTH SERVICE
— The
Service Finder
can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.
ASK YOUR DOCTOR
— Preparing for an appointment? Use the
Question Builder
for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.
Suicide and crisis support
If you or someone close to you is in an emergency, or at immediate risk of harm, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
To talk to someone now, call
Lifeline
on 13 11 14 or the
Suicide Call Back Service
on 1300 659 467.
How is depression treated?
Depression is a serious health issue and should be managed by a qualified health practitioner. Your GP can assess your mood and your overall health, and will suggest treatment approaches based on several factors, including what type of depression you have, how severe your symptoms are, and whether you are experiencing a first or recurrent episode.
There are 3 main approaches to treating depression:
lifestyle changes — including reducing
substance use
, improving sleep, exercise)
psychological treatments — including ‘talking therapies’ such as
CBT
,
mindfulness
and
online therapies
physical therapies — including medicines and
ECT
Often these treatments are used in combination.
A wide range of
medicines
are used to treat depression. Your doctor will work with you to find the one that is right for you. It can take several weeks for an
antidepressant medicine
to work fully, and often your doctor may need to adjust your dose.
It is important that you receive full support during this time. If you need support,
Beyond Blue
has a free and confidential telephone or
online chat
counselling support line with trained mental health professionals. There may be a wait before a counsellor is available.
By working with your doctor, and drawing on the support available, there is a good chance your depression will improve.
Can depression be prevented?
Even if you are more vulnerable to depression, there is plenty you can do to keep symptoms away.
Some proven strategies to help you stay well include:
exercising
avoiding harmful levels of alcohol and other substance use
getting adequate sleep
reducing anxiety, such as through relaxation techniques
staying sociable, so you avoid becoming isolated
What are the complications of depression?
When depression becomes very severe, you can experience dark thoughts, and these can even lead to suicide. If you are having
thoughts of suicide
, talking to someone you trust can help.
If someone you care about has severe depression, learn the
warning signs
, since they may be feeling so bad that they can’t see their way out alone.
Resources and support
If you or someone near you is in immediate danger of suicide:
call triple zero (000) or
go to the nearest hospital emergency department
If you are having negative thoughts and need someone to talk to:
call
Lifeline
on 13 11 14
call
Beyond Blue
on 1300 22 4636
a GP, counsellor, psychologist or psychiatrist
family or friends
a teacher or coach
a work colleague
a religious leader
Read the healthdirect page on
how to help someone with depression
.
Beyond Blue also have a factsheet on
how to support someone with depression
. | |||||||||
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# Depression
*11-minute read*
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**If you or someone you care about is having suicidal thoughts, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance, or go to your nearest hospital emergency department.**
## Key facts
- Depression is a common mental health condition that affects many Australians every day.
- Depression affects how you feel, think and behave, and there are physical symptoms as well.
- Symptoms of depression may include feeling overwhelmed by sadness throughout the day for 2 weeks or more, and often involves sleep and appetite changes.
- Depression can be treated with medicines and through other approaches, and you can ask your GP for support and advice.
- If you or someone close to you is talking about self-harm or suicide, do not ignore this — seek urgent medical attention, or call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance, or go to your nearest hospital emergency department.
## On this page
- [What is depression?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#what-is)
- [What are the symptoms of depression?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#symptoms)
- [What are the different types of depressive disorder?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#types)
- [What are the possible causes of depression?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#causes)
- [How is depression diagnosed?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#diagnosis)
- [When should I see my doctor?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#doctor)
- [How is depression treated?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#treatment)
- [Can depression be prevented?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#prevention)
- [Complications of depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#complications)
- [Resources and support](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#resources)
- [Related information on Australian websites](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#searchGeneralResults)
## What is depression?
Depression is one of the most common of all mental health conditions and impacts many Australians every day.
While we all get sad, feel low or lacking in energy at times, people with depression experience these feelings more intensely and for longer. They can find it difficult to carry on with regular daily tasks during periods of depression.
Depression is common — it affects 1 in 7 Australians. If you or [someone you care about](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/supporting-someone-with-a-mental-illness) is experiencing an episode of intensely low mood, remember that depression can be treated and support is available. It’s important to seek help.
## What are the symptoms of depression?
Symptoms of depression involve the way a person feels, thinks and behaves. There are also physical signs of depression.
People with depression may feel:
- sad or teary
- overwhelmed
- guilty
- [restless](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/feeling-restless) or angry
- lacking in confidence
- hopeless or disappointed
People with depression may have recurring negative thoughts, such as:
- 'I’m no good.'
- 'It’s all my fault.'
- 'Life’s not worth living.'
- 'People would be better off without me.'
People with depression may also have altered behaviours, such as:
- not taking part in activities and hobbies they used to enjoy
- staying in, rather than going out socially
- being less productive at school or work
- drinking more alcohol
- losing interest in sex
People with depression may also experience these physical symptoms:
- [sleep problems](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/insomnia): difficulty sleeping and/or feeling tired during the day
- changed appetite with or without weight loss or gain
- feeling run down or sick
- [headaches](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/headaches)
- muscle pain
- churning stomach
While people with depression can experience any symptom, males and females will often experience and report symptoms differently. [Males](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-men) are more likely to talk about the physical symptoms of depression such as feeling tired, and feelings such as irritability or anger, rather than saying they feel low.
If you or someone you care about has been experiencing these signs and symptoms for 2 weeks or more, it’s time to get some help from a health professional, such as your GP.
[**CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS** — Use the **Symptom Checker** and find out if you need to seek medical help.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/symptom-checker)
## What are the different types of depressive disorder?
There are several types of depression. While they are all characterised by intense low mood, there are also important differences.
### Major depression
Major depression is also known as major depressive disorder. The most recognised symptom is low mood and loss of interest in activities that you once considered pleasurable.
These symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe, but usually interfere with your daily life and relationships. The low mood persists for at least 2 weeks, and will be experienced on most days. Sub-types of major depression include:
- **melancholic depression**, a severe form of depression that includes physical as well as emotional symptoms
- **psychotic depression**, which includes [hallucinations](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hallucination) (hearing or seeing people or things that aren't there); [delusions](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/delusions) (false beliefs that other people don’t experience or agree with); or [paranoia](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/paranoia) (feeling suspicious of other people or feeling that everyone is against them)
### Bipolar disorder
[Bipolar disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bipolar-disorder) is characterised by extreme mood changes that disrupt daily life. Symptoms of manic episodes include:
- extremely high energy in speech and activity
- agitation
- reduced need for sleep
- finding it hard to focus
Symptoms of depressive episodes are similar to those of major depression. People who have bipolar disorder can also experience episodes of [psychosis](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychosis) (hallucinations, delusions and/or paranoia).
### Cyclothymic disorder
Cyclothymic disorder is sometimes described as a milder form of bipolar disorder. The person experiences changing moods for at least 2 years. They have periods of hypomania (a mild-to-moderate level of mania) and episodes of depressive symptoms. They may also have very short periods of even moods, with fewer than 2 months in between. Symptoms tend to be less severe and are shorter lasting than in bipolar disorder or major depression.
### Dysthymic disorder
Dysthymic disorder is similar to major depression, but with fewer severe symptoms that persist for at least 2 years.
### Seasonal affective disorder
[Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seasonal-affective-disorder) is a mood disorder (either depression or mania) that has a seasonal pattern. Depressive symptoms tend to start in winter and fade by spring. It can take several winters to diagnose this type of depression.
SAD is thought to be triggered by changes in exposure to light in the winter and is more common in countries with short days and long periods of darkness, such as in the cold climate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. SAD is very rare in Australia.
### Perinatal depression
Perinatal and [postnatal depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/postnatal-depression) occurs during pregnancy or after the birth of a baby and affects up to 1 in every 5 females in Australia. It is associated with the challenges and demands of parenthood as well as changes in hormones.
For males, new routines and roles can also trigger depression.
While tiredness and irritability are normal during pregnancy and after the baby is born, if you or your partner experience low mood that persists for more than 2 weeks, it’s important to talk to your GP or community health nurse about whether it may be perinatal depression.
All types of depression can be treated and the earlier you seek support, the better. Speak with your doctor about which treatment might be most effective for you.
## What are the possible causes of depression?
Every person with depression is different, and everyone with depression has a unique set of circumstances. Usually, a combination of factors will contribute to your mood. While you often can't pinpoint the cause of the depression, understanding the circumstances can sometimes help you understand how to best manage it.
### External factors
[Life events](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dealing-with-life-events) associated with depression include:
- long-term unemployment
- living in an [abusive or uncaring relationship](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/domestic-violence-and-abusive-relationships)
- long-term [isolation or loneliness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/loneliness-isolation-mental-health)
- constant [work stress](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/workplace-mental-health)
Recent [life events](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dealing-with-life-events) such as losing your job, illness, an accident, or the death of someone close to you can trigger depression — particularly if you are already at risk.
Many Australians have been affected by events such as the [COVID-19](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/covid-19) pandemic and [natural disasters](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/natural-disasters) such as [bushfires](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bushfire-health-and-safety). Events like this can sometimes trigger symptoms of [anxiety](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety-related-disorders) and depression.
### Internal factors
Personal factors that may leave you more vulnerable to depression include:
- family history
- certain personality traits, such as perfectionism, low [self-esteem](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/self-esteem) and a tendency to worry
- [drug and alcohol use](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/drugs-and-alcohol) can leave you more vulnerable to depression
People with a family history of depression are at greater risk, possibly because of genetic factors. However not everyone who has a parent or sibling with depression will develop it themselves.
Drug and [alcohol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-alcohol-affects-your-health) use can be both the cause and a consequence of depression. Reducing alcohol consumption can be very helpful for people with depression. You can get help from the [National Alcohol and Other Drug Hotline](https://www.health.gov.au/contacts/national-alcohol-and-other-drug-hotline) on 1800 250 015.
Complex chemical changes occur in the body, particularly in the brain, when people have depression. Medical conditions can affect the way your brain regulates your moods. Many of the medicines used to treat depression work on these chemical aspects of depression.
## How is depression diagnosed?
If you are concerned about your mental health, or the mental health of someone you care about, it’s important you speak with a [health professional](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/talking-to-your-doctor-gp-about-mental-health), such as a GP. A [mental health assessment](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mental-illness) usually involves a discussion or answering a questionnaire, as well as a physical examination. This will help your doctor identify the cause of your symptoms.
Your doctor will want to understand how you feel and think, and check for any symptoms of depression, such as changes in your energy levels, appetite, sleep and whether you are feeling restless, hopeless or sad.
If you have a family history of mental illness — either depression or some other condition — tell your GP, as this can help with your diagnosis.
Your answers will also help your GP decide if a specialist such as a [counsellor, psychologist or psychiatrist](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/counsellors-and-counselling) might be helpful.
## When should I see my doctor?
If you are experiencing symptoms of depression, its best to seek help early. The sooner your symptoms are addressed, the better the outcome will likely be. Your GP is a good place to start. Seek help:
- if you are feeling sad, teary or overwhelmed most of the time
- if these feelings have been with you for 2 weeks or more
- if your low mood affects how you cope at home, work or school
Some people with depression feel that life is too difficult, not worth living or even that they themselves are [worthless](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/feeling-worthless). If you are experiencing suicidal thoughts, don’t wait — seek help now.
[**FIND A HEALTH SERVICE** — The **Service Finder** can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services)
[**ASK YOUR DOCTOR** — Preparing for an appointment? Use the **Question Builder** for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/question-builder)
### Suicide and crisis support
If you or someone close to you is in an emergency, or at immediate risk of harm, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
To talk to someone now, call [Lifeline](https://www.lifeline.org.au/) on 13 11 14 or the [Suicide Call Back Service](https://www.suicidecallbackservice.org.au/) on 1300 659 467.
## How is depression treated?
Depression is a serious health issue and should be managed by a qualified health practitioner. Your GP can assess your mood and your overall health, and will suggest treatment approaches based on several factors, including what type of depression you have, how severe your symptoms are, and whether you are experiencing a first or recurrent episode.
There are 3 main approaches to treating depression:
- lifestyle changes — including reducing [substance use](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/substance-abuse), improving sleep, exercise)
- psychological treatments — including ‘talking therapies’ such as [CBT](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cognitive-behaviour-therapy-cbt), [mindfulness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mindfulness) and [online therapies](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/etherapy)
- physical therapies — including medicines and [ECT](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect)
Often these treatments are used in combination.
A wide range of [medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants) are used to treat depression. Your doctor will work with you to find the one that is right for you. It can take several weeks for an [antidepressant medicine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants) to work fully, and often your doctor may need to adjust your dose.
It is important that you receive full support during this time. If you need support, [Beyond Blue](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/get-support/talk-to-a-counsellor) has a free and confidential telephone or [online chat](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/support-service/chat) counselling support line with trained mental health professionals. There may be a wait before a counsellor is available.
By working with your doctor, and drawing on the support available, there is a good chance your depression will improve.
## Can depression be prevented?
Even if you are more vulnerable to depression, there is plenty you can do to keep symptoms away.
Some proven strategies to help you stay well include:
- exercising
- avoiding harmful levels of alcohol and other substance use
- getting adequate sleep
- reducing anxiety, such as through relaxation techniques
- staying sociable, so you avoid becoming isolated
## What are the complications of depression?
When depression becomes very severe, you can experience dark thoughts, and these can even lead to suicide. If you are having [thoughts of suicide](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/are-you-experiencing-suicidal-thoughts), talking to someone you trust can help.
If someone you care about has severe depression, learn the [warning signs](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/warning-signs-of-suicide), since they may be feeling so bad that they can’t see their way out alone.
## Resources and support
If you or someone near you is in immediate danger of suicide:
- call triple zero (000) or
- go to the nearest hospital emergency department
If you are having negative thoughts and need someone to talk to:
- call [Lifeline](https://www.lifeline.org.au/) on 13 11 14
- call [Beyond Blue](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/) on 1300 22 4636
- a GP, counsellor, psychologist or psychiatrist
- family or friends
- a teacher or coach
- a work colleague
- a religious leader
Read the healthdirect page on [how to help someone with depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-help-someone-with-depression).
Beyond Blue also have a factsheet on [how to support someone with depression](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/get-support/support-someone).
#### Sources:
Beyond Blue *[(Depression)](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/mental-health/depression "Depression")*, Beyond Blue *[(Types of depression)](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/mental-health/depression/types-of-depression "Types of depression")*, Department of Health and Human Services Victoria *[(Preventing and managing depression)](https://www.health.vic.gov.au/patient-care/preventing-and-managing-depression "Preventing and managing depression")*, Black Dog Institute *[(Anxiety and Depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period)](https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Depression-during-pregnancy.pdf "Anxiety and Depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period")*, Black Dog Institute *[(Treatments for depression)](https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Treatments-for-depression.pdf "Treatments for depression")*, Heads up *[(Taking care of yourself and staying well)](https://www.headsup.org.au/your-mental-health/taking-care-of-yourself-and-staying-well/lifestyle "Taking care of yourself and staying well")*, Black Dog Institute *[(Causes of depression)](https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/depression/causes/ "Causes of depression")*, Beyond Blue *[(Signs and symptoms of depression)](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/mental-health/depression/signs-and-symptoms "Signs and symptoms of depression")*, Beyond Blue *[(Depression and anxiety in new fathers)](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/who-does-it-affect/men/what-causes-anxiety-and-depression-in-men/new-fathers "Depression and anxiety in new fathers")*, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists *[(Clinical practice guideline: mood disorders)](https://www.ranzcp.org/files/resources/college_statements/clinician/cpg/mood-disorders-cpg.aspx "Clinical practice guideline: mood disorders")*
Learn more here about the [development and quality assurance of healthdirect content](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/about-our-content).
Last reviewed: December 2023
[Back To Top](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#backToTop)
## Related pages
- [Depression in children](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-children "Depression in children")
- [Depression in men](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-men "Depression in men")
- [Depression in older people](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-older-people "Depression in older people")
- [Depression in women](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-women "Depression in women")
- [Depression in young people](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-young-people "Depression in young people")
- [How to help someone with depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-help-someone-with-depression "How to help someone with depression")
- [Losing interest](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/losing-interest "Losing interest")
- [Melancholia (melancholic depression)](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/melancholia "Melancholia (melancholic depression)")
## Search our site for
- [Mental health](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Mental%20health "Search results for: Mental health")
- [Stress](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Stress "Search results for: Stress")
- [Antidepressants](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Antidepressants "Search results for: Antidepressants")
- [Bipolar Disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Bipolar%20Disorder "Search results for: Bipolar Disorder")
- [Cognitive Therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Cognitive%20Therapy "Search results for: Cognitive Therapy")
- [Body Image](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Body%20Image "Search results for: Body Image")
- [Counselling](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Counselling "Search results for: Counselling")
- [Electroconvulsive Therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Electroconvulsive%20Therapy "Search results for: Electroconvulsive Therapy")
- [Sadness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Sadness "Search results for: Sadness")
- [Pessimism](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Pessimism "Search results for: Pessimism")
## Need more information?
These trusted information partners have more on this topic.
General search results
Results for medical professionals
Top results
[Depression Online program \| Mental Health Online Free online program to learn skills and strategies to help manage depression and improve well-being with optional free therapist support and resources. *Read more on Mental Health Online website* ](https://www.mentalhealthonline.org.au/pages/about-the-depression-online-program)
[moodgym - Interactive skills training for depression and anxiety moodgym is an interactive self-help program that provides cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) training to help users prevent and cope with depression and anxiety. *Read more on e-hub Web Services website* ](https://moodgym.com.au/)
[Anxiety, depression & musculoskeletal conditions – MHA Anxiety and depression are common in people with arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions. Find out how you can manage, find support & how we can help you. *Read more on Musculoskeletal Health Australia website* -c25236.png)](https://muscha.org/anxiety-and-depression/)
[Depression SANE Australia, the National Mental Health Charity *Read more on SANE Australia website* ](https://www.sane.org/information-and-resources/facts-and-guides/depression)
[Free Brief Depression Symptom Test \| MindSpot Clinic Do a free, brief online test to help you understand your depression symptoms and what they could mean. *Read more on MindSpot Clinic website* ](https://www.mindspot.org.au/depression-test/)
[Dealing with Depression \| MindSpot Learn more about depression and find helpful tips and resources to help you manage symptoms. *Read more on MindSpot Clinic website* ](https://www.mindspot.org.au/info/dealing-with-depression/)
[Depression \| What is Depression & The Effects in Young People \| headspace Depression is an issue that can affect young people. Learn more about the effects of depression mental health and how you can get help from headspace. *Read more on headspace website* ](https://headspace.org.au/explore-topics/for-young-people/depression/)
[What is depression? \| Mental health It's normal to feel down when you're going through a difficult time, but if it starts to get in the way of your everyday life, there may be something more serious going on. *Read more on ReachOut website* ](https://au.reachout.com/mental-health-issues/depression)
[Types of depression \| Depression support Depressive disorders come in many different forms. Understanding the different types of depression can help you to find support that's right for you. *Read more on ReachOut website* ](https://au.reachout.com/mental-health-issues/depression/types-of-depression)
[Treatments for depression \| Depression support Self-help strategies alone may not be always enough to help with depression. Learn more about different depression treatment options and how to find support. *Read more on ReachOut website* ](https://au.reachout.com/mental-health-issues/depression/treatments-for-depression)
Show more
Top results
[What is Depression? It’s human nature to feel down in the dumps on occasion. Depression, however, is a diagnosable medical condition that presents as feelings of intense sadness, negativity and low mood, lasting for a long period of time. *Read more on Ausmed Education website* ](https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/depression)
[Assessing Depression in Dementia with the Cornell Scale Depression is estimated to be three to four times more common in older adults with dementia than those without. However, while depression co-occurs in about 20 to 30% of people with dementia, it can be difficult to determine whether an older adult actually has both depression and dementia, has depression only or has dementia only due to similarities between the two conditions. The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) is a screening tool specifically intended to identify the signs of depression in people with dementia. The CSDD takes into account non-verbal symptoms of potential depression, including observations and physical signs that a person with cognitive impairment may be unable to vocalise. *Read more on Ausmed Education website* ](https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/depression-in-dementia)
[RACGP - Depression Major depressive disorder is a high prevalence condition in Australia *Read more on RACGP website* ](https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/key-racgp-guidelines/view-all-racgp-guidelines/preventive-activities-in-general-practice/mental-health/depression)
[Anxiety and Depression - Emotional Challenges - Living with Illness - Patients and Carers - Community Anxiety, stress, and sadness are normal with serious illness. Learn coping strategies like relaxation, exercise, support, and social contact. *Read more on CareSearch website* ](https://www.caresearch.com.au/Community/Patients-and-Carers/Living-with-Illness/Emotional-Challenges/Anxiety-and-Depression)
[Depression Self-Help Resources - Information Sheets & Workbooks Self-help resources for clinical depression, developed by clinical psychologists at the Centre for Clinical Interventions in Perth, Western Australia. *Read more on Centre for Clinical Interventions website* ](https://www.cci.health.wa.gov.au/Resources/Looking-After-Yourself/Depression)
[Depression \| CRUfAD Depression treatment chapter *Read more on CRUfAD website* ](https://crufad.org/for-clinicians/depression/)
[Depression and young people - Orygen, Revolution in Mind Our Skills & Knowledge Division concentrates on growing the capacity of Australia’s youth mental health workforce with an emphasis on accessible expertise and innovation. *Read more on Orygen website* ](https://www.orygen.org.au/Training/Resources/Depression/Fact-Sheets/depression-yp)
[Depression - Orygen, Revolution in Mind Our Skills & Knowledge Division concentrates on growing the capacity of Australia’s youth mental health workforce with an emphasis on accessible expertise and innovation. *Read more on Orygen website* ](https://www.orygen.org.au/Training/Resources/Depression)
[Psychological treatments for depression in young adults and adults born with heart problems \| Cochrane *Read more on Cochrane Australia website* ](https://www.cochrane.org/CD004372/VASC_psychological-treatments-for-depression-in-young-adults-and-adults-born-with-heart-problems)
[Treatments for depression in individuals with coronary artery disease \| Cochrane *Read more on Cochrane Australia website* ](https://www.cochrane.org/CD008012/VASC_treatments-for-depression-in-patients-with-coronary-artery-disease)
Show more
## Disclaimer
Healthdirect Australia is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering.
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## Related pages
- [Depression in children](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-children "Depression in children")
- [Depression in men](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-men "Depression in men")
- [Depression in older people](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-older-people "Depression in older people")
- [Depression in women](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-women "Depression in women")
- [Depression in young people](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-young-people "Depression in young people")
- [How to help someone with depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-help-someone-with-depression "How to help someone with depression")
- [Losing interest](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/losing-interest "Losing interest")
- [Melancholia (melancholic depression)](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/melancholia "Melancholia (melancholic depression)")
## Search our site for
- [Mental health](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Mental%20health "Search results for: Mental health")
- [Stress](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Stress "Search results for: Stress")
- [Antidepressants](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Antidepressants "Search results for: Antidepressants")
- [Bipolar Disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Bipolar%20Disorder "Search results for: Bipolar Disorder")
- [Cognitive Therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Cognitive%20Therapy "Search results for: Cognitive Therapy")
- [Body Image](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Body%20Image "Search results for: Body Image")
- [Counselling](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Counselling "Search results for: Counselling")
- [Electroconvulsive Therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Electroconvulsive%20Therapy "Search results for: Electroconvulsive Therapy")
- [Sadness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Sadness "Search results for: Sadness")
- [Pessimism](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Pessimism "Search results for: Pessimism")
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Select a symptom, answer some questions, get advice
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| Readable Markdown | ## Key facts
- Depression is a common mental health condition that affects many Australians every day.
- Depression affects how you feel, think and behave, and there are physical symptoms as well.
- Symptoms of depression may include feeling overwhelmed by sadness throughout the day for 2 weeks or more, and often involves sleep and appetite changes.
- Depression can be treated with medicines and through other approaches, and you can ask your GP for support and advice.
- If you or someone close to you is talking about self-harm or suicide, do not ignore this — seek urgent medical attention, or call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance, or go to your nearest hospital emergency department.
## On this page
- [What is depression?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#what-is)
- [What are the symptoms of depression?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#symptoms)
- [What are the different types of depressive disorder?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#types)
- [What are the possible causes of depression?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#causes)
- [How is depression diagnosed?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#diagnosis)
- [When should I see my doctor?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#doctor)
- [How is depression treated?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#treatment)
- [Can depression be prevented?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#prevention)
- [Complications of depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#complications)
- [Resources and support](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#resources)
- [Related information on Australian websites](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression#searchGeneralResults)
## What is depression?
Depression is one of the most common of all mental health conditions and impacts many Australians every day.
While we all get sad, feel low or lacking in energy at times, people with depression experience these feelings more intensely and for longer. They can find it difficult to carry on with regular daily tasks during periods of depression.
Depression is common — it affects 1 in 7 Australians. If you or [someone you care about](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/supporting-someone-with-a-mental-illness) is experiencing an episode of intensely low mood, remember that depression can be treated and support is available. It’s important to seek help.
## What are the symptoms of depression?
Symptoms of depression involve the way a person feels, thinks and behaves. There are also physical signs of depression.
People with depression may feel:
- sad or teary
- overwhelmed
- guilty
- [restless](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/feeling-restless) or angry
- lacking in confidence
- hopeless or disappointed
People with depression may have recurring negative thoughts, such as:
- 'I’m no good.'
- 'It’s all my fault.'
- 'Life’s not worth living.'
- 'People would be better off without me.'
People with depression may also have altered behaviours, such as:
- not taking part in activities and hobbies they used to enjoy
- staying in, rather than going out socially
- being less productive at school or work
- drinking more alcohol
- losing interest in sex
People with depression may also experience these physical symptoms:
- [sleep problems](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/insomnia): difficulty sleeping and/or feeling tired during the day
- changed appetite with or without weight loss or gain
- feeling run down or sick
- [headaches](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/headaches)
- muscle pain
- churning stomach
While people with depression can experience any symptom, males and females will often experience and report symptoms differently. [Males](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-men) are more likely to talk about the physical symptoms of depression such as feeling tired, and feelings such as irritability or anger, rather than saying they feel low.
If you or someone you care about has been experiencing these signs and symptoms for 2 weeks or more, it’s time to get some help from a health professional, such as your GP.
[**CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS** — Use the **Symptom Checker** and find out if you need to seek medical help.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/symptom-checker)
## What are the different types of depressive disorder?
There are several types of depression. While they are all characterised by intense low mood, there are also important differences.
### Major depression
Major depression is also known as major depressive disorder. The most recognised symptom is low mood and loss of interest in activities that you once considered pleasurable.
These symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe, but usually interfere with your daily life and relationships. The low mood persists for at least 2 weeks, and will be experienced on most days. Sub-types of major depression include:
- **melancholic depression**, a severe form of depression that includes physical as well as emotional symptoms
- **psychotic depression**, which includes [hallucinations](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hallucination) (hearing or seeing people or things that aren't there); [delusions](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/delusions) (false beliefs that other people don’t experience or agree with); or [paranoia](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/paranoia) (feeling suspicious of other people or feeling that everyone is against them)
### Bipolar disorder
[Bipolar disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bipolar-disorder) is characterised by extreme mood changes that disrupt daily life. Symptoms of manic episodes include:
- extremely high energy in speech and activity
- agitation
- reduced need for sleep
- finding it hard to focus
Symptoms of depressive episodes are similar to those of major depression. People who have bipolar disorder can also experience episodes of [psychosis](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychosis) (hallucinations, delusions and/or paranoia).
### Cyclothymic disorder
Cyclothymic disorder is sometimes described as a milder form of bipolar disorder. The person experiences changing moods for at least 2 years. They have periods of hypomania (a mild-to-moderate level of mania) and episodes of depressive symptoms. They may also have very short periods of even moods, with fewer than 2 months in between. Symptoms tend to be less severe and are shorter lasting than in bipolar disorder or major depression.
### Dysthymic disorder
Dysthymic disorder is similar to major depression, but with fewer severe symptoms that persist for at least 2 years.
### Seasonal affective disorder
[Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seasonal-affective-disorder) is a mood disorder (either depression or mania) that has a seasonal pattern. Depressive symptoms tend to start in winter and fade by spring. It can take several winters to diagnose this type of depression.
SAD is thought to be triggered by changes in exposure to light in the winter and is more common in countries with short days and long periods of darkness, such as in the cold climate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. SAD is very rare in Australia.
### Perinatal depression
Perinatal and [postnatal depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/postnatal-depression) occurs during pregnancy or after the birth of a baby and affects up to 1 in every 5 females in Australia. It is associated with the challenges and demands of parenthood as well as changes in hormones.
For males, new routines and roles can also trigger depression.
While tiredness and irritability are normal during pregnancy and after the baby is born, if you or your partner experience low mood that persists for more than 2 weeks, it’s important to talk to your GP or community health nurse about whether it may be perinatal depression.
All types of depression can be treated and the earlier you seek support, the better. Speak with your doctor about which treatment might be most effective for you.
## What are the possible causes of depression?
Every person with depression is different, and everyone with depression has a unique set of circumstances. Usually, a combination of factors will contribute to your mood. While you often can't pinpoint the cause of the depression, understanding the circumstances can sometimes help you understand how to best manage it.
### External factors
[Life events](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dealing-with-life-events) associated with depression include:
- long-term unemployment
- living in an [abusive or uncaring relationship](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/domestic-violence-and-abusive-relationships)
- long-term [isolation or loneliness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/loneliness-isolation-mental-health)
- constant [work stress](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/workplace-mental-health)
Recent [life events](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dealing-with-life-events) such as losing your job, illness, an accident, or the death of someone close to you can trigger depression — particularly if you are already at risk.
Many Australians have been affected by events such as the [COVID-19](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/covid-19) pandemic and [natural disasters](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/natural-disasters) such as [bushfires](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bushfire-health-and-safety). Events like this can sometimes trigger symptoms of [anxiety](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety-related-disorders) and depression.
### Internal factors
Personal factors that may leave you more vulnerable to depression include:
- family history
- certain personality traits, such as perfectionism, low [self-esteem](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/self-esteem) and a tendency to worry
- [drug and alcohol use](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/drugs-and-alcohol) can leave you more vulnerable to depression
People with a family history of depression are at greater risk, possibly because of genetic factors. However not everyone who has a parent or sibling with depression will develop it themselves.
Drug and [alcohol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-alcohol-affects-your-health) use can be both the cause and a consequence of depression. Reducing alcohol consumption can be very helpful for people with depression. You can get help from the [National Alcohol and Other Drug Hotline](https://www.health.gov.au/contacts/national-alcohol-and-other-drug-hotline) on 1800 250 015.
Complex chemical changes occur in the body, particularly in the brain, when people have depression. Medical conditions can affect the way your brain regulates your moods. Many of the medicines used to treat depression work on these chemical aspects of depression.
## How is depression diagnosed?
If you are concerned about your mental health, or the mental health of someone you care about, it’s important you speak with a [health professional](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/talking-to-your-doctor-gp-about-mental-health), such as a GP. A [mental health assessment](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mental-illness) usually involves a discussion or answering a questionnaire, as well as a physical examination. This will help your doctor identify the cause of your symptoms.
Your doctor will want to understand how you feel and think, and check for any symptoms of depression, such as changes in your energy levels, appetite, sleep and whether you are feeling restless, hopeless or sad.
If you have a family history of mental illness — either depression or some other condition — tell your GP, as this can help with your diagnosis.
Your answers will also help your GP decide if a specialist such as a [counsellor, psychologist or psychiatrist](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/counsellors-and-counselling) might be helpful.
## When should I see my doctor?
If you are experiencing symptoms of depression, its best to seek help early. The sooner your symptoms are addressed, the better the outcome will likely be. Your GP is a good place to start. Seek help:
- if you are feeling sad, teary or overwhelmed most of the time
- if these feelings have been with you for 2 weeks or more
- if your low mood affects how you cope at home, work or school
Some people with depression feel that life is too difficult, not worth living or even that they themselves are [worthless](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/feeling-worthless). If you are experiencing suicidal thoughts, don’t wait — seek help now.
[**FIND A HEALTH SERVICE** — The **Service Finder** can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services)
[**ASK YOUR DOCTOR** — Preparing for an appointment? Use the **Question Builder** for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/question-builder)
### Suicide and crisis support
If you or someone close to you is in an emergency, or at immediate risk of harm, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
To talk to someone now, call [Lifeline](https://www.lifeline.org.au/) on 13 11 14 or the [Suicide Call Back Service](https://www.suicidecallbackservice.org.au/) on 1300 659 467.
## How is depression treated?
Depression is a serious health issue and should be managed by a qualified health practitioner. Your GP can assess your mood and your overall health, and will suggest treatment approaches based on several factors, including what type of depression you have, how severe your symptoms are, and whether you are experiencing a first or recurrent episode.
There are 3 main approaches to treating depression:
- lifestyle changes — including reducing [substance use](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/substance-abuse), improving sleep, exercise)
- psychological treatments — including ‘talking therapies’ such as [CBT](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cognitive-behaviour-therapy-cbt), [mindfulness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mindfulness) and [online therapies](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/etherapy)
- physical therapies — including medicines and [ECT](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect)
Often these treatments are used in combination.
A wide range of [medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants) are used to treat depression. Your doctor will work with you to find the one that is right for you. It can take several weeks for an [antidepressant medicine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants) to work fully, and often your doctor may need to adjust your dose.
It is important that you receive full support during this time. If you need support, [Beyond Blue](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/get-support/talk-to-a-counsellor) has a free and confidential telephone or [online chat](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/support-service/chat) counselling support line with trained mental health professionals. There may be a wait before a counsellor is available.
By working with your doctor, and drawing on the support available, there is a good chance your depression will improve.
## Can depression be prevented?
Even if you are more vulnerable to depression, there is plenty you can do to keep symptoms away.
Some proven strategies to help you stay well include:
- exercising
- avoiding harmful levels of alcohol and other substance use
- getting adequate sleep
- reducing anxiety, such as through relaxation techniques
- staying sociable, so you avoid becoming isolated
## What are the complications of depression?
When depression becomes very severe, you can experience dark thoughts, and these can even lead to suicide. If you are having [thoughts of suicide](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/are-you-experiencing-suicidal-thoughts), talking to someone you trust can help.
If someone you care about has severe depression, learn the [warning signs](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/warning-signs-of-suicide), since they may be feeling so bad that they can’t see their way out alone.
## Resources and support
If you or someone near you is in immediate danger of suicide:
- call triple zero (000) or
- go to the nearest hospital emergency department
If you are having negative thoughts and need someone to talk to:
- call [Lifeline](https://www.lifeline.org.au/) on 13 11 14
- call [Beyond Blue](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/) on 1300 22 4636
- a GP, counsellor, psychologist or psychiatrist
- family or friends
- a teacher or coach
- a work colleague
- a religious leader
Read the healthdirect page on [how to help someone with depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-help-someone-with-depression).
Beyond Blue also have a factsheet on [how to support someone with depression](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/get-support/support-someone). | |||||||||
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